Confluence of Streams Influence of Jewish, Christian and Gnostics Mysticism on Islam

by

Abu Shahiryar

www.islamic-belief.net

2013

- 2 -

Contents Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Influence of Jewish Mysticism Stream on Islam

Merkabah Mysticism You are You Gematria and Ilm-ul-Jafr Great Divine Name (Ism-e-Azam) Divination through Dead by Jews during Prophets Lifetime Divination through Dead and Spirits by Muslims Adam Kadmon: The Theory of Primordial Man or Insan Al-Kamil

Chapter 3: Influence of Christian Mysticism Stream on Islam

Logos Terminology in Islam and Hulul Theology Christian Monasticism in Desert Wandering Muslim Mystics

Chapter 4: Influence of Hermetic and Gnostic Mysticism Stream on Islam

Hermetic Sciences in Islam Gnostic Homoousios or Hama-aust or Wahdatul Wajood?

Chapter 5: Parting of the Ways

- 3 -

Some significant Sufi Mystics - Ibrahim bin Adham (d. 162 AH) - Rabiyah Al-Adwiya or Al-Basri (d. 185 AH or 135AH) - Dhul-Nun Al-Misri (d. 245 AH) - Abu Yazeed or BaYazeed Bustami ( 261 AH) - Hussain bin Mansur Al-Hallaj (d. 309 AH) - Abu Talib Al-Makki (d. 386 AH) - Ali Hajwari (d. 465 AH) - Al-Ghizali (d. 505 AH) - Abdul Qadir Al-Jeelani (d. 561 AH) - Ibn Al-Arabi (d. 638 AH) - Rumi (d. 673 AH) - Abdul Kareem Al-jili (d. 832 AH) - Abu Bakr Al-Shibli (d. 864) - Mujadid Alf Al-Thani (d. 1034 AH) - Shah Waliullah (d. 1176 AH)

- 4 -

Preface

From time immemorial there are two kinds of people in this world. On group thinks that they can approach God by meditation and trance. That approach demands the cutting off of the human spirit from the material world. To approach Almighty this procedure is practiced since ancient times and we know the practisers as Sadhu, Monks and Rahibs etc. The other group believes that God cannot be approached in this way. He created us so it is His responsibility to guide us. Therefore He must send us His revelations. In this method the God selects a person from Humanity and sends His instructions on him. Such people are called Messengers, Prophets and Apostles. From Worlds religions, Judaism, Christianity and Islam are Prophetic religions. Islam originally started as a pure monotheistic religion has also been affected by the streams of Jewish, Christian and Gnostic mysticism. In this book the confluence of these mystical streams on Islam is examined. The mystics in different religions spheres and times have stated things which are common. It is probably happened to a lesser extent due to borrowing or coping but mainly it reflects the collective consciousness of mysticism approach.

- 5 -

Chapter 1

Introduction It was night in Makkah. Muhammad peace be upon him was praying to Allah, an unseen Deity. He was there because of his dreams. He has not experience any vision or trance but only the dreams. Recently the dreams he has seen have started becoming a reality in the daylight. He wanted to know why this is happening to him. He went to a cave on Mount Hirah where he engaged himself in Al-Tahannath1. He did that for some nights and on one night an angelic being appeared and asked him to read a text:

) 1( ) 4( ) 3( ) 2( )5( Read! In the Name of your Lord, Who has created (all that exists), Has created man from a clot (a piece of thick coagulated blood). Read! And your Lord is the Most Generous, Who has taught (the writing) by the pen, Has

taught man that which he knew not

In the next 23 years he received the revelation we now called Quran. It is instructed to him that now this is the last communication of Allah with Humans, as the message is straight forward. In surah Al-Anam Allah said:

)153( And verily, this is my Straight Path, so follow it, and follow not (other) paths, for they will separate you away

from His Path. This He has ordained for you that you may become Al-Muttaqun

Allah said in surah Al-Baqarah

)256(

There is no compulsion in religion. Verily, the Right Path has become distinct from the wrong path. Whoever disbelieves in Taghoot and believes in Allah, then he has grasped the most trustworthy handhold that will never

break. And Allah is All-Hearer, All-Knower.

Allah informed us that whole humanity had one single faith, Islam )52(

And verily! This your religion (of Islamic Monotheism) is one religion, and I am your Lord, so keep your duty to Me.

