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CONFEDERATION TO CONSTITUTIONCHAPTER 8
SHAYS REBELLION (1786-1787)
• Farmers rebellion against unfair taxes in MA
• MA state militia stopped the rebellion
• Caused leaders of the new country to realize they needed a stronger national govt to deal with such problems
REPUBLIC
• Govt where people choose representatives to govern them
• Like in Ancient Roman republic, not all people would be considered citizens and be able to vote
• Women, African Americans, and even some white men couldn’t vote b/c had to own property to qualify in most states
STATE CONSTITUTIONS
• After the D of I, many colonies/states started to write their own consitutitions
• This is where many of the rights we have and laws we have were first made
• ex: VA protected freedom of press and religion
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION (1781)
• First set of laws governing our country
• National gov’t would be run by a legislative body called Confederation of Congress
• Each state had only one vote in Congress
• Most important powers were left up to the states (enforce laws and set taxes)
LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785
• Divided up the Northwest Territory (would become OH, IN, MI, IL, WI, MN)
NORTHWEST ORDINANCE (1787)
• Decided how the Northwest Territory would be governed since they were not states
• If they reached 60,000 people they could apply to become a state
• Slavery would be outlawed
ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
• Confederation could not collect taxes so it struggled to pay off loans from the war including pay owed to soldiers
• States raised taxes to pay off debts but people couldn’t make the high payments
CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION (1787)
• George Washington was president of the convention
• 55 delegates from all 13 states (“Founding Fathers”)
• All delegates were white men
VIRGINIA PLAN
• Proposed three branches of govt and two house legislature
• representation based on population
• Proposed that each branch of govt could check and balance each other
NEW JERSEY PLAN
• Proposed a single house legislature
• Each state would have equal vote in legislature
GREAT COMPROMISE
• Created the setup of new govt that we still have today
• Created one part of legislature to be called the Senate where each state would have an equal vote
• Created another part of legislature to be called House of Representatives where representation would be based on population
3 BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT
• Legislative branch- make the laws, disperse $, declare war
• Executive branch- enforce the laws (president, cabinet advisors, etc)
• Judicial branch- interpret the laws
ARTICLE 1
• Sets up Congress and how it will work
ARTICLE 2
• Sets up the executive branch and how it will work
ARTICLE 3
• Sets up the Judicial branch and how it will work
3/5 COMPROMISE
• 3/5 of slave population would be counted towards both representation and taxation
• Only way southern states would ratify the constitution was to put this into law and to not restrict their right to own and sell slaves
ANTI FEDERALISTS
• People who opposed the new form of govt
• Wanted more power with the states and less with national govt
• Supported by people in small states and rural areas
FEDERALISTS
• People who supported the Constitution and the new form of govt
• Supported by people in large states and cities
FEDERALIST PAPERS
• Essays that helped to promote the ideas of the new govtaround the country
• Written by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison
BILL OF RIGHTS
• Supported by Thomas Jefferson
• VA would not ratify the Constitution without adding a Bill of Rights
• Written by James Madison
• First ten amendments to the constitution
• Its legacy is that it made the Constitution a living document that can be changed by adding amendments
• Actually was 12 amendments but only ten were ratified by the states
ADDING AN AMENDMENT
• 2/3 of Congress has vote and approve an amendment
• Then 3/4 of states have to approve it
RELIGION AND THE BILL OF RIGHTS
• Before the constitution, the state gov’t enforced religious laws which was a source of a lot of social conflict
• Madison and Jefferson knew this and thought this needed to be changed to protect the new government
• First amendment guarantees religious freedom and creates “separation of church and state”
CONSTITUTION RATIFIED
• 1791, the last state ratifies the Constitution
• Once 9 states ratified it (1788), it became law
• Washington is elected our 1st president in 1789 and the 1st Congress meets in 1789