Confined Space Entry Confined Space Entry A Training Program for Entrants and Attendants

Confined Space Entry


A Training Program for Entrants and Attendants


Establish Confined Space’s Role in Today’s Industry.

Discuss OSHA’S requirements for Confined Spaces.

Discuss Principle Hazards involved with CS Entry.

Discuss Basic Skills in Hazard Recognition & Control.

Discuss Confined Space Assessment Techniques.

Discuss Confined Space Fall Protection Systems.

Discuss Hazards Associated with Fall Protection.

Discuss Rescue and Retrieval Requirements.

COURSE OBJECTIVES


BASIS FOR THIS COURSE 1.6 Million Workers Enter Confined Spaces Annually.

The Standard is Expected to Reduce Accidents by 85%.

Untrained Rescuers Account for 60% of Annual Deaths.

Most workers who survive lose time from their job.

This training helps improve:

Safety Morale Productivity Employee well-being


Three SectionsThe LawHazardsControls


The LawRegulatory Overview of 49 CFR

1910.146, “Permit Required Confined Space Standard”


49 CFR 1910.146 Contains requirements for practices and

procedures to protect employees in general industry from the hazards of entry into permit required confined spaces (PRCS).

Does not apply to agriculture, construction, or shipyard employment.


Definitions


Confined Space Is large enough and so configured that an

employee can bodily enter and perform assigned work; and

Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit; and

Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy.


Is the space large enough and so configured that an employee can bodily enter and perform assigned work?

Does the space have limited or

restricted means for entry or exit?

Is the space designed for continuous

employee occupancy?

Space is “Confined”

Begin classification process

Space is not “Confined”

Regulation does not apply

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No


Permit Required Confined Space

Contains or has a potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere;

Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant;

Has an internal configuration such that an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floor which sloped and tapers to a smaller cross-section; or

Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard.


Hazardous Atmosphere

An atmosphere that may expose employees to the risk of death, incapacitation, impairment of ability to self-rescue, injury or acute illness from one or more of the following causes:


Hazardous Atmosphere, cont.

Flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess of 10% of its lower flammable limit (LFL);

Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that meets or exceeds its LFL;

Oxygen concentration below 19.5% or above 23.5%;


Hazardous Atmosphere, cont.

Concentration of any substance published in Subpart G, Occupational Health and Environmental Control, or Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances, in excess of its dose or PEL;

Any other atmospheric condition that is IDLH.


Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)

Poses an immediate or delayed threat to life; or

Would cause irreversible adverse health effects; or

Would interfere within individual’s ability to escape unaided from a permit space.


Engulfment

The surrounding and effective capture of a person by a liquid or finely divided (flowable) solid substance that can be aspirated to cause death by filling or plugging the respiratory system, or that can exert enough force on the body to cause death by strangulation, constriction, or crushing.


Entry The action by which a person passes through

an opening into a permit-required confined space, and includes ensuing work activities in that space

Considered to have occurred as soon as any part of the entrant’s body breaks the plane of an opening into the space.


Entry Permit

The written or printed document provided by the employer to allow and control entry into a permit space.


Prohibited Condition

Any condition in a permit space that is not allowed by the permit during the period when entry is authorized.


Non-Permit Confined Space

A confined space that does not contain or, with respect to atmospheric hazards, have the potential to contain any hazard capable of causing death or serious physical harm.


General Requirements

Great Western Painting



Employer decides if workplace contains a PRCS.

If workplace contains permit spaces, employer must inform employees of their existence and location and that they are dangerous


General Requirements If employer decides employees will not enter

permit spaces employer must positively ensure they do not.

If employer decides employees will enter permit spaces, employer shall develop and implement a written entry program.


General Requirements Employer may use alternate entry procedures

provided certain conditions and requirements are met.

When there are changes in use or configuration of a non-permit confined space that might increase the hazards to entrants, employer shall, if necessary, reclassify as a permit space.



