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Condorcet, Rousseau, & Kant. Condorcet. Education for the masses Education for women Mechanical productivity gains Increase in agricultural yield Medical advances. Jean Jacques Rousseau. French Philosophe “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains” People are good - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Condorcet,Rousseau,
& Kant
CondorcetEducation for the massesEducation for womenMechanical productivity gainsIncrease in agricultural yieldMedical advances
Jean Jacques Rousseau
French Philosophe“Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains”People are goodSociety and government make people bad
Rousseau’s Social Contract
Hobbes – Contract between man and an absolute monarchLocke – Contract between man and a representative governmentRousseau – Contract between man and his fellow men
Rousseau's Philosophy
Best government is popular sovereignty (direct democracy)Individual needs are secondary to the “General Will”Against private property and noble titles
Immanuel Kant
Born in PrussiaProfessor of Logic and Metaphysics at the University of Königsberg
Respect
“Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end.”
Categorical Imperative
How do we tell right from wrong?What makes right actions right and wrong actions wrong?Maxim: a subjective rule that the will of an individual uses in making a decision.
Kant’s Maxims
First Maxim: "Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law." Second Maxim: “Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, always at the same time as an end and never merely as a means to an end.”Third Maxim: “Therefore, every rational being must so act as if he were through his maxim always a legislating member in the universal kingdom of ends.”
First MaximIs it okay to steal?
Maxim: Stealing is okay.1st Maxim:– Could it be a universal law?– Could everyone go around
stealing from everyone else? Answer: No– There would be no such thing
as property– There would be no such thing
as stealingResult: Stealing is wrong
Second Maxim
What is the end result?Getting something that doesn’t belong to you.
Do the ends justify the means?Did the act violate someone’s freewill?– Answer: Yes, you didn’t ask if
you could have the property.
Result: Stealing is wrong
Third Maxim
Does the maxim apply to citizens?– No, no property
Does the maxim apply to rulers?– No, a ruler wouldn’t want
citizens to steal from government
Result: Stealing is wrong
Harder Cases
Try your logic on these:KeepingPromisesCharitySuicide