CÔNG NGHỆ SẢN XUẤT CÀ CHUA CÔ

8/2/2019 CNG NGH SN XUT C CHUA C

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CNG NGH SN XUT C CHUA CCPosted on 26.06.2010

Nhm sinh vin thc hin:

1. Trn Th Uyn Chi 2. Nguyn Ngc Phng Dim

3. Trn Th Xun Hng 4. Trn Th M L5. L Th nh Nguyt 6. Nguyn Th Xun

7. Nguyn QuangMC LC

1. Tng quan v sn phm hp c chua c c. 21.1 Gii thiu chung v sn phm hp c chua c c . 2

1.2 Sn phm th trng. 21.3 Gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm.. 3

2. Tng quan v nguyn vt liu sn xut hp c chua c c. 42.1 Nguyn liu c chua. 42.1.1 Gii thiu chung v cy c chua. 4

2.1.2 Thnh phn ha hc. 6

2.1.3 Yu cu nguyn liu v c im cn ch . 82.2 Nguyn liu ph. 9

2.3 Bao b hp c chua c c. 10

2.3.1 Vai tr ca bao b 102.3.2 Bao b st ty. 11

3. Vn chuyn, tip nhn v bo qun nguyn liu c chua. 12 3.1 Vn chuyn v tip nhn nguyn liu c chua. 123.2 Bo qun nguyn liu c chua. 14

3.2.1 Phn loi v tuyn chn trc khi a vo bo qun . 14

3.2.2 Quy cch sp xp. 153.2.3 Thi gian bo qun. 17

3.2.4 Kho bo qun. 17

4. Quy trnh sn xut. 184.1 S khi 184.2 Thuyt minh quy trnh. 19

4.2.1 La chn. 194.2.2 Ra. 19

4.2.3 X ti 20

4.2.4 un nng. 204.2.5 Ch. 21
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4.2.6 C c. 214.2.7 X l bao b 23

4.2.8 Rt hp. 23

4.2.9 Ghp np. 24

4.2.10 Thanh trng. 244.2.11 Bo n. 26

4.3 Thit b chnh c s dng trong quy trnh. 264.3.1 Bng chuyn bng ng. 26

4.3.2 My ra thi kh27

4.3.3 My ch cnh p. 284.3.4 Thit b c c chn khng ba ni 294.3.4 Thit b rt sn phm.. 31

4.3.6 Thit b thanh trng. 325. Cc nguyn nhn gy h hng hp5.1 Do vi sinh vt

5.2 Do cc hin tng ho hc5.3 Do cc nh hng c l

5.4 Cc cch x l hp h hng

6. PR sn phm c chua c c

NI DUNG

1. Tng quan v sn phm hp c chua c c

1.1 Gii thiu chung v sn phm hp c chua c c [1. P324-325]- C chua c c l mt trong nhngsnphm chnh ca cng nghiphp rau

qu,c coi l bn chphm v n c dng chbin cc loihp khc nh

hpxt cc loi,ncxtcahp tht, c, rau, lm nguyn liununng. Cchua c ccch binbng cch c ctht c chua (theo mc khc nhau) sau khi

nghinnh v loibht,v.

Lin X ngi ta phn loi c chua c cnh sau:

Pure c chua: c kh 12, 15 v 20%

C chua c cloi kh 30, 35 v 40% C chua c cloi kh 5070% Bt c chua: kh 8895%Dng c chua c c c kh 30% cchbinnhiuhnc

- M, c chua c cc phn loinh sau:

Pure c chua: c chua ch mn qua ry loibv,ht Pure c chua ming: c chua x ti, qua sng loibv,ht.


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C chua c cloi c kh 2529% C chua c c c kh 2933% C chua c c c kh trn 33% C chua ming c c: c chua x ti,loibv v ht,ri c c.1.2 Sn phm th trng

1.3 Gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm [7]- Qu c chua cchbin thnh nhiudng khc nhau v c dng trong ccban hng ngy cangiVit Nam nhmmcch lm tng thm gi tr dinh dng

v to nn vpbtmt trong vic trnh by cc mn n.

- Hm lng sinh t: khi c chua chn mu tica c chua to nn vprtbtmt trong vic trnh by cc mn n. Mu ca c chua cng cho thy hm lng
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Vitamin A thin nhin trong c chua cao, trung bnh 100g c chua chn tispngc 13% nhu cuhng ngy v Vitamin A, Vitamin C, ngoi ra cn c Vitamin B1,

B2.. Scthng c trong qu c chua c th lm gimchsthngtn da xung 40%

cbit l nhngqu c chua chn

- C chua cung cp t nnglng do vy thch hpvingismp.- Khong vi lng: Canxi, st, kali, phospho, luhunh, niken, iot, cc axit huc

didngmui citrat, malat v tu mi trngtrng m c chua cn c ng, molibden.- Hpcht caroten trong qu c chua l cht c kh nngchng oxi ho phbin.

Ngoi tc dng lm tin cht to ra vitamin A gip cho s imi t bo, hp cht

caroten cn c tc dngbovmnhmt bo,bov nim mc,ming,mi,ng hhp- Hm lng Vitamin C c tc dngngnnganhim trng, gimnhdng do cc

nguyn nhn nh khi bi. Ngoi ra Vitamin C cn c tc dngchng oxi ho, cn gipcho cthhpthtt cc cht vi lngcnthit cho cthnh: Cu, Zn

- Ngoi ra, c chua cn chanhiuhpcht ha thcvt khc v chtxgip cho

cth bi xut cholesterol, gimcc mu ng, phng cc taibincabnh tim mch,bnh bo ph

- C chua rt giu lycopen c khnng Lycopene l chtchng oxy ho rt tch cc,

n c khnngngnngas hnh thnh oxy ho LDL, cholesterol c hi trong mu, t s ngn chn c chng x va ng mch v cc nguy c dn ti t qu.Lycopene c coi l c khnngngnngas hnh thnh cc gc t do gy ung th

nh ung th v, tuyntinlit,tuynty v i trng. Cth chng ta khng c khnngttnghpcht lycopene, chnhbithbnphithunhn n t bn ngoi qua ch

nung hng ngy. V trong cc loithcphm c chua gi ngi v qun qunccha

rtnhiu lycopene.- Theo y hcctruyn, c chua vngt chua, tnh mt, c cng dng thanh nhit,ch

kht, dng m v lnghuyt, thngc dng cha cc chngbnhnhnhit

bnhphin kht, mi kh hang kht do vnhit, can m bt tc, hay hoa mt chng mt,

m hhuytnhit,chy mu cam, chy mu chn rng, tiu ho km, lot d dy, huyt

p cao2. Tng quan v nguyn vt liu sn xut hp c chua c c

2.1 Nguyn liu c chua

2.1.1 Gii thiu chung v cy c chua [8]- Cy c chua c tn khoa hc l Lycopesium esculentum, c ngungc t NamM, l loi rau nqu,h C (Solanaceae). Cy c chua c 2 loi hnh sinh trng: c

hn v v hn. C chua l cy di ngy, tthphn.