A permit space may be reclassified as a non-permit space:» If there are no actual or potential atmospheric

hazards and if all hazards within the permit space are eliminated without entry.

» If entry is required to eliminate hazards, it shall be according to regulations.


» If hazards arise in reclassified permit space, employees shall exit.

» Employer shall certify in writing that all hazards in permit space have been eliminated and make this document available to each entrant.

Continued



When a host employer arranges for contractor to perform permit space entry work, host employer shall:» Inform contractor of permit space entry program;» Apprise contractor of hazards, precautions and

procedures implemented for protection;» Coordinate entry operations with contractor



Contractors shall inform the host employer of the permit program to be followed and coordinate multiple entry operations.


Alternate Entry Procedures

If alternate entry procedures are used:No formal written program

No permit system or permits

No attendant or supervisor

No rescue provisions

Training is required


Alternate Entry Procedures Conditions

Employer demonstrates that the only hazard posed by PRCS is actual or potential hazardous atmosphere.

Employer demonstrates that continuous forced air ventilation alone is sufficient to maintain safe permit space.

Employer develops monitoring and inspection data that supports the above demonstrations.


Alternate Entry Procedures Requirements

Any conditions making it unsafe to remove an entrance cover shall be eliminated before removing cover.

When entrance covers are removed, opening shall be promptly and effectively guarded.


Alternate Entry Procedures Requirements Before entry, internal atmosphere shall be

tested with a calibrated direct-reading instrument, for the following:» Oxygen content» Flammable gases and vapors» Potential toxic air contaminants



There may be no hazardous atmosphere within the space whenever any employee is inside the space.

Continuous forced air ventilation shall be used as follows:


continued

» Entry is not permitted until hazardous atmosphere is eliminated;

» Ventilation shall be directed to immediate areas where employees are or will be present and continue until all employees have left the space;

» Air supply shall be from a clean source and may not increase the hazards in the space.



Atmosphere within the space shall be periodically tested as necessary.

If a hazardous atmosphere is detected during entry:» Each employee shall leave the space immediately;» The space shall be evaluated to determine cause; and» Measures are taken to protect employees before

subsequent entries.



Employer shall certify in writing that space is safe for entry and that all of the above requirements have been met.

Certification to be available to each employee before entry.


Permit Program


Permit Program

Prevent unauthorized entry. Identify and evaluate hazards before entry. Establish safe practices, such as isolation,

purging inerting, ventilation, barricades, lockout/tagout, etc.


Permit Program Provide and maintain equipment necessary

for safe entry, including testing and monitoring, ventilation, communications, personal protection, lighting, barriers, ingress and egress, and rescue.

Test permit space and document results.


Permit Program

Maintain acceptable conditions in permit space.

Provide at least one attendant outside space. Identify duties of each employee and provide

training.


Permit Program

Implement proper procedures for rescue. Establish written system for preparation,

issuance use and cancellation of permits. Coordinated entry operations during multiple

employer entries. Review entire entry program at least annually.

Cont.


Permit System Great Western Painting


Permit System The employer, through the permit system,

shall:» Complete and document all steps necessary for

entry;» Require initials or signature of person(s)

completing the steps;» Post permit at entry portal;» Ensure permit is signed by entry supervisor.


Permit System Duration of permit may not exceed time

required to complete assigned task. Permit must be cancelled if a prohibited

condition arises, or the work has been completed.

Each cancelled entry permit must be retained for one year to facilitate program review.


Entry Permit



Entry Permit Identifies:

» Permit space(s) to be entered» Purpose of entry» Date and authorized duration for permit» Authorized entrant(s)» Attendant(s)» Entry supervisor by printed name and signature


Entry Permit

» Hazardous of the permit space» Measures required to control hazards of the space» Acceptable entry conditions» Test results with signature or initials of tester(s)» Rescue services, and the means to summon them


Entry Permit

» Communication procedures and equipment» All special equipment and procedures, including

PPE and rescue equipment» Any other information need to ensure safe entry» Any additional permits needed (such as hot work)



Employee Training Great Western Painting


Employee Training

Employer shall provide and certify completion of training so that all affected employees acquire the understanding, knowledge, and skill necessary for the safe performance of assigned duties:


Employee Training Before employee is assigned duties under the

regulation; Before there is a change in assigned duties; Whenever employer has reason to believe

either that there are deviations from permit space entry procedures or inadequacies in the employee’s knowledge or use of these procedures.

