Confederation to Constitution

Chapter 8.1: The Chapter 8.1: The Confederation EraConfederation Era

Moving WestMoving WestIn 1775, Daniel Boone and 30 In 1775, Daniel Boone and 30

woodsmen cut a road over the woodsmen cut a road over the Appalachian Mountains into KentuckyAppalachian Mountains into Kentucky

This trail, This trail, Wilderness RoadWilderness Road, became the , became the main road to Kentuckymain road to Kentucky

What drew settlers to Kentucky?What drew settlers to Kentucky?Describe the tensions that began to rise.Describe the tensions that began to rise.

New State GovernmentsNew State Governments

While settlers headed into the Western While settlers headed into the Western territories and people in the East began to territories and people in the East began to create new state governmentscreate new state governments

……New State GovernmentsNew State Governments

Each state began to create their own Each state began to create their own governmentgovernment

The framers did not want to destroy The framers did not want to destroy the political systems they had had as the political systems they had had as colonies, they simply wanted to colonies, they simply wanted to make those systems more make those systems more democraticdemocraticDescribe the kinds of governments the Describe the kinds of governments the

new states created for themselves.new states created for themselves.What is a republic? What is a republic?

The Articles of The Articles of ConfederationConfederation

While the states were setting up their While the states were setting up their governments, Americans also discussed governments, Americans also discussed the form of their national government.the form of their national government.

1776 – the Continental Congress began 1776 – the Continental Congress began to develop a plan for national to develop a plan for national governmentgovernment

What issues divided the Congress?What issues divided the Congress?

The Continental Congress eventually arrived The Continental Congress eventually arrived at a final plan, The Article of Confederation!at a final plan, The Article of Confederation!

The Articles of The Articles of ConfederationConfederation

The National Government had few powersThe National Government had few powersWhy??Why??

Each state only had one vote in CongressEach state only had one vote in Congress The national government had the power The national government had the power

to wage war, make peace, sign treaties, to wage war, make peace, sign treaties, and issue money.and issue money.What powers under the Articles of What powers under the Articles of

Confederation were left up to the state?Confederation were left up to the state?

Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation

Continental Congress passed the Continental Congress passed the Articles in November 1777Articles in November 1777

They then sent it to the states to be They then sent it to the states to be ratifiedratified

In July 1778, eight states had ratified In July 1778, eight states had ratified the Articlesthe Articles

Some of the small states refused to Some of the small states refused to sign itsign itWhy?Why?

The U.S. Finally Has an Official The U.S. Finally Has an Official GovernmentGovernment

What led to the Articles finally being What led to the Articles finally being ratified?ratified?

In 1781, Maryland became the 13In 1781, Maryland became the 13thth state state to accept the Article of Confederationto accept the Article of Confederation

The Northwest OrdinanceThe Northwest Ordinance

The Land Ordinance of 1785 called The Land Ordinance of 1785 called for surveyors to stake out six mile-for surveyors to stake out six mile-square plots, called townships, in the square plots, called townships, in the Western landsWestern lands

The Northwest Territory included The Northwest Territory included land that formed the states Ohio, land that formed the states Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, and Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, and Wisconsin (and part of Minnesota) Wisconsin (and part of Minnesota)

What is a Township?What is a Township?

……Northwest OrdinanceNorthwest Ordinance The Northwest Ordinance described how The Northwest Ordinance described how

the Territory would be governedthe Territory would be governedDescribe how the western territories Describe how the western territories

were governed under the Northwest were governed under the Northwest OrdinanceOrdinance

Why was the Northwest Ordinance Why was the Northwest Ordinance important to the growth of the United important to the growth of the United States?States?

Weaknesses of the ArticlesWeaknesses of the Articles

By the end of the Revolutionary War, By the end of the Revolutionary War, the United States faced serious the United States faced serious problems, and the Confederation problems, and the Confederation Congress did not have enough power Congress did not have enough power to solve themto solve them

Describe why debt was a critical Describe why debt was a critical problem for the national government.problem for the national government.

Shays’s RebellionShays’s Rebellion

People throughout the nation were People throughout the nation were facing hard timesfacing hard times

Massachusetts, 1780’s – people had Massachusetts, 1780’s – people had little money, but the state continued little money, but the state continued to levy, or collect, high taxesto levy, or collect, high taxes

……Shays’s RebellionShays’s Rebellion

The average family taxes - $200/yearThe average family taxes - $200/yearThis was more than most farmers made This was more than most farmers made

in a yearin a year Many farmers fell deeply Many farmers fell deeply

into debt and debt laws into debt and debt laws at the time were strict at the time were strictDescribe the process for Describe the process for

anyone who could not pay anyone who could not pay of their debt. of their debt.

