Condensation and Hydrolysis

Condensation

Two molecules

combine

Hydrolysis

A molecule

splits into two

smaller ones

Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides

– 6 Carbon sugars

• Glucose

• Fructose

• Galactose

– 5 Carbon sugars

• Deoxyribose

• Ribose

Carbohydrates

• Oligosaccharides

– Disaccharides

• Sucrose

• Lactose

• Maltose

– Formed by

condensation

reactions

Fatty Acids

• Carbon backbone

• Carboxyl group (-

COOH)

• Unsaturated

– One or more double bonds

in backbone

• Saturated

– All single bonds in backbone

Triglycerides

• Neutral fats

– Three fatty acids and a glycerol

– Condensation reaction

– Body’s most abundant lipid

• Functions:

– Energy reservoir

– Insulation

Structure of Amino Acids

• Central carbon atom

• An amino group

• A carboxyl group

• A hydrogen atom

• One or more atoms “R Group”

Structural Formulas for Some Amino Acids

Peptide Bond Formation

• A type of condensation reaction

Levels of Protein Structure• Primary structure: The sequence of amino acids

in a polypeptide chain.

• Secondary structure: The polypeptide chains folds on itself to form a helix or a pleated sheet.

• Tertiary structure: The helix and or pleated sheet fold on itself to form a globular structure

• Quaternary structure: two are more tertiary structures binding together.

Second Level of Protein Structure

• Hydrogen bonds

– Helical coiling

– Sheet-like pattern

Third Level of Protein Structure

• Additional folding of secondary structure

• R Group interactions

– Hydrogen bonds

– Disulfide bridges

Fourth Level of Protein Structure

• Two or more polypeptide chains joined by

– Weak bonds (Hydrogen bonds)

– Covalent bonds between sulfur atoms and R

groups

• Collagen

• Keratin

• Hemoglobin

Structural Changes by Denaturation

• Disruption of three-dimensional shape of

protein

– Changes in temperature and pH

– Loss of function

• Some proteins have organic compounds

attached

– Glycoproteins

– Lipoproteins

Two types of Nucleic acid

• DNA– Double stranded

– Hydrogen bonds between strands

– Twisted helically

– Four kinds of nucleotide monomers (A, T, C, G)

– Encodes protein-building instructions

• RNA– Single stranded– Four kinds of

nucleotide monomers (A, U, C, G)

– Do not encode protein-building instructions

– Key players in the protein-building processes

– mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA

• Building

blocks

– Four kinds of

nucleotides

– Differ only in

component

bases

Single Strand of Nucleic Acid

A series of

covalently

bonded

nucleotides

Nucleotides form together by condensation reactions

DNA

In Conclusion• Organic compounds have elements

covalently bonded to carbon atoms

• Living cells assemble organic compounds:

lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic

acids

• The building blocks are amino acids,

nucleotides, simple monosaccharide sugars,

and fatty acids

• Complex carbohydrates are energy storage

forms and structural materials

In Conclusion

• Lipids are used as energy storage and

structural components

• Proteins are made of amino acids. They form

structural part of the body as well and

enzymes.

• Nucleic acids are the basis of inheritance

and reproduction

• developed by M. Roig