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- Cy c chua c th sinh trng trn nhiuloit khc nhau nht st, t ct,t pha ct,c pH= 6 6,5. t c m cao v ngpnc ko di s lm gimkh

nng sinh trngca cy c chua. Nhit thch hp cho c chua tnngsut cao,

chtlng tt l khong 2124 C v thitit kh.

- Vit Nam, cy c chua cxp vo cc loi rau c gi tr kinh t cao, din tchtrng c chua ln nchc ngn ha, tp trung chyungbng v trung du pha Bc.

Hin nay c mtsgingchunhitmi lai tochn lc c th trng timin Trung,Ty Nguyn v Nam B nn din tch ngy cng cmrng.Nhiuging c chua lai

ghp cht lng ttc pht trinmnhLt, Lm ng.Mtsging c chua

chtlngcxutkhu ra thtrngthgii.

- Thiv:mtnm c thtrng 4 v c chua:

Vsm, gieo ht vo cui thng 7 u thng 8;

V chnh gieo cui thng 9 nu thng 10 Vmun gieo t thng 11 ngia thng 12 V xun gieo t thng 12 nm sau.- C nhiuging c chua angctrngVit Nam. C th chia c chua thnh 3loida vo hnh dng:

C chua hng:qu c hnh dngquhng, khng chia mi. Thtquc,nhiubt,lngng trong qu cao. Nngsutthngt 25 30 tn/ha. Cc gingthnggp: Ba Lan, hng lan ca Vin cy lng thc; ging 214; HP5; HP1 ca HiPhng

C chua mi: qu to, nhiungnto thnh mi, l ging cy sinh trng v hn,thigian sinh trng di, nngsut v khnngchngchu kh nhngchtlng khng

bng c chua hng.

C chua bi: qunh, chua, gi trthp,thng dng lm nguyn liutoging.- Qu c chua c nhiu kch cv mu sc khi chn khc nhau (vng, da cam, hng,

)nhng c chua mu giu cht dinh dng v cc hpcht c hot tnh sinh hc

nht. Trong s cc loi rau, c,qu dng lm rau th c chua l thcphmcha vitamin,cht khong v nhiucht c hot tnh sinh hcnht, l thcphm c li cho sckhe

c dngphbinnhiunc trn thgii..2.1.2 Thnh phn ha hc [3][4]Glucid:

Hm lng glucid trong c chua phthuc vo loi nguyn liu v iukintrngtrt,

chimkhong 48%. Trong thnhphn glucid bao gm cc cht:

ng: 25%,phnln l fructose, glucose cn sacharose chimrt t (


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xy ra phnng melanoidin hay caramen ha s lm thnh phm c mu ti kmhpdn).

Tinh bt: ch c dngvtkhong 0.07%0.26%. Trong qu trnh chn, tinh btschuyn thnh ng.

Cellulose: c nhiu trong qu xanh, cng chn th hm lng cng gimdn.. Pecin: c nhiu khi qu chn (pectin c khnngtonht cao, gp phnto paste

cho snphm v vycn ch nhit khi chbin trnh ph hycu trc pectin).

Acid hu c:Hm lng acid chung ca c chua chn trung bnh khong 0.4% (theo acid malic), pH

= 3.14.1, ngoi ra cn c acid citric v lngnh acid tatric.

Khi cn xanh, acid dngt do. Khi chn n c dngmui acid.Mi trng chua lm mi trng tt cho s pht trinca cc loinm men, nmmc

nhng cc vi khunanhitlirtk mi trng ny. Bi v cc nm men, nmmcddngb tiu dit khi gia nhit nn hpsnxutt c chua thngchcn thanh trng

nhit 80100oC.

Nit:Nittrong c chua khong 1%, lc cn xanh, nitdngt do, khi chn n b phn hy

thnh acid amin.

Hm lng trung bnh cabn acid amin quan trng (mg/gN) [2, p15]

Lysine: 180Methionine: 40

Cystine: 40Trytophan: 50

Khong: [2,p17]Gm c:

Bng 2.1:Hm lng cht khong trong 100g c chua

Na Ca Mg Fe Zn

Hm lng(g/100g) 3 13 11 0.4 0.2

Cht cht: c chua thng c vng,hng l do c cha glucosid solanin.

Bng 2.2: S lng solanin theo chn ca c chua

C chua Xanh ng Chn

Solanin 4 mg% 5 mg% 8 mg%

Sc t:


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Trong c chua thng c sctthuc nhm carotenoid nh carotene, lycopen, xantophyl.qu xanh cn c chlorophyll. Ty theo mc chn m cc sc t kia tngdn nn

mu caqutrnn mhn.

Bng 2.3: Cc sc t trong c chua theo chn

Sct c chua Cn xanh Na chn Chn

Lycopen 0.11 0.84 7.85

Carotene 0.16 0.43 0.73

Xantophyl 0.02 0.05 0.06

Trong qu trnh un nng v x nh th hm lng caroten btnthtkhong 1620%.Mt khc do caroten l tincht to ra vitamin A, do vy trong qu trnh un nng

di tc dng ca nhit cbit nu nh un nng lu v nhit cao th ccvitamin A b ph hy, t cc caroten cngb ph hy. Do vy hm lng caroten btntht trong qu trnh un nng lm gim mu scca c chua trong qu trnh chbin.

Mt khc cng on x tiphcv cho cng onun nng cng lm cho hm lng

carotenbtntht.Mu scca c chua bbini chnh l do cc phnng ha hcgia cc sc t c

trong c chua v ion kim loinh cc li dao dng x nh hay cc dngccha

ng lmbngng,st.

