Conceptual Design Document Project # 23

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Table of Contents

1.0 Project Information ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Project Title and Acronym ....................................................................................... 1 1.2 Project Customer(s) ................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Group Members ......................................................................................................... 1 1.4 Useful Definitions and Acronyms ........................................................................... 1

2.0 Conceptual Design Summary ..................................................................................... 2 3.0 Background .................................................................................................................... 2 4.0 Functional Objectives and Requirements .................................................................. 3

4.1 Functional Objectives ................................................................................................ 3 5.0 Concept Combination Tables ...................................................................................... 4 6.0 Overview of Conceptual Solution Alternatives........................................................ 5

6.1 Large Flume Tests ...................................................................................................... 5 6.1.1 Description ................................................................................................. 5 6.1.2 Advantages ................................................................................................. 5 6.1.3 Disadvantages ............................................................................................ 6

6.2 Small Flume Tests ...................................................................................................... 6 6.2.1 Description ................................................................................................. 6 6.2.2 Advantages ................................................................................................. 6 6.2.3 Disadvantages ............................................................................................ 6

6.3 Small Flume Tests with Turbine Substitute ........................................................... 7 6.3.1 Description ................................................................................................. 7 6.3.2 Advantages ................................................................................................. 7 6.3.3 Disadvantages ............................................................................................ 7

6.4 Potential Flow Analysis ............................................................................................ 7 6.4.1 Description ................................................................................................. 7 6.4.2 Advantages ................................................................................................. 8 6.4.3 Disadvantages ............................................................................................ 8

6.5 Computational Fluid Dynamics .............................................................................. 8 6.5.1 Description ................................................................................................. 8 6.5.2 Advantages ................................................................................................. 8 6.5.3 Disadvantages ............................................................................................ 8

7.0 System Architecture ..................................................................................................... 9 8.0 Feasibility ...................................................................................................................... 10

8.1 Small Flume Tests .................................................................................................... 10 8.1.1 Effect of Approach Geometry on Turbine Flow Conditions ............. 10

8.1.1.1 Measuring Power with a 300mm Scale Model ............................................... 10 8.1.1.2 Conducting Dye Visualization Tests with a Turbine Substitute ................. 11 8.1.1.3 Conducting Pressure Profile Tests with a Turbine Substitute ..................... 11

8.1.2 Effect of Installation Angle on Turbine Flow Conditions .................. 11 8.1.2.1 Measuring Power with a 300mm Scale Model ............................................... 11

8.2 Computational Fluid Dynamics ............................................................................ 11 8.2.1 Resources .................................................................................................. 11

8.2.1.1 ANSYS Fluid Dynamics (CFX and FLUENT) ................................................ 11 8.2.1.2 SolidWorks Flow Simulation (FloWorks) ....................................................... 12

8.2.2 Time ........................................................................................................... 12 8.2.3 Cost ............................................................................................................ 12

8.2.4 Summary ................................................................................................... 12 9.0 Testing and Verification .............................................................................................. 13

9.1 Small Flume Tests .................................................................................................... 13 9.2 CFD ............................................................................................................................ 13

10.0 Required Engineering Expertise .............................................................................. 14 11.0 Resources and References ......................................................................................... 15

11.1 Facilities .................................................................................................................. 15 11.2 Additional Advisors .............................................................................................. 15 11.3 Funds ....................................................................................................................... 15

Appendix A Concept Evaluation ..................................................................................... 17 Appendix B Cost Estimates .............................................................................................. 18 Appendix C Similitude Relationships ............................................................................. 19

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Conceptual Design Document (CDD) DesignMethodologyandApplication(ENME538/ENMF512)Fall2010/Winter2011

1.0 Project Information

1.1 Project Title and Acronym OptimizationofaVeryLowHeadTurbine(VLHT)isaprojectthatinvolvesoptimizingkeyoperationalaspectsofaverylowheadwaterturbine.

