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8/10/2019 Conceptos fundamentales de Ciencia Política
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/conceptos-fundamentales-de-ciencia-politica 1/67
Narrfk jamtfs / Ejamejfs Udejfias
Jg mfejd K dijmf
am
edif`drfejõm
d m
Ufmtjfgd H aigfh d
d m a p t d s
cumhfkamtfias
ha
Ejamejf R diëtjef
Ai i j` rõ u mjvarsjtfr jd
Fijfmzf
Ahjtdrjfi
8/10/2019 Conceptos fundamentales de Ciencia Política
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:
E
Pasarvfhds tdhds ids haraends. At edmtamjhd ha astf d`rf astæ prdtagjhd pdr if Iay, qua astf`ia-
ea pamfs ha prjsjõm y/d kuitfs, fhakæs ha ifs edrraspdmhjamtas jmhakmjzfejdmas pdr hföds y par-
oujejds, pfrf qujamas raprdhuoaram, pifgjfram, hjstrj`uyaram d edkumjefram pÿ`ijefkamta, am tdhd
d am pfrta, umf d`rf ijtarfrjf, frtëstjef d ejamtëcjef, d su trfmscdrkfejõm, jmtarpratfejõm d aoaeu-
ejõm frtëstjef cjofhf am eufiqujar tjpd ha sdpdrta d edkumjefhf f trfvês ha eufiqujar kahjd, sjm
If praeaptjvf futdrjzfejõm.
gmfejd Kdijmf
®
Fijfmzf
Ahjtd
rj
fi, U. F., Kfh rj h, 6::>
Efiia
Oufm Jgmfejd Iuef ha Xamf, 61<
0>207 Kfh
rj
h<
taiêc.
:6 5:5 >> >>
JU@M? >8-023->315-2
Hapõsjtd
iagfi? K. 82.855-6::>
Jkprasd
am Fmzds, U. I.
Cuamif`rfhf (Kfh
rj h)
Rrjmtah jm Upfjm
If muavf ediaeejõm ha Edmeaptds Cumhfk amtfias ha Fijfm-
zf Ahjtdrjfi prasamtf fi astuhjfmta ha ids prjkards eursds ha
if umjvarsjhfh, ha cdrkf eifrf, edmejsf y cæejikamta feeasj`ia,
ifs mdejdmas `æsjefs ha hjstjmtfs rfkfs hai edmdejkjamtd?
psjedidgëf, sdejdidgëf, ejamejf pdiëtjef, njstdrjf y cjidsdcëf
amtra dtrfs. Am cdrkf ha hjeejdmfrjd rava, ai d`oatjvd prjmej-
pfi ha astf ediaeejõm as fyuhfr fi astuhjfmta f edkpramhar y
fhqujrjr if tarkjmdidgëf prdpjf ha su hjsejpijmf umjvarsjtfrjf,
tfmtd sus edmeaptds aspaeëcjeds edkd fquaiids qua, sj `jam
sdm ha usd edkÿm, ed`rfm um sjgmjcjefhd aspaejfi am ai edm-
taxtd fefhêkjed.
Ids ahjtdras
8/10/2019 Conceptos fundamentales de Ciencia Política
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`sdiut jskd
Hdetrjmf pdiëtjef y cdr-
kf ha gd`jarmd qua tjama edkd
prjmejpfi d`oatjvd ai edmtrdi tdtfi
hai Astfhd y if fusamejf ha p dharas
fitarmftjvds fi qua raeifkf pfrf së ai
haraend jijkjtfhd f gd`armfr. Uu
prjmejpfi kfmjcastfejõm njstõrjef, ai
F`sdiutjskd kdmærqujed, sa efrfe-
tarjzõ pdr if fspjrfejõm hai ray f par-
sdmjcjefr if sd`arfmëf*. Edkd edm-
saeuamejf, ai Astfhd, qua yf am ai
sjgid xv nf`ëf edkamzfhd f hdtfrsa
ha umf drgfmjzfejõm raiftjvfkamta
kdharmf, quahf`f gd`armfhd ha
cdrkf eamtrfijzfhf y sjm edmstraöj-
kjamtds iagfias, edmsuatuhjmfrjds d
cauhfias. Xdhds ids rajmds aurdpads,
sfivd Grfm @ratföf y ids Rfësas @f-
ods, sucrjardm axparjamejfs f`sdiutjs-
tfs qua avdiuejdmfrdm am ai sjgid xvju
nfejf cdrkfs kæs jiustrfhfs pard fÿm
haspõtjefs. Edmtrf ifs jmstjtuejdmas
sdejfias y pdiëtjefs ha asa
Fmham Pê-
gjka,
sa hasamefhamfrdm ifs su`sj-
gujamtas ravdiuejdmas ij`arfias qua
jmtrdhuoardm iëkjtas fi pdhar f trf-
vês ha ifs edmstjtuejdmas*.
F hjcaramejf hai tdtfijtfrjskd*, ai
pdhar md sa aoarea am ai f`sdiutjskd
ha kfmarf fr`jtrfrjf d jmoustjcjefhf
sjmd qua astæ cumhfkamtfhd taõrjef-
kamta pdr rfzdmas tadiõgjefs d rf-
ejdmfijstfs. If sagumhf ha astfs drjam-
tfejdmas as if pifskfhf am ids aserj-
tds ha Kfqujfvaid y, sd`ra tdhd, am
ai pamsfkjamtd ha Nd``as, qujam
sdstamëf qua ids ndk` ras, fgrasjvds
y fk`jejdsds pdr mfturfiazf, sa am-
euamtrfm sjakpra am sjtufejõm ha iu-
enf y ha edkpatamejf. Edkd astfs
fmtjsdejfias jmeijmfejdmas iiavfm f if
hastrueejõm, ids jmhjvjhuds sdm tfk -
`jam efpfeas ha fpijefr rfejdmfi-
kamta su agdëskd pfrf fsagurfr if
suparvjvamejf y avjtfr qua if vjhf
saf «sdijtfrjf, pd`ra, suejf, `rutfi y
edrtf¼. Id nfeam pdr kahjd ha um
pfetd cjetjejd am ai qua ramumejfm f
tdkfr if oustjejf pdr su kfmd y feuar-
hfm sdkatarsa f um sd`arfmd, fi qua
jmvjstam edm ids kæxjkds pdharas,
qua puaha fsë fpijefr ifs sfmejdmas
maeasfrjfs pfrf ai kfmtamjkjamtd
hai drham y if pfz.
Rdr su pfrta, if edmeapejõm tadiõ-
gjef hai f`sdiutjskd supdma if prd-
eahamejf hjvjmf ha if futdrjhfh ejvji,
pdr id qua sa edmsjharf sferëiagd
eufiqujar tjpd ha ra`aijõm am edmtrf
ha if edrdmf. If ÿmjef raspdmsf`j-
ijhfh axjgj`ia f êstf as if qua prd-
vjama ha Hjds y mfhja ha amtra sus
sÿ`hjtds astfrëf efpfejtfhd pfrf sd-
katarif f oujejd. Amtra ids hacamsdras
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?amejd₩4
&.aetdr
ha êstf vjsjõm hjvjmf ha ifs ftrj`u-
ejdmas rafias, trfhjejdmfikamta fsd-
ejfhf f ids kdmfrefs eftõijeds ha if
Aurdpf hai `frrded, sa ameuamtrfm Ids
prdtastfmtas Iutard y Efivjmd, qua
tfk`jêm prdpugmfrdm if d`ahjamejf
pfsjvf.
f`stame jdmjskd
Camõkamd efrfeta-
rjzfhd pdr if fusamejf ha pfrtjej-
pfejõm am ai æk`jtd pdiëtjed euyf
kfmjcastfejõm kæs nf`jtufi as ai md
aoarejejd hai haraend fi vdtd*.
feedumtf`j i j ty
(ramhjkjamtd ha euam-
tfs). Ha`ar ha raspdmhar, fmta umf
futdrjhfh axtarmf, pdr If edmhuetf
rafijzfhf am ai aoarejejd ha cumejdmas
pÿ`ijefs. Fumqua as pdsj`ia nf`ifr
ha
feedumtf`j i j ty
oarærqujef, qua as
if axjstamta amtra um urõerftf y su
suparjdr, as nf`jtufi rasarvfr ai têr-
kjmd pfrf If avfiufejõm qua ai aiae-
tdrfhd nfea ha sus raprasamtfmtas y
if qua êstds nfeam ha ids kjmjstrds.
Ha naend, am um kfred edmstjtuejd-
mfi, sa jmstjtuejdmfijzf ai edmtrdi pfr-
ifkamtfrjd* sd`ra ai gd`jarmd qua,
am hakderfejfs md prasjhamejfijstfs,
puaha supdmar su hastjtuejõm fi gd-
zfr ai õrgfmd iagjsiftjvd ha umf Ia-
gjtjkjhfh hakderætjef kæs hjraetf.
Fumqua ai edmeaptd puaha hasjgmfr
if axjstamejf ha jmstrukamtds ha eam-
surf qua prdhueam edmsaeuamejfs ou-
rëhjefs, as aspaejfikamta ÿtji eufmhd
sa fpijef f if sjtufejõm pdr if qua um
pdhar d fgamta ha êsta, qua sa sf`a
sdkatjhd f axfkam erëtjed, tjama ai
ha`ar ha axpijefr sus fetufejdmas fmta
um raquarjkjamtd ha if dpdsjejõm y
astæ hjspuastd f fsukjr raspdmsf`j-
ijhfhas. If raejamta prdijcarfejõm ha
fgamejfs fhkjmjstrftjvfs futõmdkfs
y drgfmjskds pÿ`ijeds jmhapamhjam-
tas, têdrjefkamta gujfhds pdr erj-
tarjds têemjeds, nf kdhjcjefhd ids
trfhjejdmfias jmstrukamtds ha ramhj-
kjamtd ha euamtfs, qua nfm parhjhd
pfrta ha su mfturfiazf pdiëtjef.
fhkjmjstrfe jõm
Drgfmjzfejõm ha ra-
eursds kftarjfias, aedmõkjeds y nu-
kfmds f trfvês ha if eufi um pdhar
iiavf f ef`d su fetufejõm. Ai têrkj-
md as fpijef`ia f eufiqujar amtrfkf-
hd ha grfmhas hjkamsjdmas qua ma-
easjta ha fpdyd Idgëstjed pard, am at
iamgufoa edkÿm, as sjmõmjkd ha fh-
kjmjstrfejõm pÿ`ijef. Êstf edmsjsta
am if astrueturf hai pdhar aoaeutj-
vd*, su`drhjmfhf fi gd`jarmd*, qua
tjama if kjsjõm ha eddrhjmfr a jkpia-
kamtfr ifs pdiëtjefs pÿ`ijefs. Fumqua
am if præetjef if fhkjmjstrfejõm md
sa ijkjtf f if karf gastjõm mautrfi
ha Id haejhjhd pdr ai gd`jarmd y ai
pfrifkamtd, axjsta umf hjstjmejõm
edmeaptufi y cdrkfi qua ijkjtf ai
æk`jtd ha if pdiëtjef f hjenfs jms-
tfmejfs, edkd õrgfmds edm supuas-
td kfrgam pfrf jmeiujr pracaramejfs
jhadiõgjefs y eæieuids ha dpdrtumj-
hfh am sus haejsjdmas.
F pfrtjr hai sjgid pfsfhd sa nf jhd
hasfrrdiifmhd am ifs sdejahfhas fvfm-
zfhfs umf edkpiaof y acjefz drgfmj-
zfejõm fhkjmjstrftjvf qua, sagÿm ai
kdhaid wa`arjfmd, ha`arëf edmtfr
edm umf urderfejf* rfejdmfijzfhf y
cumejdmfr sagÿm ids prjmejpjds mdr-
kfijzfhds ha eddrhjmfejõm, hasedm-
eamtrfejõm y oarfrquëf. Asta ÿitjkd
as ai qua, pfrfhõojefkamta, parkjta
nfear edkpftj`ia if astrueturf y ai
cumejdmfkjamtd fhkjmjstrftjvds edm
if hakderfejf, yf qua If raspdmsf`j-
ijhfh ÿitjkf ha if gastjõm pÿ`ijef
raefa am tds oacas suparjdras ha efhf
hapfrtfkamtd, d kjmjstrds*, y êstds
së puaham sar edmtrdifhds pdr ai pfr-
ifkamtd. Fhakæs, if ejamejf ha if fh-
kjmjstrfejõm* pratamha nfear f êstf
kæs acjejamta y earefmf edm muavfs
têemjefs qua, fumqua kfmtamgfm ids
rfsgds eiæsjeds jkprasejmhj`ias edkd
as ai prdeahjkjamtd ragifhd d ai edm-
trdi. ouhjejfi, rahuzefm ifs rjgjhaeas
hai haraend pÿ`ijed y sa drjamtam fi
ejuhfhfmd edkd eijamta d usufrjd.
Am If fhkjmjstrfejõm pÿ`ijef sa hjs-
tjmgua, am prjkar iugfr, amtra ai sae-
tdr kjijtfr y fquêi qua md tjama pdr
cjmfijhfh if hacamsf hai Astfhd. Ham-
trd ha asta ÿitjkd puaham hjcaram-
ejfrsa, f su vaz, mjvaias vartjefias
qua, sagÿm saf if drhamfejõm hai ta-
rrjtdrjd, hfm iugfr f ifs fhkjmjstrf-
ejdmas eamtrfi, idefi y, am tds pfësas
haseamtrfijzfhds, if ragjdmfi. Fha-
kæs, am efhf umd ha astds mjvaias as
praejsd hjstjmgujr ids õrgfmds eam-
trfias hai saetdr parjcêrjed, qua dpa-
rf am su`æk`jtds tarrjtdrjfias. Rdr
ÿitjkd, sa hjcaramejf if fhkjmjstrf-
ejõm gamarfi ha if jmstjtuejdmfi, jm-
tagrfhf pdr drgfmjskds futõmdkds
y dtrfs fgamejfs aoaeutjvfs edm par-
sdmfijhfh ourëhjef prdpjf f ids qua
sa fsjgmf ai aoarejejd ha cumejdmas
aspaeëcjefs am hatarkjmfhds sarvj-
ejds pÿ`ijeds, edkd sfmjhfh, sagurj-
hfh sdejfi d edkumjefejdmas. If
hasraguifejõm* nf iiavfhd jmeiusd f
hasijgfr ejartds õrgfmds ha if supar-
vjsjõm gu`armfkamtfi (Ids iifkfhds
qufmgds)
qua sa amefrgfm ha gas-
tjdmfr ejartfs kftarjfs, edkd if pd-
iëtjef kdmatfrjf d if `disf, edm if
edmsjgujamta iagjtjkjhfh têemjef y
ai rjasgd ha qua sa hjcjeuita if
fe-
edumtf`ji jty*
pdiëtjef.
fgamhf satt jmg (cjofejõm hai «drham
hai hëf¼). Atfpf jmjejfi hai prdeasd
ha aif`drfejõm ha pdiëtjefs pÿ`ij-
efs*, pravjf f if cfsa ha tdkf ha ha -
ejsjdmas, am if qua um pdhar saiae-
ejdmf, y eifsjcjef pdr su jkpdrtfmejf,
ifs euastjdmas qua axjgam um axf-
kam y umf raspuastf pdiëtjef. If ef-
pfejhfh pfrf edmtrdifrif edmcjara
grfm jmciuamejf pdiëtjef yf qua ifs
jmstjtuejdmas ha gd`jarmd fetÿfm ha
cdrkf astrueturfhf f`drhfmhd sõid
ids fsumtds qua cjgurfm am if
fgamhf
y, fhakæs, ha feuarhd edm ai drham
ha prjdrjhfh cjofhd.
fgamta aiaetdrfi
Jmhjvjhud qua, ham-
trd ha um pfrtjhd pdiëtjed, sa deupf
ha ifs tfrafs ha kdvjijzfejõm ha ids
pdsj`ias vdtfmtas pfrf dptjkjzfr ai
rasuitfhd aiaetdrfi ha su grupd. Uu
fetjvjhfh sa oustjcjef pdr if maeasj-
hfh ha eu`rjr hjstjmtfs cumejdmas
vjmeuifhfs f astfs edmvdeftdrjfs, am-
tra ifs qua hastfef ai edmtrdi ha ifs
aiaeejdmas* ai hëf edmeratd am qua
êstfs sa iiavfm f ef`d. Ids jmtarvam-
tdras y ids fpdharfhds sdm fgamtas
aiaetdrfias hasjgmfhds pdr ids pfr-
tjhds pdiëtjeds edm if cjmfijhfh ha
edkprd`fr ai mdrkfi hasfrrdiid ha if
8/10/2019 Conceptos fundamentales de Ciencia Política
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jek
pfi t ef
futdrjhfh
vdtæejõm y edmtrdifr prasamejfikam-
ta ai prdeasd.
fgj tfejõm pdi ë t jef
Fetjvjhfh pdiëtj-
ef tamhamta f jmciujr am if edmejam-
ejf y if hjspdsjejõm ha grfmhas kf-
sfs nukfmfs k ahjfmta if hjcusjõm ha
hatarkjmfhfs jhafs y sdiuejdmas pd-
iëtjefs. Ai iamgufoa iamjmjstf hasjgmf
fsë f umd ha Ids tras grfhds ha if pd-
iêkjef jhadiõgjef, oumtd edm ai trf-
`fod taõrjed y If prdpfgfmhf*.
fttd efrgd
Hamdkjmfejõm qua raej-
`am tds puastds ha hasjgmfejõm pd-
iëtjef y qua edmaetfm ai gd`jarmd
edm if fhkjmjstrfejõm* fi edk`jmfr-
sa, am qujamas ids hasakpaöfm, If
edkpatamejf prdcasjdmfi saetdrjfi y
if raifejõm ha edmcjfmzf edm ids kj-
mjstrds* qua Ids mdk`rfm. Am Aspf-
öf, hdmha astf eftagdrëf as pfrtjeu-
ifrkamta fkpijf, sa jmeiuyam am aiif
qujamas dstamtfm rfmgd ha saeratf-
rjd ha Astfhd, su`saeratfrjd d hj-
raetdr gamarfi. F pfrtjr ha fnë, ids
puastds sdm taõrjefkamta deupfhds
pdr cumejdmfrjds sagÿm erjtarjds as-
trjetds ha kêrjtd y efpfejhfh.
fmfredsjmhjefijskd
Hdetrjmf edmed-
kjtfmta edm ai fmfrqujskd* qua md
raenfzf, f hjcaramejf ha ifs edmeap-
ejdmas astrjetfs ha êsta, If fetjvjhfh
pdiëtjef. Ua efrfetarjzf pdr drgfmj-
zfrsa am sjmhjeftds, edkd sustjtutj-
vds cumejdmfias ha ids pfrtjhds, y
prdpugmf if ediaetjvjzfejõm, if nuai-
gf ravdiuejdmfrjf y if feejõm hjraetf,
qua puaha edmiiavfr if utjijzfejõm ha
if vjdiamejf edmtrf ai Astfhd. Xuvd
ejartd prdtfgdmjskd am Crfmejf y As-
pföf hurfmta ai prjkar tarejd hai sj-
gid xjx pard ndy sõid edmsarvf figÿm
vjgdr am Fkêrjef Iftjmf.
fmfrqujskd Hdetrjmf cumhfkamtfhf
am ai edmeaptd ha fmfrquëf edkd
fusamejf ha futdrjhfh d ha gd`jarmd.
Md nfy umf ÿmjef edmeapejõm fmfr-
qujstf puas euamtf edm kuy hjvarsds
taõrjeds (Rrduhndm, @flumjm, Lrd-
pdtljm), pard së axjstam umds këmj-
kds rfsgds edkumas. Ai hasad ha
f`dijr ai Astfhd, ai kêtdhd futdgas-
tjdmfrjd, ifs vjsjdmas utõpjefs*, if
ij`artfh edkd katf jmhjvjhufi y ai
raenfzd f if raijgjõm y f ifs kftarjf-
ijzfejdmas deejhamtfias, sdm figumfs
ha sus saöfs ha jhamtjhfh.