Cont.


Employee Duties Great Western Painting


Duties of Authorized Entrants

Employer shall ensure that all authorized entrants:» Know the hazards that may be faced during entry

(mode, signs, symptoms, and consequences of exposure);

» Properly use all required equipment;» Communicate with attendant as necessary to

enable attendant to monitor status and alert entrants of need to evacuate.


Duties of Authorized Entrants

» Alert attendant whenever any warning sign or symptom of exposure to a dangerous situation or a prohibited condition is detected.

» Exit from permit space as quickly as possible whenever:

– Order to evacuate is given by attendant or entry supervisor;


Call Robert 208-371-7757 Great Western Painting

– Entrant recognizes any warning sign or symptom of exposure to a dangerous situation;

– Entrant detects a prohibited condition; or

– Evacuation alarm is activated.


Duties of Attendants

Employer shall ensure that each attendant:» Knows that hazards that may be faced during

entry;» Know the possible behavioral effects of hazards;» Continuously maintain accurate count of entrants;



» Remains outside permit space during entry operations until relieved by another attendant;

» Communicates with entrants as necessary to monitor status and alert of need to evacuate space;

» Monitors activities inside and outside space to determine if safe for entrants to remain in space and orders evacuation when necessary


Duties of Attendants» Takes the following actions when unauthorized

persons approach or enter a permit space while entry is underway:

– Warns them to stay away;

– Advised them to exit immediately if they have entered; and

– Informs authorized entrants and entry supervisor if unauthorized persons enter space.



» Summons rescue and emergency services when emergency exit from permit space is necessary;

» Performs non-entry rescues per employer’s procedure; and

» Performs no duties that might interfere with their primary duty to monitor and protect authorized entrants.


Duties of Entry Supervisors

Employer shall ensure that each supervisor:» Knows the hazards that may be faced during entry;» Verifies that acceptable conditions for entry exist;» Terminates entry when operations are completed

or a prohibited condition arises;


Duties of Entry Supervisors

» Verifies that rescue services are available;» Removes unauthorized persons who enter or

attempt to enter permit space during operations;» Determines, whenever possible and at appropriate

intervals, that acceptable entry conditions are maintained.


Rescue Services Call Robert 208-371-7757/ Great Western Painting


Rescue Services

Employer may elect to use on site or off-site team.


Rescue Services If an on-site team is selected:

» Must be properly trained in entry procedures, rescue procedures and PPE requirements;

» Permit space rescues must be practiced at least annually from similarly configured spaces;

» Must be trained in basic first-aid and CPR, and have at least one member currently certified.

Confined Space EntryCONFINED SPACE RESCUE

THE RESCUE TEAM:

Must meet basic requirements:

- Good endurance - Possess enthusiasm - Must be a capable leader - Must have a positive attitude - Good physical fitness and health - Must be capable of following orders - Must have same training as entrants - Must regularly participate in practical exercises


SAFELINE

SAFELINE

HORIZONTAL RESCUES VERTICAL RESCUES

CONFINED SPACE RESCUEContinued

RESCUE TYPES:

Horizontal Vertical


SAFELINE

SAFELINE

ENTRY RESCUES NON-ENTRY RESCUES


RESCUE SYSTEMS:

Non-entry Rescue Entry Rescue



NON-ENTRY RESCUE:

Safest for rescuer. Requires extensive entrant training. Tripod (or equivalent most common). NFPA approved rope may be used (15:1 tensile strength).

