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Concert Notes March 1, 2009 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia – For footnotes, see Wikipedia Listing Page 1 of 3 March 1, 2009 – “An American Rhapsody” Guest Conductor -- Kimo Furumoto Co-sponsored by Rio Hondo Symphony Guild Candide Overture -- Bernstein The Overture to Candide is the overture to Leonard Bernstein's operetta Candide. Although the operetta never achieved the mainstream popularity of West Side Story, the overture has earned a part in the orchestral repertoire. Since its first concert performance on January 26, 1957, by the New York Philharmonic under the composer's baton, the Overture to Candide has become one of the most frequently performed orchestral compositions by a 20th century American composer. While many orchestrations of the overture exist, in its current incarnation for full symphony orchestra, which incorporates changes made by Bernstein during performances in December 1989, the piece requires a standard‐sized contemporary orchestra of piccolo, two flutes, two oboes, an E‐flat and two B‐ flat clarinets, bass clarinet, two bassoons, contrabassoon, four horns, two trumpets, three trombones, tuba, timpani, a large but standard percussion contingent, harp, and a standard string section. It is approximately four and a half minutes long. The theatre‐sized orchestration, as in the published full score of the operetta, includes one flute doubling on piccolo, one oboe, two clarinets rotating between an E‐flat, B‐flat, and bass, one bassoon, two horns, two trumpets, two trombones, one tuba, standard orchestral percussion, harp, and strings. Main differences between the two are doublings and increased use of percussion effects (especially the addition of a drum roll during the opening fanfares) in the symphony orchestral arrangement. Differences between the first publication and later printings (of both orchestrations) include a slowed opening tempo (half note equal 132 instead of 152). An arrangement for standard wind ensemble also exists. The overture incorporates tunes from the songs "The Best of All Possible Worlds", "Battle Music", "Oh, Happy We", and "Glitter and Be Gay" and melodies composed specifically for the overture. Much of the music is in odd time signatures including 6/4 and 3/2, which are furthermore combined with 4/4 and 2/2 to make effective 5/2s and 7/2s in places by rapid, regular switching between them and 3/2. (See hemiola) An edited version was used as the theme music for The Dick Cavett Show.

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Page 1: Concert Notes 03-01-09 - Rio Hondo  · PDF fileConcert Notes March 1, 2009 ... The Overture to Candide is the overture to Leonard Bernstein's operetta Candide. Although the

  Concert Notes    March 1, 2009

 

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia – For footnotes, see Wikipedia Listing Page 1 of 3

 March 1, 2009 – “An American Rhapsody” Guest Conductor ­­ Kimo Furumoto Co­sponsored by Rio Hondo Symphony Guild   Candide Overture ­­ Bernstein The Overture to Candide is the overture to Leonard Bernstein's operetta Candide. Although the operetta never achieved the mainstream popularity of West Side Story, the overture has earned a part in the orchestral repertoire. Since its first concert performance on January 26, 1957, by the New 

York Philharmonic under the composer's baton, the Overture to Candide has become one of the most frequently performed orchestral compositions by a 20th century American composer.  While many orchestrations of the overture exist, in its current incarnation for full symphony orchestra, which incorporates changes made by Bernstein during performances in December 1989, the piece requires a standard‐sized contemporary orchestra of piccolo, two flutes, two oboes, an E‐flat and two B‐flat clarinets, bass clarinet, two bassoons, contrabassoon, four horns, two trumpets, three trombones, tuba, timpani, a large but standard percussion contingent, harp, and a standard string section. It is approximately four and a half minutes long. The theatre‐sized orchestration, as in the published full score of the operetta, includes one flute doubling on piccolo, one oboe, two clarinets rotating between an E‐flat, B‐flat, and bass, one bassoon, two horns, two trumpets, two trombones, one tuba, standard orchestral percussion, harp, and strings. Main differences between the two are doublings and increased use of percussion 

effects (especially the addition of a drum roll during the opening fanfares) in the symphony orchestral arrangement. Differences between the first publication and later printings (of both orchestrations) include a slowed opening tempo (half note equal 132 instead of 152). An arrangement for standard wind ensemble also exists.  The overture incorporates tunes from the songs "The Best of All Possible Worlds", "Battle Music", "Oh, Happy We", and "Glitter and Be Gay" and melodies composed specifically for the overture. Much of the music is in odd time signatures including 6/4 and 3/2, which are furthermore combined with 4/4 and 2/2 to make effective 5/2s and 7/2s in places by rapid, regular switching between them and 3/2. (See hemiola)  An edited version was used as the theme music for The Dick Cavett Show.   