Vitamin: Vitamin K (7,9 g/100g) Vitamin C (40mg/100g) Beta-caroten (393 g/100g)Cc thnh phn khc:C chua cha pectinase, khi cng chn enzyme ny cng nhiu.

2.1.3 Yu cu nguyn liu v c im cn ch Qu c chua gm c v, thtqu,dchqu v ht. St vqu l thnh ngoi, bn trong

qu chia thnh nhiubung ht (2 20 bung ht)c ngn cch binhng thnh

trong. Giabunght l khongtrngchaydchqu v ht.Lnght trong qu tbung ht nhiu hn qu c nhiubung ht. Thnh qu nht l thnh trong c hm

lngcht kh cao.Khi chbin c chua c c,v v httrthnhphliu, do cnchnging c

t v v ht(chim 23% khilngqu). C chua thu hi khi va chn ti,vu,

khng quan trng kch thc.Thi gian chichbin khng qu 48 gi.


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2.2 Nguyn liu phNc l nguyn phrt quan trng trong qu trnh snxuthp c chua c c ni

ring cngnhhp thcphm ni chung. y,phn lnncc dng ra

nguyn liu, lm v sinh dngc my mc, thitb, dng thanh trng v lm ngui

hpYu cuncc dng trong snxuthpthcphmrt cao, t nhtphitc

cc yu cucanc dng nung.Ncphi trong sch, khng c mu sc v miv khc thng, khng c cnbn v cc kim loinng

Bng 2.4: Tiu chun nc dng trong cng nghip thc phm [6, p7]

Ch tiu Tiu chun

Ch tiu l v ha hcMi v trong (ng Dienert)Mu sc (thang mu coban)Ch tiu ha hcpHCaOMgOFe2O3

MnOBO43-SO42-NH4+NO2-NO3-PbAsCuZnFCh tiu vi sinhTngs vi sinh vthiu khChs Coli (S Coli/1lt nc)Chuns Coli (S ml nc c 1 Coli)Vi sinh vt gybnh

Khng100 ml5o

6,07,850100 mg/l50 mg/l0,3 mg/l0.2 mg/l1,22,5 mg/l

0.5 mg/l0,1- 0,3 mg/lkhngkhng0,1 mg/l0,05 mg/l

2,0 mg/l5,0 mg/l0,30,5 mg/l

< 100 cfu/ ml< 20> 50khng c


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2.3 Bao b hp c chua c c

2.3.1 Vai tr ca bao b [2, p39] Bovttsnphm. Ko di thi gianboqunsnphm. Nng cao gi trca nguyn liuhoc thnhphm. Lm cho snphmhpdnhn. C nhiumu m khch hng lachn theo thhiu. D phnphi v trng by. Ph hpviloisnphmnlin hay lm snchbintip. Cung cpnhng thng tin cnthitvsnphm.hpthcphmboqunc lu l do n ngdngtt nguyn l bt kn. Thcphm sau khi cho vo hpem ghp kn ri thanh trng xong n khng cn tip xc vi

mi trng bn ngoi do t chusnhhngca cc iukin xung quanh. Vi sinhvt v khng kh bn ngoi khng xm nhp vo trong hpcna v vythcphm

khngbhhng.

2.3.2 Bao b st ty- ivi dng snphmhp c chua c c, ta lachn bao b st ty v nhng

uim sau:

Lp trng thiccast ty c th trnh csn mn cathcphm v voqunthcphmc lu ngy.

Trong thi gian thcphmng trong hp lu, c thlpthicbthcphmn mnha tan trong hpnhng khng gy hitisckhengi.

Tnh ng kn v cch ly tthn so vi cc loi bao b khc nh tnh chtchngthmkh v himrttt,ngn cch c nh sng, c khnngchucs thay iln

canhit v p sut

Chuc qu trnh thanh trng m khngbindng,tinli cho vicvnchuyn vboqunthcphmc lu hn.

C mu sng bng, c th in v trc vc ni hoc in cc mu schpdn nng caogi tr hng ha casnphm.

D dng cgii ha tng ha trong qu trnh snxut.- Lachn kch thc bao b st ty cho snphm, chn 3 loi kch thctng

ngvi cc th tch sau: 1 lt (th tch ny ph hpvi nhu cucangi tiu dng trongnc), 5 lt v 10 lt (ivith tch ln ny chng ta c thxutkhu sang nc ngoi,

hoc dng cho mts nh hng lntiVit Nam).3. Vn chuyn, tip nhn v bo qun nguyn liu c chua [9]

3.1 Vn chuyn v tip nhn nguyn liu c chua


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- Nguyn liu c chua ctipnhntLt v Lm ng(chtlnggingyrttt).

- Qu c mu hnghoc chn thngc thu hoach do nhu cuca nh ch

binsnphm c chua c c.Nhng trong sut qu trnh vnchuyn, c chua chn

xanh c thchuciukinbmtlutr rp, x x tthn, v th m victnthtchtlng v slng l ti thiu.

- y, chng ta stipnhn nguyn liu c chua va chn ti,v chn u (dngsnxut lin).ng thi chng ta cngs tipnhn nguyn liu c chua chn xanh

(ngun nguyn liudtr, trnh ngngtr trong snxut).

- Nguyn liu c chua cvnchuynv nhbngphngtin chnh l t. Do

t c thvnchuyn nguyn liutni thu hi rau qun nh my mt cch d dng,thi gian vnchuyn nhanh, vicbcdngin (gi thuyt l nh my t ti thnh

ph Lt hay tnh Lm ng).- Do vnchuyn l mt trong nhng cng on quan trng trong x l c chuabi

vbtcmtthiu st no trong hthng ny (nhiukinvnchuyn ngho nn, thao

tc cuth,nhngschmtr)u c thdnnnhng hao ht nghim trng.

Hnh 3.1: iu kin vn chun ngho nn dn n nhng hao ht c chua nghim

trng.- Nhngphngtinvnchuynchyuthng khng c lm lnh.hnch

thpnhtnhng hao tn,cnlu mtsim sau:

Cch thcxp hng ph hp ivi cc st tre, t cc tmgngnnm nganggia cc lp trong khi hng trnh lm hngqu cc lp pha di.Vi cc loi

bao b nh thng ghocstnha th khng cnthit.
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Hnh 3.2: Cch thc p hng i vi st tre (A) v st g hoc st nha (B) trnphng tin vn chun.

