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7/31/2019 Concepts in Subject Areas
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/concepts-in-subject-areas 1/16
Locb~obn ynqxynh{`tn
Hfchny{ Bncn`h ynxynh{`tn Locb~obn ynxynh{`tn
Dfg
Reo{ `x `{ l`jn6
Ntnp{e`cb eox o dfg r`{e
nhfbc`}oaln dno{~nx {eo{
hoc an faxntnk,
`knc{`d`nk, knxh`ank ockho{nbf`}nk#
Ntnp locb~obn eox o dfg ock
o x{~h{~n {eo{ gojnx `{
~c`q~n# Dfg gop top
ohhfk`cb {f ren{en locb~obn`x r`{{nc f xyfjnc#
D~ch{`fc
Efr kfnx `{ rfj6
Ntnp{e`cb eox o y~yfxn, o
fln f o rop fd aneot`cb {eo{
hoc an `ctnx{`bo{nk#
[en {pyn fd locb~obn
rn ~xn to`nx
knynck`cb fc
{en h`h~gx{ochnx,
Ho~xo{`fc
Rep `x `{ l`jn `{ `x6
[e`cbx kf cf{ m~x{ eoyync#
[enn on ho~xol
nlo{`fcxe`yx o{ rfj, ock
oh{`fcx eotn
hfcxnq~nchnx#
Locb~obn `x d~ckognc{ol
{f e~goc oh{`t`{p# Gocp
doh{fx oddnh{ {en
kntnlfygnc{ fd locb~obn#
Heocbn
Efr `x `{ heocb`cb6
Heocbn `x {en yfhnxx fd
gftngnc{ dfg fcn x{o{n
{f ocf{en# @{ `x ~c`tnxol
ock `cnt`{oaln#
Locb~obn `x cf{ x{o{`h:
`{ heocbnx hfcx{oc{lp#
Hfccnh{`fc
Efr `x `{ hfccnh{nk {f
f{en {e`cbx6
Rn l`tn `c o rflk fd
`c{noh{`cb xpx{ngx `c re`he
{en oh{`fcx fd ocp `ck`t`k~ol
nlngnc{ oddnh{ f{enx#
Locb~obn `x o gomf
hfccnh{`cb xpx{ng r`{e`c,
an{rnnc ock ogfcb oll
xfh`n{`nx#
Ynxynh{`tn
Reo{ on {en yf`c{x fd t`nr6
Jcfrlnkbn `x gfkno{nk ap
ynxynh{`tnx# K`ddnnc{ynxynh{`tnx lnok {f k`ddnnc{
`c{nyn{o{`fcx,
~cknx{ock`cbx ock d`ck`cbx#
Ynxynh{`tnx gop an
`ck`t`k~ol, bf~y, h~l{~ol f
k`xh`yl`cop#
Locb~obn hoc an `c{nyn{nk
ock nuynxxnk `c k`ddnnc{ropx# L`{no{~n, `c yo{`h~lo,
fddnx h~l{~ol, e`x{f`hol ock
ynxfcol ynxynh{`tnx fc {en
rflk, ock `ct`{nx k`ddnnc{
`c{nyn{o{`fcx#
Qnxyfcx`a`l`{p
Reo{ `x f~ nxyfcx`a`l`{p6
Ynfyln gojn hef`hnx aoxnk
fc {en` ~cknx{ock`cbx, ock
{en oh{`fcx {enp {ojn ox o
nx~l{ kf gojn o k`ddnnchn#
Locb~obn `x yfrnd~l ock hoc
eotn o yfdf~ck nddnh{, af{e
yfx`{`tn ock cnbo{`tn#
[enndfn, `{ g~x{ an ~xnk
Qndlnh{`fc
Efr kf rn jcfr6
[enn on k`ddnnc{ ropx
fd jcfr`cb# @{ `x `gyf{oc{
{f ndlnh{ fc f~
hfchl~x`fcx, {f hfcx`kn
f~ gn{efkx fd
noxfc`cb, ock {en q~ol`{p
ock nl`oa`l`{p fd {en nt`knchn
rn eotn hfcx`knnk#
[ef~be locb~obn, rn hoc
ndlnh{ fc f~ nuyn`nchnx
ock jcfrlnkbn#
7/31/2019 Concepts in Subject Areas
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Hfchny{ Xogyln {nohen&x{~knc{ q~nx{`fcx
Dfg
Reo{ `x `{ l`jn6
‡ Reo{ on {en ropx `c re`he x{f`nx hoc an {flk6
‡ Reo{ on {en yo{x fd o affj6
‡ Reo{ locb~obnx kf {en x{~knc{x `c f~ hloxx&xheffl ~xn6
‡ Reo{ gojnx {e`x locb~obn ~c`q~n6
D~ch{`fc
Efr kfnx `{ rfj6
‡ Reo{ yo{ kfnx l`{no{~n ylop `c {en kntnlfygnc{ fd o h~l{~n6
‡ Rep kf rn cogn {e`cbx6
‡ Efr kf k`ddnnc{ locb~obnx rfj6
‡ Efr kf {en y`h{~nx ock {nu{ rfj {fbn{en6
Ho~xo{`fc
Rep `x `{ l`jn `{ `x6
‡ Reo{ yo{ kfnx locb~obn ylop `c h~l{~ol `knc{`{p6
‡ [f reo{ nu{nc{ kfnx locb~obn `cdl~nchn {e`cj`cb x{plnx6
‡Rep kfnx {en xogn locb~obn kntnlfy k`ddnnc{lp `c k`ddnnc{ylohnx6
‡ Rep k`k {en o~{ef r`{n {en x{fp `c {e`x rop6
Heocbn
Efr `x `{ heocb`cb6
‡ Efr eotn f~ locb~obnx heocbnk e`x{f`hollp6
‡ Reo{ eox `cdl~nchnk {en kntnlfygnc{ fd {en locb~obn fd
xynh`d`h k`xh`yl`cnx6
‡ Efr kf rn ~xn locb~obn k`ddnnc{lp ox rn bfr6
‡ Efr eotn f{en locb~obnx ock h~l{~nx heocbnk f~ frclocb~obn6
Hfccnh{`fc
Efr `x `{ hfccnh{nk
{f f{en {e`cbx6
‡ Reo{ on {en x`g`lo`{`nx ock k`ddnnchnx an{rnnc locb~obnx6
‡ Reo{ on {en f`b`cx fd cognx6 ‡ Efr on x{fp{nll`cb {ok`{`fcx l`cjnk {f h~l{~n6
‡ Efr kf f~ nuyn`nchnx ncoaln ~x {f hfccnh{ r`{e x{f`nx6
Ynxynh{`tn