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia – For footnotes, see Wikipedia Listing Page 2 of 3

Adagio for Strings ­­ Barber  Barber's "Adagio for Strings" originated as the second movement in his String Quartet No. 1, Op. 11, composed in 1936. In the original it follows a violently contrasting first movement, and is succeeded by a brief reprise of this music.  In January 1938 Barber sent the piece to Arturo Toscanini. The conductor returned the score without comment, and Barber was annoyed and avoided the conductor. Subsequently Toscanini sent word through a friend that he was planning to perform the piece and had returned it simply because he had already memorized it.[1] It was reported that Toscanini did not look at the music again until the day before the premiere. [2] The work was given its first performance in a radio broadcast by Arturo Toscanini with the NBC Symphony Orchestra on November 5, 1938 in New York.  The composer also transcribed the piece in 1967 for eight‐part choir, as a setting of the Agnus Dei ("Lamb of God"). 

 Rhapsody in Blue – Gershwin (Bill Cunliffe, Piano)  After the success of an experimental classical‐jazz concert held with French‐Canadian singer Eva Gauthier at Aeolian Hall on 1 November 1923, band leader Paul Whiteman decided to attempt 

something more ambitious.[1] He asked Gershwin to contribute a concerto‐like piece for an all‐jazz concert he would give in Aeolian Hall in February 1924. Whiteman became interested in featuring such an extended composition by Gershwin in the concert after he had collaborated with Gershwin in the Scandals of 1922, impressed by the original performance of the one‐act opera Blue Monday, which was nevertheless a commercial failure. There would certainly be call for revisions to the score; he felt that he would not have enough time to compose the new piece.[2]   Late on the evening of January 3, at the Ambassador Billiard Parlor at Broadway and 52nd Street in Manhattan, while George Gershwin and Buddy De Sylva were playing billiards, his brother Ira Gershwin was reading the 4 January edition of the New York Tribune.[2][3] An article entitled "What Is American Music?" about the Whiteman concert caught his attention, in which the final paragraph claimed that "George 

Gershwin is at work on a jazz concerto, Irving Berlin is writing a syncopated tone poem, and Victor Herbert is working on an American suite."  In a phone call to Whiteman next morning, Gershwin was told that Whiteman's rival Vincent Lopez was planning to steal the idea of his experimental concert and there was no time to lose.[4] Gershwin was finally persuaded to compose the piece.  

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia – For footnotes, see Wikipedia Listing Page 3 of 3

Composition‐‐ Since there were only five weeks left, Gershwin hastily set about composing a piece, and on the train journey to Boston, the ideas of Rhapsody in Blue came to his mind. He told his first biographer Isaac Goldberg in 1931:  

It was on the train, with its steely rhythms, its rattle‐ty bang, that is so often so stimulating to a composer – I frequently hear music in the very heart of the noise... And there I suddenly heard, and even saw on paper – the complete construction of the Rhapsody, from beginning to end. No new themes came to me, but I worked on the thematic material already in my mind and tried to conceive the composition as a whole. I heard it as a sort of musical kaleidoscope of America, of our vast melting pot, of our unduplicated national pep, of our blues, our metropolitan madness. By the time I reached Boston I had a definite plot of the piece, as distinguished from its actual substance.[5][6] 

 Gershwin began his work on January 7 as dated on the original manuscript for two pianos.[1] The piece was titled "American Rhapsody" during composition. The title Rhapsody in Blue was suggested by Ira Gershwin after his visit to a gallery exhibition of James McNeill Whistler paintings, which bear titles such as Nocturne in Black and Gold and Arrangement in Gray and Black (better known as Whistler's Mother).[7] After a few weeks, Gershwin finished his composition and passed the score to Whiteman's arranger Ferde Grofé, who orchestrated the piece, finishing it on February 4, only eight days before the premiere.[8]  West Side Story ­­ Bernstein  West Side Story is a musical with a book by Arthur Laurents, music by Leonard Bernstein, and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim. The musical is based on William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.  Set in Manhattan's West Side/Hell's Kitchen in the mid‐1950s, the musical explores the rivalry between two teenage gangs of different ethnic and cultural backgrounds. The young protagonist, Tony, who belongs to the American gang, falls in love with Maria, the sister of the leader of the rival Puerto Rican gang. The dark theme, sophisticated music, extended dance scenes, and focus on social problems marked a turning point in American musical theatre. Bernstein's score for the musical has become extremely popular; it includes "Something's Coming," "Maria," "America," "Somewhere," "Tonight," "Jet Song," "I Feel Pretty," "One Hand, One Heart," and "Cool."  The original 1957 Broadway production, directed and choreographed by Jerome Robbins and produced by Robert E. Griffith and Harold Prince, marked Stephen Sondheim's Broadway debut. It ran for 732 performances (a successful run for the time), before going on tour. The production garnered a Tony Award nomination for Best Musical in 1957, but the award went to Meredith Willson's The Music Man. It won a Tony Award in 1957 for Robbins' choreography. The show had an even longer‐running London production, a number of revivals and international success, and spawned an innovative, award‐winning 1961 musical film of the same name. West Side Story is produced frequently by schools, regional theatres and, occasionally, by opera companies.