1.2 Project Customer(s)

WesDick (403)5081560 wdick@canprojects.comDr.Rival (403)2203349 derival@ucalgary.caCoastalHydropowerGeneralPublic

1.3 Group Members ColinHartloper (403)9718454 c_hartloper@hotmail.comAlexYuen (403)8163238 aklyuen@ucalgary.caMatiasSessarego (403)9934274 mati_sessa@hotmail.comJohnVertz (403)7014663 jbvertz@ucalgary.caJaimeWong (403)3898465 wongjg@ucalgary.caBrendaTackaberry (403)6201644 bmtack@gmail.com

1.4 Useful Definitions and Acronyms VLHTVeryLowHeadTurbineCFDComputationalFluidDynamicsEFDExperimentalFluidDynamicsCADComputerAidedDesignUniversityUniversityofCalgary

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2.0 Conceptual Design Summary Withpublicenvironmentalawarenessincreasingdaily,renewableenergysourcessuchashydropowerarebecomingmoreimportant.TheVeryLowHead(VLH)Turbineisawaterturbinethatisdesignedtobeaslowimpactaspossiblewhilestilloutputtingausefulamountofenergy.InorderforittobeinstalledinNorthAmerica,severalkeyperformancequestionshavetobeanswered.Thisdocumentoutlineshowourteamplanstogoaboutansweringtwoofthosekeyperformancequestions,whichinthisdocumentarereferredtoasourteamobjectives.Thetwoobjectivesare:

1) Findtheeffectofapproachgeometryonturbinepower2) Findtheeffectofturbineinstallationangleonturbinepower

Thedocumentdescribesthefiveconceptualtestingmethodswhichourteamcameupwith,aswellastheconceptualrequirementsandfeasibilitycriteriaonwhicheachconceptwouldbescored.Aftercomparingthefiveconceptualtestingmethods,twostoodoutashavingahigherscorethantheothers.Thetwohighestscoringconceptswere:

Runningtestsona300mmscalemodelusingasmallflume PerforminganalysisusingCFD

Thesystemarchitectureofthescalemodeltestsusingthesmallflumeisoutlined,andthefeasibilityofthetwoconceptslistedaboveisexaminedindetail.Teststhatcouldberuntovalidatecertainassumptionsmadewhenscoringthesetwoconceptsaredescribed,andtheresourcesandcostsassociatedwithallconceptsareestimated.Thecostofperformingtestsona300mmscalemodelusingthesmallflumeisestimatedtobe$3700,whilethecostofusingCFDisfreeattheUniversity.

3.0 Background TheVeryLowHeadTurbineisavariablespeedwaterturbinedesignedforheadsrangingfrom1.4to3.2metersandlowflowconditionsfrom10to30cubicmeterspersecond.Theturbineisinstalledonaliftingcablesystem.Thisallowsforvariableanglesofoperationaswellascompleteremovalfromthesluicepassagewayformaintenance,orduringhighflowconditions.WhiletheVLHTurbinehasbeentestedinFrance,CoastalHydropowerCorporationisinvestigatinginstallingtheseturbinesinseverallocationsthroughoutNorthAmerica.Theseturbinesareideallyinstalledwhereinfrastructuresuchasweirs,canalsordamsalreadyexist.TheVLHTurbineisconsideredaneconomicalsourceforgreenpowergeneration.Becauseitisinstalledwherecurrentinfrastructureexists,itreducesenvironmentalimpactandresourcesrequiredthatarecommonwithotherpowergenerationsystems.Aswell,theflowconditionsandlowrotationalspeedoftheturbinemakeitfishfriendly.

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4.0 Functional Objectives and Requirements

4.1 Functional Objectives Thisprojecthastwotoplevelfunctionalobjectives,eachwhichthreerequirementsforthoseobjectivestobemet.Bothobjectiveswillevaluatethepowergeneratedbytheturbineforarangeofsituations.

Table 1: Top-Level Functional Objectives

Objective Description VerificationMethodFUNC.1: EffectofApproachGeometry

onTurbinePowerAnalysiscompletedonFlat,Step,CarslandandLock25approachprofiles

FUNC.2: EffectofInstallationAngleonTurbinePower

Analysiscompletedatinstallationanglesof90,70,55,40,and30

Table 2: Top-Level Requirements

Requirement DescriptionSPC.1: ResultsareeasilyobtainedSPC.2: ResultsobtainedareaccurateSPC.3: Resultsobtainedareusefulto

sponsor

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5.0 Concept Combination Tables FiveconceptshavebeengeneratedtoaddressthetwotoplevelfunctionalobjectivesthatwerelistedinTable2.Eachconceptisamethodthatwouldbeusedtomeeteachobjective.Adetaileddescriptionoftheseconceptscanbefoundinsection6.0.