AI fmfrqujskd drjgjmfrjd amtrdmef
edm ai pamsfkjamtd sdejfijstf pdr ai
hasad edkpfrtjhd ha f`dijejõm ha if
prdpjahfh prjvfhf, prjmejpjd jmspjrf-
hdr hai agdëskd nukfmd y, pdr tfm-
td, cfetdr haejsjvd am If axpidtfejõm
ha umf eifsa pdr dtrf. Ujm ak`frgd,
ai fmfrqujskd md edkpfrta edm ai
kfrxjskd if utjijzfejõm hai Astfhd
edkd jmstrukamtd ha jmtarkahjf-
ejõm am ai efkjmd nfejf umf sdeja-
hfh oustf y dptf, am efk`jd, pdr if
cdrkfejõm ha õrhamas ediaetjvds ha
edmvjvamejf y pdr ai fpdyd kutud .
edkd kaodr drgfmjzfejõm ha If prd-
hueejõm. If Ij`artfh ha ids fmfrqujs-
tfs sa edmsjgua eufmhd if jgufihfh
ha ids jmhjvjhuds, y if sdijhfrjhfh
amtra aiids, sa edmsjguam sjm jkpd-
sjejdmas axtarmfs frtjcjejfias. Fumqua
if jhaf ha fmfrqujskd nf sjhd usfhf
pdr If iifkfhf haraenf ij`artfrjf
pfrf hasjgmfr su ndstjijhfh fi Astfhd
jmtarvamejdmjstf, ai edmeaptd jkpij-
ef edmmdtfejdmas ediaetjvjzfhdrfs
qua, d`vjfkamta, md edkpfrtam ids
madij`arfias*.
fmham rêgjka
(Fmtjgud rêgjkam).
Edmoumtd ha astrueturfs sdejfias y
ha jmstjtuejdmas ourëhjed-pdiëtjefs f`-
sdiutjstfs* qua hdkjmfrdm am Aurdpf
nfstf ai trjumcd ha if `urguasëf am
ifs ravdiuejdmas ij`arfias.
frjstderfejf Edmeaptd qua tjama su
drjgam am if eifsjcjefejõm frjstdtêij-
ef ha ifs cdrkfs ha gd`jarmd y qua
hasjgmf fquêiif am qua ai aoarejejd
hai pdhar sa rafijzf pdr ids kaodras,
ids
frjstdj,
qua md fetÿfm pfrf sf-
tjscfear ai `amacjejd prdpjd, edkd su-
eahëf edm if dijgfrquëf*, sjmd am jm-
tarês ha tdhf if edkumjhfh. Fi edm-
sjharfr Frjstõtaias qua if prdpjahfh
sarvëf edkd jmhjejd pfrf hatarkjmfr
sus kjak`rds, ai têrkjmd sa fsdejõ
hasha um prjmejpjd f ifs eifsas kæs
puhjamtas.
futdhatarkjmfejõm
Rrjmejpjd cdrku-
ifhd am ai sjgid xvk, pfrf racarjrsa f
if ij`arfejõm hai jmhjvjhud, qua pds-
tarjdrkamta nf pfsfhd f hasjgmfr if
fspjrfejõm ha um grupd, qua sa frrd-
gf umf vdiumtfh hjstjmtf y sapfrfhf
edkd pua`id, f hatarkjmfr ediaetj-
vfkamta ai astftus pdiëtjed ha su ta-
rrjtdrjd edm raspaetd f If pdtamejf
qua Id fhkjmjstrf. Ids mfejdmfijs-
kds* parjcêrjeds rajvjmhjefm su fpij-
efejõm am raifejõm edm ids astfhds
f ids qua sa amcramtfm, sj `jam ai ra-
edmdejkjamtd jmtarmfejdmfi ha astf
hdetrjmf (am ifs rasdiuejdmas 6861 y
0301 ha if Fsfk`iaf Gamarfi ha if
DMQ)
sa nf edmaetfhd fi prdeasd ha
hasedidmjzfejõm jmjejfhd f kahjfhds
hai sjgid xx.
If fhkjsjõm ha asta haraend pfrf um
grupd jkpijef qua êsta hjspdma ha
umf sd`arfmëf* pdtamejfi ha cdrkf
qua, sj `jam su aoarejejd md supdma if
futdkætjef jmhapamhamejf, if futd-
hatarkjmfejõm astæ jmtrëmsaefkamta
drjamtfhf f if erafejõm ha muavds as-
tfhds. Ua fsakaof fi iifkfhd
prjmej-
p jd ha ifs mfe jdmfi jhfhas,
jmeiujhd
amtra ids 68 pumtds
cdrkuifhds pdr
ai prasjhamta mdrtafkarjefmd Wji-
sdm, pfrf hasgfofr ids jkparjds fia-
kæm, fustrd-numgfrd y dtdkfmd trfs
su harrdtf am if Rrjkarf Guarrf Kum-
hjfi. Md d`stfmta, asta prjmejpjd su-
`rfyf if maeasjhfh ha ednaramejf am-
tra drgfmjzfejõm astftfi y edkumjhfh
atmd-tarrjtdrjfi, kjamtrfs qua if futd-
hatarkjmfejõm nfea njmefpjê am if
fgragfejõm ha haejsjdmas parsdmf-
ias, id qua jkpijef um efræetar ha-
kderætjed qua vf fedkpföfhd ha
prd`iakfs præetjeds sj sa fpijef am
ærafs hdmha axjsta piurfijhfh ha
jhamtjhfhas mfejdmfias.
f u t d r j h f h
Ftrj`utd qua dtdrgf ai
haraend f qua umf parsdmf kfmtam-
gf umf raifejõm ha suparjdrjhfh sd-
`ra dtrfs su`drhjmfhfs. Xfk`jêm sa
edmdea fsë f if eufijhfh ha um drham
am vjrtuh ha if qua êsta sa eukp ia y,
am gamarfi, f if nf`jijhfh pfrf aoar-
ear fseamhamejf sd`ra um grupd.
If futdrjhfh edkd -tfi puaha kfmj-
castfrsa am æk`jtds hjvarsds edkd
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futdrjtfrjskd
if cfkjijf, ids grupds ha prasjõm d
Ids pfrtjhds, pard su kæs edmdejhf
kfmjcastfejõm sa hf am ai Astfhd. Am
êi, if futdrjhfh sa edmvjarta am um
raeursd hai pdhar* jmstjtuejdmfijzf-
hd qua sa uma jrrakahjf`iakamta fi
edmeaptd ha drham y fi samtjkjamtd
ha d`ijgfejõm ha d`ahjamejf qua
parkjta md jmvartjr ascuarzds am if
parsufsjõm mj raeurrjr f if cuarzf. If
iagjtjkjhfh* sd`ra if qua sa sdstja-
ma if futdrjhfh, qua puaha sar trf-
hjejdmfi, efrjskætjef d rfejdmfi, ha-
sfpfraea y havjama futdrjtfrjskd*
eufmhd ai grfhd ha hapamhamejf y
ha pdhar aoarejhd pdr umfs parsdmfs
sd`ra dtrfs sd`rapfsf ai iëkjta ha id
feaptf`ia.
futdrjtfrjskd
Eraamejf sagÿm if eufi
ai pdhar pÿ`ijed ha`a aoarearsa sjm
ftamhar f if fprd`fejõm qua raej`f
pdr pfrta ha ids gd`armfhds. Ha fnë
qua su fpijefejõm f um sjstakf pdië-
tjed sjrvf edkd sjmõmjkd ha hjetf-
hurf* d, kæs aucakëstjefkamta, pfrf
axprasfr su efræetar md hakderætj-
ed*, pdtamejfikamta fr`jtrfrjd y ra-
prasjvd ha if dpdsjejõm pdiëtjef. Md
d`stfmta, at têrkjmd nf fhqujrjhd
jkpdrtfmejf fmfiëtjef am if ejamejf
pdiëtjef fi nf`ar sjhd edmtrfpuastd
pdr Ijmz fi edmeaptd ha tdtfijtfrjs-
kd*.
F hjcaramejf ha êsta, um rêgjkam
futdrjtfrjd md euamtf edm umf cdr-
kuifejõm jhadiõgjef eifrfkamta ha-
tarkjmfhf sjmd qua sa fpdyf am edm-
eaptds fkpijds edkd drham d pftrjf.
Xfkpded astæ, am edmtrfsta edm Ids
sjstakfs tdtfijtfrjds, axeiusjvfkam-
ta sustamtfhd am um pfrtjhd ÿmjed,
sjmq kæs `jam am If `urderfejf y ai
aoêrejtd. Fhakæs, efraea hai hasad d
if efpfejhfh ha prdkdvar edmstfm-
takamta kdvjijzfejdmas kfsjvfs ha
fpdyd y, fumqua md axjsta hjvjsjõm
ha pdharas mj edmtrdi fi gd`jarmd,
sa parkjta ejartd piurfijskd ijkjtf-
hd. Astd sjgmjcjef qua md sa raprjka
f if sdejahfh ejvji pdrqua, sj `jam md
sa prdtagam ifs ij`artfhas jmhjvjhuf-
ias, sa tdiarf if fetjvjhfh aedmõkjef
y raijgjdsf ha ejartds grupds.
`anfvjdur fi ) jsk
vêfsa edmhuetj-
(vj)skd.
`jefkarfijskd
Kêtdhd usufi ha dr-
gfmjzfejõm hai pfrifkamtd* pdr ai
qua êsta sa hjvjha am hds eækfrfs d
fsfk`iafs qua pratamham raprasamtfr
f if edkumjhfh pdiëtjef ha feuarhd
edm kæs ha um kdhaid. F astf as-
trueturf sa ia ftrj`uya um sasgd edm-
sarvfhdr fi nf`ar sjhd jmjejfikamta
prdkdvjhf pdr ai edmstjtuejdmfijskd
ij`arfi pfrf u`jefr am ifs iifkfhfs
eækfrfs fitfs (f kamuhd `futjzfhfs
edkd samfhd*) f prõearas qua kd-
harfsam ai supuastd rfhjefijskd ha-
kderætjed akfmfhd ha ifs eækfrfs
`fofs. Fetufikamta ai `jefkarfijskd
astæ aspaejfikamta oustjcjefhd am
Ids efsds ha sdejahfhas edkpiaofs y
sjstakfs caharfias edkd umf cdrkf
jhõmaf pfrf hdtfr ha gfrfmtëf jmstj-
tuejdmfi, cramta f umf njpdtêtjef tj-
rfmëf ha if kfydrëf astftfi, f ifs pa-
euijfrjhfhas ragjdmfias d euiturfias.
Am efsds edkd ai jtfijfmd, hdmha md
sa pratamha frtjeuifr ai piurfijskd
atmd-tarrjtdrjfi sjmd ai jhadiõgjed, sa
hacjamha ai jefkarfijskd cumhfhd
sd`ra hjstjmtds sjstakfs aiaetdrfias?
kfydrjtfrjd y prdpdrejdmfi.
Eufmhd ids hds õrgfmds pfrifkamtf-
rjds gdzfm ha if kjskf futdrjhfh aI
trf`fod sa drgfmjzf sagÿm umf hjstrj-
`uejõm edkpatamejfi edkd if axjs-
tamta am Fiakfmjf< y sj fk`fs eækf-
rfs edmdeam ha ids kjskds fsumtds,
edkd sueaha am ids Astfhds Qmjhds,
pdr kahjd ha edkjsjdmas kjxtfs qua
trftfm ha suparfr ids hasfeuarhds.
Md d`stfmta, ai `jefkarfijskd suaia
ftamufrsa dtdrgfmhd kfydr prdtfgd-
mjskd f Ifs eækfrfs `fofs pdr rfzd-
mas ha acjefejf d ha iagjtjkjhfh ha-
kderætjef (am ai efsd ha qua if fitf
tamgf raprasamtfmtas md hjraetfkam-
ta aiagjhds, edkd am Efmfhæ, d ha-
sjgmfhds am ftamejõm f haraends na-
rahjtfrjds, edkd am Grfm @ratföf). Am
cfvdr hai `jefkarfijskd sa frgukam-
tf qua if hd`ia iaeturf ha ifs kjskfs
euastjdmas nfea pdsj`ia um parcaeejd-
mfkjamtd têemjed, jmtamsjcjef ai edm-
trdi pdiëtjed sd`ra ai aoaeutjvd y, am
hatarkjmfhfs defsjdmas, puaha supd-
mar um racdrzfkjamtd ha if axprasjõm
ha if vdiumtfh gamarfi. Am su edmtrf,
sa asgrjka If rfiamtjzfejõm hai prdea-
sd iagjsiftjvd y ai fukamtd ha ifs erj-
sjs pdiëtjefs f qua puaha hfr iugfr am
efsd ha edmcijetd amtra ifs eækfrfs.
`dienavjskd
Mdk`ra qua raej`a ai
edkumjskd* rusd f p frtjr ha ids edm-
60
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`dmfpfrt
j
skd
grasds am ai axjijd qua sa eaia`rfrdm
am @rusaifs y Idmhras hurfmta Ids
prjkards föds hai sjgid xx. Am ifs
vdtfejdmas fiië ragjstrfhfs, ids pfr-
tjhfrjds ha Iamjm* d`tuvjardm if kf-
ydrëf
(`dienavjqua),
cramta f if cfe-
ejõm kdharfhf kjmdrjtfrjf (d
kam-
enavjqua),
qua edmcdrkõ f pfrtjr ha
amtdmeas su grupd fmtfgdmjstf. AI
`dienavjskd prdpugmõ if drgfmjzf-
ejõm eamtrfijzfhf hai pfrtjhd y if ra-
vdiuejõm, f asefif kumhjfi, efpfz ha
fmtjejpfr If rafijzfejõm ha ifs iayas
kfrxjstfs hai hasfrrdiid njstõrjed.
Qmf vaz am ai pdhar, hagama rõ am If
hjetfhurf sdvjêtjef qua iiagõ f sar
tdtfijtfrjf hurfmta ai parëdhd astfij-
mjstf*.
`dmfpfrt jskd
Astjid pdiëtjed pdpu-
ijstf, prfetjefhd pdr ids hds akparf-
hdras Mfpdiaõm, qua tuvd mukardsds
pfrtjhfrjds amtra ids paquaöds tarrf-
tamjamtas, ids efkpasjmds y ids d`ra-
rds crfmeasas hai sjgid xjx. As if var-
sjõm kdharmf hai easfrjskd* edkd
cdrkf ha gd`jarmd y edmsjsta am umf
hjetfhurf* parsdmfi iagjtjkfhf pdr
pia`jsejtds. Hdetrjmfikamta sa dpd-
ma ft f`sdiutjskd* pard prdpugmf
um Astfhd axpfmsjdmjstf, fpdyfhd
am if cuarzf kjijtfr y if jhadidgëf
mfejdmfijstf edmsarvfhdrf. Rfrf ai
kfrxjskd edmstjtuya um aoakpid ha
axeapejõm fi aedmdkjejskd yf qua
kuastrf if raiftjvf efpfejhfh qua
tjama if pdiëtjef pfrf avjtfr ai surgj-
kjamtd ha If edmejamejf ha eifsa.
`urderfejf
Xêrkjmd qua
nf trfseam-
hjhd
su,sjgmjcjefhd ijtarfi,
gd`jarmd
k r
ha ids cumejdmfrjds, pfrf racarjrsa f
kuy hjvarsds camõkamds. Qsfhd jk-
prdpjfkamta edkd sjmõmjkd ha fh-
kjmjstrfejõm* d ha tdhd tjpd ha dr-
gfmjzfejõm edkpiaof, tjama umf edm-
mdtfejõm paydrftjvf am ai iamgufoa
edtjhjfmd qua fiuha f if fhkjmjstrf-
ejõm iamtf a jmacjefz. Ujm ak`frgd,
sagÿm Kfx Wa`ar, ai kdhaid urd-
erætjed as fquai tjpd jhafi hdmha sa
kfxjkjzf if acjejamejf ha if drgfmj-
zfejõm grfejfs f qua axjstam ragifs
gamarfias y f`strfetfs, prdeahjkjam-
tds astfmhfrjzfhds, hjvjsjõm rfejdmfi
hai trf`fod, hasparsdmfijzfejõm y oa-
rfrquëf. Uus kjak`rds gdzfm ha edm-
tjmujhfh fi nf`ar sjhd raeiutfhds pdr
kêrjtd y efpfejhfh f pfrtjr ha edm-
eursds edkpatjtjvds. Ai kdhaid `urd-
erætjed as fsë ai kæs iagëtjkd y ai qua
kæs sa nf gamarfijzfhd, fumqua md
astæ axamtd ha jmacjejamejfs edkd ifs
qua surgam fi axfear`frsa If pradeu-
pfejõm pdr ai astrjetd sagujkjamtd ha
ids edmtrdias prdeahjkamtfias eamtrf-
hds am If ijtarfijhfh ha if iay.
Rfrf if ejamejf ha If fhkjmjstrfejõm*
if `urderfejf tfk`jêm puaha sar um
edmeaptd mautrfi qua amgid`f, ijkj-
tæmhdsa qujzæs f if êijta ha Ids kjs-
kds, f ids cumejdmfrjds pÿ`ijeds. Fi
racarjrsa f qujamas hjrjgam if gastjõm
pÿ`ijef pdr su eufijcjefejõm têemjef
y md pdr if aiaeejõm pdpuifr, ids as-
tuhjds sd`ra if `urderfejf sa fearefm
f if atjkdidgëf ha if pfif`rf, edkd
pdhar am ids haspfends. As haejr, sa
trftf ha fmfijzfr nfstf quê pumtd ai
`urõerftf, am tadrëf kard aoaeutdr
mautrfi y prdcasjdmfi ha ifs haejsjd-
mas pdiëtjefs, jmciuya am ifs kjskfs
f trfvês hai fsasdrfkjamtd d If hjs-
eraejdmfijhfh am if jkpiakamtfejõm.
Md d`stfmta, tfk`jêm karaea sar fmf-
ijzfhd ai camõkamd edmtrfrjd ha pd-
ijtjzfejõm ha if `urderfejf, pdr ka-
hjd ha raiavds gamarfijzfhds amtra ids
cumejdmfrjds qua quahfm fsë rahuej-
hds f kard `dtëm aiaetdrfi (spdjis-
systak).
Ai kdhaid eiæsjed ha sapfrfejõm am-
tra pdiëtjef y fhkjmjstrfejõm puaha
sarvjr pfrf Ifs haejsjdmas axeapejd-
mfias, aiaetdrfias d erëtjefs, pard md
am ifs kjerdhaejsjdmas rutjmfrjfs
hdmha if urderfejf suaia sar futõ-
E
rfeje
mdkf d, fi kamds, jmtarfetjvf edm ai
pfrifkamtd y gd`jarmd. Fsë surga su
nf`jtufi fijfmzf, am ids iifkfhds
pd -
i jey-matwdrls*,
edm ids pdharas pÿ-
`ijeds y tds pfrtjeuifras jmtarasfhds
am um hatarkjmfhd saetdr ha if gas-
tjõm pdiëtjef. Fhakæs, edkd fhvjar-
tam Mjslfmam y dtrds futdras madij-
`arftas, if `urderfejf trftf ha jmciujr
am ai fukamtd hai tfkföd ha If prd-
pjf fhkjmjstrfejõm pÿ`ijef. Astf drjam-
tfejõm fi eraejkjamtd as prdpjf ha
um fetdr agdëstf rfejdmfi, puas fsë
ids fitds efrgds* edmsjguam um kfydr
prdtfgdmjskd.
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rtjsk
efe jqujskd Cdrkf pfrtjeuifr am qua
sa kfmjcjastf ai eijamtaijskd pdiëtj-
ed* am ifs sdejahfhas rurfias edm
pded mjvai ha hasfrrdiid a jmstrue-
ejõm. Ua efrfetarjzf pdr if edmtjmuf-
hf jmciuamejf ha umf dijgfrquëf id-
efi, edmcdrkfhf pdr umds Iëharas d
efejquas (sagÿm if vdz efrj`aöf),
qua hasfrrdiif fetjvjhfhas pdiëtjefs y
fhkjmjstrftjvfs sjm astfr hdtfhf ha
jmvastjhurf ourëhjef figumf.
