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8/14/2019 Conflict.ppt mpw1153
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CONFLICT
Chapter 12
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What is Conflict
Definition: Disagreement, discord and friction that
occur when the actions or beliefs of one or more
members of the group are unacceptable to and areresisted by one or more of the other group
members
Types
Intergroup conflict involves two or more groups
Intragroup conflict occurs within a group
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Assumptions & Opinions of Conflict
Some people are always itching for a fight.
People who are aggressive are mentallyunstable.
The human species is, by nature, aggressive.
Women are the gentler gender. The best way to deal with conflict is to talk things
over.
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What is Conflict
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Roots of Conflict
Conflict questions:
Who has won? (competition) Who gets what? (resource distribution)
Who is in charge? (power struggles)
Who decides? (decisional conflict) Who do I like? (personal conflict)
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Conflict and Competition
Deutsch: Cooperation versus competition
Mixed-motive conflict and the prisonersdilemma game (PDG)
The norm of reciprocity
Social values orientation: cooperators,
competitors, and individualists
Sex differences
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Prisoners Dilemma Game
Don
Claire
Doesnt Confess
Doesnt
confesses
Confesses
Confesses
1 years
1 years
0 years
0 years
10 years
10 years
5 year
5 year
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Prisoners Dilemma Game
Don
Claire
Choice A
Choice A
Choice B
Choice B
+ $25
+ $25
+ $50
+ $50
- $25
- $25
- $10
-$10
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Sharing
Sharing: Social dilemmas
Groups as social dilemmas: Self-interest (self-serving) vs. group interest (group-serving)
Types Social traps (commons dilemmas): exploiting
shared resources
Public goods dilemmas: contributions to public
goods (free-riding) Fairness dilemmas: distributive vs. procedural
justice, distribution norms
Responsibility dilemmas: egocentrism vs.
sociocentrism
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Sources of Conflict
Controlling: Power struggles
Deciding: Substantive vs. procedural conflicts
Liking and disliking: Personal conflicts
Attraction decreases conflict but disaffection
(repulsion) increases conflict Conflict and diversity in groups
Balance theory: members respond negatively
when they disagree with those they like
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Why Does Conflict Escalate
Uncertainty Commitment
Perception Misperception
Fundamental attribution error
Misperceptions of motives
Weak Tactics Stronger Tactics
Trucking game experiment (Deutsch & Krauss,1960)
Communication can increase conflict if used to
threaten
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Reciprocity Upward Conflict Spiral
Norm of reciprocity Rough (overmatching) and light reciprocity
(undermatching)
Few Many (coalition formation) Irritation Anger (contagion)
Why Does Conflict Escalate? (cont)
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Conflict Management
Commitment Negotiation
Finding solutions by negotiating
Types: soft, hard, and principled negotiators
Misperception Understanding
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Strong Tactics Cooperative Tactics
Types of tactics: Avoiding, yielding, fighting, &
cooperating Dimensions: negative-positive and active-
passive
Upward Downward Conflict Spirals Axelrods Tit for Tat strategy (TFT)
Characteristics: provocable, reciprocal,
forgiving
Conflict Management
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Many Few
Mediators: third party interventions
Types: inquisitorial, arbitration, moot
Anger Composure
Conflict Management
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Does Resolved Conflict Lead to
Improved Group Functioning?
Conflict is a natural consequence of joining a
group
Cooperation promotes group unity, harmony,
conflict undermines the group
Resolving non-personal conflicts may promote
group functioning, but unclear
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Conclusion
1. Uncertainty Commitment Negotiation
2. Perception Misperception Understanding
3. Weak Tactics Stronger Tactics CooperativeTactics
4. Reciprocity Upward Conflict Spiral Downward spiral
5. Few Many (coalition formation) Few
6. Irritation Anger (contagion) Composure