Table 3: Concept Combination Table TopLevelConcept Func.1 Func.21)LargeFlumeTestswithexistingmodel

Measuringpowerwitha900mmVLHturbinemodel

Measuringpowerwitha900mmVLHturbinemodel

2)SmallFlumeTestsscaledmodel

Measuringpowerwitha300mmscaledmodel

Measuringpowerwitha300mmscaledmodelatvariousangles

3)SmallFlumeTestswithTurbineSubstitute

ConductingdyevisualizationtestsConductingpressureprofiletests

Measuringpressuredropovertheturbinesubstitute

4)PotentialFlowAnalysis Constructingeachapproachgeometryandconductingpressureprofileanalysis

Analyzingthepressureprofileupstreamanddownstreamatvariousangles

5)CFD ConductingpressureprofileanalysiswithamovingmeshrepresentingtheturbineConductingpressureprofileanalysiswithastationarypressuredroprepresentingtheturbine

AnalyzingthepressureprofilewithamovingmeshrepresentingtheturbineatvariousanglesAnalyzingthepressureprofilewithastationarypressuredroprepresentingtheturbineatvariousangles

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6.0 Overview of Conceptual Solution Alternatives ThissectiondescribeseachoftheconceptslistedinTable3,alongwiththeiradvantagesanddisadvantages.Inaddition,eachconceptfromTable3wasscoredonascalefrom0to3representinghowstronglyeachofthetoplevelrequirementsfromTable2ismet.ThescoreswereaddedandthetotalscoresforeachconceptareshownbelowinTable4.ScoresweregivenforeachobjectiveasitisverypossiblethatoneconceptcouldbeusedtosatisfyObjective1whileanotherconceptisusedforObjective2.AmoredetailedsummaryofhowthesenumberswerecalculatedcanbefoundinAppendixA.

Table 4: Concept Total Scores for Objective 1 and 2

ConceptNumber

Objective1Score

Objective2Score

(1) 11(F) 11(F)(2) 12 12(3) 12 8(4) 12 4(F)(5) 13 12

Notethatthe(F)besidesomeofthevaluesinTable4signifythatthisconceptscoredazeroforoneofthecriteria,andthereforewouldmostlikelynotbeusednomatterwhatthetotalscoreis.

6.1 Large Flume Tests

6.1.1 Description Thismethodwouldinvolveperformingtestsona900mmmodeloftheVLHTwhichhadpreviouslybeentestedatthehydraulicmachineslaboratory(LAMH)atLavalUniversity.Forupstreamgeometryteststheprofileswouldbebuiltandinstalledintheflumeandthepowergeneratedbytheturbinewouldberecordedusingadynamometer.Fortheinstallationangleteststheangleoftheturbinewouldbevariedandthepowerwouldberecorded.RefertoFigures1and2inSection7.0fordiagramofpossibleexperimentalsetup.

6.1.2 Advantages Performingtestsonthe900mmmodelusingthelargeflume,provideditcouldbemodifiedtoaccommodatethetestparameters,wouldmeetbothobjectivesrequirementsverywell.Youcouldvarytheflowrateandseveralotherparameterstogetthedesiredpowercurves.The900mmmodelisalsowithintheminimumsizeforascalemodelofaturbinetomeetModelStandards.Dataobtainedfromthesetestswouldbeofmostvalueandaccuracy.

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6.1.3 Disadvantages Unfortunately,theUniversitydoesnotcurrentlyhavealaboratoryequippedtotestturbomachinery.ThelargeflumeintheCivilEngineeringlaboratorydoesnotsupplyhighenoughflowratestoperformtestswith,andtheflumeanditsfoundationwerenotstructurallydesignedforlargeloadings.Thetimeandbudgetrequiredtoremediatetheseissuesseemstobenotfeasiblewithinthescopeofthefourthyeardesignproject,andthereforethesetestsdonotseempossibleatthispointintime.

6.2 Small Flume Tests

6.2.1 Description Thismethodwouldinvolvethedesign,constructionandassemblyofa300mm(approximatelyonefoot)modeloftheVLHTforthesameteststhataredescribedinSection6.1.1,butusingthesmallflumeintheCivilEngineeringlaboratoryattheUniversity.RefertoFigures1and2inSection7.0foradiagramofpossibleexperimentalsetup.

6.2.2 Advantages Muchlikethetestsonthe900mmmodel,testsrunonthe300mmmodelwouldyieldthepowergeneratedgivenspecificconditions.Unlikethelargeflumetests,wheremanymodificationswouldhavetobemadeinordertorunthetestsproperly,thesmallflumeintheCivilEngineeringlaboratoryistheproperdimensionsandcouldprovideadequateflowforthetests(seeAppendixCfordetails).