ENTRY RESCUE:

Used when obstacles prevent non-entry rescue. Requires extensive rescue team training. Various entry methods can be used.



VICTIM CARE (No apparent injuries):

Assess physical condition. Look for signs of shock. Keep head stable and airways open. Don’t Injure the victim during extrication. Wristlets may be used if no trauma is created.



VICTIM CARE (Injuries):

Assess physical condition. Look for signs of shock. Keep head stable and airways open. Immobilize the spine. Plastic Skeds are very useful. Never move or care for an injured victim unless you have been trained to administer first aid. If the situation is “life or death” use your best judgment.


Rescue Services If an off-site team is selected:

» Inform rescue services of hazards they may confront;

» Provide rescue service with access to all permit spaces so they can develop appropriate rescue plans and practice rescue operations.


Rescue Services

Host employer is required to ensure that arranged-for rescue services can effectively respond in a timely manner to a rescue summons and Evaluate their efficiency.


Rescue Services

If injured entrant is exposed to a substance with a required MSDS or similar document, it shall be made available to medical facility treating entrant.


Non-Entry Rescue

Retrieval systems or method shall be used whenever entry is made, unless the retrieval equipment could increase overall risk of entry or would not be of value.


Non-Entry Rescue

Each entrant shall use a chest or full body harness, with retrieval line attached at the center of their back near shoulder level, or above their head.


Non-Entry Rescue Wristlets may be used in lieu of the chest or

full body harness is employer can show use of chest or body harness is infeasible or creates a greater hazard and that use of wristlets is safest and most effective alternative.


Non-Entry Rescue

Other end of retrieval line shall be attached to a mechanical device or fixed point outside permit space for immediate use.

Mechanical devices shall be used to retrieve personnel from vertical type permit spaces more than 5 feet deep.


Permit Required Confined Spaces

Movie: “Death Trap - Permit Required Confined Spaces”


ControlsCall Robert 208-371-7757/



Atmospheric Monitoring &

General Testing Protocol


ATMOSPHERIC TESTING OSHA’S RECOMMENDATIONS

Remember: Follow your permit instructions Instruments should be adequately sensitive Instruments should be calibrated and documented Users should be technically qualified Testing must be done prior to each entry

ASPHYXIATION IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH INCONFINED SPACES


ATMOSPHERIC TESTING

INSTRUMENT FUNCTION TESTS: Do not replace calibration Blow into 02 sensors to test 02 deficiency A solvent marker will test for combustibles Using a butane lighter is not recommended Function tests must be done prior to each entry

ASPHYXIATION IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH INCONFINED SPACES

Continued


ATMOSPHERIC TESTINGContinued

PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMITS (PEL’s) FOUND IN 29 CFR 1910.1000 (THE “Z” TABLES) ESTABLISHES OSHA’s EXPOSURE LEVELS LEGALLY ENFORCEABLE

PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (OSHA):

RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMITS (NIOSH):

RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMITS (REL’s) USED TO DEVELOP NEW OSHA STANDARDS FOUND IN: “NIOSH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH STANDARDS”


ATMOSPHERIC TESTING

OXYGEN CONTENT (% BY VOLUME) EFFECTS AND SYMPTOMS

19.5% Minimum permissible oxygen level.15-19.5% Decreased ability to work strenuously. May impair coordination.12-14.9% Respiration increases, judgment affected10-11.9% Lips begin to turn blue. 8-9.9% Mental failure, nausea and vomiting. 6-7.9% 8 Minutes, 100% fatal 6 Minutes, 50% fatal 4 Minutes, recovery with treatment 4-5.9% Coma in 40 seconds then death

APPROXIMATE VALUES

Continued



IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE & HEALTH

An IDLH level represents a maximum concentration from which one could escape within 30 minutes without experiencing any irreversible adverse health effects.