Gicht cc thng hng trong mtkhi,mbo cho cc thng hng trong cng mtkhigi chng khng btrt ra khikhi trong sut qu trnh vnchuyn,iu c

thdn tishhngln.

Cn cheph trnh ma,nng v gi to. Sdngvibt cheph trnh mat,phisnphmditri nng v ditri gi mnh trong qu trnh vnchuyn.Qu

bmtstoiukinthunli cho s pht trinca vi khun v thihng, cnvicphinngs lm qub nng ln. Phi by quditc gi cao dnns

mthinc v lm ho qu.

Cnmbos thng kh thch hp trnh hintng nng ccbhocsym khlm tngnhit v hm lng ethylen. Khi vnchuyncn che phcnthnbng

vibt v tmngn gi c lmbngtm Glphngt cao hn cabin.

3.2 Bo qun nguyn liu c chua- Qu trnh boqun nguyn liu cng ngn, nguyn liu cng t biniv thnh

phn dinh dng,ngthi cc vi sinh vt cng t c iukin ph hoi.

- Trong qu trnh boqun nguyn liu th cc qu trnh sinh ha trong rau qu saukhi thu hi vntiptcxy ra.

3.2.1 Phn loi v tun chn trc khi a vo bo qun- Sau khi vnchuyn nguyn liu c chua v th chng taphitin hnh phn loi vtuynchntrc khi a voboqun.


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- Btubngvic phn bitnhngqu c chtlngttvinhngqu km chtlng,hocbkhuyt tt(nhngqubrnnt,bindng,thihng,b cn trng hi,

hocb cc vtthngvt l).Nhngqutt sau stiptcc phn loi theo mc

chtlng,da vo kch thc v chn.

- Phn loi v tuynchns trnh cshhngsmcaqu. Nuln cc loiqu khc nhau vchtlng,qubbnhhocbtnthngvi

cc qu lnh lns lm tng tlthihng, v quchtlng km hocqubtnthngrtnhycmvis pht sinhbnh,d dngbnhimbnhtqubbnh, v

c thdnnhhngcnhngqu lnh ln khc.

Qubbnh hocb tn thng c gii thng sn sinh ra nhiu ethylene, mthoocmon thc y qu trnh chn v gi ho. Vn ny s trnn nguy himnuquc tiu ththtrng xa, nhngni m thi gian vnchuyn c thphi ko

di 35 ngy, nhitstng,toiukinthunli chobnh pht trin. Cng khng nn lnqucha chn viqu chn, cbit l trong sutthi gian di

vnchuyn v lutr, v qu chn s sinh ra lng ethylene cao, gy ra s chn sm

canhngqucha chn.

3.2.2 Qu cch sp p- Quy cch spxp nguyn liuphihp l ngthi bao b sdng phi ph hp.

C chua cxp thnh chng, cao khong 1.5 m. Cc chng nguyn liucxp theo

hnh dch dc trnh vic thng gi qu mnh lm nguyn liudmtnc.- C nhiu loi bao b khc nhau c sdngboqun c chua nhngph

binnhtstnhamc d chng kh t,nhngvncgiithiubi chng rnchcv c th ti sdng,hoc tr li, chng c bmtmm v dv sinh v c thxp

thnh chng cao.

Hnh 3.3: t ng c chua: A st tre, B st g, C st nha


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- trnh hochnchthpnht cc thngtnvt l v nhng hao tn khc qu, khi bao gi cn ch thchinnhngim sau:

Sdng bao b sch. Nhng bao gi cha t 40-50 kg l qu nng.Nging gi thng lm rihoc

nm chng hn l nhc chng ln mt cch nh nhng trong sut qu trnh ng giv vnchuyn.ivi nguyn liu c chua chng ta nn ng trong bao b khong 6

7kg.

Sdngnhngvt lt v vtmhocnhngvtliu dng lt nhgiy bo, l.Vi thng g, c th dn snnhngtm ba cc tng mng pha bn trong.

Hnh 3.4: S dng vt lt trong st tre v st g Hnh 3.5: Thng cha g-gi Khng sdngnhngvtcha qu su v sd lm tnthngquphny.

Hnh 3.6: Nhng thng cha qu su (A) s lm tn thng nhng qu nm phn, nn s dng nhng thng cha cn (B). Chngva dung tch chaca bao b. Khng cn qu chthocng qu

ydnnnhngtnthng dobmdp.
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Hnh3.7: Nhng thng cha qu cht lm qu b h hng. ng gi nhngqu c cng chn trong cng mt bao b.Nuxplnnhngqu

chn vinhngqucha chn c thdnns chn p canhngqucha chn v

lm tnghhngnhngqu chn ttrc.

Gicnhqu trong bao b lm cho qu khng x dch trong sut qu trnh ng giv vnchuyn v hnchthpnhthhng do va p. C thcnhqubng cchlcnh bao b trong qu trnh ng gi lpy cc khongtrng. Bao b c lm

yti 1/3 dung tch cha v lcnh; sau tiptc lm yn 2/3 dung tch chav lcli bao b lnna.Tiptc qu trnh ny cho n khi bao b c lm y kht.

Cn thao tc cnthn trong sut qu trnh ng gi (nh khng riqu) Buccht bao bbngdngc chuyn dnghoc dybuc. Xp vo ni mt.3.2.3 Thi gian bo qun

- Boqun c chua xanh, lm chm chn th cnginhit 10oC, RH khong8090%, boqunc 46 thng.Nu45oC th qu trnh sinh l ca c chuab

ph hy v c mtkhnng chn.

- Boqun c chua xanh nhngmun chng nhanh chnh th cnginhit 2025oC trong 1 tun.

- Boqun c va chn ti thboqunnhitthng khng qu 2 ngy.

- Boqun c chn ,mm thboqun 23oC trong 1 ngy.

3.2.4 Kho bo qun- Khi boqun nguyn liu c chua trong thi gian ngn, chng ta dng cc kho

nguyn liutgnxngchbin. Kho cn thong, schs, cao ro v khng cnphithng gi nhn to, v s lm hincnguyn liubcinhiu.