6.2.3 Disadvantages Whileconstructingandassemblingthe300mmmodeloftheVLHTwouldbeconsiderablycheaperthanmodifyingthelargeflume,thecostisstillsignificant(estimatedat$3700,seeAppendixBfordetails).Inadditiontothis,thegroupdoesnotcurrentlypossesdrawingsoftheVLHT,whichwouldberequiredforaccuratedesign.Aswell,a300mmsizeturbineisnotwithintheminimumsizetomeetmodelingstandardsandtheresultsobtainedfromthesetestwouldrequiremoreinvestigation.Resultswouldhavetobeusedattheclientsdiscretion.

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6.3 Small Flume Tests with Turbine Substitute

6.3.1 Description ThismethodwouldinvolveusingthesameapparatusastheoneoutlinedinSection6.2butsimulatingthe300mmturbinewithapotentialdrop.Thiscouldbedonemanyways,andhasyettobeinvestigatedclosely.Thepressureprofileoftheflowjustupstreamanddownstreamoftheturbinewouldthenbemeasuredforvariousapproachgeometriesandturbineinstallationangles.Thepressurevaluesandpressureprofileuniformitywouldbeusedtoinfertherelativepoweroutputsofthevariousconditions.Qualitativedyemixingtestscouldalsoberuntogainbetterunderstandingoftheflowprofiles.RefertoFigures1and2inSection7.0forageneralideaofwhattheexperimentalsetupwouldlooklike.TheturbineinFigure2couldbereplacedbyapressuredropsuchasafinesteelmesh.

6.3.2 Advantages

Thesmallflumetestswithaturbinesubstituteallowustorunexperimentaltestsonareasonablebudget.Althoughexactpowermeasurementswillnotbeobtained,theresultscouldstillbeinterpretedandfoundtobeuseful.

6.3.3 Disadvantages Theobviousdisadvantageofusingaturbinesubstituteisitwouldnotbepossibletogetactualpowermeasurementsatvariousflowrates,andwouldthereforebeimpossibletogetaturbineefficiencycurve.Inadditiontothis,findingasuitableturbinesubstitutewouldtakeseriousinvestigation,andtakingdownstreammeasurementswouldbedifficultandtheresultswouldbequestionable.

6.4 Potential Flow Analysis

6.4.1 Description Thismethodwouldinvolvecreatinga2Drepresentationofthewaterflowapproachingtheturbine,andpossiblydownstreamoftheturbineaswell,usingacombinationofbasicpotentialflows(sources,sinks,vortices,etc).Fromthisrepresentationyoucouldfindthedynamicpressureatvariouspointsintheflowfordifferentapproachgeometriesandturbineangles.

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6.4.2 Advantages Usingpotentialflowsinthiswaycangiveaverygoodbasicunderstandingofwhatisgoingastheflowprogressesoveragivengeometry.Onceyouhaveitsetup,itisveryeasytogetinformationforthebehavioroftheflowoveralargearea.Potentialflowmodelingwouldbesuitableforvalidationofresultsandtoincreasetheunderstandingofthebasicflowprofile.

6.4.3 Disadvantages Settingupthepotentialflowmodelwouldrequiremanyassumptions,andunfortunatelythiswouldhaveanegativeeffecttheaccuracyoftheresults.Inadditiontothis,potentialflowsdonthandleturbulenceverywell(noflowcancrossoverastreamline)sotheresultswouldonlybeapplicableiftheflowwaslaminar.Inadditiontothis,becauseofits2Dnature,apotentialflowmodelcouldnotrepresenttheswirlinducedintheflowbyaturbine.Insummary,apotentialflowmodelcouldbeusefulforenhancingtheunderstandingoftheproblem,butwouldprobablynotyieldusefulresultsasastandalonemethod.

6.5 Computational Fluid Dynamics

6.5.1 Description Thismethodwouldinvolvecreatinga3DmeshmodeloftheturbinesystemusingaCFDpackagesuchasFluent,CFX,orFloWorks.Theturbinecouldeitherberepresentedbyaconstantpressuredrop,oramovingmeshcouldbeusedtomoreaccuratelysimulatetheturbinebehavior.Acomputerwouldbeusedtosolvethesystemforvariousapproachgeometries,turbineinstallationangles,andflowconditions.