In practice, when the concentration of a toxic substance in a given area is known, IDLH levels may be used for determining whether self-contained breathing apparatus is needed when entering the area. If the concentration exceeds the IDLH level, positive- demand, self-contained breathing apparatus should be used.


ATMOSPHERIC TESTING

ASPHYXIATION IS THE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH IN CONFINED SPACES

HAZARD LIMIT

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) (PPM) 35 PPMHYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S) (PPM) 10 PPMOXYGEN (O2) 19.5% - 23.5%LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (LEL) 10% >

Continued


PPM PPM

OXYGEN LEL/CH4

35 10<19.5 - 23.5> 10%

BATT

EINDUSTRIALSCIENTIFIC TMX412


TMX412 MULTI-GAS MONITOR

HAZARDS DETECTED

OXYGEN (O2) CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S)LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (LEL)

TYPICAL GAS MONITOR



UPPER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (UFL)

The “richer” point at which a mixture of flammable vapor and air will no longer support combustion

LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (LFL)

The “leaner” point at which a mixture of flammable vapor and air will no longer support combustion

COMBINED, THE ABOVE EQUAL THE FLAMMABLE RANGE


0%

2.5%

13%

50%

75%

100%

FLAMMABLE RANGE OF ACETONE 2.5 - 13%

PERCENTAGE OF ATMOSPHERE


ACETONE

FLAMMABLE LIMITS



TOXICS

CARBON MONOXIDE: - TLV 35 PPM (ACGIH) - PEL 50 PPM (OSHA) - IDLH 1200 PPM

HYDROGEN SULFIDE: - TLV 10 PPM (ACGIH) - PEL 10 PPM (OSHA) - IDLH 100 PPM


PPM PPM

OXYGEN LEL/CH4

35 10<19.5 - 23.5> 10%

BATT



CONSIDERATIONS

- BATTERY CHECK - CALIBRATION- OXIDIZERS- ACIDS- DATA INTERPRETATION


PPM PPM

OXYGEN LEL/CH4

35 10<19.5 - 23.5> 10%

BATT



ACCESSORIES

- BATTERY - PUMP- SAMPLING TUBE- SAMPLING TUBE FILTER


ATMOSPHERIC TESTING

TESTING SEQUENCE

1. OXYGEN 2. FLAMMABILITY 3. TOXICITY

Continued

PPM PPM

OXYGEN LEL/CH4

35 10<19.5 - 23.5> 10%

BATT



ATMOSPHERIC TESTING

WHY A TESTING SEQUENCE?

1. OXYGEN - Most combustible gas meters are 02 dependent and must have 02 present to provide reliable data.

2. FLAMMABILITY - The threat of fire or explosion is both more immediate and more life threatening in most cases than toxic vapors.

3. TOXICITY - If tests for toxic vapors are necessary they are performed last.

Continued



SAMPLING STRATEGIES:

Evaluation Testing - Evaluation of hazards present in the permit space. Verification Testing - Verification that acceptable entry conditions for entry into that space exist.



SAMPLING STRATEGIES:

Duration of Testing - Measurement of values for each atmospheric parameter should be made for at least the minimum response time of the instrument specified by the manufacturer.


Vapor Density

Air = 1 <1 = Lighter than Air >1 = Heavier than Air

AIR=1

<1

>1


STRATIFIED ATMOSPHERES:



Sample every 3 to 4 ft Don’t trust your senses Don’t get rushed Know the meter response time Keep the sampling tube out of the product Periodically retest Raise tube only as fast as the meter response time

TOP

MIDDLE

BOTTOM

STRATIFIED ATMOSPHERES:



Retest after you enter Retest in your breathing zone Try and find the bad air! Don’t degrade your own air! Think! Think! Think!

PERIODIC RETESTING:



Know your emergency response procedures! Immediately notify entrants of unsafe conditions! If there is any doubt - EVACUATE THE SPACE! Know the time it takes to evacuate! Don’t try to remedy before ordering evacuation! EVACUATE THEN CONTROL THE HAZARD!