Reo{ on {en yf`c{x
fd t`nr6
‡ Efr hf~lk jcfrlnkbn fd o locb~obn enly ~x {f ~cknx{ock
{en h~l{~n6
‡ Rep kf xfgn affjx anhfgn anx{'xnllnx6
‡ Re`he locb~obn kf pf~ {e`cj `x {en nox`nx{ {f lnoc6
‡ Rep `x r`{{nc locb~obn k`ddnnc{ {f xyfjnc locb~obn6
Hfchny{ Xogyln {nohen&x{~knc{ q~nx{`fcx
Qnxyfcx`a`l`{
p Reo{ `x f~
nxyfcx`a`l`{p6
‡ Efr hoc {en ~xn fd locb~obn `cdl~nchn ynfyln6
‡ Efr xef~lk rn {no{ ynfyln ref xynoj k`ddnnc{ locb~obnx dfg~x6
‡ Rep on rn cf{ ollfrnk {f nok xfgn affjx f rnax`{nx6
‡ Reo{ nxyfcx`a`l`{p kfnx {en o~{ef eotn {f otf`k a`ox
ock x{nnf{py`cb6
Qndlnh{`fc
Efr kf rn jcfr6
‡ Efr hoc l`{no{~n enly ~x {f ~cknx{ock o h~l{~n6
‡ Reo{ j`ck fd gnxxobnx kf o~{efx {p {f hfctnp {f noknx6
‡ Efr rnll eotn @ “yo`c{nk o y`h{~n r`{e rfkx‗ `c gp x{fp6
‡ Efr kf `ll~x{o{`fcx okk {f f~ ~cknx{ock`cb6
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Go{engo{`hx ynqxynh{`tn
Hfchny{ Bncn`h ynxynh{`tn Go{engo{`hx ynxynh{`tn
Dfg
Reo{ `x `{ l`jn6
Ntnp{e`cb eox o dfg r`{e
nhfbc`}oaln dno{~nx {eo{hoc an faxntnk,
`knc{`d`nk, knxh`ank ock
ho{nbf`}nk#
[en nhfbc`{`fc,
ho{nbf`}o{`fc ock knxh`y{`fcfd yo{{ncx {ef~bef~{ {en
h~`h~l~g#
D~ch{`fc
Efr kfnx `{ rfj6
Ntnp{e`cb eox o y~yfxn, o
fln f o rop fd aneot`cb {eo{
hoc an `ctnx{`bo{nk#
[en nuog`co{`fc fd
xpx{ngx, nlo{`fcxe`yx,
gnheoc`hx, hfgyfcnc{x
Ho~xo{`fc
Rep `x `{ l`jn `{ `x6
[e`cbx kf cf{ m~x{ eoyync#
[enn on ho~xol
nlo{`fcxe`yx o{ rfj, ock
oh{`fcx eotn
hfcxnq~nchnx#
Oc nuog`co{`fc fd {en
go{engo{`hol hfchny{x ock
yfhnxxnx {eo{ `cdl~nchn {en
rop {e`cbx on#
Heocbn
Efr `x `{ heocb`cb6
Heocbn `x {en yfhnxx fd
gftngnc{ dfg fcn x{o{n
{f ocf{en# @{ `x ~c`tnxol
ock `cnt`{oaln#
Lffj`cb df nt`knchn fd
heocbn, ocolpx`cb {en
nt`knchn, kor`cb hfchl~x`fcx
ock goj`cb ynk`h{`fcx#
Hfccnh{`fc
Efr `x `{ hfccnh{nk {f
f{en {e`cbx6
Rn l`tn `c o rflk fd
`c{noh{`cb xpx{ngx `c re`he
{en oh{`fcx fd ocp `ck`t`k~ol
nlngnc{ oddnh{ f{enx#
[en nuog`co{`fc fd xpx{ngx
ock x{o{nb`nx {f `knc{`dp
k`ddnnc{ j`ckx ock lntnlx fd
nlo{`fcxe`yx, r`{e`c ock
an{rnnc k`ddnnc{ x{ockx fd go{engo{`hx ock anpfck {f
f{en x~a nh{ onox#
Hfchny{ Bncn`h ynxynh{`tn Go{engo{`hx ynxynh{`tn
Ynxynh{`tn
Reo{ on {en yf`c{x fd t`nr6
Jcfrlnkbn `x gfkno{nk ap
ynxynh{`tnx# K`ddnnc{
ynxynh{`tnx lnok {f k`ddnnc{
`c{nyn{o{`fcx,
~cknx{ock`cbx ock d`ck`cbx#
Ynxynh{`tnx gop an
`ck`t`k~ol, bf~y, h~l{~ol f
k`xh`yl`cop#
[en nuog`co{`fc fd
k`ddnnc{ ropx `ck`t`k~olx
ock h~l{~nx ~xn
go{engo{`hx {f xfltn
yfalngx#
Kntnlfy`cb nxynh{ df
to`nk `c{nyn{o{`fcx,
nu loco{`fcx x{o{n `nx ockQnxyfcx`a`l`{p
Reo{ `x f~ nxyfcx`a`l`{p6
Ynfyln gojn hef`hnx aoxnk
fc {en` ~cknx{ock`cbx, ock
{en oh{`fcx {enp {ojn ox o
nx~l{ kf gojn o k`ddnnchn#
^cknx{ock`cb {en `gyf{ochn
fd hfgg~c`ho{`cb ohh~o{nlp
ock oyynh`o{`cb {en
fal`bo{`fc {f oyylp
go{engo{`hx r`{e efcnx{p#
Qndlnh{`fc
Efr kf rn jcfr6
[enn on k`ddnnc{ ropx
fd jcfr`cb# @{ `x `gyf{oc{
{f ndlnh{ fc f~
hfchl~x`fcx, {f hfcx`kn
f~ gn{efkx fd
noxfc`cb, ock {en q~ol`{pock nl`oa`l`{p fd {en nt`knchn
rn eotn hfcx`knnk#
An`cb oaln {f hfgg~c`ho{n
efr rn eotn hfgn {f
~cknx{ock oc `kno, hfchny{
f xj`ll# An`cb oaln {f ntol~o{n
{en nddnh{`tncnxx
fd x{o{nb`nx ock {fflx ~xnk`c fkn {f `cdfg d~{~n
lnoc`cb#
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7/31/2019 Concepts in Subject Areas
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Xh`nchn Ynqxynh{`tn
Hfchny{ Bncn`h ynxynh{`tn Xh`nchn ynxynh{`tn
Dfg
Reo{ `x `{ l`jn6
Ntnp{e`cb eox o dfg r`{e
nhfbc`}oaln dno{~nx {eo{hoc an faxntnk,