6.5.2 Advantages

Ifsetupproperly,CFDmodelingcouldproduceusefulinformation.Moreover,themodelcouldbeaveryaccuraterepresentationofhowtheactualsystemworks,anditwouldbepossibletogetactualpowermeasurementsfromthesimulation.

6.5.3 Disadvantages AtthemomentthelicensingfortheCFXandFluentsoftwareattheUniversityhasnotyetbeenupdated.FloWorksshouldbeavailable,butasasimplersoftwarepackagewithlimitedcapabilities.EvenifCFXandFluentbecameavailableforourusage,settingupCFDmeshesandrunningthesimulationscanbetimeconsuming.TimewouldalsoberequiredtolearnadvancedCFDmethods.

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7.0 System Architecture ProposedsystemarchitectureforConcepts1through3isshownbelow.Figure1isasystemdiagramoftheflume,pumps,andwaterbasins.Thewaterwouldbepumpedatthedesiredflowratebyeitherasinglepumporaseriesofpumps.Itwouldthentravelthroughapipetoalargeinlettank,wheretheflowwouldberemovedofallofitsturbulence.Itwouldentertheflumeasauniform,laminarflow,andthenexitintoalargereservoir,fromwhichitwouldbepumpedbackintothesystem.

Figure 1: Flume system flow diagram

Figure2showsacloserlookattheconfigurationoftheapparatusintheflume.Thewaterwouldinletfromtheleftandflowovertheapproachgeometrybeforepassingthroughtheturbineandexitingtheflumeontheright.Asyoucanseeinthediagram,therewouldbesomemechanismforchangingtheangleoftheturbinesomultipleinstallationanglescouldbetested.ForConcept3,theturbinewouldbereplacedbyavariablepotentialdrop.

Figure 2: Flume apparatus configuration

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8.0 Feasibility SinceitisverypossibleforustousemorethanoneoftheconceptslistedinTable3,thefeasibilityofmultipleconceptswasinvestigated.Thesefeasibilitieswereweighedagainstthestrengthofeachconceptasdetailedin(Section6.0)tohelpmakeadecisiononthefinalconceptstopursue.ThefeasibilityofconductingtestsonthesmallflumeaswellasusingCFDarepresentedbelowastheyscoredthehighestscoreinourdecisionmakingprocess(SeeAppendixA).Notethatthesmallflumetestswiththe300mmscalemodelandwiththeturbinesubstitutearecontainedundersmallflumetests.Thefeasibilityoftheconceptsisexaminedunderthreemaincriteria:

Totalmonetarycostofconcept Timetoimplementconcept Resourcesrequiredforconcept

TheorganizationoftheSmallFlumeTestssectiondiffersfromthatoftheCFDsectionaswelookedatthesmallflumetestfeasibilityonasubconceptlevel.

8.1 Small Flume Tests

8.1.1 Effect of Approach Geometry on Turbine Flow Conditions Allthreetestingmethodsonthesmallflumewillrequirethefabricationofthethreedifferentapproachflowprofiles,whicharedescribedintheGeneralModelConfigurationProfiledrawingdistributedinthefirstsponsormeeting.Theprofileswouldmostlikelybeconstructedwithawoodenframeanduseawaterprooffabrictoformtheprofile.Thecostoffabricationofallthreeprofileswouldbeapproximately$100andwouldtakenolongerthan16hours.

8.1.1.1 Measuring Power with a 300mm Scale Model Fabricationofthe300mmmodelwouldrequireabudgetofapproximately$3700(detailedinAppendixB),whichwouldneedtobeprovidedbythesponsor.Thedesign,fabricationandassemblyofthe300mmmodelwouldtakeapproximatelytwomonthsfromthetimedetaileddrawingsareobtained.Thesedetaileddrawingsoftheturbine,whicharenecessarytocompletethe300mmmodeldrawings,havenotyetbeenobtained.Inadditiontothis,adynamometerwouldberequiredtomeasurethepoweroutputoftheturbine,whichwouldeitherhavetobepurchasedorborrowedfromtheCivilEngineeringLab.Thevalidityofconductingpowertestsonsuchasmallscalemodelwouldhavetobeinvestigatedviasimilituderelationships.Afteralloftheaforementionedconcernsareaddressed,webelievetestingwouldtakearound2weeks.