UNACCEPTABLE TEST RESULTS:



CONSULT THE OWNERS MANUAL FOR SPECIFICS

REGARDING THE INSTRUMENT YOU ARE USINGDO NOT ASSUME ANYTHING!


Atmospheric Monitoring

Movie: “Confined Space Atmospheric Testing”


Ventilation


Ventilation

Control Atmospheric Contaminants Prevent Fire and Explosion Hazards Control Heat and Humidity


Ventilation

Natural Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation


Natural Ventilation Employs wind and thermal convection to dilute

atmospheric hazards Dependant on configuration of confined space

and predictability of wind currents Unreliable as a primary control method When natural ventilation is insufficient,

mechanical ventilation is necessary


Mechanical Ventilation

General Ventilation Local Exhaust Ventilation Method is dependant on the type and

origin of the hazard


General Ventilation Utilizes mechanical means to supply

uncontaminated air to a permit space Places the permit space in a positive pressure

atmospheric condition Seldom effective in controlling fume and dust

generating processes


GENERAL VENTILATION:

Exhaust Ventilation:

CONFINED SPACE VENTILATIONContinued

AIR FLOW

SPACEOUTSIDE


GENERAL VENTILATION:

Supply Ventilation:


AIR FLOW

SPACEOUTSIDE


Localized Exhaust Ventilation

Captures contaminants at their point of generation Contaminated air is discharged outside the

confined space Effective for welding, cutting, burning and brazing

operations Should maintain an exhaust airflow velocity of at

least 100 linear feet per minute in the capture zone


Efficient Ventilation

Depends on many factors:» fan or blower capacity» configuration and size of space» number and size of openings» airborne contaminant, its properties, and point of

generation» position of blower and length of ductwork


Ventilation Problems

Recirculation Short-circuiting


Recirculation



BETTER PLACEMENT

AIR FLOW


Short Circuiting


Ventilation Techniques

” Movie: “Confined Space Ventilation


Cleaning and Purging



Residues of hazardous chemicals must be cleaned

Pre-entry cleaning and purging are necessary to decrease chance of atmospheric hazards



Ensure that material feed lines are completely and effectively isolated

Drain or pump out contents - remove as much as possible

Test for hazardous atmosphere If atmospheric hazards are present, the space

must be purged and ventilated



The purging agent used will depend on the following:» The product in the space and any possible reaction

with the purging agent» The work to be performed in the space» The suspected hazards



It may be necessary to purge with inerting gas, i.e.. CO2, N, Ar, etc.

May be possible to utilize natural ventilation Water may be used to remove flammable and

toxic residues Beware of of using steam on flammables with

low vapor pressure


Cleaning and Purging When solvents are needed, make sure they are

compatible After cleaning and purging, test the atmosphere If hazardous atmosphere exists, clean and purge again Continue to ventilate and frequently test the atmosphere Attempt to clean as much as possible from the outside


Lockout/Tagout


Lockout/Tagout Program

OSHA requires lockout/tagout program Identify and implement specific procedures in

writing Use locks where equipment can be locked out Ensure new equipment can accommodate

locks


Lockout/Tagout Program

Institute procedures for release of lockout/tagout

Obtain standardized locks and tags Require that lockout/tagout device is removed

by employee that applied it Train employees in specific energy control

procedures


Lockout/Tagout Energy within confined space poses significant

hazards Equipment must be deenergized and locked

out/ tagged out OSHA requires energy sources to be locked out If energy source cannot be locked out, it must

be tagged out


Lockout/Tagout

OSHA differentiates between employees who are authorized to perform lockout/tagout» Affected employees» Authorized employees


Lockout/Tagout Procedures

Step One - Preparation for Shutdown» Assure that affected employees are informed» Identify all isolation points» Determine if stored energy is present» Select appropriate PPE» Determine what tools and equipment is needed» Obtain locks and hardware



Step Two - Equipment Shutdown» Initial stopping of the flow of energy» May be simple or complex



Step Three - Equipment Isolation» Once equipment has been shut down, it must be

isolated» Can be achieved by opening a disconnect switch,

breaking a line, etc.