Because of this similarity between the messages, all Messengers of Allah are same. Allah said in Surah al-Shura 13-15:

) 13(

1 Al-Tahannath means engagement in nearness to Allah and His worship.

- 6 -

) 14(

) 15( He (Allah) has ordained for you the same religion which He ordained for Nuh (Noah), and that which We have inspired in you (O Muhammad ), and that which We ordained for Ibrahim (Abraham), Musa (Moses) and 'Iesa (Jesus) saying you should establish religion (i.e. to do what it orders you to do practically), and make no divisions in it (religion). Intolerable for the Mushrikun, is that to which you (O Muhammad ) call them. Allah chooses for Himself whom He wills, and guides unto Himself who turns to Him in repentance and in obedience. And they divided not till after knowledge had come to them, through selfish transgression between themselves. And had it not been for a Word that went forth before from your Lord for an appointed term, the matter would have been settled between them. And verily, those who were made to inherit the after them (i.e. Jews and Christians) are in grave doubt concerning it. So unto this then invite, and Istaqim, as you are commanded, and follow not their desires but say: "I believe in whatsoever Allah has sent down of the Book and I am commanded to do justice among you, Allah is our Lord and your Lord. For us our deeds and for you your deeds. There is no dispute between us and you. Allah will assemble us (all), and to Him is the final return. It means that all Prophets had same religion the core of the faith is based on the Oneness of Allah, rejection of Taaghoot2, fear of Hereafter, and hope for the forgiveness of Allah. Prophet said (Sahih Muslim):

Prophets are like son of same father with different mothers and their religion is same

Hence as such People do not need any other approach to reach Allah if they have already got the revelation from Allah. In spite of the clear messages of Moses, Jesus and Muhammad peace be upon them, people opted to exercise the other approach to reach Allah i.e. Mysticism. Allah said in surah Al-Hadeed:

)27(

Then, We sent after them, Our Messengers, and We sent 'Iesa (Jesus) - son of Maryam (Mary), and gave him the Injeel (Gospel). And We ordained in the hearts of those who followed him, compassion and mercy. But the Monasticism which they invented for themselves, We did not prescribe for them, but (they sought it) only to please Allah therewith, but that they did not observe it with the right observance. So We gave those among them who believed, their (due) reward, but many of them are Fasiqun (rebellious, disobedient to Allah). Due to this, in early stages of Muslim history, Mysticism as an approach is not favoured. But somehow this approach survived and become the most revered approach in Muslim world to seek God. As the reader go through this book, he would be amazed to see how the mystical tradition from Jews, Christians and Gnostics has entered in the Islamic mystical tradition.

2 Taaghoot means any one acting against the Allah

- 7 -

Chapter 2

Influence of Jewish Mysticism Stream on Islam Although Jews were fascinated by the mysticism, magic and divination from the very beginning but these practices were reprimanded by God. The acceptable form of Mysticism whose practice survived till today has started in Babylon. There Jews were indulged in magic and they associate the Kingdom of Prophet Sulaiman with magic, in order to accomplish some ulterior motives.

Merkabah Mysticism According to Book of Ezekiel in Bible, Ezekiel was born into a priesthood lineage and was resident of Anathoth. He belonged to upper class Jews who were exiled to Babylon. On the bank of the Chebar River, in Tel Abib in Babylon he saw a great vision. In the vision he saw a great chariot called Merkabah (chariot) with lights, fire and flashes. The angelic beings were surrounding the chariot (see Ezekiel 1-28). Later in Jewish Mysticism Merkabah is related with Divine Throne and Jewish mystics developed a whole branch around it called Merkabah/Merkavah3 mysticism (or Chariot mysticism). It is estimated that it started as early as from c.100 BCE to 1000 CE (started from 100 years before Jesus). In Ezekiels vision, all the movement of all the angels of the chariot or Merkabah are controlled by the Man on the Throne. Ezekiel said (Ezekiel 1:26)4

, , ; , - , - , ,

And above the firmament that was over their heads was the likeness of a throne, as the appearance of a sapphire stone; and upon the likeness of the throne was a likeness as the appearance of a man upon it above.

In Judaism it is forbidden to interpret this text and if done should be done after permission and secrecy. Seek not out the things that are too hard for thee, neither search the things that are above