Uu prjmejpfi kfmjcastfejõm sa prd-
huod am Aspföf hurfmta ai parëdhd
ha if
Pastfurfejõm efmd v j s tf (amtra
6>78 y 6:05), eufmhd if eaia`rfejõm
ha aiaeejdmas supuastfkamta hakd-
erætjefs quahf`f hasvjrtufhf pdr if
jmciuamejf ha astds parsdmfoas sd`ra
ids vdtfmtas. F prjmejpjds ha sjgid if
kdmfrquëf edmstjtuejdmfi Iiagõ f
feaptfr ai sucrfgjd umjvarsfi sj `jam,
pfrf qua êsta md hastruyarf ai turmd
pfeëcjed
amtra ids pfrtjhds ij`arfi y
edmsarvfhdr, sa jhafrdm hjvarsfs cõr-
kuifs ha kfmjpuifejõm ha Ifs vdtf-
ejdmas. Fsë, astfs cdrkfejdmas `ur-
guasfs, qua efraeëfm ha sdstêm pdr
pfrta ha ifs kfsfs, hjspdmëfm am ifs
zdmfs rurfias ha parsdmfijhfhas ha
prastjgjd qua sa amefrgf`fm ha «fedm-
saofr¼ f sus vaejmds, «jmcdrkfmhd¼
ha ifs efmhjhfturfs kæs edmvamjam-
tas y prakjfmhd ha figumf kfmarf ai
eukpijkjamtd ha ifs edmsjgmfs. Ai
efejqujskd am ifs ejuhfhas y zdmfs
d`rarfs arf d`vjfkamta kæs hjcjeji
pard tfk`jêm sa ragjstrfrdm fetuf-
ejdmas ha rasuitfhd fsjkjif`ia edkd
sd`drmds, eamsds aiaetdrfias hacae-
tudsds y prdkdejõm ha if f`stam-
ejõm.
efkpföf aiaetdrfi
Edmoumtd ha fe-
ejdmas edkumjeftjvfs qua sa iiavfm f
ef`d am ai parjdhd pravjd f ifs
aiae-
ejdmas y qua tjamam edkd d`oatjvd if
hjcusjõm ha ifs prdpuastfs pdiëtjefs
ha Ids efmhjhftds ha ids pfrtjhds y
if sdijejtuh hjraetf hai vdtd. Ids jms-
trukamtds utjijzfhds sa nfm jhd fous-
tfmhd fi prdgrasd njstõrjed ha ifs
cdrkfs ha axprasjõm pdiëtjef y, fsë,
ids këtjmas pÿ`ijeds y efrtaias nfm
sjhd sustjtujhds am jkpdrtfmejf y
prasamejf pdr ids kahjds ha edkumj-
efejõm ha kfsfs, if edkumjefejõm
taiacõmjef hjraetf d ai edrrad.
efpjtfi j skd Kdhd ha prdhueejõm y
rêgjkam aedmõkjed-sdejfi surgjhd
am ai kumhd deejhamtfi trfs tdhd um
prdeasd njstõrjed ha feukuifejõm ha
efpjtfi qua euikjmõ edm ai trjumcd
ha if Pavdiuejõm Jmhustrjfi. If avd-
iuejõm jmjejfhf am ai sjgid xjrr, am
tdrmd f if erafejõm ha fsdejfejdmas
edkarejfias amtra ifs qua hastfef if
Ijgf Nfmsaætjef, njzd pdsj`ia if edm-
eamtrfejõm ha raeursds cjmfmejards,
if aspaejfijzfejõm am ai trf`fod y if
axtamsjõm ha ids karefhds. Fhakæs,
f pfrtjr hai sjgid xvuj, ids fvfmeas
taemdiõgjeds parkjtjardm ai pfsd hai
tfiiar f if cæ`rjef y if trfmscdrkfejõm
kaefmjzfhf ha ifs kftarjfs prjkfs
am prdhuetds kfmucfeturfhds jhõ-
mads pfrf edkarejfijzfrsa.
Ai efpjtfijskd edmsjsta, æsjefkam-
ta, am um sjstakf ha drgfmjzfejõm
aedmõkjef qua prdkuava if rjquazf
prjvfhf y if edkpatamejf am ai kar-
efhd amtra hjstjmtfs akprasfs. Ids
prdpjatfrjds ha êstfs sa fprdpjfm ha
ids ramhjkjamtds, d piusvfiëfs, gama-
rfhds ft edk`jmfr ids efp jtfias cësjed,
nukfmd y kdmatfrjd qua sa akpiafm
am if prdhueejõm. Astf saeuamejf def-
sjdmf fijamfejõm am ids trf`fofhdras
akpiafhds pdr id qua, figumds föds
haspuês ha qua ai efpjtfijskd akar-
gjarf, ai edmeaptd y su mfturfiazf
cuardm aif`drfhds ha cdrkf erëtjef
pdr ai kfrxjskd*.
Rdr su pfrta, Fhfk Ukjtn sa suaia
edmsjharfr ai prjkar taõrjed qua ha-
cjamha ai kdhaid fi nf`ar prdpugmfhd
ifs `dmhfhas hai Ij`ra edkarejd (cram-
ta fi prdtaeejdmjskd) y hai
if jssaz-
cfjra
(cramta fi hjrjgjskd astftfi).
Fumqua êstds cuardm ids jmgrahjamtas
ha if axjtdsf jmhustrjfijzfejõm jmgia-
sf, am ai rastd ha Aurdpf sa hasfrrd-
iiõ um efpjtfijskd pifmjcjefhd pdr ai
prdpjd Astfhd y fpdyfhd am kdmdpd-
ijds a jmstjtuejdmas cjmfmejarfs.
Am fk`ds efsds, ai sjstakf `amacj-
ejõ f umfs rastrjmgjhfs eifsas `urgua-
sfs qua gfrfmtjzfrdm su hasfrrdiid
fedkpföæmhdid hai astf`iaejkjamtd
ha jmstjtuejdmas pdiëtjefs ij`arfias*.
If hakderftjzfejõm pdstarjdr ha astds
ragëkamas parkjtjõ if pfrtjejpfejõm
am ai gd`jarmd ha grupds pdiëtjeds
qua, fi astfr prdkdvjhds pdr ids trf-
`fofhdras qua sa samtëfm parouhjef-
hds pdr ai hasfrrdiid hai efpjtfijskd,
sa dpdmëfm f êi d hakfmhf`fm su ra-
cdrkf. Astf vjmeuifejõm edm if hakd-
erfejf md as, am tdhd efsd, mdrkf ga-
marfi y, ha naend, nf sjhd craeuamta
qua hjstjmtds jkpuisds efpjtfijstfs am
Fkêrjef Iftjmf d Axtrakd Drjamta sa
nfyfm edmaetfhd f hjetfhurfs.
Ai efpjtfijskd hai sjgid xx nf sucrjhd
trfmscdrkfejdmas am raifejõm edm ai
kdhaid drjgjmfrjd, pard astfs kftj-
zfejdmas, qua sdm edmsaeuamejf ha
if raguifejõm jmtrdhuejhf pdr gd`jar-
mds jmtarvamejdmjstfs, nfm edmsaguj-
hd qua sa jkpdmgf f su sasgd ij`arfi
drjgjmfrjd. Ai sjstakf, sagÿm saöfifm
sus erëtjeds, edmhuea f if hasjgufi-
hfh pard, Iaods ha sueuk`jr f edmsa-
euamejf ha Ifs tamsjdmas jmnaramtas
f if kjskf, nf iiagfhd f `fsfr am aiif
su êxjtd edkd kdhaid. Am If fetuf-
ijhfh, y ha cdrkf pfrfiaif fi fpfram-
ta crfefsd ha ifs aedmdkëfs fitarmf-
tjvfs, sa fsjsta f umf muavf cfsa hai
hasfrrdiid efpjtfijstf qua astæ kfr-
efhf pdr if hasraguifejõm* y ai prd-
tfgdmjskd ha ifs fvfmzfhfs taiaed-
kumjefejdmas d if jmcdrkætjef.
efrtjskd
Kdvjkjamtd pdiëtjed racdr-
kjstf prdkdvjhd pdr ifs eifsas trf-
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`fofhdrfs jmgiasfs qua ha`a su ha-
mdkjmfejõm f if iifkfhf
Efrtf hai
pua`id
ha 6>5>. Asta hdeukamtd,
qua pratamhëf if kaodrf hai amtdm-
eas ijkjtfhd haraend ha vdtd, sdijej-
tf`f at astf`iaejkjamtd hai sucrfgjd
umjvarsfi y saeratd, if suprasjõm hai
eartjcjefhd ha prdpjahfh pfrf sar
aiagj`ia, If jmkumjhfh pfrifkamtf-
rjf, If ijkjtfejõm takpdrfi ha ifs Ia-
gjsifturfs y if aijkjmfejõm hacjmjtjvf
ha ids iifkfhds
rdttam `drdugns*.
eften-fii pfrtas
(pfrtjhds ftræpfidtd-
hd).
Xêrkjmd edm ai qua Ljrennajkar
hamdkjmf f ids pfrtjhds qua tjamam
edrmd d`oatjvd prjdrjtfrjd if `ÿsqua-
hf hai kfydr fpdyd aiaetdrfi pdsj`ia
sjm pradeupfrsa pdr ai mÿkard ha
kjijtfmtas fetjvds. Ha astf kfmarf,
sa kfrgjmf tdtfikamta eufiqujar pd-
sjejdmfkjamtd jhadidgjzfhd u drjam-
tfhd f um grupd sdejfi edmeratd, y
sa tjamha f deupfr ifs pdsjejdmas kd-
harfhfs hai eamtrd hdmha as pdsj`ia
d`tamar kæs vdtds.
eamt rd
Q`jefejõm jhadiõgjef am ai
aspaetrd pdiëtjed qua sa hacjma edkd
jmtarkahjf am raifejõm edm ids pd-
ids edkÿmkamta edmdejhds edkd jz-
qujarhf* y haraenf*. Ai astuhjd ha Ids
sjstakfs pdiëtjeds, y aspaejfikamta
ai fmæijsjs ha Hdwms, nf edmstftf-
hd if tamhamejf ha ids ejuhfhfmds f
pdsjejdmfrsa am ai eamtrd jhadiõgjed
euyd edmtamjhd edmeratd, ft hacjmjr-
sa am raifejõm edm ai edmtaxtd, vfrëf
amtra pdsjejdmas kæs prdgrasjstfs d
edmsarvfhdrfs. Am tdhd efsd, ifs cuar-
zfs pdiëtjefs euyd d`oatjvd prjmejpfi
as kfxjkjzfr ids fpdyds aiaetdrfias
tjamham f fpdharfrsa hai hjseursd
kdharfhd y eamtrjstf.
Md d`stfmta, axjstam cdrkfejdmas pd-
iëtjefs axprasfkamta futdhamdkjmf-
hfs fsë qua suaiam fedgar jhadidgëfs
kjxtfs, edkd if hakõerftf-erjstjf-
mf*, d rasjhufias, edkd if Ij`arfi*.
Am dtrds efsds, ai têrkjmd as usfhd
pdr pfrtjhds edmsarvfhdras qua pra-
tamham nfear ftrfetjvd su kamsfoa
pdr kahjd ha umf atjquatf sjm edm-
mdtfejõm paydrftjvf y, cjmfikamta,
tfk`jêm sa nf prasamtfhd edkd sd-
iuejõm ha edkprdkjsd, mdrkfikamta
takpdrfi.
Astf ÿitjkf pdsj`jijhfh sa suaia raf-
ijzfr edm if cumejõm prjkdrhjfi ha
sfivfr sjstakfs pfrifkamtfrjds axea-
sjvfkamta pdifrjzfhds. Ha fnë qua
ifs êpdefs ha erjsjs pdiëtjed-jmstjtu-
ejdmfi, d ha cuartas efk`jds y am-
cramtfkjamtds sdejfias, sdm aspaejfi-
kamta prdpjejfs pfrf if edmcjgurf-
ejõm y hasfrrdiid ha pfrtjhds ha eam-
trd. Md d`stfmta, eufmhd ai pfrtjhd
as kuy natardgêmad d nfm hasfpf-
raejhd ifs edkamtfhfs ejreumstfmejfs
axeapejdmfias qua oustjcjefrdm su fpf-
rjejõm, as hjcjeji rafijzfr sëmtasjs feap-
tf`ias pfrf tdhds ids aiakamtds qua
id edkpdmam.
easfr jskd
Rræetjef pdiëtjef drjgjmf-
hf am Pdkf f pfrtjr ha if cjgurf ha
Efyd Ouijd Eêsfr. Edmsjsta `æsjefkam-
ta am if hacamsf ha um pdhar futdrj-
tfrjd efpfz ha drjiifr ids jmtarasas
pfrtjeuifras d ha grupd pfrf cfvdra-
ear if aoaeuejõm ha umf pdiëtjef qua
supuastfkamta `amacjejf f tdhf if
edkumjhfh. Cua hacjmjhf pdr Xde-
quavjiia y Wa`ar edkd fquaiif sjtuf-
ejõm am if qua if drgfmjzfejõm pdië-
tjef vf parhjamhd ifzds ha umjõm
jmtarkahjds amtra ai Astfhd y ai jm-
hjvjhud, fukamtfmhd fsë ai pdhar
hai prjkard qua as hjrjgjhd pdr hje-
tfhdras efrjskætjeds.
enfuvjmjskd
Axfitfejõm rajtarfhf ha
ids vfidras mfejdmfias qua, am def-
sjdmas, rahumhf am ai raenfzd d jm-
crfvfidrfejõm ha if euiturf d pdiëtjef
ha dtrds pua`ids. If utjijzfejõm hai
têrkjmd sa ha`a f If fsjk jifejõm qua
sa nf naend ha if fetjtuh y prjmej-
pjds hai kjijtfr crfmeês Mjediæs ha
Enfuvjm.
enaels fmh ` fifmeas
vêfsa
hjvjsjõm
ha pdharas.
e jame jf ha if fhk jmjstrfe jõm
Hjsej-
pijmf pdijtdiõgjef qua tjama f if fh-
kjmjstrfejõm* edkd d`oatd ha astuhjd
y qua sa sustamtf am If hjcaramejf-
ejõm, hurfmta ai prdeasd ha aif`d-
rfejõm ha pdiëtjefs pÿ`ijefs, amtra
haejsjõm pdiëtjef y gastjõm. Uus fm-
taeahamtas eiæsjeds sdm ids trf`fods
ha Kfx Wa`ar sd`ra if `urderfejf*
y, fumqua sa `fsf am Ifs tadrëfs sd-
ejdiõgjefs qua astuhjfm Ifs drgf-
mjzfejdmas am gamarfi, su fmæijsjs sa
edmeamtrf am if astrueturf fhkjmjs-
trftjvf qua parsjgua um jmtarês pÿ-
`ijed y efraea ha æmjkd Iuerftjvd.
Kjamtrfs am Aurdpf edmtjmamtfi su
hasfrrdiid nf astfhd astraenfkamta
vjmeuifhd fi haraend fhkjmjstrftjvd
y fi astuhjd ha if cumejõm pÿ`ijef, if
eiamei f pdtjt5ef
trfhjejõm fmgidsfodmf sa nf drjamtf-
hd kæs fi fmæijsjs y avfiufejõm ha
pdiëtjefs pÿ`ijefs* y f Ifs têemjefs
fpijefhfs ha
pu`i je kfmfgakamt
qua
sjrvjasam pfrf kaodrfr ids prdeasds
ha tdkf ha hae jsjdmas. Fhakæs, f cj-
mfias ha ids föds denamtf edkamzf-
rdm f hasfrrdiifrsa fmæijsjs qua fpij-
ef`fm f astf hjsejpijmf edmeaptds y
katdhdidgëf prdpjds hai
rft jdmfi
endjea y
qua hjardm iugfr f if iifkf-
hf tadrëf ha if aiaeejõm pÿ`ijef*.
If ejamejf ha if fhkjmjstrfejõm, oum-
td edm sus trfhjejdmfias d`oatds ha
astuhjd tfias edkd if njstdrjf y if
drgfmjzfejõm fhkjmjstrftjvfs, ifs ra-
ifejdmas jmtargu`armfkamtfias y ai
astuhjd ha if urderfejf, nf fkpijf-
hd su efkpd ha jmtarês f ids takfs
racarjhds f ifs trfmscdrkfejdmas hai
Astfhd. Ids efk`jds prdhuejhds pdr
if gid`fijzfejõm aedmõkjef y pdiëtj-
ef d`ijgfm f um muavd k dhaid ha gas-
tjõm pÿ`ijef am ai qua nfy qua «rajm-
vamtfr ai gd`jarmd¼ y nfearid edk-
pftj`ia edm if iõgjef hai karefhd.
Edkd edmsaeuamejf ha asf racdrkf
axjsta umf muavf drjamtfejõm y ids
fmtarjdras fspaetds cdrkfijstfs sa
sustjtuyam pdr um kfydr grfhd ha
haseamtrfijzfejõm, hasedmeamtrfejõm
y eddrhjmfejõm.
ejamejf pdiët jef
Æraf ha edmdejkjam-
td, hamtrd hai kæs fkpijd kfred ha
Ifs ejamejfs sdejfias, qua, pratamhjam-
hd trfseamhar if dpjmjõm y if karf
haserjpejõm, sa drjamtf fi edmdej-
kjamtd sjstakætjed, ij`ra ha vfidras,
rjgurdsd, axpijeftjvd y pdtamejfikam-
ta fpijefhd, ha ifs euastjdmas pdijtj-
eften-fii pfrt jaE
J
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efs. Ua edmstjtuya, tfmtd am su drj-
gam edkd am su pdstarjdr hasfrrdiid,
am umf suarta ha ejamejf kuitjhjsej-
pijmfr ha sëmtasjs am if qua jmciuyam
if njstdrjf, ai haraend, if aedmdkëf
y, sd`ra tdhd, if sdejdidgëf. Êstf ÿi-
tjkf edkpfrta ai kêtdhd edm If pd-
Ijtdidgëf, qua as ai têrkjmd edm at
qua tfk`jêm sa ia edmdea, y as qua
fiië hdmha nfyf figumf kfmjcastf-
ejõm sdejfi as pdsj`ia jmhfgfr sd`ra
Ids edmcijetds y raifejdmas ha pdhar
qua am aiif su`yfeam.
If ejamejf pdiëtjef, md d`stfmta, tja-
ma su cumhfkamtd am if axjstamejf
ha camõkamds qua 'astæm, pdr su.mf-
turfiazf, ëmtjkfkamta raifejdmfhds
edm ai pdhar pÿ`ijed. Am asta samtj-
hd, if tadrëf hai Astfhd*, edkd kfr-
ed hdmha sa kfmjcjastf kæs eifrf-
kamta if raifejõm pdr if qua um
pdhar pratamha fcjrkfr su futdrjhfh
iagëtjkf, y d`tamar fsë If d`ahjamejf
ediaetjvf, as d`ijgfhd pumtd ha pfr-
tjhf pfrf tdhd pdijtõidgd. F pfrtjr
ha um astuhjd kuy cdrkfijzfhd, efsj
ourëhjed, ha ifs jmstjtuejdmas ha gd-
`jarmd, If hjsejpijmf nf jhd avdiuejd-
mfmhd f trfvês hai fmæijsjs edmhue-
tjstf*, jmtarasfhd pdr ai edkpdrtf-
kjamtd pdiëtjed ha ids fetdras md
astftfias, y, pdstarjdrkamta, f trf-
vês hai cumejdmfijskd pifskfhd am
if tadrëf gamarfi ha sjstakfs*. Astfs
ÿitjkfs parspaetjvfs edmvjvam ndy
edm, fi kamds, dtrfs hds grfmhas ed-
rrjamtas qua sa edmdeam edkd mad-
jmstjtuejdmfijskd* (havdivjamhd tf
ftamejõm drjgjmfi prastfhf fi Astf-
hd) y
rftjdmfi endjea .
Ai fmæijsjs ha
pdiëtjefs pÿ`ijefs*, fumqua eframta
ha euarpd taõrjed prdpjd, tfk`jêm
sa nf fcjrkfhd edkd præetjed jms-
trukamtd pfrf if jmvastjgfejõm pdij-
tdiõgjef y euamtf, fhakæs, edm grfm
pdtamejfijhfh fpijefhf.
Futdras edkd Lunm nfm hjseutjhd y
oustjcjefhd hamdkjmfrif ejamejf puas,
sj `jam sa hjstjmgua ha if cjsjef mf-
turfi, fspjrf f suparfr ai edmdejkjam-
td karfkamta nukfmëstjed, f trfvês
hai cumhfkamtd akpërjed y if pra-
tamsjõm ha d`oatjvjhfh. F pfrtjr ha if
d`sarvfejõm ha camõkamds pdiëtjeds,
edm têemjefs njstõrjefs, edkpfrftj-
vfs, astfhëstjefs d axparjkamtfias,
jmhuea if cdrkuifejõm ha iayas ha Ifs
qua, f su vaz, sa hahueam njpõtasjs
qua prdkuavam muavf jmvastjgfejõm.