Step Four - Apply Control» Attach locks and or tags to energy isolation

devices



Step Five - Dissipate Stored Energy» Kinetic» Electrical» Potential



Step Six - Verify Effectiveness» Before work begins, test operating controls


Isolation


Isolation

Prior to allowing personnel to enter space sources of energy present must be evaluated

The space must be isolated by disconnecting, releasing, or restraining all energy sources


Isolation Procedures

Blanking and blinding Double-block and bleed Line breaking or misalignment


Blanking and Blinding Absolute closure of a pipe Fastening of a solid plate that covers bore

hole Plate should be made of same materials as

the line Must be able to withstand maximum pressure

exerted by the line


Blanking and Blinding

Involves installing a blank between flanges with leak-proof gasket

Should be marked to identify purpose


Double Block and Bleed

Three point system to prevent leakage into the confined space

Two closed valves and an open drain or vent valve located between

Lockout or tagout of valves adds additional protection


Line Breaking

Intentional and physical disconnection of a pipe, line, or duct

Added protection id obtained by misaligning or removing a section

Any disconnected line should be monitored for hazardous atmosphere to determine if leaking


Control of Combustible orExplosive Dust


Control of Combustible or Explosive Dust

Interior surfaces must be kept clean as possible

Sources of ignition must be removed from the space

Static electricity must be prevented Ventilation is necessary


Personal Protective Equipment


Personal Protective Equipment

Permit Spaces pose many types of hazards to entrants

Various types of equipment may be necessary to protect entrants

Proper planning and evaluation is necessary


Head Protection

Head injuries are caused by falling or flying objects, or bumping the head against fixed objects

Head protection must do two things:» Resist penetration» Absorb the shock of a blow


Head Protection

Three classes of head protection» Class A - general service, limited voltage

protection» Class B - utility service, high voltage protection» Class C - special service, no voltage protection


Eye and Face Protection

Eye and face protection must be suitable for work to be performed

Protection must meet the following minimum requirements:» Provide adequate protection for particular hazards

they are designed for



» Be reasonably comfortable» Fit snugly without interfering with movement or

vision» Be durable» Be capable of being disinfected» Be easily cleaned» Be clean and in good repair



If employees are at risk of contact with corrosive chemicals, an eyewash with at least fifteen minutes flushing capacity is required

Must be in accordance with ANSI Z87.1-1989


Hearing Protection

Exposure to high noise levels can cause hearing loss

Can also create physical and psychological stress

Extent of damage depends on intensity and duration


Hearing Protection Short term exposure can cause temporary

loss Gradual and prolonged exposure can cause

permanent loss There is no cure for permanent noise induced

hearing loss Prevention is the key


Hearing Protection Employees exposed to levels exceeding 85

decibels OSHA requires them to be included in hearing

conservation program Employees must be trained in correct use,

maintenance, and limitations of protection used.


Torso Protection

Many chemical and physical hazards Pre-entry evaluation must include

determination of proper protective clothing Includes: clothing for particulate and chemical

protection, chemical splash suits, insulated workwear, flame resistant clothing, etc.


Arm and Hand Protection

Wide variety of hazards to the arms and hands of employees

Gloves, hand pads, sleeves and wristlets should be considered


Foot and Leg Protection

Protection for feet and legs from falling or rolling objects, sharp objects, molten metal, hot surfaces, wet and slippery surfaces is required.