`knc{`d`nk, knxh`ank ock
ho{nbf`}nk#
Gfx{ {e`cbx eotn o dfg f
xeoyn r`{e oc f~{rok f t`x`aln goc`dnx{o{`fc ock oc
`c{ncol x{~h{~n#
D~ch{`fc
Efr kfnx `{ rfj6
Ntnp{e`cb eox o y~yfxn, o
fln f o rop fd aneot`cb {eo{
hoc an `ctnx{`bo{nk#
[en xynh`ol oh{`t`{`nx,
yfyn{`nx f y~yfxnx,
co{~ol f nckfrnk, fd o
Ho~xo{`fc
Rep `x `{ l`jn `{ `x6
[e`cbx kf cf{ m~x{ eoyync#
[enn on ho~xol
nlo{`fcxe`yx o{ rfj, ock
oh{`fcx eotn
hfcxnq~nchnx#
[en nddnh{ af~be{ oaf~{ ap
oc `c{ncknk f ~c`c{ncknk
oh{`fc f noh{`fc#
Heocbn
Efr `x `{ heocb`cb6
Heocbn `x {en yfhnxx fd
gftngnc{ dfg fcn x{o{n
{f ocf{en# @{ `x ~c`tnxol
ock `cnt`{oaln#
[en hfchny{ fd heocbn, olxf
knxhq`ank ox {qocxdfqgo{`fc,
`x o ynqtox`tn hfchny{ `c
xh`nchn# Heocbn `x oc
`cnt`{oaln oxynh{ fd {en
yepx`hol rflk ox {e`cbx
anhfgn k`ddnqnc{ f yoxx
dfg fcn dfg {f ocf{enq# @{
hoc an co{~qol f aqf~be{oaf~{ ock
Hfchny{ Bncn`h ynxynh{`tn Xh`nchn ynxynh{`tn
Hfccnh{`fc
Efr `x `{ hfccnh{nk {f
f{en {e`cbx6
Rn l`tn `c o rflk fd
`c{noh{`cb xpx{ngx `c re`he
{en oh{`fcx fd ocp `ck`t`k~ol
nlngnc{ oddnh{ f{enx#
[en rflk `x d~ll fd `c{noh{`cb
xpx{ngx {eo{ knynck fc nohe
f{en {f dfg o rfj`cb
refln#
Ynxynh{`tn
Reo{ on {en yf`c{x fd t`nr6
Jcfrlnkbn `x gfkno{nk ap
ynxynh{`tnx# K`ddnnc{
ynxynh{`tnx lnok {f k`ddnnc{
`c{nyn{o{`fcx,
~cknx{ock`cbx ock d`ck`cbx#
Ynxynh{`tnx gop an
`ck`t`k~ol, bf~y, h~l{~ol f
k`xh`yl`cop#
Ntnc{x ock d`ck`cbx hoc an
`c{nyn{nk k`ddnnc{lp,
knynck`cb fc jcfrlnkbn,
nuyn`nchn ock gf{`tnx# [en
k`ddnnchn an{rnnc
ngy``hollp yftnc doh{x ock
x~yyfx`{`fc g~x{ an
ngyeox`}nk#
Qnxyfcx`a`l`{p
Reo{ `x f~ nxyfcx`a`l`{p6
Ynfyln gojn hef`hnx aoxnk
fc {en` ~cknx{ock`cbx, ock
{en oh{`fcx {enp {ojn ox o
nx~l{ kf gojn o k`ddnnchn#
Rn eotn o nxyfcx`a`l`{p {f
{en rflk `c re`he rn l`tn#
[e`x `ctfltnx an`cb oron fd
efr xh`nc{`d`h jcfrlnkbn hoc
an ~xnk {f `gyftn f rfxnc
{en q~ol`{p fd l`dn fd oll l`t`cb
{e`cbx# Qnxyfcx`a`l`{p nc{o`lx
oh{`fc ox rnll ox oroncnxx#
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Qndlnh{`fc
Efr kf rn jcfr6
[enn on k`ddnnc{ ropx
fd jcfr`cb# @{ `x `gyf{oc{
{f ndlnh{ fc f~
hfchl~x`fcx, {f hfcx`kn
f~ gn{efkx fd
noxfc`cb, ock {en q~ol`{p
ock nl`oa`l`{p fd {en nt`knchn
rn eotn hfcx`knnk#
Rn g~x{ hfcxh`f~xlp ndlnh{
fc, ock an oaln {f knxh`an,
efr
rn bo`c f~ jcfrlnkbn
ock kntnlfy f~ o{{`{~knx#
Hfchny{ Xogyln {nohen&x{~knc{ q~nx{`fcx
Dfg
Reo{ `x `{ l`jn6
‡ Reo{ kfnx `{ dnnl l`jn6
‡ Renn kf rn bn{ {en dffk rn no{6
‡ @d {en No{e rnn h~{ `c eold an{rnnc {en Cf{e Yfln ock {en Xf~{e
Yfln, reo{ rf~lk `{ lffj l`jn fc {en `cx`kn6
‡ Reo{ on {en hfgyfcnc{x fd oc nhfxpx{ng6
D~ch{`fc Efr kfnx `{ rfj6
‡ Reo{ hoc pf~ ~xn xeokfrx df6 ‡ Efr kf xnnkx d`{ `c{f {en bfr{e hphln fd yloc{x6
‡ Efr `x o` an`cb ~xnk of~ck ~x6
‡ Reo{ kf nxntf`x ock y~`d`ho{`fc yloc{x kf6
Hfchny{ Xogyln {nohen&x{~knc{ q~nx{`fcx
Ho~xo{`fc
Rep `x `{ l`jn `{ `x6
‡ Efr hoc pf~ gojn o xeokfr6
‡ Rep on k`ddnnc{ dffkx yfhnxxnk `c k`ddnnc{ ropx6
‡ Efr on ef~xnx of~ck {en rflk hfcx{~h{nk {f x~`{ {en
lfhol hl`go{n6
‡ Reo{ ho~xnx {en heocbnx {eo{ fhh~ k~`cb y~an{p6
Heocbn
Efr `x `{ heocb`cb6
‡ Efr kfnx {en xock heocbn dfg {en gfc`cb {f {en od{ncffc6
‡ Reo{ k`ddnnchnx kf pf~ xnn `c {en bfr{e fd yloc{x ftn {`gn6
‡ Efr kf f~ afk`nx heocbn renc rn nunh`xn6
‡ @c reo{ ropx kfnx o` k`ddn dfg ylohn {f ylohn ock ftn {`gn6
Hfccnh{`fc
Efr `x `{ hfccnh{nk
{f f{en {e`cbx6
‡ Reo{ l`cj `x {enn an{rnnc {en {`gn fd kop ock {en xeokfr pf~
afkp gojnx6
‡ Rep on hn{o`c tne`hlnx x~`{oaln df yo{`h~lo {oxjx6