- Khi boqun nguyn liu c chua trong thi gian di, chng ta sdng kho lnh

hoc mi trng khcitin.4. Quy trnh sn xut

4.1 S khi


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4.2 Thut minh qu trnh4.2.1 La chn [1, p89 -90]

Mc ch: Loib cc thnh phn nguyn liu khng quy cch chbinnhb su, bnh

thihng,

Laibnhngqu c chn (mu sc) khng thch hp. Ctbchbmdp,vt rm, nm qu.Cch tin hnh: Nguyn liuclachnbng tay ngay trnbngti. Cng nhn ng hai bnbngtiloi ra nhngqu c chua khng hp quy cch. Nguyn liuphi dn mng hai bnbngti viclachn khngbb st.4.2.2 Ra [2, p71]

Nguyn l ca qu trnh ra:Qu trnh ranhmmbo 2 giai on:
http://tranthimyle88.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/qt.jpg


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Ngm cho b cc cu bn: ngm l qu trnh lm cho nc thmt c chua, ccchtbn ht nctrng ln, lm gimlc bm ca chng ln qu c chua

Xi nc cho sch ht bn: dng tc dngca dng chy ko cc chtbn cn litrn mt c chua sau khi ngm.

Thi gian raphthuc vo giai onutc lphthuc vo tnh cht ha l cachtbn,sc bm chtca n vo c chua ra v khnng tc dngca dung dchra.

Mc ch: Loitr cc tpcht,bi,t ct bm xung quanh c chua. Lm gimmtlngln vi sinh vtc chua. Tyschmtscht ha hc gy chic dng trong kthut nng nghipnh

thuctr su, thucbovthcvt cn luli.

Cch tin hnh:

C chua l nguyn liu rau qu c cutomm,dbgip nt . Do , ta sdng myrathi kh (ngoi ra c thsdng my rabngchuyn).

Yu cu:- C chua sau khi ra:

C chua ra xong phisch, khng bdp nt nhvystoiukin cho cc visinh vt xm nhp v pht trin sau ny.

C chua t b tn tht cht dinh dng,hn chmt mt vitamin C do chng lthnhphnd ha tan trong ncskhuch tn vo trong ncra.

- Ngoi ra muntcht lngca cng onra cao th ncraphi c phm

chttt,t tiu chunncung.4.2.3 X ti[1, p 327]

v Mc ch:X tiphnthtqu,htrcho cng onun nng lc sau.

v Cch tin hnh:c chua c x ti trn my x tikiuli dao cong, kiutrcinhhockiua quay.

4.2.4 un nng[1, p 327]Mc ch: Gimph liu t 12% xung 3.5 4%, v khi un nng protopectin chuyn thnh

pectin ha tan nn vqu khi ch khng dnh thtqu. Hnchhintng phn lpsnphm,nht l vi c chua c c c kh thp, v

lng pectin ha tan tng.

Lm cho c chua chng si v ngnngahintng kh chy trong khi c c. Bi kh trong thtqu c chua vitamin btntht v hnchhintngtobt

khi c c.Nu c chua nng nhit ln 80100oC th lng caroten btnthtgim

inhiu so vi c chua chun nng 60oC v cha bi ht khng kh.


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V hot enzyme pectinase gi cho snphm khng b tch nc, bn cnh enzyme oxy ha cngb v hot.

Tiu dit vi sinh vt.Nu c chua x ti v khng un nng trong 10 pht, cchtmen phn hyti 70% pectin trong nguyn liu.

Cch tin hnh:C chua sau khi x ticun nng 85oC trong thi gian 10 pht trn thitbtruyn

nhitkiung chm hocngbcng.

4.2.5 Ch [5, p13]

Mc ch: Loibphn nguyn liu c gi tr dinh dngthphoc khng nc:v,ht. Lm cho nguyn liu c chua ngnhtvtrng thi v thnhphnchbinc

thunli v nng cao chtlng thnhphm.

Mcmnca c chua khi ch nhhngnhiun qa trnh c c: c chua cngmn,nht cng thp thi gian c cng ngn.

Cch tin hnh:C chua sau khi cun nng scchuyn vo my ch cnh pc ch nh.

4.2.6 C c [2, p 111-113]

Mc ch: Tngnngcht kh trong snphm tinng yu cu (lm tngstctrng

cho snphm), lm tng sinh nnglngcathcphm.

Ko di thi gian boqun (v hnch vi sinh vt pht trin do t nc, p sutthmthu cao).

Gimckhilngvnchuyn.Cch tin hnh: Ta lathitb c c chn khng nhiuni v: titkimhi v dng chith v

tntht t hi,chtlngsnphmtt v c c lin tc,nhit si thp,thi gian

c nhanh, nngsut cao.

C chua sau khi c ch schuyn qua thitb c c chn khng hai hoc ba ni. Qu trnh c c c thc hin trong iu kin chn khng khong 600 650

mmHg. Trong iukin chn khng ny nhit si ca dung dchrtthpkhong5560oC.

C cnnngkhong 30%. Thi gian c cphthuc vo phng php lm viccathitb, v cngbc

hicasnphm.

H s truynnhit ca c chua c nng cht kh t 15 30% l 1395 1745W/m..


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Cng bay hica c chua c nngcht kh c nngcht kh t 1635%:118kg/m2.h

Ch cc bin i trong qu trnh c c: Dung dch c chua l mthcanhiucht ha tan nhng, acid, cn chac cc

cht khng tan nh tinh bt, cellulose trng thi huyn ph. Khi c c, dung mibay hi,nngcht ha tan tngdn,nhit si, nht,khilng ring tng,

v hs truynnhitgim, hm lng khng kh cn li trong gian bo v ha tantrong snphmcnggim.

Phnng caramel xy ra t do qu trnh c ccthchin trong ni chn khngvinhitthp (5060oC).

ngthivinhitthp ny th cu trc pectin khng b ph vnn gicst ca tng c chua. Ngoi ra cc thnh phn khc cng t bbin i nht l

vitamin C. Sc t ca c chua ch yu thuc h carotenoid (licopen) nn t bbin i (bn

nhit).

Snphm c th xm en do phnnggia tannin vi kim loi l do phnng oxyha tannin di tc dngca men peroxydase v polifenolxydase, iukincaphn

ng ny l nhittngtt v tip xc nhiuvi khng kh.Nhng do snphm

c un nng v hot enzyme. V do c c c trong mi trng chn

khng. (p134).

4.2.7 X l bao bKim tra cht lng bao b: Loitr cc hpblinhxc trn mtthic,xclp vecni, vecnibn Chnhp theo xc xutkim tra kn. Phng php nginnht l cho vo

hpmtlngnhchtlng(khong 0.51.5 ml) c nhit si thpnh ete chnghn,ri ghp m kn. Khi cho hp vo nc nng c nhitkhong 85 90oC, ete

s si v chuyn sang trng thi hi, trong hp sxuthin p sut ln.Nuhp

khng kn th cc m ghp s c cc bng khnhsi ra trong nc.