Respiratory Protection

OSHA standards require employers to establish respiratory protection program when respirators are necessary

OSHA 29 CFR 1910.134


Respiratory Protection

Respiratory protection devices fall into three classes:» Air-purifying» Atmosphere or air supplying» Combination air-purifying and air-supplying


Air-Purifying Devices

Clean contaminated atmosphere Chemicals can remove gases and vapors Filters can remove particulate matter Devices are limited


Air-Purifying Devices

Contaminant level must be within specified concentration limitations of the device

Do not protect from oxygen deficient atmospheres


Air-Purifying Devices Various types include:

» Mechanical-filter respirators» Chemical-cartridge respirators» Combination respirators» Gas masks» Powered air-purifying respirators


Air-Supplying Devices

Provide respirable atmosphere to wearer Air supply is independent of ambient air Fall into three groups:

» Supplied-air respirators (SAR)» Self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)» Combination SCBA and SAR


Supplied-Air Respirators

Deliver breathing air through a supply hose Air supply must be free of contaminants and

from clean source Three classes of airline respirators

» Continuous flow» Demand flow» Pressure-demand flow


SCBA Wearer is completely independent of the

surrounding atmosphere Provides complete respiratory protection

against toxic gases and oxygen deficiency Two basic types:

» Closed-circuit» Open-circuit


Combination SCBA and SAR

Airline respirators with auxiliary self contained air supply

Provides back-up supply in the event the main supply fails


Combination Air-Purifying and Air-Supplying Devices

Provides protection in the event the air supply fails

Recommended for asbestos work


Precautionary Equipment


Precautionary Equipment

Once an entrance cover is removed, it must be protected

Railings, temporary covers, fences, or barriers Protect employees from falling into confined

space


Communication Systems



Attendants must monitor the activities of authorized entrants

Reliable method must be in place



Types of communications include:» Battery operated voice activated» Continuous electronic monitoring equipment» Hand operated communications» Continuous voice contact» Visual observation


Retrieval Equipment


Retrieval Equipment

The standard requires employers to provide, maintain and ensure the use of protective equipment


Retrieval Equipment

Proper retrieval equipment generally includes:» Chest or full-body harness» Life-line» Mechanical winches» Tripods» Wristlets


Retrieval Equipment The appropriate retrieval equipment will depend

on the following considerations:» Size and configuration of the space» The size and location of the opening» Any obstacles within the space» Whether or not rescue would be horizontal or

verticle» The potential hazards within the space


Heat Stress


Heat Stress Confined space operations may present potential

heat stress problems Factors that contribute include:

» high temperatures

» radiant heat sources

» high humidity

» direct physical contact with hot objects

» strenuous physical activity


Heat Stress Personal characteristics that predispose an

individual to heat stress» Age» Weight» Degree of physical fitness» Metabolism» Use of alcohol and drugs» Various existing medical conditions


Heat Stress

Heat disorders include:» Heat cramps» Heat exhaustion» Heat stroke


Heat Stress Most heat related problems can be prevented The following basic precautions can reduce heat

stress problems:» Acclimatization

» Engineering controls

» Work practices

» Work and rest

» Employee education


Hot Work


Hot Work Hot work includes operations which provide a

source of ignition:» Welding and cutting» Burning» Riveting» Grinding and spark/arc producing tools» Static discharges» non-explosion proof lighting


Hot Work These operations pose unique hazards within

confined spaces:» Fire and explosion hazards in the presence of

flammables» The generation of toxic atmospheres» The generation of physical hazards, such as noise,

vibration, heat stress, etc.


Hot Work

A combination of engineering controls, work practice controls and personal protective equipment are required to reduce the hazards associated with hot work


Hot Work

The control of hot work hazards must be coordinated by using a hot work program which includes:» A written hot work permit» Evaluation of the existing hazards» Evaluation of potential hazards created from hot

work operations


Hot Work General precautions to keep in mind include:

» Use of localized exhaust ventilation» Selection of appropriate tools» Use of necessary protective equipment» Surface coating and residues must be evaluated to

avoid creating hazards


Hot Work

» Pipes, tubes, coils must be purged, flushed, or cleaned

» Hot work in non-permit space will change the status of that space

Documents

Confined Space Entry Confined Space Entry A Training Program for Entrants and Attendants