As craeuamta mdk`rfrif am piurfi puas,
am su samd, y am ftamejõm fi efkpd
ha aspaejfijzfejõm, axjstam su`hjs-
ejpijmfs pdijtdiõgjefs edkd If ejam-
ejf ha if fhkjmjstrfejõm*, ifs raif-
ejdmas jmtarmfejdmfias*, If pdiëtjef
aedmõkjef y, fumqua ha mfturfiazf
kæs aspaeuiftjvf qua ejamtëcjef, if
tadrëf pdiëtjef mdrkftjvf. Astf ÿitj-
kf as aspaejfikamta jkpdrtfmta pdr
su edmaxjõm edm ifs grfmhas edrrjam-
tas jhadiõgjefs y têdrjefs (kfrxjs-
kd, piurfijskd, aijtjskd, cakjmjs-
kd) qua nfm astfhd am If gêmasjs ha
grfm pfrta ha ifs hakæs jmvastjgf-
ejdmas.
e juhf hf m ëf
Edmhjejõm hai jmhjvjhud
edkd kjak`rd ha umf edkumjhfh
pdiëtjef f If qua astæ ourëhjefkamta
vjmeuifhd pdr ai kard naend ha if
partamamejf. Cramta f if supuastf um.j-
varsfijhfh ha Ids haraends cumhf-
0
ejuhfeëfmjf
kamtfias*, if ejuhfhfmëf hf feeasd
fi hjscruta ha ids haraends pdiëtjeds
y aedmõkjeds raedmdejhds pdr if ed-
iaetjvjhfh astftfi f if qua sa fhserj-
`a ai ejuhfhfmd. Paeëprdefkamta, md
d`stfmta, if raifejõm amtra ejuhfhf-
md y Astfhd tfk`jêm jkpijef qua ai
prjkard ha`a eukpijr edm umf sarja
ha ha`aras kdrfias nfejf tf edkumj-
hfh. Asfs d`ijgfejdmas sa edmeratfm,
sagÿm saf if edmeapejõm edmsarvf-
hdrf, ij`arfi d sdejfijstf, su`rfyfmhd
raspaetjvfkamta if hacamsf ha if pf-
trjf, ai ejvjskd jmhjvjhufi d if sd-
ijhfrjhfh rahjstrj`utjvf.
F pasfr ha qua, fi kamds am ai æk-
`jtd ha if Qmjõm Aurdpaf, axjsta umf
pdtamejfi axtamsjõm suprfmfejdmfi
ha ids edmtamjhds ha if ejuhfhfmëf,
id ejartd as qua asta edmeaptd sa sd-
ifpf mdrkfikamta edm ai ha mfejd-
mfijhfh. Md cua fsë am su drjgam eiæ-
sjed, eufmhd fpfraejõ vjmeuifhf f
dtrds aspfejds edkd If
ejuhfh grjagf
d ai Jkparjd rdkfmd y, f if vaz, ij-
kjtfhf f ejartds nf`jtfmtas. Am ai
prjkar efsd, cramta f if grfm kfsf
ha aseifvds qua pd`if`fm If
pdijs,
ai
ejuhfhfmd arf ai ÿmjed jmhjvjhud ef-
pfejtfhd pfrf hasfrrdiifr umf fetjvj-
hfh pdiëtjef grfejfs f su edmhjejõm
cfkjijfr d aedmõkjef. Am if fmtjguf
Pdkf, pdr su pfrta, sjkjifras kdtj-
vds ha mfejkjamtd d ha prdpjahfh
ijkjtf`fm if ejuhfhfmëf f ids jmhjvj-
huds qua gdzf`fm ha if hamdkjmfhf
trjd mdkjmf,
edmsjstamta am ai
prfa-
m d k a m ,
ai
m d k a m
y ai
ed g md kam.
Edjmejhjamhd edm ifs ravdiuejdmas ij-
`arfias y if erafejõm ha astfhds-mf-
ejõm, ai edmeaptd fhqujara sus ef-
rfetarëstjefs kdharmfs am edmtrfpd-
sjejõm f ifs jhafs ha sÿ`hjtd, qua as
prdpjf hai f`sdiutjskd*, y ha ax-
trfmoard. If prdgrasjvf axtamsjõm ha
ids haraends ourëhjed-pdiëtjeds raed-
mdejhds fi ejuhfhfmd edkamzõ am-
tdmeas, f pfrtjr ha umf hacjmjejõm
kuy rastrjmgjhf ha qujêm edmcdrkf-
`f if mfejõm y tamëf, puas, haraend
fi sucrfgjd. Hasfpfraejhd ai erjtarjd
frjstderætjed, if ijkjtfejõm eamsjtf-
rjf pdr rfzdmas aedmõkjefs y ha gê-
mard cua aijkjmæmhdsa prdgrasjvf-
kamta hurfmta a i sjgid xx y, fhakæs,
sa racdrzõ if edmeapejõm ha if eju-
hfhfmëæ edkd tëtuid pfrf feeahar f
kuenfs prastfejdmas aedmõkjefs y
sdejfias qua sdm prdpjfs hai Astfhd
hai `jamastfr.
eiafvfga
(asejsjõm). Uagÿm ai fmæijsjs
ha Utajm Pdllfm, hurfmta ai prdeasd
ha kdharmjzfejõm ha umf sdejahfh sa
prdhueam umf sarja ha crfeturfs am-
tra grupds ediaetjvds amcramtfhds y
kdvjijzfhds am if hacamsf ha sus jm-
tarasas pdiëtjeds y aedmõkjeds. Astfs
hjvjsjdmas sdejfias sdm suseaptj`ias
ha erjstfijzfr am pfrtjhds pdiëtjeds
qua, am hakderfejf, pfsfm f hacjmjr
sus prdgrfkfs y astrftagjfs ha feuar-
hd edm ai jmtarês raprasamtfhd. Ua
puaham jhamtjcjefr euftrd asejsjdmas
prjmejpfias qua hfm iugfr f if gêma-
sjs ha if kfydr pfrta ha ids pfrtjhds
y sdm Ifs qua hjvjham d nfm hjvjhjhd
f? (6) eamtrd y parjcarjf, edm if edm-
saeuamta akargamejf ha mfejdmfijs-
kds< (0) efkpd y ejuhfh, hfmhd Iu-
gfr f ids kdvjkjamtds fgrfrjds y
ij`raefk`jstfs< (5) raijgjõm y Astf-
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eijamtajjskd pdiëtjed
hd, Id qua nfea surgjr ids pfrtjhds
edmcasjdmfias y ifjeds< y (8) trf`fof-
hdras y prdpjatfrjds.
Astf ÿitjkf asejsjõm, qua amcramtf fi
kdvjkjamtd d`rard edm ids pfrtjhds
`urguasas, hfhf su eraejamta jkpdr-
tfmejf f pfrtjr ha if axtamsjõm hai
sucrfgjd umjvarsfi, nf aoarejhd umf
ftrfeejõm sd`ra ifs dtrfs tras ha cdr-
kf qua f kamuhd nf sjhd efpfz ha
f`sdrvarifs. If kfydr pfrta ha ids
sjstakfs ha pfrtjhds* sa drhamf ndy
am tdrmd f aiif, `fod ifs cdrkfs avd-
iuejdmfhfs ha jzqujarhf y haraenf,
fumqua am ids kuitjpfrtjhjskds axjs-
tam fÿm umf sarja ha fmtjgufs crfe-
turfs qua parkfmameam
edmgaifhfs
am
ai samd ha efhf pdid. Fsë, kjamtrfs
if haraenf sjgua f vaeas sapfrfhf
amtra ij`arfias, edmsarvfhdras y ha-
kderjstjfmds< if jzqujarhf ameuamtrf
am figumds efsds oustjcjefejõm pfrf
sagkamtfrsa amtra sdejfihakderfejf
y kdvjkjamtds kæs rfhjefias (yf saf
pdr su vjmeuifejõm fi edkumjskd d,
ha cdrkf kæs mdvahdsf, f euastjd-
mas pdstkftarjfias).
As, am tdhd efsd, if tamhamejf f if
kdharfejõm y if ifjejzfejõm If qua
nfea qua sa edmsdijha astf hjvjsjõm
prjkdrhjfi amtra jzqujarhf y haraenf.
Uõid fiië hdmha edmtjmÿf pdijtjzfhf
if sapfrfejõm amtra edkumjhfhas at-
md-tarrjtdrjfias, prjkdrhjfikamta pdr
rfzdmas raijgjdsfs d ijmgùëstjefs, ai
sjstakf ha pfrtjhds y if edkpatjejõm
pdiëtjef d`ahaea rafikamta f dtrf
pfutf hjstjmtf ha if sdejaedmõkjef.
Am asta samtjhd, if fpfrjejõm ha pfr-
tjhds parsdmfijzfhds d vjmeuifhds f
takfs kuy edmeratds md edmtrfhjea
ai kdhaid, yf qua if jhaf ha
eiafvf-
ga sa vjmeuif f if astrueturfejõm par-
kfmamta y md f camõkamds acëkards.
ei jamtai jskd pdi ë t jed
Ujtufejõm ha
raifejõm kutuf amtra ids fgamtas hai
Astfhd y ejartds grupds d parsdmfs
qua, f efk`jd ha fpdyd pdiëtjed f
fquêiids, feaptfm ai trftd prjvjiagjf-
hd qua sa ias dcraea. Udm kuenfs sus
pdsj`ias kfmjcastfejdmas y md axjsta
um kdhaid f`sdiutfkamta eifrd qua
parkjtf hjcaramejfrid ha dtrds edk-
pdrtfkjamtds sjkjifras tfias edkd ai
mapdtjskd, ai efejqujskd* d, am ga-
marfi, if edrrupejõm pdiëtjef. Ids pra-
eahamtas sa rakdmtfm f if sdejahfh
rdkfmf, eufmhd if
eijamtaif
jhamtj-
cjef`f umf raifejõm ha hapamhamejf
aedmõkjef y pdiëtjef amtra suoatds
ha astftus hjvarsd, qua iiavf`f fpf-
raofhf if prdtaeejõm ourëhjef y sdejfi
ha ids jmtarasas hai eijamta f efk`jd
ha, amtra dtrfs pdsj`jijhfhas, If ha-
camsf frkfhf qua êsta nfeëf hai ha-
mdkjmfhd
pft rdmfs .
Ndy nfm hasfpfraejhd ifs sjtufejd-
mas sjkjifras fi sarvjijskd rdkfmd
y kahjavfi, pard sjguam axjstjamhd
edkpdrtfkjamtds ha eijamtaijskd y
pftrdmfzgd kæs d kamds parsdmf-
ijzfhd y fcaetjvd amtra fetdras ha
raeursds pdiëtjeds hasjgufias qua d`-
tjamam vamtfofs raeëprdefs. Xrfmsfe-
ejdmas ha asta tjpd sdm edkumas am
ids prdeasds aiaetdrfias y am hjca-
ramtas jmstjtuejdmas edkd ids pfrtj-
hds, ids pfrifkamtds d ids fpfrftds
fhkjmjstrftjvds. If edmtrfprastfejõm
fi fpdyd pdiëtjed raej`jhd suaia kf-
mjcastfrsa am raedkpamsfs eufmtjcj-
ef`ias am hjmard d ejartd pdhar am if
drgfmjzfejõm f trfvês ha if hasjgmf-
ejõm pfrf figÿm efrgd pÿ`ijed.
edfi je jõm
Fijfmzf ha cuarzfs edkpa-
tjhdrfs, fumqua kæs edkpiakamtfrjfs
qua fmtfgõmjefs, hdmha sa kftarjf-
ijzf um aqujij`rjd amtra if asejsjõm y
ai edmsamsd hamtrd ha if drgfmjzf-
ejõm sdejfi. Fi pratamhar edmqujstfr
d jmciujr am ai pdhar pdiëtjed, ids fe-
tdras qua sa edk`jmfm am umf edfij-
ejõm, edkd ids pfrtjhds, sa `a macjejfm
hai edmoumtd ha raeursds hjspdmj`ias
pdr sus jmtagrfmtas fi praejd ha par-
har pfrta ha su futdmdkëf.
Eufmhd if umjõm sa acaetÿf pfrf ka-
odrfr if raprasamtfejõm pfrifkamtf-
rjf sa nf`if ha edfijejõm aiaetdrfi
am if qua vfrjds pfrtjhds pdiëtjeds
d fsdejfejdmas prasamtfm efmhjhftu-
rfs edkumas. Xfk`jêm axjstam edfij-
ejdmas Iagjsiftjvfs, pfrf fpdyfr umf
iay edmeratf, y pfetds ha iagjsifturf
am ids qua if edmeartfejõm sa nfea am
tdrmd f tdhd um prdgrfkf ha gd`jar-
md. Md d`stfmta, if edfijejõm kæs
cdrkfijzfhf tjama su drjgam am if ma-
easjhfh pdst-aiaetdrfi ha edmcdrkfr
kfydrëfs gu`armfkamtfias astf`ias
hjstrj`uyêmhdsa, pfrf tfi cjm, ifs efr-
tarfs kjmjstarjfias amtra ids pfrtj-
hds fijfhds.
Uagÿm ifs tadrëfs ha Pjlar, ai tfkföd
ha ifs edfijejdmas tjamha f fearefrsa
fi këmjkd maeasfrjd pfrf gfmfr if
kfydrëf. Md d`stfmta, pdr rfzdmas
jhadiõgjefs, axjstam edk`jmfejdmas
jkpdsj`ias y tfk`jêm axjsta if pdsj-
`jijhfh, f if qua suaia feuhjrsa am
sjtufejdmas ha erjsjs grfva, ha qua
tdhds ids pfrtjhds raiavfmtas iiaguam
f umf grfm edfijejõm d
gd` jarmd ha
edmeamtrfejõm mfejdmfi .
Edkd aiakamtds jkpuisdras ha if
cdrkfejõm ha edfijejdmas pdiëtjefs,
fhakæs ha cfetdras edyumturfias y
prfgkætjeds, jmciuyam if edjmejham-
ejf am ai raenfzd ha umf hatarkjmf-
hf rafijhfh pdiëtjef qua sa parej`a
edkd fkamfzf edkÿm y if prasjõm
ha grupds qua kuastrfm su hasad ha
qua hatarkjmfhfs cuarzfs pdiëtjefs
iiaguam f if umjhfh ha feejõm. Ai ra-
suitfhd ha ifs edfijejdmas puaha sar
kuy hjcaramta am cumejõm hai grfhd
ha fcjmjhfh amtra ids qua (f edmcdr-
kfm, ha if efpfejhfh ha pfetd qua
tamgfm ids hjcaramtas hjrjgamtas y hai
kfydr d kamdr aqujij`rjd ha cuarzfs
hamtrd ha if edfijejõm. Eufmhd sa edm-
sjgua um mjvai jkpdrtfmta ha umjõm
pdiëtjed-prdgrfkætjef as usufi q ua ifs
edfijejdmas hasak`dquam am if eraf-
ejõm ha um muavd pfrtjhd pdiëtjed.
edkjejds
Xêrkjmd qua, akpiafhd ndy
edkd sjmõmjkd ha aiaeejdmas*, sjr-
vjõ hurfmta ai parëdhd rapu`ijefmd
ha Pdkf (sjgids jv-v f.E.) pfrf hasjg-
mfr f umf fsfk`iaf raprasamtftjvf
hai pua`id. F hjcaramejf hai Uamfhd*,
ids Edkjejds iiagfrdm f fiefmzfr umf
mfturfiazf kæs hakderætjef fi fk-
pijfr su drjgjmfi edkpdsjejõm pftrj-
ejf f pia`ayds edkpramhjhds am um
eamsd aedmõkjed. F asta õrgfmd hj-
vjhjhd am trj`us ia edrraspdmhjardm,
sagÿm if êpdef, cumejdmas kjijtfras,
iagjsiftjvfs, aiaetjvfs (ha eõmsuias,
euastdras< ahjias y pratdras) y ourjs-
hjeejdmfias am prdeasds erjkjmfias.
jkdrkj
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edkjsfrjd pdiëtjed
edkjsfrjd pdiëtjed
Cjgurf tëpjef ha
if astrueturf kjijtfrjzfhf qua fhdp-
tõ if ravdiuejõm edkumjstf hurfmta
if jmsurraeejõm `dienavjqua ha detu-
`ra ha 6:67. Uus d`oatjvds arfm if
prdpfgfmhf, If fgjtfejõm pdiëtjef y,
sd`ra tdhd, ai edmtrdi astrjetd ha if
drtdhdxjf hdetrjmfi y If oarfrquëf dr-
gfmjzftjvf.
edkpdrtfkjamtd pdi ë tj ed
vêfsa
edm-
huetj(vj)skd.
edkumjskd
Hdetrjmf qua prahjef umf
drgfmjzfejõm sdejfi jgufijtfrjf f pfr-
tjr ha If edkumjhfh gamarfi ha ja-
mas. As, fhakæs, ai têrkjmd edm qua
sa hasjgmfm ids ragëkamas pdiëtjeds
jmspjrfhds am jhadidgëfs kfrxjstfs*
y, am gamarfi, ai edmoumtd ha pfrtj-
hds asejmhjhds am 6:6: hai kdvj-
kjamtd sdejfijstf* pfrf fgrupfrsa am
If Xarearf Jmtarmfejdmfi
Hasha if cjgurf ha Riftõm, ai pamsf-
kjamtd pdiëtjed deejhamtfi nf racia-
xjdmfhd y fspjrfhd f umf sdejahfh
sjm ifs hjcaramejfs a jmoustjejfs qua
sa drjgjmfm pdr if axjstamejf ha prd-
pjahfh prjvfhf. If acjefejf y kdrfij-
hfh ha if kjskf cua tfk`jêm ha`f-
tjhf, nfstf if Pacdrkf prdtastfmta,
pdr ai erjstjfmjskd. Asta prjkjtjvd ed-
kumjskd iiagõ f edmsjharfr if dpra-
sjõm pdiëtjef prdhuejhf f edmsaeuam-
ejf ha if hasjgufihfh am ai rapfrtd
ha if rjquazf, pard mumef edmcdrkõ
um euarpd jhadiõgjed ednaramta. F
hjcaramejf ha if edmeapejõm edmtak-
pdræmaf, fquai edkumjskd sa ijkjtõ
f raerafr sjkpias jkægamas ha mftu-
rfiazf uitrftarramf.
Md d`stfmta, ai sdejfijskd utõpjed
hai sjgid xjx sa suaia edmsjharfr umf
ha ifs jmciuamejfs prjkdrhjfias qua
raej`jõ Kfrx. F pfrtjr ha amtdmeas,
id qua nf`ëf sjhd cfmtfskf sa edm-
vjarta fi cjm am hdetrjmf fpdyfhf pdr
umf cjidsdcjf ha If njstdrjf qua ax-
pijef y fmumejf ai havamjr hasafhd.
Edm ai kfmjcjastd pdr ai qua sa edm-
vdef`f if umjõm ha tdhds Ids trf`f-
ofhdras y sa raeraf`f um cuturd sjm
eifsas sdejfias, sa pdmam Ifs `fsas
pfrf su acaetjvf fpijefejõm qua iia-
gf, pdr prjkarf va z, am Pusjf. Hasha
if hjraeejõm eamtrfijzfhf hai pfrtjhd,
y f trfvês ha if iifkfhf hjetfhurf
hai prdiatfrjfhd, ids `dienavjquas*
ediaetjvjzfrdm ids kahjds ha prdhue-
ejõm y pifmjcjefrdm if kjskf.
Am ai rastd hai kumhd asta kêtdhd
iamjmjstf*, qua sferjcjef`f ifs ij`ar-
tfhas jmhjvjhufias y sa fpdyf`f am
um Astfhd futdrjtfrjd, hjstjmgujõ fi
edkumjskd ha ifs edrrjamtas fmfr-
qujstfs* y ha if ravjsjõm sdejfihakõ-
erftf*. If harjvfejõm sdvjêtjef nfejf
ai astfijmjskd* vuaiva f prdvdefr ai
crfeejdmfkjamtd ha If jzqujarhf rfhj-
efi, fpfraejamhd dtrfs vfrjfmtas edkd
ai kfdëskd* pdpuijstf d ai trdtsljs-
kd* ravdiuejdmfrjd, a jmeiusd su vf-
rjfmta prjmejpfi am deejhamta sa fia-
of ha if drtdhdxjf pfrf kdharfrsa
am ai iifkfhd aurdedkumjskd*. Xrfs
If gamarfijzfejõm hurfmta ids föds
denamtf hai haserêhjtd ha if jhadid-
gëf, ids pfrtjhds qua kfmtjamam if
atjquatf sa radrjamtfm pfrf fedgar,
oumtd f If trfhjejdmfi jhamtjhfh aed-
mdkjejstf, if rajvjmhjefejõm ha efu-
sfs pdiëtjefs y euiturfias prdpjfs ha
if jzqujarhf ij`artfrjf.
e d k u mj t f r j sk d
Edrrjamta ha pamsf-
kjamtd efrfetarjzfhf pdr su dpdsjejõm
fi ij`arfijskd* yf qua, f hjcaramejf
ha êsta, md edmsjharf f ids jmhjvj-
huds edkd pdrtfhdras ha haraends
cumhfkamtfias* a jmtarasas agdëstfs
sd`ra ids qua sa edmstjtuya um edm-
trftd frtjcjejfi pifskfhd am if
Ga-
saiisenfct
(sdejahfh). Rfrf ai amcdqua
edkumjtfrjstf, as kæs jkpdrtfmta ai
vëmeuid mfturfi `fsfhd am ifzds dr-
gæmjeds ha jhamtjhfh ediaetjvf (iam-
guf, euiturf, raijgjõm) y am samtj-
kjamtds asamejfias qua hfm iugfr f
if Gakajmsenfct (edkumjhfh).