……Shays’s RebellionShays’s Rebellion

Farmers asked the Farmers asked the Massachusetts Massachusetts legislature to provide legislature to provide debt reliefdebt relief

The legislature The legislature refused… and the refused… and the farmers rebelledfarmers rebelled

Daniel Shays Daniel Shays commanded a group commanded a group of 1500 menof 1500 men

Shays’s RebellionShays’s Rebellion

January 1787 – Shays January 1787 – Shays and his men marched and his men marched on a federal arsenalon a federal arsenal

900 state militia 900 state militia defending the arsenal defending the arsenal quickly defeated quickly defeated Shays’s menShays’s men

Even though the militia Even though the militia put down the uprising, put down the uprising, the farmers won the the farmers won the sympathy of many sympathy of many peoplepeople

Danger For a NationDanger For a Nation

How did Shays’s Rebellion point out How did Shays’s Rebellion point out the weaknesses of government the weaknesses of government under the Articles of Confederation?under the Articles of Confederation?

Describe how some leaders hoped Describe how some leaders hoped that the nation’s ills could be solved.that the nation’s ills could be solved.

8.2 – Creating the 8.2 – Creating the ConstitutionConstitution

A Constitutional Convention is A Constitutional Convention is CalledCalled

September 1786 – Five delegates met in September 1786 – Five delegates met in Annapolis, Maryland, to discuss ways to Annapolis, Maryland, to discuss ways to promote trade among the statespromote trade among the states

Delegates believed that creating national Delegates believed that creating national trade laws would help the economies of all trade laws would help the economies of all the statesthe states

Alexander Hamilton called the states to send Alexander Hamilton called the states to send representatives to Philadelphiarepresentatives to PhiladelphiaWhat would making these changes require?What would making these changes require?What events encouraged leaders to call a What events encouraged leaders to call a

Constitutional Convention?Constitutional Convention?

The Conventions DelegatesThe Conventions Delegates

1787 – 12 States send delegates to 1787 – 12 States send delegates to the Constitutional Convention in the Constitutional Convention in PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaWho were some of the key delegates?Who were some of the key delegates? Who was not at the Constitutional Who was not at the Constitutional

Convention?Convention?

Constitutional ConventionConstitutional Convention

The convention did not reflect the The convention did not reflect the diversity of the U.S. populationdiversity of the U.S. populationWhich groups of Americans were not Which groups of Americans were not

represented at the convention?represented at the convention?

The Delegates AssembleThe Delegates Assemble

Most delegates arrived at the Most delegates arrived at the Convention without a clear idea of what Convention without a clear idea of what to expectto expect– Some thought they would draft Some thought they would draft

amendmentsamendments– Others thought they would design an Others thought they would design an

entirely new plan for governmententirely new plan for government It became clear that it was necessary It became clear that it was necessary

government was necessary to maintain government was necessary to maintain orderorderWhat challenges did the delegates face?What challenges did the delegates face?

The Convention BeginsThe Convention Begins

First order of business – elect a First order of business – elect a president for the conventionpresident for the conventionWho did the delegates elect?Who did the delegates elect?Why?Why?

The Convention BeginsThe Convention Begins

The delegates decided on the rules The delegates decided on the rules for the conventionfor the convention

They decided that their discussions They decided that their discussions would remain secret…Shhhh!would remain secret…Shhhh!Why?Why?

The Virginia PlanThe Virginia Plan

First Speaker – Edmund RandolphFirst Speaker – Edmund Randolph He offered a plan for a whole new He offered a plan for a whole new

government – the Virginia Plangovernment – the Virginia Plan The plan was drawn up by Madison, The plan was drawn up by Madison,

Randolph, and other Virginian Randolph, and other Virginian delegates delegates

The Virginia PlanThe Virginia Plan

Virginia Plan

Legislature Executive Judiciary

Population Population

New Jersey PlanNew Jersey Plan

In response to the Virginia Plan, New In response to the Virginia Plan, New Jersey delegate, William Paterson, Jersey delegate, William Paterson, presented an alternativepresented an alternative– The New Jersey PlanThe New Jersey Plan

Legislature with only one houseLegislature with only one house In it, each state would have one voteIn it, each state would have one vote

What was the New Jersey Plan similar What was the New Jersey Plan similar to? to?