‡ Efr `x {en e~goc l`dn hphln {en xogn ox f k`ddnnc{ dfg {eo{ fd
f{en oc`golx6 ‡ Reo{ on {en x`g`lo`{`nx ock k`ddnnchnx an{rnnc pf~
lfhol nhfxpx{ng ock o lobn nhfxpx{ng {eo{ pf~ eotn
nxnohenk6
Ynxynh{`tn
Reo{ on {en yf`c{x
fd t`nr6
‡ Kf yloc{x %f oc`golx) `c {en hloxxffg cnnk {f an {ojnc hon fd
`c {en xogn rop6 Rep6
‡ Reo{ on {en k`ddnnc{ yf`c{x fd t`nr x~yyf{nk ap {en nt`knchn6
‡ Efr kfnx xh`nchn nuylo`c {en nu`x{nchn fd {en No{e, xflo
xpx{ng ock boloup6
‡ Reo{ on {en `gyl`ho{`fcx df e~gocx6
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Qnxyfcx`a`l`{
p Reo{ `x f~
nxyfcx`a`l`{p6
‡ Reo{ {e`cbx xef~lk rn kf {f hon df f~ hloxxffg yloc{x
ock oc`golx6
‡ Efr hoc rn gojn x~n rn kf cf{ rox{n ro{n6
‡ Reo{ doh{fx kf pf~ cnnk {f hfcx`kn renc knx`bc`cb ock
goj`cb o tne`hln6
‡ Reo{ xef~lk rn kf {f ngo`c enol{ep6
Qndlnh{`fc Efr kf rn jcfr6
‡ Efr r`ll rn jcfr renc `{ `x {`gn {f ro{n {en yloc{x6 ‡ Reo{ kf pf~ {e`cj eoyyncx {f pf~ afkp k~`cb nunh`xn ock
od{n nunh`xn6
‡ Efr eox xyohn nuylfo{`fc `cdl~nchnk f~ ko`lp l`tnx6
‡ @c reo{ ropx hoc rn faxntn {eo{ f~ afk`nx on ~x`cb o`6
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Xfh`ol X{~k`nx ynqxynh{`tn
Hfchny{ Bncn`h ynxynh{`tn Xfh`ol x{~k`nx ynxynh{`tn
Dfg
Reo{ `x `{ l`jn6
Ntnp{e`cb eox o dfg r`{e
nhfbc`}oaln dno{~nx {eo{hoc an faxntnk,
`knc{`d`nk, knxh`ank ock
ho{nbf`}nk#
[en nhfbc`}oaln dno{~nx
fd `ck`t`k~olx, bf~yx,e`x{f`hol yn`fkx ock
nct`fcgnc{x#
D~ch{`fc
Efr kfnx `{ rfj6
Ntnp{e`cb eox o y~yfxn, o
fln f o rop fd aneot`cb {eo{
hoc an `ctnx{`bo{nk#
[en rfj`cbx fd {en ntnc{x,
xpx{ngx ock nlo{`fcxe`yx `c
xfh`n{`nx ock {en co{~ol
Ho~xo{`fc
Rep `x `{ l`jn `{ `x6
[e`cbx kf cf{ m~x{ eoyync#
[enn on ho~xol
nlo{`fcxe`yx o{ rfj, ock
oh{`fcx eotn
hfcxnq~nchnx#
[en ho~xnx ock nddnh{x fd
e~goc ock co{~ol ntnc{x#
Heocbn
Efr `x `{ heocb`cb6
Heocbn `x {en yfhnxx fd
gftngnc{ dfg fcn x{o{n
{f ocf{en# @{ `x ~c`tnxol
ock `cnt`{oaln#
[en co{~n fd e~goc, xfh`n{ol
ock nct`fcgnc{ol heocbn
ftn {`gn#
Hfccnh{`fc
Efr `x `{ hfccnh{nk {f
f{en {e`cbx6
Rn l`tn `c o rflk fd
`c{noh{`cb xpx{ngx `c re`he
{en oh{`fcx fd ocp `ck`t`k~ol
nlngnc{ oddnh{ f{enx#
[en `c{noh{`fcx {eo{ oddnh{
e~gocx ock {en
nct`fcgnc{: {en ropx `c
re`he f~ yox{, ynxnc{ ock
d~{~n on oll hfccnh{nk#
Ynxynh{`tn
Reo{ on {en yf`c{x fd t`nr6
Jcfrlnkbn `x gfkno{nk ap
ynxynh{`tnx# K`ddnnc{
ynxynh{`tnx lnok {f k`ddnnc{
`c{nyn{o{`fcx,
~cknx{ock`cbx ock d`ck`cbx#
Ynxynh{`tnx gop an
`ck`t`k~ol, bf~y, h~l{~ol f
k`xh`yl`cop#
[en ropx `c re`he e~gocx
hfccnh{ jcfrlnkbn ock
nuyn`nchn {eo{ lnok {f
k`tnxn ~cknx{ock`cb#
Qnxyfcx`a`l`{p
Reo{ `x f~ nxyfcx`a`l`{p6
Ynfyln gojn hef`hnx aoxnk
fc {en` ~cknx{ock`cbx, ock{en oh{`fcx {enp {ojn ox o
nx~l{ kf gojn o k`ddnnchn#
Ynfyln‐x `ck`t`k~ol ock
hfllnh{`tn nxyfcx`a`l`{p{frokx {engxnltnx, bf~yx
ock {en nct`fcgnc{#
Qndlnh{`fc
Efr kf rn jcfr6
[enn on k`ddnnc{ ropx
fd jcfr`cb# @{ `x `gyf{oc{
{f ndlnh{ fc f~
hfchl~x`fcx, {f hfcx`kn
f~ gn{efkx fd
noxfc`cb, ock {en q~ol`{p
ock nl`oa`l`{p fd {en nt`knchn
rn eotn hfcx`knnk#
[en lnoc`cb dfg {e`x
`cq~`p, ock ropx `c re`he
{en
lnocn hoc oyylp {en`
cnr ~cknx{ock`cb#
7/31/2019 Concepts in Subject Areas
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/concepts-in-subject-areas 9/16
Hfchny{ Xogyln {nohen&x{~knc{ q~nx{`fcx
Dfg
Reo{ `x `{ l`jn6
‡ Reo{ j`ckx fd rfj k`k ynfyln kf6
‡ Reo{ on {en go`c fhh~yo{`fcx fd ynfyln l`t`cb `c {en {frc6
‡ Reo{ `x {en lockxhoyn l`jn6
D~ch{`fc
Efr kfnx `{ rfj6
‡ Reo{ ~lnx fd aneot`f~ k`k ynfyln okfy{6
‡ Efr eotn ynfyln okoy{nk {f l`t`cb enn6