X l:

Cc hp tiu chuncvnchuyntni gia cng hay boqun trong kho baob. Chng sc ngm trong nc,rixililibng tia nc nng hay phun hi

nng, cng c thrali hai lnbngnc nng.

Vic dng nc nng hay hi nng v sinh hpvad dng, va c tc dng lmlngnc cn nglibao b bay hi nhanh chng.

4.2.8 Rt hpMc ch, yu cu: [1, p145]


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mbokhilngtnh v cc thnhphncahpng theo tl quy nh. C hnh thc trnh by p. mbohstruynnhit v c iukinthunli thanh trng vboqun. Khng ln cc tpcht khc. Do thchinchit nng nn cng on ny cng l cng on bi kh (v do cng

on c c trn phn no loibclng khng kh).

Cch tin hnh: Snphmc rt vo hpbng my dng cho snphmc. Tin hnh chit rt trong iukin dngphng php chit nng (8590oC cho sn

phmcng trong hpc1 lt, 90oC cho snphmcng trong hpc5hoc 10 lt).

4.2.9 Ghp np

Mc ch:Cch ly thcphmvi mi trng khng kh v vi sinh vt bn ngoi.Yu cu:nphpcnphi ghp tht kn v chcchn khi thanh trng p sut chnh

lchgia bn trong v bn ngoi hp khng lm bung m ghp hay btnp ra khi thn

hp.Cch tin hnh:snphm sau khi c rt vo hp th c ghp kn m ngay. Thc

hinbng my ghp mtng.

4.2.10 Thanh trng

Mc ch: Tiu dit vi sinh vt gybnh,mc tiu chnh l tiu dit bo tym khClostridium

botulinum v:- C thsn sinh ra ct lm chtngi d liulngrtthp.

- C khnng thnh lp bo t,rtbnnhit

- Clostridium botulinum c th tm thybtcniu, v vyhuht nguyn liuunhim vi sinh vt ny, nn chng quan hmtthittilnhvc an ton thcphm.

V hot ha enzyme mbo an ton thcphm.Cch tin hnh: Snphmhp c chua c c tuy c pH > 4.2 nhngcthchin thanh trng

nhit 100oC v c chua c c khng phi l mi trng thun li chocc botulinum v cc loi ym kh pht trin.

C chua c tomatin trong c chua c tc dng st trng nn ta c th rt ngn thigian thanh trng (2050 pht).

ivihpcln, sau khi ghp kn m th ta khng cn thanh trng lm lm nguinhanh v:


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- Thcphmng trong hp bao gm cc thnh phn:chtrn,chtlng,cht kh.Di tc dngcanhit cao, cc p sut ring phn v s dn nca cc cut

tng ln, lm cho p sut chung trong bao b ngsnphmtng ln. p sut ny (c th

ti 2 atm) c th lm cho bao b st tybbindng, bao b thy tinhbnt,v.

- V vy ta cnto ra p sut trong thitb thanh trng (cnc vo tnh chtca baob, thnh phncasnphmng trong hp v nht l nhit thanh trng) bng hay

gnbng p sutdtng ln trong hp, p sut ny gi l p suti khng, thngvo khong 0.41.4 atm.

- Nhng do ivihpcln khng tin hnh thanh trng nn ta cho lm nguisn

phm ngay trong nclnh cnbng p sut trong v ngoi bao b.

- V thi gian snphmngui hon ton lu xem l thi gian thanh trng.

ivihpcnh, sau khi ghp kn m th ta tin hnh thanh trng trong thitbkiungang lm vic gin on,snphmc lm ngui ngay trong thitb sau khi thigian thanh trng t yu cu.

4.2.11 Bo n

Mc ch:Snphm sau khi c thanh trng v lm ngui,cginhit phng thchin

qu trnh bo n. Trong thi gian bo n, cc thnh phn trong hpctiptcn

nhvmtphmcht v c th pht hinc cc hphng.Thi gian nnhhptithiu 15 ngy. hp khng cxutxngtrcthi gian ny.4.3 Thit b chnh c s dng trong qu trnh

4.3.1 Bng chun bng ng [1, p90]Cu to: Gmrtnhiung trn ghp song song vi nhau. Bngchuyn c tc dng tro trnguyn liu cng nhn quan st ck cng khi

phn loi,lachn.

Chiurngbngti khng ln qu, nub tr lm vic hai bn th rng 6080cm lva, cng nhn c thnht cc nguyn liugiabngti.


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Hnh 4.1: Hnh bng chun bng ngHot ng:

Bngti c vntc 0.120.15m/s, nuvntc lnhnnhts st. Cc ng trn quay quanh trcca mnh khi chuynngtolcy qun tnh cho c

chua trn vnchuyn theo.4.3.2 M ra thi kh

Cu to my ra thi kh:Gm cbnbphn chnh: thng ngm,bngti, qut gi, ngthi kh.


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Nguyn tc hot ng: Nguyn liu vo my c ko i trnbngti qua thng ngm ngm chob. Sau cxilinhhthng vi phun gn ngay pha trn bngti,trc khi ra

khi my.

Khng khcqut gi thi vo thng ngm lm otrn nguyn liu trong nc,nh nguyn liu va chmvi nhau v vinc, gip chtbn ha tan ncrad

dng.

ngthi cc vtnhnh l, rcsni ln trn mtnc. My rathi kh c th ra 500700kg/gi.4.3.3 M ch cnh p [5, p13]

Cu to: Gm 7bphn chnh:1. Mng xonti nguyn liu 2. Phiunpliu 3. Bi cho chuyn nguyn liu4. Cnh p 5. Trc quay 6. Mt ry 7. Cathi b.

Ryc lmbng thp khng r c clnh,vi kch thc: 0,5; 0,75; 1; 1,5 mm.

snxut c chua c c,l ry c : 1,0-1,5mm.


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Hnh 4.3: M ch cnh p

Nguyn l hot ng: Cp cho nguyn liumtlcchc lm cho n vng v p mnh vo thnh ry c l

nh theo mun. Phnnhmm chui qua l ra ngoi, cn phncngnm li bn trong v sau ra

ngoi theo mtng khc rii ra khi my.