Ids edkumjtfrjstfs, edkd Najhaggar,
edkpfrtam if edmvjeejõm ha qua ai
jmhjvjhud sa hjsjpf, d ha`a nfearid,
fmta rafijhfhas ediaetjvfs earefmfs
kæs cuartas d kæs vfijdsfs. Asd su-
pdma, fhakæs, if erëtjef f if pratam-
sjõm jiustrfhf ha if umjvarsfijhfh,
yf qua efhf edkumjhfh astf`iaea
umf asefif ha vfidras qua as if qua
rafikamta rjga sjm qua puahfm prd-
eifkfrsa hasha ai axtarjdr prjmejpjds
supuastfkamta suparjdras. Fsë sa
edmcdrkf ai raiftjvjskd euiturfi y if
erëtjef f qua ai ij`arfijskd, jhamtjcj-
efhd edm if ejvjijzfejõm hdmha mf-
ejõ, puahf axtamharsa cuarf ha asa
edmtaxtd d, jmeiusd, jkpdmarsa f ifs
hjvarsfs kjmdrëfs qua nfm akjgrfhd
f pfësas deejhamtfias.
If pifskfejõm jhadiõgjef ha if ed-
rrjamta md as umëvdef puas, fumqua
tdhfs sus varsjdmas edkpfrtam If
fvarsjõm nfejf ai jmhjvjhufijskd, ifs
nfy tfmtd edmsarvfhdrfs edkd ha jz-
qujarhf. Rdr um ifhd, If jhaf ha dr-
gfmjejskd y raspatd f ids vfidras ed-
iaetjvds astf`iaejhds sa edmaetf edm
if hacamsf ha if oarfrquëf, if d`ijgf-
ejõm pftrjõtjef y ejartd tjpd ha mf-
ejdmfijskd euiturfijstf. Rdr ai dtrd,
if erëtjef fi agdëskd sjrva pfrf ra-
cdrzfr ai samtjkjamtd ediaetjvd qua
fspjrf fi rapfrtd hai pdhar y if
rj-
quazf.
Ai kfrxjskd (f trfvês hai
edmeaptd ha eifsa) y ai kdvjkjamtd
fmfrqujstf (pdr kæs qua f vaeas sa
prasamta edkd ij`artfrjd) iiagfm f
fearefrsa fi edkumjtfrjskd, fumqua
md edkpfrtam edm êi if erjtjef fi jm-
tarmfejdmfijskd edskdpdijtf. Md d`s-
tfmta, as if iifkfhf muavf jzqujarhf
if qua astæ kuend kæs vjmeuifhf f
êi pdr nf`ar jmeiujhd am su jhafrjd If
hacamsf hai kuitjeuiturfijskd y ai
pdstkftarjfijskd.
Jmeiusd ai ij`arfijskd, fumqua a s sus-
tfmejfikamta edmtrfrjd, edkpfrta fi-
gumds rfsgds edm su supuastd fmtf-
gdmjstf. Fsë, f md sar qua sa prasamta
am If varsjõm ofed`jmf*, su prdeif-
kfhf tdiarfmejf ia nfea raenfzfr jk-
pdsjejdmas `aijgarfmtas am edmtrf ha
ifs jhamtjhfhas ediaetjvfs. Fhakæs,
If ca ha ids ij`arfias am
I f
sdejahfh
varta`rfhf y ai piurfijskd* supdma
qua, oumtd fi jmhjvjhufijskd, saf ma-
easfrjd hasfrrdiifr vjrtuhas eëvjefs
edkpiakamtfrjfs. Ai samtjkjamtd ha
partamamejf f edkumjhfhas pdiëtjefs
edmeratfs edkd if ejuhfh prdhuej-
rëfm astf maeasfrjf ednasjõm y ha
fnë, pdr aoakpid, surga if vfrjfmta
ha mfejdmfijskd qua md edmtjama
rfsgds asamejfijstfs. Xfk`jêm if sd-
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edmtrdi pfrifkamt
sjf fetufi d Ifs cumhfkamtfijstfs am
ids pfësas ha raijgjõm jsiækjef).
edmsde jfe jdmfi jskd
Kdhaid ha cum-
ejdmfkjamtd ha if hakderfejf am Ids
sjstakfs pdiëtjeds am ids qua axjsta
um grfm piurfijskd sdejd-euiturfi y
hdmha if tdkf ha haejsjdmas pdr kf-
ydrëf* sjkpia puaha prdvdefr grfvas
edmcijetds ha edmvjvamejf. Ua dpdma
fi kdhaid
Wastkjmstar,
prdpjd ha sd-
ejahfhas qua astæm am prjmejpjd kuy
ednasjdmfhfs pdr edkpfrtjr if kjskf
iamguf, raijgjõm a jhamtjhfh atmd-
tarrjtdrjfi. Ujm ak`frgd, edk d ai edm-
sdejfejdmfijskd sa efrfetarjzf pdr if
jmstjtuejdmfijzfejõm hai edmsamsd* y
if gfrfmtëf edmstjtuejdmfijzfhf ha
raspatd f ifs kjmdrëfs, ifs crfgkam-
tfhfs hakderfejfs qua id prfetjefm
edmsjguam ha naend umf edmvjvamejf
pdiëtjef y sdejfi kamds edmcijetjvf.
Uagÿm Ijopnfrt, ai edmsdejfejdmfijs-
kd jhafi astæ efrfetarjzfhd pdr um
kfred jmstjtuejdmfi qua jmeiuya gd-
`jarmds ha edfijejõm amtra kÿitjpias
pfrtjhds, hjvjsjõm ha pdharas, jef-
karfijskd, sjstakf aiaetdrfi prdpdr-
ejdmfi y fkpijf futdmdkëf pdiëtjef
tarrjtdrjfi. AI rapfrtd ha pdhar d`ij-
gf f qua ids hjrjgamtas ha ids pfrtj-
hds ha`fm tamar maeasfrjfkamta am
euamtf Ifs pdsturfs ha sus rjvfias y
sa vfyfm tdkfmhd haejsjdmas fiië
hdmha axjstf fkpijd sdifpfkjamtd
ha edmvjeejdmas. Ua iiagf fsë, cjmfi-
kamta, f if aif`drfejõm ha pdiëtjefs
pÿ`ijefs kuy kdharfhfs y f if jk-
pdsj`jijhfh ha rafijzfr racdrkfs rfhj-
efias qua sa fpdyam am umf kfydrëf
raiftjvf y edyumturfi.
edmst jtue jõm
Edmoumtd ha ragifs cum-
hfkamtfias pdr Ifs qua sa rjga um As-
tfhd y qua, fiië hdmha suparf at kard
efræetar prdgrfkætjed, sa edmvjarta
am tf cuamta prjkfrjf hai drhamfkjam-
td ourëhjed. As haejr, su edmtamjhd as
ha d`ijgfhd eukpijkjamtd pdr td-
hds, jmeiuyamhd f ids pdharas pÿ`ij-
eds uitarjdras, pdr id qua ai edmoum-
td ha If Iagjsifejõm su`drhjmfhf nf
ha astfr jmcdrkfhf pdr su aspërjtu.
Fumqua am prjmejpjd tfk`jêm ha`a
axjstjr fousta cjai f su iatrf, ids jmtêr-
pratas edmstjtuejdmfias suaiam drjam-
tfrsa f gfrfmtjzfr at raspatd f If cj-
mfijhfh ha sus amumejfhds `æsjeds.
Ua edmsjgua fsë if parvjvamejf y if
fhfptfejõm ha taxtds kuy fmtjguds f
muavfs sjtufejdmas, sj `jam if rasjs-
tamejf f rafijzfr racdrkfs puaha \ia-
vfr f kutfejdmas qua trfjejdmfm if
jhaf drjgjmfi.
If edmstjtuejõm as um jmstrukamtd
`æsjed ha if jhadidgëf hakderætjef
ij`arfi*, yf qua ai gd`jarmd sdkatj-
hd f aiif tjama edmstrjeejdmas y edm-
trfpasds jmstjtuejdmfias qua ijkjtfm
su pdhar y if pdsj`jijhfh ha qua ed-
rmatf fr`jtrfrjahfhas edmtrf ids jm-
hjvjhuds. Ha naend, prdeifkfmhd y
prdtagjamhd ids haraends cumhfkam-
tfias* sa pdma am ai kjskd pifmd f
if futdrjhfh y f ids gd`armfhds. As-
tds taxtds `æsjeds, pdr tfmtd, euk-
piam umf hd`ia cumejõm qua, trfhj-
ejdmfikamta, sa nf hamdkjmfhd hdg-
kætjef y drgæmjef. Kjamtrfs if prj-
karf fiuha f if prdeifkfejõm ha Ids
prjmejpjds prjkdrhjfias hai rêgjkam
pdiëtjed jmstfurfhd y f If prdtaeejõm
ha ids haraends y ij`artfhas ha Ids
ejuhfhfmds, if cumejõm drgæmjef sa
raciaof am if frtjeuifejõm acaetjvf ha
if hjvjsjõm ha pdharas*.
Ifs edmstjtuejdmas nfm jhd avdiuejd-
mfhd f id ifrgd ha if njstdrjf hasha
su prjkarf axprasjõm ij`arfi eamsjtf-
rjf, f cjmfias hai sjgid xvrm, qua sõid
fspjrf`f f if suprasjõm hai f`sdiu-
tjskd* hai kdmfref, if jmtrdhueejõm
ha um pfrifkamtd am if astrueturf
ha gd`jarmd y ai raedmdejkjamtd ha
umds haraends këmjkds pfrf qujamas
arfm edmsjharfhds ejuhfhfmds. Kæs
fhaifmta, if rastfurfejõm hai Fmtjgud
Pêgjkam d`ijgõ f edkprdkjsds amtra
if trfhjejõm y ifs raejamtas edmqujs-
tfs ha If `urguasëf, qua sa axprasf-
rdm f trfvês ha efrtfs dtdrgfhfs. Rdr
asd, am rafijhfh, ai edmstjtuejdmfijs-
kd hakderætjed mfea hurfmta if sa-
gumhf pfrta hai sjgid xve eufmhd sa
edmsdijhf ai pfrifkamtfrjskd, sa ax-
tjamha ai sucrfgjd umjvarsfi y edkjam-
zfm f raedmdearsa haraends pdiëtj-
eds y sjmhjefias.
Hurfmta ai sjgid xx, ai prdgrasd as
fÿm kfydr y, f pfrtjr hai prjmejpjd
ha sd`arfmëf pdpuifr, sa feuha f if
jmeiusjõm ha haraends sdejfias y, f
kamuhd, if suprasjõm ha ifs eækfrfs
frjstderætjefs d if sustjtuejõm ha ifs
kdmfrquëfs pdr rapÿ`ijefs. Ndy td-
hfs ifs hakderfejfs sdm edmstjtuejd-
mfias fumqua, fi kamds, axjstam hds
cdrkfs ha edmea`jr ai pfpai ha ifs
mdrkfs æsjefs am if vjhf pdiëtjef.
Fsë, fquaiids kdhaids edmsdejfejd-
mfias* pradeupfhds pdr prasarvfr
ids haraends ha ifs kjmdrëfs, trftfm
ha `ijmhfr ai sjstakf edmtrf pdsj`ias
axeasds futdrjtfrjds cuturds y edm-
eaham grfm jkpdrtfmejf fi raspatd
ha um hatfiifhd pfetd edmstjtuejdmfi
qua, mdrkfikamta, astæ fsagurfhd
pdr um trj`umfi jmhapamhjamta. Kæs
drjamtftjvds y edrtds rasuitfm ids
taxtds cumhfkamtfias, qua f vaeas
mj sjqujarf astæm aserjtds, am Ifs ha-
kderfejfs `fsfhfs sd`ra ai prjmejpjd
ha if kfydrëf. Am astds efsds md sa
edmsjharf iagëtjkd qua ai pfrifkam-
td hai kdkamtd astê sdkatjhd f if
rjgjhaz hai pfsfhd d fi fetjvjskd ou-
hjejfi ha um õrgfmd md aiagjhd.
edmtrdi pfrifkamtfrjd
Fetjvjhfh hai
pfrifkamtd*, oumtd f If iagjsiftjvf y
prasupuastfrjf, pdr if qua sa cjsefij-
zf fi gd`jarmd y qua, am ids ragëka-
mas pfrifkamtfrjds, jmeiuya if prdpjf
jmvastjhurf y easa hai kjskd. Am ids
prasjhamejfijskds, If kæs acjefz hj-
vjsjõm ha pdharas* hurfmta if aif`d-
rfejõm ha Ifs pdiëtjefs pÿ`ijefs nfea
qua ifs eækfrfs sa edmeamtram edm
êxjtd am if cumejõm haejsdrjf kjam-
trfs qua, pdr if iagjtjkjhfh hakd-
erætjef hjraetf hai oaca hai hai pdhar
aoaeutjvd, sõid puaham hastjtujr f
êsta am efsds kuy tfsfhds y pdr ka-
hjd hai
jkpafenkamt
(d jmeuipfejõm
erjkjmfi).
Am ids pfrifkamtfrjskds ai edmtrdi
sa pifskf, am p rjkar iugfr, am If ga-
mêrjef edkprd`fejõm parjõhjef hai
grfhd ha edmcjfmzf qua um hatarkjmf-
hd gd`jarmd hjscrutf am if fsfk`iaf
raprasamtftjvf. Uu pêrhjhf puaha su-
pdmar if hasfpfrjejõm ha if iagjtjkj-
hfh pfrf aoarear if cumejõm ha gd-
`jarmd y, am tdhd efsd, êstf rasuitf
kæs hjcjeji. Eufmhd md sa fprua`f ai
0>
kf
ma
0:
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p
erje
prasupuastd d umf iay asamejfi y
eufmhd sa fhdptf umf kdejõm drhj-
mfrjf hasefijcjefmhd if edmhuetf hai
aoaeutjvd, as pdsj`ia nf`ifr ha pêr-
hjhf ha edmcjfmzf. Kuends sjstakfs
parkjtam qua, am efsds ha jmeartj-
huk`ra, ai prjkar kjmjstrd puahf
varjcjefr axpiëejtfkamta ai fpdyd pd-
iëtjed edm ai qua puaha edmtfr f trf-
vês ha umf vdtfejõm fmta ai pfrif-
kamtd qua racuarzf fi gd`jarmd qua
prasjha d, efsd ha parharif, ia d`ij-
gf f hjkjtjr.
Rard at kfmtamjkjamtd d if pêrhjhf
ha if edmcjfmzf, f trfvês ha euastjd-
mas d ha dtrfs kfmjcastfejdmas jmhj-
raetfs hai pfrifkamtd, as sõid um
kahjd raiftjvd ha edmtrdi. Axjstam
dtrds kaefmjskds kæs axprasfkam-
ta drjamtfhds f asf cumejõm y qua sa
fetjvfm f jmjejftjvf ha if dpdsjejõm
pfrifkamtfrjf. AI jmstrukamtd kæs
trfseamhamtfi as if kdejõm ha eam-
surf, f trfvês ha if qua sa puaha axj-
gjr raspdmsf`jijhfh ha mfturfiazf
pdiëtjef fi gd`jarmd y iiagfr f easfr-
id. Fmtas ha qua axjstjarfm ids ndy
kuy astrueturfhds pfrifkamtds, ed-
nasjdmfhds am grupds astf`ias qua
surgam ha ids pfrtjhds, ai aoarejejd ha
if eamsurf cua fsjhufkamta utjijzf-
hd. Am sjstakfs kuy crfgkamtfhds,
asta usd edmtjmud edmiiavõ mukard-
sds efk`jds ha gd`jarmd a jmastf-
`jijhfh pdiëtjef. Edkd rafeejõm, am
ids iifkfhds pfrifkamtfrjskds rf-
ejdmfijzfhds ha if sagumhf kjtfh hai
sjgid xx, sa cjofrdm mdrkfs rastrjetj-
vfs f if eamsurf qua jmeiuyam um mÿ-
kard këmjkd ha sdijejtfmtas y ai as-
tf`iaejkjamtd ha samhds parëdhds ha
tjakpd, tfmtd amtra if prasamtfejõm
y if vdtfejõm, edkd amtra ai ha`f-
ta ha hds kdejdmas. Fhakæs, sa dptf
pdr umf eamsurf edmstruetjvf qua, fi
jmeiujr if maeasfrjf prasamtfejõm ha
um efmhjhftd fitarmftjvd, parkjta
fsagurfr if edmtjmujhfh jmstjtuejdmfi.
Kamds hrfkætjed qua if eamsurf ra-
suitf ai ha`ar hai gd`jarmd ha ramhjr
euamtfs pdr su fetufejõm axpijeæm-
hdsa fmta ai pfrifkamtd. Astf
fe-
edumtf`ji jty*
edtjhjfmf md edkpdrtf
if kæxjkf sfmejõm pdsj`ia, if sapf-
rfejõm d`ijgftdrjf hai pdhar, pard as
pdsj`iakamta kæs acjefz sj sa tjama
am euamtf qua if kfydrëf qua fpdyf
fi gd`jarmd am ids ragëkamas pfr-
ifkamtfrjds efk`jf hjcëejikamta su
drjamtfejõm. Ifs pragumtfs, ifs jm-
tarpaifejdmas y ifs edkjsjdmas ha jm-
vastjgfejõm sd`ra ai aoaeutjvd sdm
aoakpids ha astds kaefmjskds qua,
fumqua kamds trfseamhamtfias, cjs-
efijzfm kaodr if if`dr ha gd`jarmd.
Rratamham, sd`ra tdhd, d`tamar jm-
cdrkfejõm y, fsë, ifs pragumtfs fi
gd`jarmd d f figumd ha sus kjak-
`rds, parsjguam aseifraear euastjdmas
edmeratfs y puaham sar rafijzfhfs
pdr eufiqujar pfrifkamtfrjd sd`ra
takfs am ids qua hjraetf d jmhjrae-
tfkamta axjsta raspdmsf`jijhfh gu-
`armfkamtfi. Rdr su pfrta, Ifs jmtar-
paifejdmas varsfm sd`ra kftarjfs
jkpdrtfmtas ha efræetar gamarfi qua
prdvdefm umf hjseusjõm y, f vaeas,
hasak`defm am um oujejd ha mfturf-
iazf pdiëtjef pifskfhd am if fprd`f-
ejõm ha umf kdejõm qua edmtjama
axpiëejtfkamta If pdsjejõm ha if eæ-
kfrf. Rdr ÿitjkd, ifs edkjsjdmas ha
jmvastjgfejõm sdm um jmstrukamtd
ediagjfhd pdr ai qua um grupd ha
pfrifkamtfrjds aoarea cfeuitfhas as-
paejfias ha edmtrdi y cjsefijzfejõm
oustjcjefhfs pdr if maeasjhfh ha as-
eifraear ejartds fsumtds pdiëtjeds.
eddptfejõm
Cõrkuif akpiafhf pfrf
eu`rjr ifs vfefmtas qua quahfm hjs-
pdmj`ias am umf hatarkjmfhf edrpd-
rfejõm hjraetjvf d edmsuitjvf, f trf-
vês hai vdtd d haejsjõm hai rastd ha
ids jmtagrfmtas ha if kjskf.
edrpdrft jvjskd
Amcdqua pdijtdiõgj-
ed, tadrjzfhd drjgjmfrjfkamta pdr
Hurlnajk, qua fsuka qua ifs jmta-
rfeejdmas amtra ids pdharas pÿ`ijeds
y figumds fetdras prjvfhds sdm pfr-
tjeuifrkamta jmtamsfs. Edmtrfstf fsë
edm ai fitarmftjvd piurfijskd* ij-
`arfi y fcjrkf qua tfi sjk`jdsjs prd-
huea acaetds sd`ra ifs pdiëtjefs cdr-
kuifhfs pdr ai gd`jarmd. Fhakæs, ai
têrkjmd hasjgmf f if jhadidgëf d
præetjef pdiëtjef qua pratamha efmf-
ijzfr, f trfvês ha umfs pdefs edrpd-
rfejdmas sdejfias edkd grupds ha jm-
tarês* d fsdejfejdmas vdiumtfrjfs, if
pfrtjejpfejõm ha ids jmhjvjhuds am if
tdkf ha haejsjdmas pÿ`ijefs. Ua cum-
ham fsë ifs crdmtarfs amtra sdejahfh
y Astfhd fi edmeahar êsta um pfpai
prjvjiagjfhd, f vaeas kdmdpdiëstjed,
f ejartfs drgfmjzfejdmas qua rapra-
samtfm hatarkjmfhds jmtarasas y aoar-
eam grfm futdrjhfh sd`ra sus kjak-
`rds. Edkd edmsaeuamejf, ai edmcije-
td edkpatjtjvd quahf fkdrtjgufhd y
raakpifzfhd pdr if jmtarkahjfejõm
eddparftjvf.
