Conjugated Polymer and Molecular Interfaces

kience and Technology for Photonic and Optoelectronic Applications

edited by William R. Salaneck Linköping University Linköping, Sweden

Kazuhiko Seki Nagoya University

Nagoya, Japan

Antoine Kahn Princeton University

Princeton, New Jersey

Jean-Jacques Pireaux Facultes Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix

Namur, Belgium

M A R C E L

M A R C E L DEKKER, I N C . N E W YORK • BASEL

D E К К E R

Contents

Foreword Alan J. Heeger Preface Contributors

1. Functional Dendritic Thin Films and Monolayers Albertus P. H. J. Schenning, J. W. Weener, and E. W. Meijer

2. A Theoretical Study of Electrical Contacts to Self-Assembled Molecular Wires on Conducting Substrates Sven Stafström, Asa Johansson, and Märten Björketun

3. A Theoretical Insight into Organic Interfaces in Electro-Optic Devices Jerome Cornil, Donizetti dos Santos, Roberto Lazzaroni, Massimo Malagoli, and Jean-Luc Bredas

4. Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Interfaces for Polymer-Based Electronic Devices Michael Lögdlund, Grzegorz Greczynski, Annica Crispin, Mats Fahlman, William R. Salaneck, and Thomas Kugler

5. Role of Interfaces in Semiconducting Polymer Optoelectronic Devices Paul F. van Hütten, Victor V. Krasnikov, and Georges Hadziioannou

V I I I

6. Studies of Organic Thin Films and Interfaces by Various Electron Spectroscopies: Molecular Orientation, Electronic States, and Reactions 153 Nobuo Ueno, Koji Kamiya Okudaira, Yasushi Azuma, Satoshi Kera, and Shinji Hasegawa

7. Organic-Metal Interfaces: From Physisorption to Covalent Bonding 205 Norbert Koch, Günther Leising, Aparna Rajagopal, and Jean-Jacques Pireaux

8. Electronic Structure of Interfaces Between Organic Molecules and van der Waals Surfaces 241 Toshihiro Shimada and Atsushi Koma

9. Indium-Tin-Oxide Thin Films for Characterization of Electrochemical Processes in Molecular Assemblies: Surface Characterization and Surface Modification 269 Carrie L. Donley, Darren Dunphy, Rebecca A. P. Zangmeister, Kenneth W. Nebesny, and Neal R. Armstrong

10. Energy Level Alignment at Organic-Metal Interfaces 293 Hisao Ishii and Kazuhiko Seki

11. Organic Molecular Interfaces: Investigations of Electronic Structure, Chemistry, and Carrier Injection Properties 351 Chongfei Shen, Antoine Kahn, and Ian Hill

12. Metal-Polyfluorene Interface and Surface: Structures and Stability 401 Liang-Sheng Liao, C. S. Lee, Shuit Tong Lee, M. Inbasekaran, and W. W.Wu

13. Femtosecond Photoemission Study of Relaxation and Interface Charge Transfer Dynamics in Organic Photoreceptors 443 Antti J. Mäkinen, Stephan Schoemann, Yongli Gao, Max G. Mason, Annabel A. Muenter, and Andrew R. Melnyk

14. STM-Excited Electroluminescence and Spectroscopy of Conjugated Polymers 473 Santos F. Alvarado

Contents ix

15. Contact-Limited Hole Current in Poly(p-phenylenevinylene) 505 P. W. M. Blom, D. W. Black, and M. С J. M. Vissenberg

16. Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Using Akaline-Earth Fluorides as an Electron Injection Layer 525 Shizuo Tokito, Hisayoshi Fujikawa, Tomohiko Mori, and Yasunori Taga

17. Characterization of Metal Interfaces to Molecular Media from Analysis of Transient and Steady-State Electrical Measurements 545 Martin A. Abkowitz

18. Molecular-Sized Structural Trap at Organic-Metal Interface and Photocurrent Multiplication Phenomenon 585 Masahiro Hiramoto, Ken-ichi Nakayama, Masaaki Yokoyama, and Tadashi Katsume

19. Charge Injection into Disordered Organic Semiconductors 613 Vladimir I. Arkhipov, Ulrich Wolf, Siegfried Barth, and Heinz Bässler

20. Energy Structures of Molecular Thin-Film/Metal Interfaces in Air 651 Yutaka Harima and Kazuo Yamashita

21. Metal-Organic Schottky Energy Barriers: Measurements and Device Implications 693 /. H. Campbell and Darryl L. Smith

22. Nanometric Electrostatic Phenomena at Molecular Interfaces 733 Mitsumasa Iwamoto

23. Modifying Interfaces to Semiconducting Polymers: PEDOT in Polymer Microelectronics 777 Lucimara Stolz Roman and Olle Inganäs

24. Electron and Hole Injection Processes in OLEDs Consisting of Low Molecular Weight Materials 793 Michio Matsumura

X Contents

25. Preparation of Single Crystalline van der Waals Surfaces: Tips for Beginners 811 Toshihiro Shimada and Atsushi Koma

26. Molecular Control of Electron and Hole Injection at Electrodes and at Organic Layer Interfaces in Organic Electroluminescent Devices 817 Masamichi Fujihira and Chimed Ganzorig

Index 859