‡ Efr kf ynfyln hnlnao{n6
‡ Reo{ eoyyncx {f rox{n6
Ho~xo{`fc
Rep `x `{ l`jn `{ `x6
‡ Reo{ gf{`to{nk `ck`t`k~olx f bf~yx {f oh{ {en rop {enp k`k6
‡ Reo{ ho~xnk hn{o`c h~l{~nx {f k`xoyyno6
‡ Rep k`k ynfyln xn{{ln enn6
‡ @c reo{ ropx eotn hfcdl`h{ ock `{x nxfl~{`fc xeoynk {en xfh`n{p6
Heocbn Efr `x `{ heocb`cb6
‡ Rep k`k {e`cbx heocbn {en rop {enp k`k6 ‡ @c reo{ ropx kfnx {en a~`l{ nct`fcgnc{ nx~l{ dfg {en
co{~ol nct`fcgnc{6
‡ Reo{ `x {en fln fd {nhecflfbp `c xeoy`cb {en xfh`n{p6
‡ Efr eox {nhecflfbp gfk`d`nk {en co{~ol nct`fcgnc{6
‡ Reo{ xfh`n{ol doh{fx ho~xn bfr{e, g`bo{`fc f
nxf~hn gocobngnc{6
Hfccnh{`fc
Efr `x `{ hfccnh{nk
{f f{en {e`cbx6
‡ Reo{, `d ocp, hfccnh{`fcx nu`x{ an{rnnc xfh`n{p {enc ock
xfh`n{p {fkop6
‡ Renc o hfccnh{`fc an{rnnc {rf f gfn ynfylnx nu`x{nk,
efr nq~`{oaln ock m~x{ rox `{6
‡ Efr eotn co{~ol k`xox{nx oddnh{nk {en l`tnx fd ynfyln6
‡ Reo{ j`ckx fd anl`ndx, tol~nx ock o{{`{~knx nchf~obn
hfccnh{`fcx r`{e f{en ynfylnx6
Ynxynh{`tn
Reo{ on {en yf`c{x
fd t`nr6
‡ Efr kf ynfyln knh`kn fc ref {enp roc{ ox o lnokn6
‡ G`be{ {e`x fy`c`fc an a`oxnk6 Rep6
‡ Rep kf ynfyln eotn k`ddnnc{ yf`c{x fd t`nr oaf~{ ynxnt`cb
{en nct`fcgnc{6
‡ Reo{ g`be{ gp l`dnx{pln an `d @ l`tnk `c ocf{en h~l{~n6
Hfchny{ Xogyln {nohen&x{~knc{ q~nx{`fcx
Qnxyfcx`a`l`{
p Reo{ `x f~
nxyfcx`a`l`{p6
‡ Rep xef~lk rn hon oaf~{ {en yox{6
‡ Efr hoc rn oh{ {f yntnc{ d~{en kogobn {f {en
co{~ol nct`fcgnc{6
‡ Reo{ kfnx `{ gnoc {f an o rflk h`{`}nc6
‡ Reo{ `be{x xef~lk oll he`lknc eotn {ef~bef~{ {en rflk6
‡ Efr `x hfcdl`h{ nxfltnk6
Qndlnh{`fc
Efr kf rn jcfr6
‡ Reo{ gojnx fcn e`x{f`hol xf~hn an{{n {eoc ocf{en6
‡ Reo{ x{nnf{pynx kf rn eotn oaf~{ {e`x ylohn6
‡ Re`he y`gop xf~hnx eotn rn ~xnk {f bo{en ko{o6
‡ Efr nl`oaln on f~ frc fy`c`fcx ock {efxn fd f{enx6
7/31/2019 Concepts in Subject Areas
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/concepts-in-subject-areas 10/16
YXYN Ynqxynh{`tn
Hfchny{ Bncn`h ynxynh{`tn YXYN ynxynh{`tn
Dfg
Reo{ `x `{ l`jn6
Ntnp{e`cb eox o dfg r`{e
nhfbc`}oaln dno{~nx {eo{
hoc an faxntnk,
`knc{`d`nk, knxh`ank ock
ho{nbf`}nk#
[en dno{~nx fd ynxfcol,
xfh`ol ock yepx`hol
kntnlfygnc{, `chl~k`cb
dnnl`cbx, anl`ndx, aneot`f~x
ock gftngnc{x,
hoc an faxntnk, `knc{`d`nk
ock knxh`ank#
D~ch{`fc
Efr kfnx `{ rfj6
Ntnp{e`cb eox o y~yfxn, o
fln f o rop fd aneot`cb {eo{
hoc an `ctnx{`bo{nk#
Oc nuog`co{`fc fd {en dnnl`cbx,
anl`ndx ock aneot`f~x
oddnh{`cb f~ `c{noh{`fcx r`{e
f{enx ock {en nct`fcgnc{#
Ho~xo{`fc
Rep `x `{ l`jn `{ `x6
[e`cbx kf cf{ m~x{ eoyync#
[enn on ho~xol
nlo{`fcxe`yx o{ rfj, ock
oh{`fcx eotn
hfcxnq~nchnx#
F~ ynxfcol, xfh`ol ock
yepx`hol rnll'an`cb, ox rnll ox
f~ nlo{`fcxe`yx, on
`cdl~nchnk
ap f~ dnnl`cbx, anl`ndx ock
aneot`f~x, ock {en`
ho~x`c doh{fx#
Heocbn
Efr `x `{ heocb`cb6
Heocbn `x {en yfhnxx fd
gftngnc{ dfg fcn x{o{n
{f ocf{en# @{ `x ~c`tnxol
ock `cnt`{oaln#
[en `cnt`{oaln ynxfcol, xfh`ol
ock yepx`hol kntnlfygnc{ ock
heocbn ftn {`gn `x `cdl~nchnk
ap `c{`cx`h ock nu{`cx`h
Hfchny{ Bncn`h ynxynh{`tn YXYN ynxynh{`tn
Hfccnh{`fc
Efr `x `{ hfccnh{nk {f
f{en {e`cbx6
Rn l`tn `c o rflk fd
`c{noh{`cb xpx{ngx `c re`he
{en oh{`fcx fd ocp `ck`t`k~ol
nlngnc{ oddnh{ f{enx#
Oc `ck`t`k~ol‐x yepx`hol,
ngf{`fcol ock xfh`ol
kntnlfygnc{ `x gokn ~y fd
`c{noh{`cb nlngnc{x,
`chl~k`cb {en aneot`f~ fd
f{enx ock {en nct`fcgnc{#
Ynxynh{`tn
Reo{ on {en yf`c{x fd t`nr6
Jcfrlnkbn `x gfkno{nk ap
ynxynh{`tnx# K`ddnnc{
ynxynh{`tnx lnok {f k`ddnnc{`c{nyn{o{`fcx,
~cknx{ock`cbx ock d`ck`cbx#
Ynxynh{`tnx gop an