Axjsta umf vfrjfmta edmsarvfhdrf
qua prdkuava ai cdrtfiaejkjamtd hai
Astfhd y aI cdkamtd ha edrpdrfejd-
mas prdcasjdmfias vartjefias su`drhj-
mfhfs f êi, hdmha sa jmtagrfm trf`f-
ofhdras y akprasfrjds. Cramta f id
prdpugmfhd pdr ai kfrxjskd, mjagf
If pdsj`jijhfh ha iuenf amtra eifsas
sdejdaedmõkjefs pdr id qua, pfrf
kfmtamar tfi cjeejõm, as maeasfrjf if
axjstamejf ha um gd`jarmd edm kam-
tfijhfh futdrjtfrjf. Fumqua
am umf
sdejahfh kdharmf ha kfsfs astf as-
trftagjf sõid puaha fhdptfrsa pdr
ragëkamas hjetftdrjfias, y ha naend
cdrkf`f pf rta ha ifs præetjefs cfsejs-
tfs qua oustjcjef`fm fsë if md eaia-
`rfejõm ha aiaeejdmas hakderætjefs,
as tfk`jêm craeuamta am sdejahfhas
trfhjejdmfias hdmha hdkjmf umf eui-
turf oarærqujef y drgfmjejstf.
Rdr su pfrta, ai Iifkfhd madedrpdrf-
tjvjskd as edkpftj`ia edm If axjstam-
ejf ha pfrtjhds pdiëtjeds y suaia ef-
rfetarjzfr ai kfred ha raifejdmas amtra
grupds ha jmtarês y Astfhd am ai mdr-
ta y eamtrd ha Aurdpf. Am asds pfë-
sas, ids gd`jarmds hakõerftf-erjstjf-
mds y sdejfihakõerftfs gfrfmtjzfm ai
feeasd ha ids prjkards f if tdkf ha
haejsjdmas f trfvês ha edmsaods trj-
pfrtjtds hdmha akprasfrjds, sjmhjef-
tds y gd`jarmd astæm raprasamtfhds.
Ids feuarhds sdejfias f qua hfm iu-
gfr astfs præetjefs edrpdrftjvfs ra-
cuarzfm f ids fetdras prjvfhds cram-
ta fi gd`jarmd, qua pjarha fsë pfrta
ha su futdmdkëf pfrf gastjdmfr if
pdiëtjef aedmõkjef. Ifs haejsjdmas
sa suaiam fiefmzfr pdr edmsamsd am-
tra ifs êijtas* hjraetjvfs ha ifs rês-
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edrrupejdm pdiëtjef
euiturf pdiëtjef
paetjvfs drgfmjzfejdmas, qua ramum-
ejfm f fhdptfr kahjhfs aedmõkjefs y
sdejfias qua safm f`sdiutfkamta ra-
enfzf`ias pfrf ai rastd ha jkpijefhds.
Ua puaha hatarkjmfr qua um sjstakf
pdiëtjed tjama um fitd grfhd ha edr-
pdrftjvjskd ftamhjamhd f ifs aiavf-
hfs tfsfs ha fcjijfejõm sjmhjefi, fi
mjvai eamtrfijzfhd ha if magdejfejõm
sfifrjfi y ft rahuejhd mÿkard ha n uai-
gfs. AI kdhaid madedrpdrftjvd astæ
fetufikamta am erjsjs fi sar hjcëeji
kfmtamar if sdijhfrjhfh jmtarsjmhj-
efi eufmhd ai pdstcdrhjskd
d ai ha-
efjkjamtd am ids pfësas fvfmzfhds
ha if prdhueejõm am kfsf, nf hjvar-
sjcjefhd tfmtd tds saetdras if`drfias.
Md d`stfmta, parkfmaea vjvd fiië
hdmha axjsta oarfrquëf sjmhjef sd`ra
ifs `fsas, edmeamtrfejõm akprasfrjfi
y um Astfhd jmtarvamejdmjstf pard
ciaxj`ia qua cfvdraea ids pfetds nd-
rjzdmtfias eamtrfijzfhds.
edrrupe jõm pdi ët jef
Hatarjdrd kdrfi
ha um sjstakf ha gd`jarmd edkd edm-
saeuamejf hai aoarejejd hasvjfhd ha
ifs cumejdmas pÿ`ijefs pdr pfrta ha
sus raspdmsf`ias. Uagÿm if cfkdsf
samtamejf ha Idrh Fetdm, ai pdhar,
am prjmejpjd dtdrgfhd pfrf sarvjr f
ids jmtarasas ediaetjvds, tjamha f sar
f`usjvfkamta akpiafhd pfrf ai id-
grd ha cjmas prjvfhds, mdrkfikamta
ha efræetar kftarjfi. Rfrf jkpahjrid
as maeasfrjd erafr edmtrdias jmstjtu-
ejdmfias acaetjvds pard, am hatarkj-
mfhds edmtaxtds, sõid ai hasfrrdiid
aedmõkjed y if ahuefejõm eëvjef
puaham nfear kæs axjgamtas ids eõ-
hjgds sdejfias y parsdmfias ha edm-
huetf. Fumqua ejartds futdras nfm
iiagfhd f saöfifr cumejdmas pdsjtjvfs
fi camõkamd, am ids sjstakfs hakd-
erætjeds hdkjmf if jhaf ha qua If ed-
rrupejõm as magftjvf y supdma rjas-
gds jkpdrtfmtas pfrf if iagjtjkjhfh
hai rêgjkam eufmhd fcaetf f ids pfr-
tjhds pdiëtjeds.
edrtas
vêfsa pfrifkamtd.
eu i turf p di ë t jef
Aiakamtd eifva hai
amcdqua taõrjed edmhuetjstf* pdr
edmstjtujr umf jkpdrtfmta vfrjf`ia,
raiftjvfkamta parkfmamta, qua ha-
tarkjmf aJ edkpdrtfkjamtd pdiëtjed
ediaetjvd ha um pfës. Ai efræetar as-
trueturfi ha astf mdejõm ia edmcjara
umf grfm fk`jejõm axpijeftjvf y, fi
kjskd tjakpd, prdvdef erëtjefs f
qujamas if usfm craeuamtakamta, qua
sdm feusfhds ha pratamhar fpijefr
frgukamtds euiturfias f tdhd id qua
md puaha sar fmfijzfhd ha dtrd kdhd.
Uus kæs eiæsjeds jmvastjgfhdras, Fi-
kdmh y Sar`f, if edmej`am edkd ai
edmoumtd ha drjamtfejdmas y fetjtu-
has aspaeëcjefkamta pdiëtjefs qua
pdmam am raifejõm fi jmhjvjhud edm
ai sjstakf y edmcjgurfm ai pfpai qua
fquêi ha`a ougfr am êsta, d am sus
aiakamtds, edm jmhapamhamejf ha su
jmtarês parsdmfi. As haejr, If euiturf
pdiëtjef edmsjsta am if drjamtfejõm
qua ids kjak`rds hai sjstakf pdië-
tjed hasfrrdiifm nfejf aiids kjskds
edkd pfrtëejpas hai prdeasd pdiëtj-
ed, fsë edkd nfejf figumds aiakam-
tds hai kjskd (pfrtjhds, grupds ha
jmtarês a jmstjtuejdmas).
Ua edmcjgurf edkd um prdeasfkjam-
td psjediõgjed qua vf sukfmhd sam-
tjkjamtds y edmdejkjamtds cumhf-
kamtfias sd`ra eõkd cumejdmf (y
ha`a nfearid) ai pdhar pdiëtjed. Astf
dparfejõm jmtaiaetufi jmeiuya tfmtd
fetdras pÿ`ijeds edkd prjvfhds y as
rafijzfhf pdr tdhd ai pfës. Md d`s-
tfmta, as pdsj`ia qua if su`euiturf
ha if êijta saf hjstjmtf ha if edk-
pfrtjhf pdr if kfsf y qua axjstfm
vfrjfmtas ragjdmfias d êtmjefs. If
kakdrjf ediaetjvf, ai edmoumtd ha
njstdrjfs jmhjvjhufias, ai hasfrrdiid
sdejdaedmõkjed, ai grfhd ha edna-
sjõm atmdtarrjtdrjfi d If jkpdrtfmejf
ha if raijgjõm sdm figumds ha ids cfe-
tdras efpfeas ha gamarfr eraamejfs
sd`ra ai samtjhd ha ids d`oatds pdië-
tjeds, raerafr asefifs ha vfidras y,
cjmfikamta hatarkjmfr ifs edmhuetfs
pdiëtjefs ha tdhd um grupd.
If euiturf pdiëtjef sa fsjkjif pdr ids
kjak`rds ha umf sdejahfh f trfvês
ha um prdeasd ha sdejfijzfejõm am ai
qua jmtarvjamam ifs cfkjijfs, Ids pfr-
tjhds hdkjmfmtas d ids kahjds ha
edkumjefejõm. Qmf vaz jmtarjdrjzf-
hf, if euiturf drjamtf if rafeejõm
fmta muavds astëkuids y id nfea ha
hjcaramtas kfmarfs. Ruaham hjcaram-
ejfrsa, oumtd f kuenfs dtrfs pdsj-
`ias eifsjcjefejdmas, tras tjpds ha
euiturf pdiëtjef. If
pfrrdqujfi
sa hjs-
tjmgua pdrqua ids jmhjvjhuds md tja-
mam axeasjvf edmejamejf hai sjstakf
pdiëtjed am ai qua astæm jmkarsds y,
pdr tfmtd, su pfrtjejpfejõm as jmsjg-
mjcjefmta. If euiturf su`oatjvf has-
tfef pdr if axjstamejf ha raifejdmas
pfsjvfs am ifs qua sa kuastrf um
pfrtjeuifr jmtarês nfejf ids prdhue-
tds pdiëtjeds hai sjstakf pard md
nf-
ejf
su aif`drfejõm. Rdr ÿitjkd, am if
euiturf pfrtjejpftjvf, efrfetarjzfhf
pdr um fitd grfhd ha ejvjskd, së nfy
frtjeuifejõm amtra Ids ejuhfhfmds y
ai sjstakf ha aif`drfejõm ha ifs pd-
iëtjefs, ha cdrkf qua sa cfvdraea if
edmsdijhfejõm hakderætjef. As kæs,
sagÿm Rutmfk , f kfydr grfhd ha var-
ta`rfejõm y ha jkpijefejõm ha umf
sdejahfh am ids kaefmjskds jmstjtu-
ejdmfias ha haejsjõm, êstds fukam-
tfm su ramhjkjamtd.
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hakderfejf
Hacamsdr hai pua` id
Cjgurf drjgjmf-
hf am 6>2: am Uuaejf, qua edmtrdif
if fr`jtrfrjahfh ha ids pdharas pÿ-
`ijeds y qua puaha trfhuejrsa edkd
«parsdmf qua trfkjtf¼, as haejr, qua
md rasuaiva sd`ra ai cdmhd ha um
fsumtd. As umf kfgjstrfturf parsd-
mfi a jmhapamhjamta, mdk`rfhf pdr ai
pfrifkamtd pfrf edmtrdifr if edrrae-
tf jkpiakamtfejõm ha ifs iayas y
pfrf hacamhar ids haraends cumhf-
kamtfias* ha tds ejuhfhfmds am su
edmtfetd edm if fhkjmjstrfejõm.
Xjama um pfpai hjsufsdrjd y su supar-
vjsjõm, qua md fefrraf edmsaeuam-
ejfs ourëhjefs, sa trfhuea am if ha-
mumejf pÿ`ijef, f trfvês ha jmcdrkas
fmufias, ha if jmfetjvjhfh y ai f`usd
fhkjmjstrftjvd. Rfrf su if`dr euamtf
edm ai fpdyd ha umf dcjejmf y fetÿf
f pfrtjr ha if prasamtfejõm ha umf
quaof qua, sfivd qua efrazef pdr
edkpiatd ha cumhfkamtd, ha`a jm-
vastjgfr. Rasa f ids d`stæeuids qua
ids gd`armfmtas pdmam f kamuhd f
su tf`dr, if pdpuifrjhfh y acjefejf
am ai aoarejejd ha sus cumejdmas nf
iiavfhd f qua sa hjcumhf am kuends
drhamfkjamtds edmstjtuejdmfias.
hakfgdgjf
Edmeaptd paydrftjvd qua
tjama su drjgam am if eifsjcjefejõm
frjstdtêijef ha ifs cdrkfs ha gd`jar-
md pfrf hasjgmfr fquêiif am qua ai
aoarejejd hai pdhar sa rafijzf pdr if
kfydrëf hjrjgaryta am amacjejd prd-
pjd y sjm pradeupfejõm pdr ai jmtarês
pÿ`ijed ha tdhf if edkumjhfh. Ndy
sa edmdea fsë f ifs præetjefs ha fi-
gumds iëharas pdpuijstfs* qua jmtam-
tfm edmqujstfr f grfmhas grupds pdr
kahjd ha umf njpar`õijef drftdrjf, f
kamuhd axfitfhf, y umf frgukamtf-
ejõm sjkpia d cfifz.
Ai edmtrdi ha ifs kfsfs qua sa edm-
sjgua edm tfm fkpuidsds kêtdhds as
asgrjkjhd edkd iagjtjkfhdr ha fetj-
tuhas y pdiëtjefs qua, sj sa hacam-
hjarfm utjijzfmhd if haij`arfejõm y
sjm susejtfr amtusjfskds njstêrjeds,
md d`tamhrëfm tfi fpdyd ediaetjvd.
Futdras Ij`arfias edkd Ia @dm, Drta-
gf d Uenukpatar nfm tadrjzfhd sd`ra
if pdtamejfijhfhas y paijgrds ha if
hakfgdgjf, puas êstf drjamtf jrrf-
ejdmfikamta f ids kfmjpuifhds nfejf
if sdiuejõm vjdiamtf ha prd`iakfs
kuy edkpiaods.
hakderfejf
Edmeaptd mfejhd am Gra-
ejf pfrf hacjmjr if cdrkf ha gd`jarmd
hdmha if futdrjhfh sa aoarea pdr umf
kfydrëf*. ha ids kjak`rds ha if ed-
kumjhfh pdiëtjef. Edmtrfstf`f fsë
edm ids ragëkamas kdmderætjeds (kd-
mfrquëf d tjrfmëf) y aijtjstfs (frjstd-
erfejf u dijgfrquëf), pard Frjstõtaias
If edmsjharf`f edmhamfhf f edrrdk-
parsa nfejf if hakfgdgjf* yf qua if
vjrtudsf pdijtaj ha if hakderfejf
hjraetf md arf pifusj`ia mj sjqujarf
am ai edmtaxtd njstõrjed ha if paqua-
öf ejuhfh eiæsjef. Am sus prjkarfs
varsjdmas ai têrkjmd fiuha f If ma-
easjhfh kdrfi ha cdkamtfr at piurf-
i jskd* y ai jgufi feeasd ha tdhds Ids
ejuhfhfmds f ids pdharas qua aoaream
ifs cumejdmas pÿ`ijefs. Kæs fhaifm-
ta, oumtd f astf edmmdtfejõm mdrkf-
tjvf qua sjakpra ia nf fedkpföfhd,
if atjquatf sjrva tfk`jêm pfrf raca-
rjrsa f um hatarkjmfhd rêgjkam pd-
iëtjed drjamtfhd pdr Ids prjmejpjds hai
edmstjtuejdmfijskd ij`arfi.
Md cua am ifs prjkarfs ravdiuejdmas
`urguasfs eufmhd ai têrkjmd fhquj-
rjõ if edmmdtfejõm prastjgjdsf qua
ndy tjama y cua kæs fhaifmta, edjm-
ejhjamhd edm if axtamsjõm hai sucrf-
gjd y if jkpijefejõm acaetjvf ha ifs
kfsfs am if tdkf ha haejsjdmas, eufm-
hd pfsõ f sar um edmeaptd eamtrfi.
Md d`stfmta, ifs hjkamsjdmas ha ifs
sdejahfhas kdharmfs nfeam jkpdsj-
`ia umf jmtarvamejõm hjraetf ha td-
hds ids ejuhfhfmds am if tdkf ha
haejsjdmas pdr id qua if efmfijzfejõm
ha asf hakfmhf ha pfrtjejpfejõm*,
edm if qua sa vjmeuif if jhaf ha ha-
kderfejf, sõid as pdsj`ia f trfvês hai
kaefmjskd ha if raprasamtfejõm* y
ha if fgragfejõm ha jmtarasas am pfr-
tjhds pdiëtjeds.
If hakderfejf fetufi sa efrfetarjzf
pdr sar um rêgjkam qua nfea pdsj`ia
frtjeuifr ai piurfijskd sdejfi y qua
parjõhjefkamta drgfmjzf edmsuitfs
umjvarsfias ha ifs qua akfmfm ids
pdharas pÿ`ijeds qua am varhfh td-
kfm ifs haejsjdmas. Fhakæs, edkd
edkpiakamtd d edmhjejõm jmstjtu-
ejdmfi pravjf, Ifs kjmdrëfs ediaetjvfs
y ids jmhjvjhuds edkd tfias tjamam
kaefmjskds ha prdtaeejõm cramta f
ifs fr`jtrfrjahfhas qua puahfm ed-
katar gd`jarmds fkpfrfhds pdr ai
fpdyd kfydrjtfrjd. Rdr tfmtd, ha-
pamhjamhd hai êmcfsjs qua sa hê fi
prjmejpjd ha edmsamsd amtra ids hjca-
ramtas grupds pdiëtjeds d fi prjmejpjd
ha kfydrëf, astds ragëkamas nfm su-
`rfyfhd kæs d kamds ai raspatd f
Ids haraends cumhfkamtfias y if hj-
vjsjõm ha pdharas* qua, am tdhd efsd,
ha`am tfk`jêm astfr prasamtas am
tdhf hakderfejf. Ha feuarhd edm ifs
hds pdsj`jijhfhas axtrakfs kamejd-
mfhfs pdr Ijopnfrt, cramta fi edmsd-
ejfejdmfijskd* prdpjd ha ids pfësas
euiturfikamta crfgkamtfhds sa dpd-
ma ai iifkfhd kdhaid Wastkjmstar,
qua sa efrfetarjzf pdr if edmeamtrf-
ejõm jmstjtuejdmfi hai pdhar y if jk-
pdsjejõm edkd astjid ha gd`jarmd.
Edmvamejdmfikamta, If hakderfejf
sa hacjma am dpdsjejõm f ids futdrj-
tfrjskds* pard ai ftrfetjvd hai têr-
kjmd nf iiavfhd f qua, f kamuhd,
ifs hjetfhurfs cfsejstfs y edkumjstfs
sa `futjeam edm Ifs hamdkjmfejdmas
ha hakderfejf drgæmjef d pdpuifr. Rdr
dtrd ifhd, ids sagujhdras ha Pdus-
safu, qua sa fhserj`am ndy f if tad-
rëf erëtjef ha if pdiëtjef, tfkpded
edmsjharfm Iagjtjkfhfs edkd tfias
Ifs futdprdeifkfhfs hakderfejfs ra-
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hakderfejf erjstjfmf
araenf
prasamtftjvfs, yf qua êstfs sa ij-
kjtfm f um kard prdeahjkjamtd ha
saiaeejõm ha êijtas hjrjgamtas. Ujm
ak`frgd, êsa as oustd ai jhafi qua,
pfrf pamsfhdras edmsarvfhdras edkd
Uenukpatar, ha`a parsagujr if ha-
kderfejf. Rfrf êi sa trftf sõid ha
«um drham jmstjtuejdmfi, fi jgufi qua
aI karefhd, am ai qua hjstjmtds gru-
pds y parsdmfs edkpjtam pfrf gf-
mfrsa ids vdtds ha ids aiaetdras, ha
ids
edmsukjhdras
pdiëtjeds¼< pdr id
quahf rfhjefijzfejõm ha ifs axpaetf-
tjvfs ejuhfhfmfs d umf pfrtjejpfejõm
axeasjvf hasastf`jijzf fi sjstakf y
id nfea jmgd`armf`ia*.