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8.1.1.2 Conducting Dye Visualization Tests with a Turbine Substitute Choiceofanappropriateturbinesubstitutewouldrequiresomeinvestigationandtesting.Thecostofanappropriatesubstituteiscurrentlyunknown.Thecostofdyewouldbeunder$50,andahighspeedcameratocapturetheflowprofilecouldbeborrowedforlittletonocost.Onceanappropriateturbinesubstituteisfound,testingwouldtakenolongerthan16hours.

8.1.1.3 Conducting Pressure Profile Tests with a Turbine Substitute AsmentionedinSection8.1.1.2,choiceofanappropriateturbinesubstitutewouldrequiresomework.Totakethepressureintheflow,Pitottubes(oranalternativepressuresensor)andassociatedinstrumentationwouldhavetobepurchasedorborrowed.Thecostofpurchasingsuchequipmentisroughlyestimatedtobearound$750.Thetimespenttestingthepressureprofilewoulddependonthenumberofpointsthatitisdeemedwillproperlydescribethepressureprofile.ThisprecisioncouldbedevelopedfromthedyevisualizationtestsdescribedinSection8.1.1.2.Testingshouldtakeabout2weeks.

8.1.2 Effect of Installation Angle on Turbine Flow Conditions

8.1.2.1 Measuring Power with a 300mm Scale Model Thefabricationprocessandotherconcernsassociatedwiththe300mmmodelaredescribedinSection8.1.1.1.Assumingthesearealladdressed,amechanismtotesttheturbineatmultipleangleswouldhavetobedesignedandimplementedbeforetestingcouldcommence.Afterthisisdone,testingshouldtakeabout2weeks.

8.2 Computational Fluid Dynamics

8.2.1 Resources ResourcesforComputationalFluidDynamicsAnalysisarelimited.TheonlytwocommercialsoftwarepackageswithfluidanalysiscapabilitiesavailabletostudentsareANSYSandSolidWorks.BothofthesepackagesarecurrentlyinstalledinalllaboratorycomputersintheMechanicalEngineeringBuilding.

8.2.1.1 ANSYS Fluid Dynamics (CFX and FLUENT) ThelicensesfortheANSYSfluidanalysistools(CFXandFLUENT)arecurrentlyunavailable.TheSchulichSchoolofEngineeringITgroup(SSEIT)iscurrentlycontactingtheANSYSlicenseadministratorinordertoresolvethisissue.Formodelingthefluidflow,itisprobablethatANSYSFluidDynamicswillhavethe

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capabilitiesneededtogiveinsightinansweringthequestionsregardingtheVLHturbine.

8.2.1.2 SolidWorks Flow Simulation (FloWorks) TheSolidWorkssoftwarehasaCFDmoduleaddinwhichallowsfluidflowsimulationandanalysis.Thereisnomissinglicenseforthissoftware.However,SolidWorksFlowSimulationmaynothavethesamelevelofcapabilitiesasANSYSFluidDynamics.IfANSYSFluidDynamicslicensescannotbeobtained,SolidWorksFlowSimulationisthebestfeasibleoption.

8.2.2 Time TimewillbeneededtolearnhowtousetheCFDAnalysistoolbeforeanymodelingfortheVLHTurbineprojectcanbemade.Theamountoftimeneededdependsonthecomplexityofthesoftwarebeingused.SoftwaresuchasANSYSFluidDynamicsmayrequirelongerthanSolidWorks,whichrequiresonlyafewweeks.HelpfromDr.DavidWoodsgraduatestudentmayreducethetimeneededtolearnANSYSFluidDynamics,andlikewisewithDr.XuefortheFlowSimulationinSolidWorks.AdditionaltimeforANSYSFluidDynamicswillbeneededtoacquirenecessarylicensingandinstallationbeforeanylearningcanbegin.Theamountofadditionaltimeisunknown,astheSSEITgroupisstillwaitingforaresponsefromANSYSregardingthelicensing.ThetimefeasibilityforSolidWorksFlowSimulationisbetterthanforANSYSFluidDynamics.

8.2.3 Cost PurchasingCFDsoftwareisafeasibleoption,howeverthiswillonlybedoneiflicensingforANSYSFluidDynamicsisunavailable,andifSolidWorksisincapableofmodelinganykindoffluidflowusefulfortheVLHTurbineproject.ThecostforCFDsoftwarewillrangeinthehundredsofdollars,whileusingANSYSFluidDynamicsandSolidWorkswillhavenocost.