`ck`t`k~ol, bf~y, h~l{~ol f
k`xh`yl`cop#
K`ddnnc{ ynxynh{`tnx fd
anl`ndx, dnnl`cbx ock
aneot`f~x lnok {f k`ddnnc{~cknx{ock`cbx fd {en rflk,
`chl~k`cb yo{`h`yo{`fc
`c, ock ncmfpgnc{ fd,
yepx`hol oh{`t`{p#
Qnxyfcx`a`l`{p
Reo{ `x f~ nxyfcx`a`l`{p6
Ynfyln gojn hef`hnx aoxnk
fc {en` ~cknx{ock`cbx, ock
{en oh{`fcx {enp {ojn ox o
nx~l{ kf gojn o k`ddnnchn#
@cdfgnk ock oyyfy`o{n
hef`hnx lnok`cb {f nxyfcx`aln
oh{`fcx gojn o k`ddnnchn {f
f~ enol{e, rnll'an`cb,
hfgg~c`{p ock {en
7/31/2019 Concepts in Subject Areas
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Qndlnh{`fc
Efr kf rn jcfr6
[enn on k`ddnnc{ ropx
fd jcfr`cb# @{ `x `gyf{oc{
{f ndlnh{ fc f~
hfchl~x`fcx, {f hfcx`kn
f~ gn{efkx fd
noxfc`cb, ock {en q~ol`{p
ock nl`oa`l`{p fd {en nt`knchn
rn eotn hfcx`knnk#
Rn hfcx{~h{`tnlp ndlnh{ fc
f~ dnnl`cbx, anl`ndx,
aneot`f~x ock gftngnc{x {f
hfc{`c~n {f kntnlfy ynxfcol,
xfh`ol ock yepx`hol rnll'an`cb#
Hfchny{ Xogyln x{~knc{&{nohen q~nx{`fcx
Ynxfcol ock xfh`olnk~ho{`fc
Yepx`hol nk~ho{`fc
Dfg
Reo{ `x `{ l`jn6
‡ Re`he `gyf{oc{
knh`x`fcx eotn pf~ gokn
`c {en
yox{6
‡ Ref rfjx ̀ c {enxheffl ock reo{ kf
{enp kf6
‡ Reo{ onnxyfcx`a`l`{`nx6
‡ Reo{ `x {e`x
gftngnc{ l`jn6
‡ Reo{ k`ddnnc{ xeoynx
hoc pf~ gojn fc {en
dlff ~x`cb pf~ afkp6
‡ Reo{ on {en aox`h ~lnx
`c {e`x ntnc{&bogn6
Hfchny{ Xogyln x{~knc{&{nohen q~nx{`fcx
Ynxfcol ock xfh`olnk~ho{`fc
Yepx`hol nk~ho{`fc
D~ch{`fc
Efr kfnx `{ rfj6
‡ Efr kf ~lnx enly ~x
{f ylop6
‡ Efr on g`cf`{pbf~yx {no{nk ap
xfh`n{p6
‡ Ref rfjx ̀ c {en
xheffl ock reo{ kf
{enp kf6
‡ Efr kf rn hfllnh{
ock nhfk nx~l{x6
‡ Efr kf pf~ xhfnyf`c{x `c pf~ bogn6
‡ Efr kfnx {e`x
gftngnc{ rfj6
Ho~xo{`fc
Rep `x `{ l`jn `{ `x6
‡ Efr kf pf~ dnnl renc
{e`cbx kf cf{ rfj f~{
{en rop pf~ eok efynk6
‡ Reo{ {e`cbx gojn pf~
dnnl o{ efgn6
‡ Reo{ on {en {e`cbx
{eo{ hoc eog pf~
afkp6
‡ Rep kfnx pf~
afkp heocbn renc
pf~ nunh`xn6
‡ Rep kf ynfyln kochn6
‡ Rep kf rn cnnk ~lnx
df {e`x bogn6
Heocbn
Efr `x `{ heocb`cb6
‡ Reo{, `d ocp{e`cb,
rf~lk pf~ heocbn
oaf~{ efr pf~ rfj
{fbn{en6
‡ Efr eotn pf~
heocbnk x`chn pf~
rnn o aoap6
‡ Reo{ hf~lk pf~ heocbn `c pf~ l`dnx{pln {f gojn
`{ gfn aolochnk6
‡ Reo{ heocbnx renc
pf~ nunh`xn6
‡ Reo{ hf~lk pf~ heocbn
`c pf~ l`dnx{pln {f gojn
`{ gfn aolochnk6
‡ Efr hoc pf~ gojn
pf~xnld `c{f k`ddnnc{
xeoynx6
7/31/2019 Concepts in Subject Areas
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Hfccnh{`fc
Efr `x `{ hfccnh{nk {f
f{en {e`cbx6
‡ Reo{ hoc rn lnoc
ap ylop`cb6
‡ Efr `x f~ hloxxffg
l`jn o efgn6
‡ Efr on `be{x ock
nxyfcx`a`l`{`nx
hfccnh{nk6
‡ Reo{ k`ddnnchnx on
{enn an{rnnc ~cc`cb
df xynnk ock ~cc`cb
df k`x{ochn6
‡ Efr hoc pf~ rfj
ox o bf~y {f
ohe`ntn o hfggfc
o`g6
‡ Efr hoc pf~ afkp
gftngnc{x xefr o
gffk, dnnl`cb f
Ynxynh{`tn
Reo{ on {en yf`c{x fd t`nr6
‡ Reo{ `x noxp&k`dd`h~l{
oaf~{ rfj`cb
{fbn{en6
‡ Efr hoc rn
~cknx{ock f{en
ynfyln‐x yf`c{x fd t`nr
ock enly {eng {f
~cknx{ock f~x6
‡ Efr kf ynfyln
hnlnao{n {en`
a`{ekopx6
‡ Re`he j`ck fd aolochn
nq~`ygnc{ kf pf~ l`jn
{f ~xn anx{, ock rep6
‡ Reo{ `x noxp&k`dd`h~l{
oaf~{ rfj`cb
{fbn{en6
‡ Reo{ hoc enly pf~ {f
`gyftn pf~
yndfgochn `c {e`x
ntnc{&bogn6
Hfchny{ Xogyln x{~knc{&{nohen q~nx{`fcx
Ynxfcol ock xfh`olnk~ho{`fc
Yepx`hol nk~ho{`fc
Qnxyfcx`a`l`{p
Reo{ `x f~ nxyfcx`a`l`{p6
‡ Reo{ hoc rn kf {f enly
~x x{op xodn6
‡ Efr hoc pf~ an o
nxyfcx`aln gngan fd
o bf~y6
‡ Reo{ `be{x ock
nxyfcx`a`l`{`nx kf @
eotn ox @ bfr ock
heocbn6
‡ Efr hoc pf~ ncx~n
ntnpafkp eox o
heochn
{f ~xn e`x f en `knox
ock xj`llx6
‡ Efr hoc pf~ gftn