Rard if hakderfejf fetufi, fÿm sjam-
hd tfm jkparcaetf qua as pracarj`ia
hamdkjmfrif edkd karf pdijfrquëf*,
md as um rêgjkam efrfetarjzfhd sõid
pdr ai raspatd f umfs cdrkfs. Fum-
qua md praouzgua ids rasuitfhds sus-
tfmejfias f qua puaha Iiavfr, Id ejar-
td as qua ai sjkpia naend ha dtdrgfr
ai gd`jarmd
hai
pua`id f hjrjgamtas
hasjgmfhds y edmtrdifhds pdr êi, nfea
qua êstds sa askaram am sftjscfear
ifs hakfmhfs ha fquêi. Edkd nfm
hakdstrfhd ids astuhjds edkpfrfhds
sd`ra ifs raejamtas trfmsjejdmas*, aI
pfsd ha umf hjetfhurf f um kdhaid
efrfetarjzfhd pdr ifs ij`artfhas jmhj-
vjhufias, ai sucrfgjd umjvarsfi, ai
piurfijskd ha pfrtjhds y if eamtrf-
ijhfh ha If iay jkpijef, fhakæs ha
tdhds asds idgrds ij`arfias, umf tam-
hamejf f qua ifs pdiëtjefs gu`armf-
kamtfias sa aoarzfm
pfrf
ai `jamas-
tfr hai pua`id.
As haejr, am if hakderfejf fetufi sa
edk`jmfm ai raspatd f ids prdeahj-
kjamtds, am têrkjmds ha feed um tf-
`jijty
aiaetdrfi parjõhjef, edm if
cdrkfejõm ha pdiëtjefs qua parsj-
guam sftjscfear ifs hakfmhfs ha fk-
pijds sagkamtds hai aiaetdrfhd, fi
tjakpd qua sa parkjta if axjstamejf
ha edmtrfpdharas jmstjtuejdmfias y
ha umf dpdsjejõm pdiëtjef. Am edmsa-
euamejf ids pdpuijskds*, qua tfmtd
pradeupf`fm f Frjstõtaias edkd ha-
gamarfejõm ha if ragif ha if kfyd-
rëf, md puaham edmsjharfrsa
um
ax-
pdmamta ha if kjskf pasa f astfr
sustamtfhds pdr um fpdyd pia`jsj-
ejtfrjd kfsjvd. Ha naend, if hakd-
erfejf pfraea axjgjr ai edkpiakamtd
ha umf raiftjvfkamta kfhurf sdeja-
hfh ejvji* y ha fnë qua, fi vjmeu-
ifrsa êstf edm um ejartd hasfrrdiid
aedmõkjed, if kdharmjhfh astruetu-
rfi y if hakderfejf tjamhfm f edk`j-
mfrsa.
hakder ej erjstj m
Edmeapejõm
pdiëtjed-sdejfi, rakdtfkamta jmspjrf-
hf am Ifs jhafs ha Xdkæs ha Fq ujmd,
drjgjmfhf am if Aurdpf edmtjmamtfi
edkd rafeejõm f if fpfrjejõm hai mf-
ejdmfijskd y, sd`ra tdhd, hai sdejf-
ijskd ha kfsfs. Am ai træmsjtd amtra
Ids sjgids xme y xx, fmta if hjcusjõm
hai kdvjkjamtd d`rard y ai pfrfiaid
haeijva prdgrasjvd ha if jmciuamejf
ha If Jgiasjf eftõijef, êstf edkjamzf
f jkpuisfr f trfvês ha ameëeijefs pf-
pfias (edkd if
P a r u k M dv f r u k d
Vufhrfgas jkd Fmmd )
um pfpai pdiëtj-
ed, ahueftjvd y sjmhjefi kæs fetjvd.
Rratamhëf fsë fhfptfrsa f if hakd-
erfejf, raedmqujstfmhd ai prdtfgd-
mjskd qua njstõrjefkamta nf`ëf ta-
mjhd nfstf if jrrupejõm am Deejhamta
ha If fmtjeiarjefi Jiustrfejõm.
Ai edmtamjhd prdgrfkætjed, sagÿm
sus prdpjds taõrjeds edkd Ofequas
Kfrjtfjm, sa edmaetf fi Avfmgaijd
fumqua as kæs foustfhd u`jefr f If
hakderfejf erjstjfmf edm dtrfs jhad-
idgëfs edmsjharfhfs ha eamtrd* d ha
haraenf*. Ua hjstjmgua, am tdhd efsd,
hai saeuifrjzfhdr ij`arfijskd jmhjvj-
hufijstf y, fumqua feaptf ai karef-
hd y if prdpjahfh, prdpugmf præetj-
efs edrpdrftjvfs*, if hacamsf ha if
jmstjtuejõm cfkjijfr y if prasamejf ha
um Astfhd su`sjhjfrjd qua kfmtamgf
if ednasjõm sdejfi pdr kahjd ha pd-
iëtjefs rahjstrj`utjvfs.
Ids pfrtjhds
pdpuifras
surgjhds f
pfrtjr ha asta kdvjkjamtd nfm sjhd
pfrtjeuifrkamta jkpdrtfmtas fiië hdm-
ha erjstfijzõ um
eiafvfga*
amtra `ur-
guasëf Ifjef y edmcasjdmfi (efsd ha
Jtfijf) y am pfësas ha grfm piurfijs-
kd raijgjdsd (edkd am Ids Rfësas @f-
ods). Md d`stfmta, if axprasjõm pdië-
tjef ha if hakderfejf erjstjfmf nf
sdijhd fgrupfr fod umf kjskf cdr-
kfejõm f eftõijeds y prdtastfmtas am
ids efsds am qua, edkd Fiakfmjf,
fk`fs edkumjhfhas edmvjvam am umf
kjskf mfejõm. If hakderfejf erjstjf-
mf, qua ndy yf md sa edmsjharf ma-
easfrjfkamta edmcasjdmfi, kfmtjama
su êxjtd pdiëtjed am. Aurdpf deejham-
tfi, hdmha vjama prdkdvjamhd if jm-
tagrfejõm suprfmfejdmfi. Xfk`jêm nf
edmsagujhd um raiftjvd prdtfgdmjs-
kd edkd jhadidgëf kdharfhf, qua
prdpugmf ids haraends nukfmds y at
efpjtfijskd edrragjhd, am Aurdpf hai
Asta y Fkêrjef Iftjmf.
h a k d e rf e j f d rg æm j e f
Xêrkjmd feu-
öfhd am Aspföf pfrf efijcjefr if su-
puastf mfturfiazf hakderætjef ha
ifs jmstjtuejdmas raprasamtfhfs am
ifs Edrtas crfmqujstfs? cfkjijf, ku-
mjejpjds y sjmhjeftd vartjefi. Pas-
pdmhëf f If edmstrueejõm edrpdrftj-
vf* hai Astfhd cfsejstf.
haraenf
Edmoumtd ha pdsjejdmfkjam-
tds y fetjtuhas qua sa trfhueam am if
pracaramejf pdr ai samtjhd hai ha`ar,
if trfhjejõm y if hjcaramejfejõm oa-
rærqujef. Astf ÿitjkf puaha sarvjr,
sagÿm ifs hjstjmtfs varsjdmas ha ha-
raenf, pfrf raedmdear ids kêrjtds
parsdmfias d, sjkpiakamta, raprdhu-
ejr ids prjvjiagjds narahfhds ha if
frjstderfejf. Am if njstdrjf, tfi edm-
eaptd sa rakdmtf f ids föds ha if
Pavdiuejõm crfmeasf pdr if u`jefejõm
cësjef am ids iifkfhds
Astfhds Gama-
rfias
ha ids md`ias qua, am dpdsjejõm
f ids `urguasas sjtufhds f If jzqujar-
hf* am hjenf eækfrf, arfm pfrtjhf-
rjds ha kfmtamar ai
Fme jam Pêg jka* .
Edm ai trjumcd ha If jhadidgëf ij`arfi
y ai harrdefkjamtd ha ids f`sdiu-
tjskds, if haraenf pfsf f jhamtjcjefr-
sa edm if muavf eifsa `urguasf qua
hacjamha ai drham cramta fi jmejpjam-
ta kdvjkjamtd d`rard, amefrmfejõm
akargamta ha ids hasads ha racdrkf
prdgrasjstf.
Uus kfmjcastfejdmas njstõrjefs vfm
hasha ai axtrakd cfsejstf*, futdrjtf-
rjd a jmeiusd rfejstf, nfstf ai ij`a-
rfijskd* qua feaptf if hakderfejf sj
md sa pdma am paijgrd if prdpjahfh y
ai karefhd. Am if fetufijhfh ai têr-
kjmd, qua tjama, puas, um edmtamjhd
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haraend pdijtjed
r j a s e a ₩ ] t r f j
sakæmtjed kuy fkpijd, sa suaia ra-
sarvfr pfrf hasjgmfr paydrftjvfkamta
ft edmsarvfhurjskd* qua rafeejdmf
cramta f ids supuastds axeasds jguf-
ijtfrjstfs prdvdefhds pdr ai raedmd-
ejkjamtd umjvarsfi ha ifs ij`artfhas
pdiëtjefs y ids haraends sdejfias. If
haraenf hacjamha jmstjtuejdmas ed-
iaetjvfs asamejfias edkd if cfkjijf,
If raijgjõm d if mfejõm y, am sus vf-
rjfmtas edrpdrftjstfs, prdkuava ai
Astfhd cuarta pftarmfijstf. Md d`s-
tfmta, su eraamejf ha qua if oustjejf
sdejfi md ha`a jkpijefr jgufihfh ra-
hjstrj`utjvf sjmd raedkpamsf f if
raspdmsf`jijhfh jmhjvjhufi, nfea qua
saf eraejamtakamta ndstji f if jmtar-
vamejõm pÿ`ijef am if aedmdkëf.
haraend pdiëtjed
Pfkf hai haraend
pÿ`ijed amefrgfhf hai fmæijsjs ha ifs
mdrkfs qua raguifm if drgfmjzfejõm
y ai cumejdmfkjamtd hai pdhar pdiëtj-
ed y ha ifs raifejdmas ha êsta edm ids
ejuhfhfmds. Fetufikamta puaha edm-
sjharfsa sjmõmjkd ha haraend edms-
tjtuejdmfi y nf sjhd ai mdk`ra cdrkfi
edm at qua ids ourjstfs nfm astuhjf-
hd astf hjsejpijmf am Aspföf. Md
d`stfmta, nf edmstjtujhd tfk`jêm ai
sdpdrta pfrf If amsaöfmzf ha if ejam-
ejf pdiëtjef am ifs cfeuitfhas ha ha-
raend ha asta pfës.
h a ra en d s cu m h fk a m tf ia s
Am edm-
trfsta edm if jhaf f`sdiutjstf ha sd-
`arfmëf, qua edmeahëf f if futdrjhfh
pÿ`ijef um pdhar jijkjtfhd ha jmtrd-
kjsjõm am if ascarf prjvfhf hai eju-
hfhfmd, ifs ravdiuejdmas .ij`arfias
fedtfrdm umf sarja ha æk`jtds ha
prjvfejhfh hdmha ai jmhjvjhud md pd-
hëf sar kdiastfhd. Mfejardm fsë ids
haraends cumhfkamtfias edkd if sëm-
tasjs qua rasuitf ha edk`jmfr ifs hds
trfhjejdmas cjidsõcjefs nukfmjstfs y
edskdpdijtfs hai sjgid xvmj? ai jus-
mfturfijskd y ai rfejdmfijskd jius-
trfhd. Fumqua ids eftæidgds haejkd-
mõmjeds raedmdeëfm ifs ij`artfhas kæs
`æsjefs edkd if ha axprasjõm, if ha
fsdejfejõm d if jhadiõgjef y raijgjd-
sf, sa vjmeuifrdm tfk`jêm f ids jmta-
rasas aedmõkjeds ha if `urguasëf a
jmeiuyardm if gfrfmtëf ha prdtaeejõm
ha if prdpjahfh d ai i j`ra kdvjkjamtd.
Rdstarjdrkamta, ai hasfrrdiid hakd-
erætjed nf su`rfyfhd if jkpdrtfmejf
ha astds haraends y nf jmeiujhd ka-
efmjskds acjefeas ha hacamsf ourjs-
hjeejdmfi ha ids kjskds. Fsë, if jmj-
ejfi têemjef edmsjstamta am pifskfrids
am haeifrfejdmas md vjmeuifmtas (Sjr-
gjmf am 6773 d Crfmejf am 67>:) cua
hapurfhf am ai edmstjtuejdmfijskd
pdstarjdr qua pdsjtjvõ muavds hara-
ends, edkd ai ha nuaigf d sjmhjef-
ejõm, y hdtõ f tdhds ha kæs acjefeas
gfrfmtëfs. Ndy, am if kahjhf am qua
ids haraends cumhfkamtfias astêm
fkpijfkamta raedmdejhds y prdtagj-
hds, sa puaha nf`ifr ha qua um ha-
tarkjmfhd sjstakf pdiëtjed edmstjtu-
ya um Astfhd ha Haraend.
Ids haraends cumhfkamtfias, raed-
mdejhds f if pd`ifejõm am gamarfi,
suaiam hjstjmgujrsa ha ids haraends
pdiëtjeds, qua sa raifejdmfm edm if
pfrtjejpfejõm am ids fsumtds pÿ`ij-
eds ha if mfejõm y sa rastrjmgam f ids
ejuhfhfmds*. F pfrtjr hai parjdhd ha
amtraguarrfs sa nf iiagfhd tfk`jêm
f raedmdear, edkd vfidras hjgmds ha
prdtaeejõm, umf sarja ha fspjrfejdmas
fi `jamastfr aedmõkjed y euiturfi,
pard astds haraends sdejfias kara-
eam kamdras hacamsfs qua ifs trfhj-
ejdmfias ij`artfhas qua sa vjmeuifm
fi jmhjvjhud. Z as qua fumqua am ku-
enfs hakderfejfs sa raedmdea qua
ids pdharas pÿ`ijeds ha`am avjtfr ifs
jmoustfs hasjgufihfhas, sjgua edmsj-
haræmhdsa kæs axjgj`ia qua êstds md
edkatfm fr`jtrfrjahfhas. Fsë, jmeiu-
sd ndy axjstam kdvjkjamtds pdij-
tjzfhds, edkd at qua rajvjmhjef am
Mdrtafkêrjef ids
ejvji rjgnts,
qu a
pracamham fkpijfr ids eftæidgds d
hamumejfr fkamfzfs parsjstamtas y
hjserjkjmfejdmas sd`ra ids yf raed-
mdejhds.
Fumqua as craeuamta utjijzfr jmhjs-
tjmtfkamta ifs axprasjdmas haraends
cumhfkamtfias y haraends nukfmds,
axjsta umf hjcaramta sjgmjcjefejõm am
cumejõm hai æk`jtd am ai qua sa ak-
piaam. Fsë, ids prjkards sa racjaram f
ids haraends ourëhjefkamta vjmeuifm-
tas f mjvai jmtarmd, kjamtrfs qua ids
ÿitjkds hasjgmfm tds haraends su-
puastfkamta mfturfias pdsjtjvfhds
am trftfhds jmtarmfejdmfias. Rdr tfm-
td, ids haraends cumhfkamtfias, fi
quahfr raedgjhds am ifs edmstjtuejd-
mas mfejdmfias, suaiam hjscrutfr ha
um kfydr grfhd ha edmeraejõm y gf-
rfmtëf acaetjvf f pasfr hai edmsamsd
axprasfhd sd`ra Ids sagumhds am if
DMQ f trfvês ha if Haeifrfejõm ha
Haraends Nukfmds ha 6:8> y ai Rfe-
td edmvamejdmfi ha 6:33. Fumqua am
ai kumhd hakderætjed sa vjdifm def-
sjdmfikamta, as am Ids ragëkamas
hjetftdrjfias hdmha sa prdhuea umf
sjstakætjef cfitf ha edmsjharfejõm f
ids kjskds. Ai
raiftjvjskd euiturfi
nf
iiagfhd jmeiusd f oustjcjefr astf sj-
tufejõm, fpaifmhd fi drjgam deejham-
tfi ha astds haraends y ai supuastd
atmdeamtrjskd qua supdma ai pra-
tamharids umjvarsfias.
haseamtrfijzfejõm Sfrjfmta ha drgf-
mjzfejõm tarrjtdrjfi hai Astfhd hdmha
ids gd`jarmds idefi y/d ragjdmfi gd-
zfm ha ejartf futdmdkëf pfrf haejhjr
y gastjdmfr am hatarkjmfhfs kfta-
rjfs. Ai edmeaptd pfraea jr fedkpf-
öfhd ha umf edmmdtfejõm hakderf-
tjzfhdrf y hjmækjef, yf qua jkpijef
if axjstamejf pravjf ha um ÿmjed eam-
trd haejsdr. Fumqua êsta edmtjmÿf
kdmdpdijzfmhd if sd`arfmëf astftfi,
pdr kahjd ha if haseamtrfijzfejõm
trfmscjara raeursds qua puaham ka-
hjrsa ha feuarhd edm ai kfrgam ha
futdgd`jarmd pdiëtjed, if efpfejhfh
cjmfmejarf y ifs cumejdmas ha gastjõm
edmeahjhfs.
If jhaf sa jhamtjcjef edm kdhaids
umjtfrjds hdmha ai eamtrd dtdrgf pd-
haras f if parjcarjf pard, f hjcaramejf
hai caharfijskd*, sa rasarvf ejartd
edmtrdi d tutaif sd`ra aiif. As cra-
euamta qua if haseamtrfijzfejõm ra-
gjdmfi sa prdhuzef edkd edmsaeuam-
ejf ha ifs hakfmhfs ragjdmfijstfs y
qua, fhakæs, md sa ijkjta f umf karf
haiagfejõm fhkjmjstrftjvf. Am astds
efsds am qua sa erafm õrgfmds p diëtj-
eds rafikamta futõmdkds, edm fkpijfs
edkpatamejfs aoaeutjvfs a jmeiusd
iagjsiftjvfs, ifs raifejdmas jmtargu-
`armfkamtfias* puaham sar tfm edrm-
:
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j
hasd`ahjamejf ejvjr
fdurf
-
piaofs edkd ifs qua efrfetarjzfm f
astfhds caharfias sjm qua ai mjvai ta-
rrjtdrjfi eamtrfi puahf aoarear am if
præetjef su suprakfeëf cdrkfi.
hasd` ahjame jf e jvji
Hasfcëd pÿ`ijed
y f`jartd f if futdrjhfh qua suaia
axprasfrsa am if rasjstamejf fi euk-
pijkjamtd ha if iay vjgamta y if feap-
tfejõm vdiumtfrjf ha if sfmejõm qua
tfi fetjtuh edmiiavf. Ua hjstjmgua
tfmtd hai haijtd edkÿm edkd ha if
d`oaejõm ha edmejamejf* yf qua, f
hjcaramejf hai prjkard, md pratamha
deuitfrsa mj raspdmha f kdtjvds ha
eæieuid parsdmfi< y, am edmtrfstê edm
if sagumhf, supdma umf ra`aihëf qua
md astæ parkjtjhf. If hasd`ahjamejf
ejvji, pdr tfmtd, as um tjpd ha pra-
sjõm qua trftf ha jmciujr am ai prdea-
sd pdiëtjed edm ai cjm ha trfmscdrkfr
ids vfidras y ai kfred ourëhjed ha
umf sdejahfh. Fumqua defsjdmfi-
kamta puahf feuhjr f kêtdhds vjd-
iamtds, suaia axprasfrsa f trfvês ha
if rasjstamejf pfeëcjef ha cdrkf qua
as cæejikamta hjstjmguj`ia ha ids ca-
mõkamds tarrdrjstfs.
hasraguife jõm
Camõkamd axtamhjhd
f pfrtjr ha ids föds denamtf pdr ai
qua ai Astfhd, kuy prasamta nfstf
amtdmeas am if gastjõm ha if aedmd-
këf, rahuea su pfpai am if ascarf ha
prdhueejõm ha `jamas y am if prastf-
ejõm ha sarvjhds prdcasjdmfias, astd
as, Ids md edmsjharfhds sdejfias. AI
jmtarvamejdmjskd hjraetd, f trfvês
ha um rd`ustd saetdr pÿ`ijed, d jm-
hjraetd, pdr kahjd ha umf vjgjifmejf
astraenf sd`ra ids akprasfrjds prj-
vfhds, sa sustjtuya pdr umf kfydr
edmcjfmzf am if
kfmd jmvjsj`ia
ha i
karefhd edkd kaefmjskd ha fsjg-
mfejõm ha raeursds qua sftjscfea kæs
acjefzkamta aI jmtarês gamarfi.