8.2.4 Summary SolidWorksFlowSimulationisthemostfeasibleoptionatthispointintime.Itisreadilyavailabletouse,easiertolearn,andhasnocostattached.ANSYSFluidDynamicsrequiresmoretimetolearnanduse,andisalsomissingnecessarylicensing.

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9.0 Testing and Verification Belowisanoutlineofsometeststhatcouldbeperformedpriortotheactualgatheringofdatatoverifythatourconceptswillgivegoodresults.Asthetwostrongestconcepts,thesmallflumetestsandCFDwillbeanalyzed.Inordertoverifytheresultsoftheactualexperimentsoranalysis,theuseofmultipleconceptsonthesameobjectiveisrecommended.Anexampleofthiswouldbeusingpotentialflowstoverifythepressurefieldobtainedusingpitottubesinthesmallflumetests.

9.1 Small Flume Tests Simpleflumecharacteristicssuchastheflowratecouldbetestedbysettingittoagivenflowrateandrecordingthemassofwaterthatflowsintoabucketinaperiodoftime.Iftheturbinesubstitutetestsarepursued,rigoroustestingwillhavetobeperformedonthepotentialdropacrossthesubstitute.Ifpossible,theswirlingbehaviorofthesubstituteshouldbeexaminedaswell.Thiscouldbedonebyplacingthesubstituteintheflumeanddyingashortburstofwatertoseeifitswirlsasitpassesthroughtheturbinesubstitute.

9.2 CFD ThemethodologyofobtainingresultsfromCFDcouldbetestedbyattemptingtomodelaverysimplesystemusingCFDtowhichanaccurateanalyticalsolutionisknown.Agoodexampleofthiswouldbegettingthepressureprofileoflaminarflowthroughapipe.

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10.0 Required Engineering Expertise

Table 5: Required Expertise TechnicalArea TeamMemberResponsible LevelofExpertiseCFD Colin,Jamie,Matias AbilitytouseofCFX,FluentorFloWorksEFD Brenda,Alex,Matias,John Abilitytouselawsofsimilitudetodesign

experimentsandinterpretresultsCAD Colin,John AbilitytodesignscalemodelofVLHT

usingSolidworksandproducedrawingsforamachineshop

PotentialFlowAnalysis Alex,Matias Abilitytogeneratesimplegeometriesandanalyzepressureprofiles

ProjectManagement Brenda,Colin AbilitytousemanagementtoolssuchasGanttchartstokeeptheprojectonschedule

Communication All Abilitytousewrittenandverbalcommunicationtoeffectivelytranslateknowledgeinternallyandexternally

Construction John Abilitytoconstructgeometryprofiles,flumemodifications,andturbinecomponents

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11.0 Resources and References

11.1 Facilities ThefacilitiesrequiredforeachconceptaresummarizedinTable6below.RefertoSection5.0foradescriptionofwhichconceptnumbercorrespondstowhichconcept.

Table 6: Facilities Required for each Concept

ConceptNumber

FacilitiesRequired

(1) StructurallysoundlargeflumeHardwarerequiredfortestingsuchasapproachgeometriesDynamometerPumpcapableofdeliveringuptoone1m3/sflowrate900mmmodel

(2) SmallflumeHardwarerequiredfortestingsuchasapproachgeometriesDrawingsoftheVLHTDynamometer300mmmodel

(3) SmallflumeHardwarerequiredfortestingsuchasapproachgeometriesSuitableturbinesubstitutePressuremeasuringdevicesuchasapitottube

(4) Nofacilitiesrequired(5) UsableCFDsoftwaresuchasFluent,CFX,orFloWorks

11.2 Additional Advisors Dr.DavidRival(403)2203349 derival@ucalgary.caDr.DavidWood (403)2203637 dhwood@ucalgary.ca

11.3 Funds TheestimatedcostsassociatedwitheachconceptarelistedinTable7below.SeeAppendixBforadescriptionofwheretheestimatedcostscomefrom.

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Table 7: Estimated Cost of each Concept

ConceptNumber EstimatedCost(1) $42,000(2) $3700(notincludingdynamometer)(3) $750(4) $0(5) $0

Theprojectcoursesupplies$300$500perproject.TheadditionalfundswouldbemadeavailablebytheprojectsponsorsProjectsCanadaandCoastalHydropower.