Kch thcl ry c th thay i theo yu cuchbin. Khi ch cnh p quay nhanh (700 vng/pht) cunnhiu khng kh vo my, tc hi

nsnphm, nn ngi ta phun hinc vo my.

Lu : trong khi ch, cng nhn vn hnh phi thng xuyn kim tra b ch (khngqu t hay qu kh) iuchnh thng s lm vicca my cho thch hp.

4.3.4 Thit b c c chn khng ba niCu to:- Sdnghica tuabin, hi c p sut 7.812.7. 10^4N/m2 (0.8 -1.3 atm), c hai

niu cbungtng chm.

- C hthngbmvnchuyn nguyn liu,thitbngngt.- Vt liucsdng l thp khng r, thp trng men, trnh hin tngnhim

kim loinng vo snphm. [1 - p135]


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Hnh 4.4: Thit b c c chn khng 3 ni

Nguyn l hot ng: [6, p322]- Hiti vo phng tcani 1 t nng dung dchni 1, hithcani

1 i vo phng tcani 2, hitcani 2 i vo phng tcani 3, hithni 3i vo thitbngngt 4.

- Dung dchi vo ni 3 v snphmi ra khini 1. V p sutnitrclnhn

ni sau, do dung dch khng tchytnin sang ni kia m phi dng bmvnchuyn.

- Dung dch c nng cao nhtsi vo niu,tiynhitlnhn do

nht ko tngmy,ktqu l hstruynnhithunh trong cc ni khng gim.

Ch :- Bmt truynnhit cng sch, khng c nguyn liu chy bm vo cn tr struynnhit th hs truynnhit cng cao. V vy trong qu trnh c c c chua nychng ta phithng xuyn cra cc cn chy bm bmttruynnhit.

- Trong qu trnh c c chn khng, do c chua c hm lng pectin nhiu nn sto ra sccngbmt ln to lpbt trn bmtsnphm.Hin tng tobt nylm cntrqu trnh bchi v c th lm tnthtsnphmi theo ng thot hi(

khcphchintng ny ngi ta dngbphnkhbttgnng thot hi).

4.3.4 Thit b rt sn phm [1, p 148]


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Do snphm c chua c c l dng paste, nn my rt snphmthc hin theo nguyntcth tch.

ysdng my rt snphmcnh hnh sau:

Cu to:

1. thng nc 2. Trc quay 3. y thng cha 4. Xy lanh 5. Pittong ysnphm6. Lhngy thng 7. Bn 8. ng rt 9. Pittong nng 10. Bnh xe

11. ng ray trn 12. ng ray di

Hnh 4.5: Thit b rt sn phm

Nguyn l hot ng:- Khi hp vo bn (7) chm vo tay gt, qua hthng l xo nby, lm cho bnhxe (10) di chuyn theo ng ray (11). Khi y xylanh (4) s thng ving rt (8) v sn

phmc pittong (5) y vo hp.

- Nu khng c hp, bnh xe ln theo ng ray (12), pittong (9) khng nng ln, v

snphmb pittong (5) p s theo l (6) m tr li thng cha.4.3.6 Thit b thanh trng[5, p6364]

Thit b thanh trng c p sut cao lm vic gin on Dng thanh trng cc loihp c nhit thanh trng t 100oC trln, c npy

kn, cn gi l nihp thanh trng. C 2 loinihp:loitthngng v loitnm

ngang. Chnthitb thanh trng nm ngang v thao tc lysnphm ra d dng.


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Thit b hp thanh trng loi t nm ngangThn thitbtnm ngang, bn trong khng c gi gi m c ng ry cho xe

ng cc gihpy vo.

Loi ny c khnng lm vic cao, nhng thao tcphctp, chu k lm vic ko di, tn

hi v ncnhiu.

Hnh 4.6: Thit b tit trng hi dng nm ngang

5. Cc nguyn nhn gy h hng hp [5, p65 68]5.1 Do vi sinh vtv Hintnghphhng do vi sinh vt l phbinnht trong s cc loihph

hng. Cc vi sinh vt pht trin, phn hy cc chthuc ca thcphm, to ra kh

CO2, H2S,NH3haytit ra cc ct. C loi vi sinh vt pht trin sinh ra cht kh. Vvyhphhng do vi sinh vt c th gy phnghp hay khng gy phnghp nn

kh pht hin.

Cc ngun nhn g h hng hp do vi sinh vt:

Do tit trng khng ch :

Cc hptit trng khng chtc l chanhit v thi gian tit trngcnthit. Cc vi sinh vt trong hp cn sng, pht trin lm snphmb chua, hpbmtphmcht c thto thnh cc cht kh lmphnghp.

Vn hnh khng ng quy tc lng khng kh cn linhiu trong thitb nhitkv p kch khng cn tngngvi nhau.


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Xphp khng ng quy cch cntrqu trnh truynnhit v ilu. C mtshp dobnhim trng qu nhiu do thitb v do cc qu trnh chbin

trc khi tit trng gy ra, ta khng pht hinc m vntin hnh tit trng theo

cng thc qui nh,cng coi nh thanh trng khng ch.

Do lm ngui khng thch hp: Cc vi sinh vtanhit lm hnghp, pht trinnhanh chng nhitkhong 49 71oC. V vynu khng lm ngui nhanh

hpnnhit thpdikhongnhit, th cc vi sinh vt c th pht trinlm hhnghp.

Do mi ghp b h:hintng ny xy ra khi thchin khng ng qui trnh kthutv chv sinh thcphm, lm cho vi sinh vt xm nhp v pht trinthcphm

trong thi gian chbin.Thi gian t lc vo hpn lc ghp kn v mang i tittrng qu lu. nhit khng cao lm, l iukin thch hp cho cc vi sinh vt

pht trin lm hnghptrc khi tit trng.5.2 Do cc hin tng ha hcv hpbhng do cc hin tng ha hcxy ra c th do cc phnnggia cc

thnh phncathcphmvi nhau hay gia cc thnh phnthcphmvi bao b. Ccphnng ha hc ny,phnln lm cho thcphm c mu sc,hngvgiminhiu.

v Trong thi gian boqunhp thnh phm, ta thng thy cc hpng trong

bao b st ty, bn mn kim loimt bn trong ca bao b, lp trng thicbn mn.