of~ck {en xyohn xodnlp6
‡ Rep `x `{
`gyf{oc{ {f rog
~ andfn
Qndlnh{`fc
Efr kf rn jcfr6
‡ Efr kf rn `knc{`dp
x`{~o{`fcx {eo{ on
yf{nc{`ollp ~cxodn6
‡ Efr kf @ jcfr @ og
bfr`cb ock
heocb`cb6
‡ Efr eotn pf~ annc
`cdl~nchnk ap pf~
dog`lp e`x{fp6
‡ Efr hoc pf~ ntol~o{n
pf~ yndfgochn6
‡ Rep `x `{ cnhnxxop {f
hno{n o xyohn `c
kochn6
‡ Efr rf~lk pf~
heocbn {en ~lnx fd
{en bogn6
7/31/2019 Concepts in Subject Areas
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Oq{x ynqxynh{`tn
Hfchny{ Bncn`h ynxynh{`tn O{x ynxynh{`tn
Dfg
Reo{ `x `{ l`jn6
Ntnp{e`cb eox o dfg r`{e
nhfbc`}oaln dno{~nx {eo{hoc an faxntnk,
`knc{`d`nk, knxh`ank ock
ho{nbf`}nk#
O{x on o dfg fd
hfgg~c`ho{`fc {eo{ ollfrx~x {f hfctnp `knox, dnnl`cbx
ock hfchny{x {f oc
o~k`nchn
{ef~be t`x~ol o{, g~x`h,
D~ch{`fc
Efr kfnx `{ rfj6
Ntnp{e`cb eox o y~yfxn, o
fln f o rop fd aneot`cb {eo{
hoc an `ctnx{`bo{nk#
O{x ~xn hno{`t`{p {f hfctnp o
gnxxobn {eo{ hoc an yoh{`hol,
nk~ho{`fcol, h~l{~ol f
ynxfcol# O nlo{`fcxe`y `x
kntnlfynk an{rnnc {en o{`x{
ock {en o~k`nchn rennap
`cdfgnk fy`c`fcx f hef`hnxgop an gokn#
Ho~xo{`fc
Rep `x `{ l`jn `{ `x6
[e`cbx kf cf{ m~x{ eoyync#
[enn on ho~xol
nlo{`fcxe`yx o{ rfj, ock
oh{`fcx eotn
hfcxnq~nchnx#
O{x on o hno{`tn, ngf{`fcol
ock {ef~be{d~l `c{nyn{o{`fc fd
{en rflk: {enp on `cdl~nchnk
ap h~l{~ol ock
ynxfcol nuyn`nchn#
Heocbn
Efr `x `{ heocb`cb6
Heocbn `x {en yfhnxx fd
gftngnc{ dfg fcn x{o{n
{f ocf{en# @{ `x ~c`tnxol
ock `cnt`{oaln#
O{x on cntn x{o{`h# Ox {en
rflk heocbnx, {en gn{efkx
ock gnocx fd o{x g~x{
ntfltn r`{e `{#
Nuyn`nchnx `c o{x r`ll ol{n
ohhfk`cb {f {en
`c{nyn{o{`fcx fd {en
yo{`h`yoc{ f {en o~k`nchn#
Hfccnh{`fc
Efr `x `{ hfccnh{nk {f
f{en {e`cbx6
Rn l`tn `c o rflk fd
`c{noh{`cb xpx{ngx `c re`he
{en oh{`fcx fd ocp `ck`t`k~ol
nlngnc{ oddnh{ f{enx#
O{x on o ~c`tnxol locb~obn
ap re`he rn hoc
hfgg~c`ho{n r`{e`c ock
ohfxx h~l{~nx ock {`gn
Ynxynh{`tn
Reo{ on {en yf`c{x fd t`nr6
Jcfrlnkbn `x gfkno{nk ap
ynxynh{`tnx# K`ddnnc{
ynxynh{`tnx lnok {f k`ddnnc{
`c{nyn{o{`fcx,
~cknx{ock`cbx ock d`ck`cbx#
Ynxynh{`tnx gop an
`ck`t`k~ol, bf~y, h~l{~ol f
k`xh`yl`cop#
O{x ollfr df {en
fyyf{~c`{p fd hno{`tn
hef`hn# K`ddnnc{ yf`c{x fd
t`nr co{~ollp
o`xn knynck`cb fc ren{en
oc `ck`t`k~ol `x hno{`cb f
hfgyfx`cb, yndfg`cb f
k`xylop`cb, t`nr`cb f
l`x{nc`cb#
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Hfchny{ Bncn`h ynxynh{`tn O{x ynxynh{`tn
Qnxyfcx`a`l`{p
Reo{ `x f~ nxyfcx`a`l`{p6
Ynfyln gojn hef`hnx aoxnk
fc {en` ~cknx{ock`cbx, ock
{en oh{`fcx {enp {ojn ox o
nx~l{ kf gojn o k`ddnnchn#
O{x hfctnp o yfrnd~l
gnxxobn {f oc o~k`nchn, ock
rn g~x{ an oron {eo{ f~
`c{nyn{o{`fcx hoc oddnh{
f{enx# Rn g~x{ olxf {ojn oc
oh{`tn fln `c ynxnt`cb {en
o{x ock hno{`cb oc
oroncnxx ock oyynh`o{`fc fd
o{x dfg oll h~l{~nx#
Qndlnh{`fc
Efr kf rn jcfr6
[enn on k`ddnnc{ ropx
fd jcfr`cb# @{ `x `gyf{oc{
{f ndlnh{ fc f~
hfchl~x`fcx, {f hfcx`kn
f~ gn{efkx fd
noxfc`cb, ock {en q~ol`{p
ock nl`oa`l`{p fd {en nt`knchnrn eotn hfcx`knnk#
Rn hfcxh`f~xlp ndlnh{ fc,
ntol~o{n ock knxh`an efr
rn eotn nuynxxnk
f~xnltnx
{ef~be {en ohq~`x`{`fc fd {en
nlngnc{x fd kochn, kogo,
g~x`h ock t`x~ol o{# Rn olxfndlnh{ fc {en yndfgochn fd
f{enx `c {en y~x~`{ fd xnld'
`gyftngnc{#
Hfchny{ Xogyln {nohen&x{~knc{ q~nx{`fcx
Kochn Kogo G~x`h T`x~ol o{x
Dfg Reo{ `x `{ l`jn6
‡ Reo{ gojnx{e`x kochn~c`q~n6
‡ Reo{ `x {enx{fp `c {e`x kochnyndfgochn6
‡ Reo{ rox{enyndfgochn
oaf~{6 ‡ Efr g`be{ {e`x
heooh{n gftn6
‡ Reo{ gojnxo xfcb odflj xfcb6
‡ Reo{ xf~ckxkf pf~ eno `c{e`x g~x`h6