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Appendix A Concept Evaluation Eachoftheconceptsweregivenamarkoutofthreeforhowwellitmetthethreerequirements(aslistedinTable2),aswellashowfeasibleitwas(asdescribedinSection8.0).Thevalueswerethensummedtocomeupwiththefinalconceptstrength.Tables8and9below,showhowwelleachconceptscoredforallsixcategoriesforbothobjectives.NotethatR01toR03aretherequirementsandF01toF03arethefeasibilitycriteria.

Table 8: Concept Strength for Objective 1

ConceptNumber

R01 R02 R03 F01 F02 F03 Total

(1) 3 3 3 0 2 0 11(2) 3 3 2 1 2 1 12(3) 3 3 2 2 1 1 12(4) 3 3 1 3 1 1 12(5) 3 2 2 3 2 1 13

Table 9: Concept Strength for Objective 2

ConceptNumber

R01 R02 R03 F01 F02 F03 Total

(1) 3 3 3 0 2 0 11(2) 3 3 2 1 2 1 12(3) 2 1 1 2 1 1 8(4) 1 0 0 3 0 0 4(5) 2 2 2 3 2 1 12

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Appendix B Cost Estimates

Table 10: Cost summary for Concept 1

Item EstimatedCostApparatushardwarenewwalls,supports,waterproofing,etc.

$500

Plumbing12(orgreater)diameterpvcpipe

$500

Pumpmaxflowofaround1m3/s $20,000Dynamometer $20,000TestingStandardsIEC60193(describesproceduresforconductingtestsonhydroturbines)

$300

Total $41,300

Table 11: Cost summary for Concept 2 (excluding dynamometer)

Item EstimatedCostMaterialsfor300mmModel $500MachiningCost(at$35/hour) $1500Othermechanicalcomponents(bearings,etc)

$1000

Woodforframeandapproachgeometries $200OtherSupplies(silicone,waterproofpaint,dye,rotatingmechanism)

$200

Total $3700ThecostforConcept3wasgeneratedfromthewoodandothersuppliescostplusanadditional$450fortheturbinesubstitute.

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Appendix C Similitude Relationships ItseemslikethemodelatLavalUniversitytookintoaccountReynoldsnumberandFroudesnumberintermsofsimilitude.Inhydromechanicalexperiments,onemustalwaysbeawareofReynoldsnumber,Froudesnumber,andWebersnumber.ReynoldNumberSimilitudeThereweretwomaindimensionlessnumbersthatwereusedtoscaledownthemodelscaleReynoldsnumber:

Thetargetednominaldesignpointswere .ThesenumbersseemtobeanaveragefortherangeofdesignparametersfortheactualVLHturbines.Therefore,weshouldcontinuewiththisreasoning.Inoursmallflumeinthecivillab,thewidthofthechannelisabout0.3mandtheheightisabout0.6m.Ifweassumethattherunnerdiameterwillbejustunder0.3m,weshouldbeabletogetabout0.5mofhead.Sofromthetargetednominaldesignpoints,

Consideringwehaveatleast42L/sofcapacityinourcivillab,weshouldbeOKintermsofwaterflowrate.FroudeNumberSimilitude

Where:v=meanaxialvelocityG=gravityD=runnerdiameter

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Sincetheheadisproportionaltothevelocitysquared,iftheheadscalefactorfollowsthediameterscalefactor,thenFroudesimilitudewillberespected.Inotherwords,

Usingaveragevaluesfromtherangesgiveninpapersfortheprototype,

ForLaval, .ThereforeFroudesimilitudewassatisfied.Inourcase,

assumingH=0.6andD=0.3,weget .ItshouldbenotedthattheLaval

modelhadacylindricaloutletpipetoreach1mhead.Thiswasneededbecauseproportionsbetweenrunnerdiameterandheadwerentrespected.Wemayhavetodosomethingsimilartoobtainourcorrectproportion.WeberNumberSimilitudeWebersnumberwasconsidered,butitseemsthatthisshouldntplayamajorfactorinouropensurfacetypeflowsthatwearedealingwith.TheASMEprovidesaguidecalledTheGuidetoHydropowerMechanicalDesignwhichoutlinesthemostusefulrelationshipswhenitcomestosimilitude:

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Equations3and4arederivedfromReynoldsdimensionlessnumber,andtheyareusedinLavalsscalingcalculations.Weshouldcontinuetoverifythatourexperimentsobeysimilitudelaws,andoneofthestepswouldbetoconfirmthatweareobeyingtherestoftheequationsthatASMErecommends.