New Jersey Plan

Legislature Executive Judiciary

1 Vote

The Great CompromiseThe Great Compromise

Great compromise

Legislature Executive Judiciary

PopulationEqual

numberOf votes

•After more than a week of arguing, the convention passed the Compromise on July 16, 1787

Slavery and the ConstitutionSlavery and the Constitution

Because representation in the House of Because representation in the House of Representative would be based on the Representative would be based on the population of each state, the delegates population of each state, the delegates had to decide who would be counted in had to decide who would be counted in that populationthat population

Southerners – wanted slaves to be counted Southerners – wanted slaves to be counted in population, but not for taxationin population, but not for taxation

Northerners – slaves were not citizens, Northerners – slaves were not citizens, should not be counted as part of should not be counted as part of population, but for taxationpopulation, but for taxation

Three-Fifths CompromiseThree-Fifths Compromise

Explain the compromiseExplain the compromise– Three-fifths of slave population would be Three-fifths of slave population would be

counted when setting direct taxes on counted when setting direct taxes on the statesthe states

– Three-fifths would be used to determine Three-fifths would be used to determine representation in the legislaturerepresentation in the legislature

How did the states compromise over the How did the states compromise over the issue of slave trade?issue of slave trade?

Regulating TradeRegulating Trade

Constitution placed few limits on Constitution placed few limits on Congress’s power “to regulate Congress’s power “to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and commerce with foreign nations, and among the states, and with Indian among the states, and with Indian tribes.”tribes.”

No tax on exportsNo tax on exports Ratification beginsRatification begins

8.3 Ratifying the 8.3 Ratifying the ConstitutionConstitution

Federalists and Anti-Federalists and Anti-federalistsfederalists

The framers suspected that the people The framers suspected that the people might be afraid the Constitution would might be afraid the Constitution would take too much power away from the take too much power away from the states. The framers explained that the states. The framers explained that the Constitution was based on federalismConstitution was based on federalism– What is federalism?What is federalism?– What were people called that supported What were people called that supported

the Constitution?the Constitution?– What were people called that didn’t What were people called that didn’t

supported the Constitution?supported the Constitution?

The Federalist PapersThe Federalist Papers

The series of The series of essays written to essays written to defend the defend the Constitution were Constitution were called the called the Federalist PapersFederalist Papers

– Who wrote the Who wrote the Federalist Papers?Federalist Papers?

Debate Over Ratification of the Debate Over Ratification of the ConstitutionConstitution

Anti-Federalist Anti-Federalist ArgumentsArguments

Federalist ResponseFederalist Response

1. The Constitution 1. The Constitution gives the national gives the national government too much government too much powerpower

1. Separation of powers divides the 1. Separation of powers divides the powers of the national govt. into 3 powers of the national govt. into 3 branches and a system of checks branches and a system of checks and balances prevents any one and balances prevents any one branch from being too powerfulbranch from being too powerful

2. The Constitution 2. The Constitution takes too much power takes too much power away from the statesaway from the states

2. The Constitution is based on the 2. The Constitution is based on the system of federalismsystem of federalism

3. There is no bill of 3. There is no bill of rights to protect the rights to protect the individual liberties of the individual liberties of the peoplepeople

3. Promised to add a bill of rights 3. Promised to add a bill of rights as soon as the Constitution was as soon as the Constitution was ratifiedratified

The Battle for RatificationThe Battle for Ratification

Nine states had to ratify the Constitution Nine states had to ratify the Constitution for it to go into effectfor it to go into effect– Who was the first state to ratify?Who was the first state to ratify?– Who was the ninth state to ratify so the Who was the ninth state to ratify so the

Constitution went into effect?Constitution went into effect? Two very important states had no yet Two very important states had no yet

ratifiedratified– Which two states?Which two states?– Why was it important that each state ratify the Why was it important that each state ratify the

Constitution?Constitution?

The Battle for RatificationThe Battle for Ratification

Name two important Virginians who Name two important Virginians who opposed the Constitutionopposed the Constitution

– Why did they opposed ratification of the Why did they opposed ratification of the Constitution?Constitution?

George Mason Patrick Henry

The Bill of RightsThe Bill of Rights

In 1791, ten amendments were In 1791, ten amendments were added to the Constitution. The first added to the Constitution. The first ten amendments to the U.S. ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution became know as what?Constitution became know as what?

Who wrote them?Who wrote them?

James Madison