Kim loi nhim vo snphm.Hin tng ny thng thynhiu cc hp c acid cao. Lng kim loinngnhim vo snphm, c th gybini mu sc, mi v

casnphm, v gy civicth.Qu trnh n mn, kh hydro thot ra lm cho hpbphng.

5.3 Do cc nh hng c lXy ra trong qu trnh thanh trng,boqun v vnchuyn.v hphhng do sai thao tc thitb thanh trng

Trong giai oncuica qu trnh thanh trng, nugim p suthi qu nhanh, th to

thnh hintngcngphng hp, c thbbindng,hmi ghp. Do p sut trong hpcto ra chnh lchvi p sut bn ngoi qu nhiu.

v hphhng do bi kh khng Trong qu trnh thanh trng bngnhit, cc hp bi kh cn lis dn ngy cngphnghp.V hnh dng bn ngoi cc hp ny sau khi boqun, thng thybphngnh,nphp c thn ln xungc.

v hphhng do xphp qu y


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Khi snphmxp trong hp qu y, snphms dn n th tch khi thanh trngbngnhit, lm cho hpbphng,hintng ny dxy ra hn khi cho snphm vo

hp lc ngui, thanh trng snphm cngb dn nnhiu.

v hphhng vb mp, mo, r

Mtssnphmhpng trong bao b st ty kch thcln, khi ghp kn vichn khng qu cao, chnh lch p sutln, bao b st ty mng th db mo. Hoc

khi xphp vo gi thanh trng v vnchuyntrc khi thanh trng, lm hpb mp,mo, lc p sut trong hp ln, khi thanh trng snphm dn n s lm cng

phnghp, c th lm hmi ghp kn cahp.

hpvi bao b st ty d c cc vtr: khiboqunnim. Khi trnbmtstc cc vtbncacht bo, trong qu trnh boqun, cc cht bo b oxy ha licc vtr.Hochpbthng do cc vtnhn gy ra khi vnchuyn, lcboqun

nc trong hpchy ra v c th gy r cho cc hp chung quanh n.5.4 Cch l hp h hng

v Ttc cc hp c duhiuhng do vi sinh vt gy ra, d hpbphng hay khngb

phng,cngu khng thsdng lm thc n phihyb.v Cc hphhng do hintng ha hc,numcnh th c thchbin thnh

cc snphm khc c gi trthphn(nh lm mt,nuru,thtxay).Nhng khi

c mi ca kim loinhiu,mcnhim kim loinng cao, th khng thsdng

lm thcn.v Cc hphhng do cc nhhngcl, th vchtlngsnphm c th khng

gim.Nhng khng c gi tr hay km gi trthngphm. C th thay bao b khc, tinhnh nuli, c thx l chbin thnh cc snphmph.

6.PR Sn phm c chua c c

Snphm c chua c ccsdng km vi cc snphmnh:M si en st cchua,Nui xo b,Cnh g nng st c chua,C chin st c chuaVimcch

lm tnghngv cho cc mn n ny v tng thm mu sccm quan cho snphm.
http://vn.beta.promo.yahoo.com/sucsongmoi/ckkv-bo?blogid=nau_gi_hom_nay&postid=403&viewPost=1http://vn.beta.promo.yahoo.com/sucsongmoi/ckkv-bo?blogid=nau_gi_hom_nay&postid=403&viewPost=1http://vn.beta.promo.yahoo.com/sucsongmoi/ckkv-bo?blogid=nau_gi_hom_nay&postid=403&viewPost=1http://vn.beta.promo.yahoo.com/sucsongmoi/ckkv-bo?blogid=nau_gi_hom_nay&postid=403&viewPost=1


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Hnh 6.1:M si en st c chua Hnh 6.2: C chin st c

chua

Hnh 6.3: Cnh g nng st c chua

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] NguynVnTipQuch nhNg MVn,Kthutsnxuthp rau qu,

NXB Thanh Nin.
http://tranthimyle88.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/14.jpghttp://tranthimyle88.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/13.jpghttp://tranthimyle88.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/14.jpghttp://tranthimyle88.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/13.jpg


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[2] NguynTrngCnNguynL H, Nguyn l snxuthp thcphm, NXBKhoa Hc v KThut.

[3]NguynVnTc, Rau qu v snphmchbin.

[4] Trnh Quang Tip,Kthuthp rau qu.

[5] L Mhng, Cng nghchbinthcphmnghp,TrngHCnTh, 2005[6]VniNguynTrngKhngTrn quang ThoV ThNgcTi, Cc

qa trnh v thitb cng ngh ha hc, NXB ihc v trung hc chuyn nghip

[7] http://www.ykhoanet.com/duoc/dinhduong/05_0148.htm[8]http://www.rauhoaquavietnam.vn/default.aspx?ID=45&LangID=1&tabID=5&NewsID

=861

[9]http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/cong-nghe-sau-thu-hoach-va-ke-hoach-tap-huan-du-an-reta-6208.23442.html
http://www.ykhoanet.com/duoc/dinhduong/05_0148.htmhttp://www.ykhoanet.com/duoc/dinhduong/05_0148.htmhttp://www.rauhoaquavietnam.vn/default.aspx?ID=45&LangID=1&tabID=5&NewsID=861http://www.rauhoaquavietnam.vn/default.aspx?ID=45&LangID=1&tabID=5&NewsID=861http://www.rauhoaquavietnam.vn/default.aspx?ID=45&LangID=1&tabID=5&NewsID=861http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/cong-nghe-sau-thu-hoach-va-ke-hoach-tap-huan-du-an-reta-6208.23442.htmlhttp://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/cong-nghe-sau-thu-hoach-va-ke-hoach-tap-huan-du-an-reta-6208.23442.htmlhttp://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/cong-nghe-sau-thu-hoach-va-ke-hoach-tap-huan-du-an-reta-6208.23442.htmlhttp://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/cong-nghe-sau-thu-hoach-va-ke-hoach-tap-huan-du-an-reta-6208.23442.htmlhttp://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/cong-nghe-sau-thu-hoach-va-ke-hoach-tap-huan-du-an-reta-6208.23442.htmlhttp://www.rauhoaquavietnam.vn/default.aspx?ID=45&LangID=1&tabID=5&NewsID=861http://www.rauhoaquavietnam.vn/default.aspx?ID=45&LangID=1&tabID=5&NewsID=861http://www.ykhoanet.com/duoc/dinhduong/05_0148.htm

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