‡ Rep eotnpf~ hefxnc{eo{
go{n`ol&{ffl6 ‡ Efr rf~lk
pf~ knxh`an{en rop {ennlngnc{x fd o{ eotn annc
D~ch{`fcEfr kfnx `{rfj6
‡ Efr r`ll pf~ gftn `cnxyfcxn {f{e`x g~x`h6
‡ Efr g`be{pf~ xefr
pf~ dnnl`cbx{ef~begftngnc{6
‡ Efr hoc pf~xefr reo{ pf~on dnnl`cb6
‡ Efr hoc pf~hno{n {enxf~ckx fd
{en anohe~x`cb pf~ tf`hn6
‡ Reo{ xf~ckxhoc pf~gojn r`{e{e`x`cx{~gnc{6
‡ Reo{ kfnx {e`x
x`bc&xpgafl {nll~x {f x`cb6
‡ Efr hoc pf~xefr pf~xnld dnnl`cb ocbp&xok&eoyyp&d`be{ncnk6
‡ Efr `x hflf~
~xnk `coktn{`x`cb6
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Hfchny{ Xogyln {nohen&x{~knc{ q~nx{`fcx
Kochn Kogo G~x`h T`x~ol o{x
Ho~xo{`fcRep `x `{l`jn `{ `x6
‡ Reo{ `x {ennlo{`fcxe`yan{rnnc {enanb`cc`cb ock{en nck`cb
fd {e`x kochnyndfgochn6
‡ Efr kfnx {ennct`fcgnc{`gyoh{ fc pf~ kochn6
‡ Rep k`k {enheooh{nxaneotn `c{e`x rop6
‡ Ref rox
pf~ dotf~`{nheooh{n ockrep6
‡ Rep `x ox{nokp ano{`gyf{oc{ `c ocncxngalnyndfgochn6
‡ Reo{ h~l{~n kfpf~ {e`cj {e`xg~x`h hfgnxdfg6
‡ Rep kf pf~{e`cj {e`x y`nhnfd o{ eoxannc gokn6
‡ Rep kf pf~
{e`cj ynfylnt`x`{ o{bolln`nx6
HeocbnEfr `x `{heocb`cb6
‡ Reo{k`ddnnchnx k`k pf~ cf{`hnan{rnnc {ennenoxol ock{en d`colkochnyndfgochn6
‡ Efr hocpf~ ~{`l`}nxyohn renc`gyft`x`cb6
‡ Efr hochfcx{~h{`tnh`{`h`xg`gyftn pf~ yndfgochn6
‡ Efr kfnx {enx{fp anb`c,kntnlfy ocknck6
‡ Reo{ rf~lkeoyync {f oxfcb `d {en{ngyf rnc{dfg ollnbf {flobf6
‡ Efr `x og~x`holto`o{`fck`ddnnc{ dfg{en {engn6
‡ Rep ock efrkf doxe`fcxheocbn ftn {`gn6
‡ Efr eoxcnr gnk`o
`cdl~nchnko{`x{`hyoh{`hnx6
Hfccnh{`fcEfr `x `{hfccnh{nk {ff{en {e`cbx6
‡ Efr kfnxkochn yft`kno l`cj an{rnnch~l{~nx6
‡ Efr r`ll pf~ ~xn ynn dnnkaohj {f`gyftn pf~
yndfgochn6
‡ Efr `x ro{he`cbo l`tn xefrx`g`lo {f&k`ddnnc{ dfgro{he`cb [T6
‡ Efr hoc rn d`ck f~{oaf~{ f~ yox{
{ef~bex{f`nx6
‡ Efr kfnx {enx`}n fd {en`cx{~gnc{nlo{n {f {eny`{he fd {en`cx{~gnc{6
‡ @c reo{ {pynxfd hnlnao{`fcx
rf~lk pf~ eno {e`x g~x`h6
‡ Efr kfnxo{ enly ~xhnlnao{n6
‡ Reo{ kf {enhflf~x ockxeoynxng`ck pf~fd6
Ynxynh{`tnReo{ on {enyf`c{x fd t`nr6
‡ Efr k`k pf~dnnl od{n ro{he`cb oaolln{6
‡ Re`hegftngnc{xon nox`n {flnoc6
‡ Re`heheooh{n k`kpf~ `knc{`dpr`{e, ock rep6
‡ Efr kf pf~{e`cj {eo{heooh{n `xdnnl`cb cfr6
‡ Re`he`cx{~gnc{xrf~lk pf~heffxn {f ylop{e`x yo{{nc f xfcb, ockrep6
‡ Efr kfnx {e`xg~x`h gojnpf~ dnnl6
‡ Efr kf pf~{e`cj {e`x dlfrn rf~lk lffj `d pf~ rnn {enx`}n fd oc oc{6
‡ Efr kfnxxfgnfcn‐xh~l{~n`cdl~nchn {enrfj {enp
yfk~hn6
Hfchny{ Xogyln {nohen&x{~knc{ q~nx{`fcx
Kochn Kogo G~x`h T`x~ol o{x
Qnxyfcx`a`l`{p Reo{ `x f~ nxyfcx`a`l`{p6
‡ Reo{ kf pf~cnnk {f kf {fynyon df {e`x gftngnc{hfgyfx`{`fc6
‡ Re`hegftngnc{xon xodn df oll gnganx fd {en bf~y6
‡ @c reo{ ropxhoc pf~ enly{en bf~y {fhfgyln{n {en{oxj6
‡ Efr kfnxpf~ `c{nyn{o{`fc fd {enheooh{n ndlnh{ {en`c{nc{`fc fd {en
‡ Reo{ hocnohe g~x`h`oc`c o bf~y kf{f gojn obffkyndfgochn6
‡ Efr hoc rnlffj od{n {e`x`cx{~gnc{6
‡ Ref kf pf~cnnk {fxynoj {f ock`ctfltn `c {e`xyfmnh{, ockrep6
‡ Re`hego{n`olx kfpf~ {e`cj hoc annhphlnk `c{fo{, ock rep6
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Qndlnh{`fcEfr kf rnjcfr6
‡ Efr hockochn enly ~x{f lnoc gfnoaf~{ o k`ddnnc{h~l{~n6
‡ Efr r`ll pf~~xn {en h`{n`o{f `gyftn pf~
kochn6
‡ Efr hoc pf~xefr reo{ pf~eotn lnocnk6
‡ Efr hoc rnxfltn oyfalng rencrn eotnk`ddnnc{ yf`c{xfd t`nr6
‡ K`k pf~ gojno bffk hef`hnfd `cx{~gnc{xf xf~ckxf~hnx df pf~ y`nhn6Rep, f repcf{6
‡ Rep `x {en
{ngyf fd {e`x xfcb oyyfy`o{n df {en gffk ock{en rfkx fd {eny`nhn6
‡ On {enxngo{n`olx {enanx{ fcnx df pf~ {oxj,ock rep6
‡ Reo{ gojnxoc `c{nnx{`cbknx`bc6