Ai têrkjmd puaha sdifpfrsa edm ai
ha prjvftjzfejõm yf qua fk`ds edm-
eaptds sa amtjamham, am gamarfi, edkd
if easjõm ha cumejdmas hai saetdr pÿ-
`ijed fi prjvfhd. Ujm ak`frgd, If prj-
vftjzfejõm supdma if trfmscaramejf
ha prdpjahfh d vamtf ha fetjvds ha
akprasfs astftfias f amtjhfhas pfr-
tjeuifras< kjamtrfs qua if hasraguif-
ejõm tjama qua var edm if prdkdejõm
ha If edkpatjtjvjhfh f trfvês hai
kaefmjskd hai karefhd. Am tdhd
efsd, if ij`arfijzfejõm prdhuejhf iia-
vf kæs `jam, edkd saöfif Kfodma, f
um prdeasd ha ra-raguifejõm, yf qua
sa hjsaöf tdhd um muavd kfred mdr-
kftjvd pfrf parkjtjr if acaetjvjhfh
ha if edkpatamejf amtra ids fetdras
prjvfhds. Fhakæs, sa erafm muavds
õrgfmds, f kamuhd futõmdkds, qua
fr`jtrfm if muavf sjtufejõm y sjguam
jkpdmjamhd astæmhfras kahjdfk`jam-
tfias, if`drfias d sfmjtfrjds.
If hasraguifejõm sa jmtrdhuea, ha um
ifhd, pdr efk`jds iagfias qua par-
kjtam if ij`arfijzfejõm ha saetdras
aedmõkjeds qua, f pasfr ha astfr yf
prdtfgdmjzfhds pdr parsdmfs prj-
vfhfs, astf`fm edmstraöjhds pdr ra-
gifkamtfejõm (edkd deurra edm if
`fmef d ifs prdcasjdmas ij`arfias)< y,
ha dtrd, pdr ai haskfmtaifkjamtd ha
kdmdpdijds astftfias euyf axjstam-
ejf yf md puaha oustjcjefrsa puas if
ftamejõm fi jmtarês gamarfi sa edmsj-
gua kaodr edm if prasamejf ha edk-
patjhdras (efsd ha ifs taiaedkumjef-
ejdmas d if amargëf).
Ids cfiids hai karefhd, if axjstamejf
ha `jamas pÿ`ijeds purds mfturfias,
ifs axtarmfijhfhas, ifs aedmdkëfs ha
asefif, if maeasjhfh ha um hasfrrdiid
md hapamhjamta hai axtrfmoard, if ra-
hjstrj`uejõm sdejfi (piamd akpiad) y
tarrjtdrjfi d ids `jamas pracaramtas
nf`ëfm oustjcjefhd ai hjrjgjskd. Ujm
ak`frgd, trfs if erjsjs ha if drtdhd-
xjf laymasjfmf y if pareapejõm ha ids
hacaetds hai jmtarvamejdmjskd, sa
fhdptf astf astrftagjf hasraguifhd-
rf qua sa fmjkf pdr cfetdras pdiëtj-
eds edkd ai madij`arfijskd d umf
kfydr ca am if sdejahfh ejvji. Fiië
hdmha md axjsta asta jmeamtjvd jhad-
iõgjed, ai prdeasd nf sjhd kamds
ræpjhd pard, cjmfikamta, sa nf fetj-
vfhd edkd edmsaeuamejf ha prfgkæ-
tjefs axjgamejfs fhkjmjstrftjvfs pfrf
rfejdmfijzfr ai saetdr pÿ`ijed, aedmõ-
kjefs, edm ai cjm ha rahuejr ai hêcjejt
pÿ`ijed, d axtarjdras, ha feuarhd edm
ifs hjraetrjeas ha umf drgfmjzfejõm
jmtarmfejdmfi. Fumqua ai fuga ha if
tadrëf aedmõkjef hai
ifjssaz-cfjra
nf rahuejhd ai fetjvjskd pÿ`ijed, as
edmsustfmejfi fi ha`fta pdiëtjed qua
md axjstfm raspuastfs hacjmjtjvfs sd-
`ra ai mjvai õptjkd ha jmtarvamejõm
astftfi.
hjetfhurf
Cõrkuif pdiëtjef qua tjama
sus drëgamas njstõrjeds am if præetj-
ef hai Uamfhd rdkfmd, qua, am efsd
ha guarrf d astfhds ha akargamejf,
hdtf`f f um ndk`ra ha pdharas f`-
sdiutds hurfmta um tjakpd hatarkj-
mfhd sjm qua pdr aiid quahfsa hard-
gfhd ai drhamfkjamtd pdiëtjed axjs-
tamta. Fumqua figumfs edmstjtuejd-
mas, edkd if fiakfmf ha Wajkfr, pra-
vêm sjtufejdmas axeapejdmfias qua
if oustjcjefm, fetufikamta suaia ak-
piafrsa pfrf hasjgmfr fi sjstakf ha
gd`jarmd edmtrfpuastd f if hakd-
erfejf*. Ua hacjma, am asamejf, pdr
if fusamejf ha hjvjsjõm ha pdharas, if
prdpamsjõm f aoarejtfr fr`jtrfrjfkam-
ta ai kfmhd am
`amacjejd ha if kj-
mdrëf qua if fpdyf y if jmaxjstamejf
ha prastfejõm figumf ha edmsamtj-
kjamtd pdr pfrta ha ids gd`armfhds.
Cramta f dtrds edmeaptds kæs mautrds
y gamêrjeds edkd ai ha futdrjtfrjs-
kd*, if jhaf ha hjetfhurf rasfitf if
efrfetarëstjef parsdmfi y if fk`jejõm
ha qujam hatamtf ai pdhar. Ua suaia
amfitaear f êsta sd`ra ai grupd pra-
samtæmhdia edkd figujam sferjcjefhd
sjm edmtrfpfrtjhfs, efpfz ha amtragfr
su prdpjf vjhf pdr su pua`id, y f ka-
muhd sa ia rdhaf ha ejartf sd`ramf-
turfijhfh. Ha asta kdhd as craeuam-
ta qua sa fpaia f umf sjtufejõm
axtrfdrhjmfrjf pfrf Iagjtjkfr if hurf-
ejõm, mdrkfikamta vjtfijejf, ha If
hjetfhurf. Md d`stfmta, sd`ra tdhd
am ids efsds am qua êstf tjama ef-
ræetar kjijtfr, raijgjdsd d jhadiõgjed,
suaia pratamharsa if sueasjõm am
dtrd tjrfmd.
Ifs hjetfhurfs puaham iiagfr f edm-
tfr edm um fpdyd kfydrjtfrjd pard,
am tdhd efsd, sa efrfetarjzfm pdr
magfr if pdsj`jijhfh ha qua, pdr um
prdeahjkjamtd jmstjtuejdmfijzfhd, If
dpdsjejõm puahf iiagfr fi pdhar. Uj
ai grfhd ha raprasjõm ha if kjskf
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hjiakf hat prjsjdmard
parsjgua su fmjqujifejõm, y axjsta
umf hdetrjmf qua if raspfihf, if hje-
tfhurf sa hamdkjmf tdtfijtfrjf*.
hjvjsjõm ha • h
hj iakf h ai pr jsjdmard
vêfsa
tadrëf
ha ouagds.
hjvjs jõm ha pdharas
Rrjmejpjd ha dr-
gfmjzfejõm pdiëtjef pdr ai qua ifs
hjstjmtfs tfrafs ha if futdrjhfh pÿ-
`ijef ha`am hasfrrdiifrsa pdr õrgf-
mds sapfrfhds. If hjvjsjõm trfhjejd-
mfi sa nf `fsfhd am if axjstamejf ha
tras pdharas qua sa oustjcjefm pdr
maeasjhfhas cumejdmfias y ha kutud
edmtrdi. Fhakæs, am ids sjstakfs ha-
kderætjeds sa edmej`a edkd um edk-
piakamtd f if ragif ha if kf ydrëf yf
qua grfejfs f
ê i
sa prdtagam kaodr
ifs ij`artfhas jmhjvjhufias.
Frjstõtaias, am if edmsjharfejõm ha
ifs hjvarsfs fetjvjhfhas qua sa tja-
mam qua hasfrrdiifr am ai aoarejejd
hai gd`jarmd, nf`iõ am su kdkamtd
ha iagjsIfeõm, aoaeuejõm y fhkjmjs-
trfejõm ha if oustjejf. Ujm ak`frgd,
qujamas rafikamta fpfraeam edkd
{õ r
kuifhdras ha if tadrëf ha if hjvj-
s
jõm ha pdharas sdm Idela y Kdmtas-
qujau. Fk`ds pfrtam ha If maeasjhfh
ha qua ifs haejsjdmas md ha`am edm-
eamtrfrsa, pdr id qua ids õrgfmds hai
pdhar nfm ha futdedmtrdifrsa f trf-
vês ha um sjstakf ha edmtrfpasds y
aqujij`rjds
(enaels fmh `fifmeas).
If
prjkarf hjvjsjõm qua acaetÿfm sapf-
rf ai pdhar amtra if edrdmf y ifs ha-
kæs edrpdrfejdmas y, f su vaz, ham-
trd ha êstfs hjstjmguam ids pdharas
iagjsiftjvd, aoaeutjvd* y caharftjvd<'
fumqua Kdmtasqujau sustjtuya ai ÿt-
tjkd têrkjmd, qua Idela raifejdmf`f
edm ids fsumtds axtarjdras, pdr ai ou-
hjejfi.
If ha msf ha if hjvjsjõm ha pdharas
sa edmvjarta f pfrtjr ha fk`fs fpdr-
tfejdmas am d`oatd prjmejpfi hai edms-
tjtuejdmfijskd ij`arfi, qua ameuamtrf
fsë um kdhaid jmstjtuejdmfi dpuas-
td fi f`sdiutjstf. Fhakæs, astf crfg-
kamtfejõm jmeiuya if drgfmjzfejõm
hai iagjsiftjvd am um pfrifkamtd j-
efkarfi*< if hjvjsjõm hai aoaeutjvd
amtra gd`jarmd y `urderfejf< y am fi-
gumds efsds, umf fhjejdmfi hjvjsjõm
tarrjtdrjfi hai Astfhd. Xdhd aiid, oum-
td edm if axjstamejf ha umds hara-
ends cumhfkamtfias, pfsf f sar um
raqujsjtd jkprasejmhj`ia pfrf avjtfr
if fr`jtrfrjahfh hai pdhar pÿ`ijed y,
pdr tfmtd, edmsagujr gfrfmtëfs pfrf
if futdmdkëf jmhjvjhufi ha if feejõm.
Xds
hds kæs sjgmjcjeftjvds aoakpids
ha if fpijefejõm pjdmarf ha if hjvj-
sjõm ha pdharas cuardm Ifs edmstjtu-
ejdmas p dst-ravdiuejdmfrjfs mdrtafka-
rjefmf y crfmeasf. Am ids hds efsds,
ai iagjsiftjvd gdzõ am prjmejpjd ha
prjkfeëf sd`ra ai rastd ha ids pdha-
ras y sa hdtõ ha jmhapamhamejf rjgu-
rdsf fi pdhar ouhjejfi. Am Crfmejf if
ijkjtfejõm ha if feejõm hai aoaeutj-
vd, fi tamar qua d`sarvfr ai prjmejpjd
ha iagfijhfh, supdmëf qua ai pfrif-
kamtd* hdkjmfhd pdr if urguasëf
pdhëf edmtrdifr fi gd`jarmd akfmfhd
hai ray. Am Astfhds Qmjhds, pdr ai
edmtrfrjd, ai prdpjd oaca hai Astf-
hd arf aiagjhd hakderætjefkamta
y If euastjõm tamëf kæs qua var edm
if hjstrj`uejõm ha raspdmsf`jijhfhas
qua, sjgujamhd ai hjsaöd ha Kfhjsdm,
quahf`fm pfrejfikamta sdifpfhfs f
trfvês ha if pdsj`jijhfh axeapejdmfi
ha qua ai Edmgrasd hastjtuyarf fi
prasjhamta, ha qua êsta vatfsa ejar-
tfs Iayas, y ha qua ids ouaeas puhja-
rfm rajmtarpratfrifs.
Rdstarjdrkamta, sa fsjsta f um has-
pifzfkjamtd hai prdtfgdmjskd nfejf
ai aoaeutjvd edkd edmsaeuamejf prj-
kdrhjfi ha if axpfmsjõm ha tfrafs hai
Astfhd y if avjhamejf ha qua sõid at
gd`jarmd y if fhkjmjstrfejõm sdm ef-
pfeas ha f`sdrvartfs. F pasfr ha astf
tamhamejf, if raspaetjvf y hjcaramta
iagjtjkjhfh hakderætjef hai aoaeutj-
vd y at iagjsiftjvd qua as prdpjf hai
prasjhamejfijskd mdrtafkarjefmd,
nfea kfmtamar if jmhapamhamejf am-
tra pdharas.
Rdr su pfrta, am ai edmstjtuejdmfijs-
kd jmspjrfhd pdr Crfmejf a Jmgifta-
rrf, if hjraeejõm hai aoaeutjvd pdr if
edrdmf cua raakpifzfhf pdr umf ha-
sjgmfejõm pfrifkamtfrjf hai gd`jar-
md y, ha astf cdrkf, ids pdharas aoa-
eutjvd y iagjsiftjvd pfsf`fm kæs `jam
f sar jmtarhapamhjamtas y harjvfhds
ha if kjskf kfydrëf. Fsë, am ai pfr-
ifkamtfrjskd aurdpad, if hjvjsjõm
ha pdharas sõid sa gfrfmtjzf pfrf ai
pdhar ouhjejfi, kjamtrfs qua ai pdhar
iagjsiftjvd, aspaejfikamta am ids ef-
sds ha astf`jijhfh gu`armfkamtfi,
puaha rasuitfr pfrfhõojefkamta kæs
kfrgjmfhd hai prdeasd haejsdrjd qua
am ai prasjhamejfijskd. Cramta f ids
rjasgds qua edmiiavf astf edmeamtrf-
ejõm ha pdhar, puaha fpaifrsa f ifs
vamtfofs ha umf kfydr ednaramejf
am if aif`drfejõm ha ifs pdiëtjefs y,
edmsjgujamtakamta, umf raspdmsf`j-
ijhfh hakderætjef kæs hjraetf.
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aiaeejõm pÿ`ijef
a ed i d g j sk d
Jhadidgëf vjmeuifhf f
if pdstkdharmjhfh y f if fpfrjejõm
ha umf asejsjõm pdiëtjef mdvahdsf
qua sapfrf, am ifs sdejahfhas qua
nfm fiefmzfhd hatarkjmfhd hasfrrd-
i id aedmõkjed, f ids jmhjvjhuds y gru-
pds drjamtfhds d md nfejf hakfmhfs
kftarjfias. Ai aedidgjskd prdeifkf if
jmtaedmaxjdm ha tdhf if mfturfiazf y,
am su varsjõm kæs fetjvjstf, dtdrgf
prjdrjhfh fi kfmtamjkjamtd hai aquj-
ij`rjd hai aedsjstakf sd`ra ids jmta-
rasas hai ndk`ra, qua as sõid umf
pfrta kæs hai kjskd. Edmtrfstf fsë
edm ai fmtrdpdeamtrjskd prahjefhd
pdr ai Ij`arfijskd eiæsjed y, pdr asta
kdtjvd, sa ia nf edmaetfhd edm ai
edmsarvfhurjskd drgfmjejstf.
Ujm ak`frgd, ai prdpjd aedidgjskd
sa nf pifskfhd am um kdvjkjamtd
pdiëtjed prdgrasjstf, ai
varha,
y nf
hfhd iugfr f if jmedrpdrfejõm ha ifs
euastjdmas kahjdfk`jamtfias am ids
prdgrfkfs ha ids pfrtjhds eiæsjeds,
pracaramtakamta ids ha jzqujarhf. Jm-
hjraetfkamta, fhakæs, nf edmstjtujhd
umd ha ids cfetdras qua nfm fmjkfhd
if axpfmsjõm hai jmtarvamejdmjskd
gu`armfkamtfi am if prdtaeejdm ha
if mfturfiazf y am If iuenf edmtrf if
hastrueejõm ha if kjskf f efusf ha
if hacdrastfejõm d If edmtfkjmfejõm.
Nfstf su surgjkjamtd, if tadrëf pdië-
tjef md sa nf`ëf pradeupfhd fpamfs
hai kahjd qua rdhaf`f fi ndk`ra y,
ha naend, if futdprdeifkfhf vjetd-
rjf ha if nukfmjhfh sa prdhuod eufm-
hd êstf edmsjgujõ erafr um amtdrmd
frtjcjejfi quê, sjm ak`frgd, am pded
tjakpd, efk`jõ su cumejõm hacamsjvf
pdr umf fetjtuh fgrasjvf y fkamf-
zfmta edmtrf if kjskf edmsarvfejõm
hai pifmatf. Rasa f sus jmhuhf`ias
fpdrtfejdmas, if jhadidgëf aedidgjs-
tf tjama hjcjeuitfhas pfrf prasamtfr
umf sdiuejõm prfgkætjef fi prd`iakf
ha edkpftj`jijzfr eraejkjamtd, aspa-
ejfikamta am ai kumhd md jmhustrjfij-
zfhd, y raspatd fi kahjd. Astf hjcjeji
sëmtasjs, fsë edkd ai kfmtamjkjamtd
ha if Ij`artfh jmhjvjhufi am ai fetufi
edmtaxtd, raiftjvfkamta ndstji edm ai
jmtarvamejdmjskd astftfi, iiavf f feu-
öfr edmeaptds edkd ai ha
hasfrrdiid
sdstamj`ia.
aoaeut jvd
Qmd ha ids tras aiakam-
tds eiæsjeds, oumtd fi iagjsiftjvd y ai
ouhjejfi, qua rasuitf ha if hjvjsjõm
ha pdharas* praedmjzfhf pdr Idela y
Kdmtasqujau pfrf raakpifzfr ai f`-
sdiutjskd pdr umf drgfmjzfejõm pd-
iëtjef Ij`arfi. Am prjmejpjd, edkd su
mdk`ra jmhjef, su cumejõm ha`ëf ij-
kjtfrsa f if jkpiakamtfejõm ha ifs
iayas y haejsjdmas akfmfhfs hai pfr-
ifkamtd raprasamtftjvd pard, ha`j-
hd fi hasfrrdiid hakderætjed, edmstj-
tuya ndy ai ai aoa prjmejpfi ha If
aif`drfejõm ha Ifs pdiëtjefs. Fumqua
sjgua sjm edrraspdmharia if tdkf
cdrkfi ha ifs rasdiuejdmas kæs jk-
pdrtfmtas, ai edkpdmamta pdiëtjed
hai aoaeutjvd (ai gd`jarmd*) jkpuisf
if kfydr pfrta ha ifs jmjejftjvfs pÿ-
`ijefs< kjamtrfs qua ai edkpdmamta
drgfmjzftjvd hai kjskd (if fhkjmjs-
trfejõm*) amefrmf kftarjfikamta ai
kuy axtamhjhd prdtfgdmjskd ha Ids
pdharas pÿ` ijeds am if vjhf edtjhjfmf.
Ndy, if oustjcjefejõm ha if sapfrfejõm
ha cumejdmas am ai samd ha if futd-
rjhfh rasjha am if eraejamta edkpia-
ojhfh drgfmjzftjvf hai Astfhd, qua
axjga umf kuitjpijefejõm drgæmjef. Ai
aoaeutjvd sarëf ai pdhar euyd pf-
pai sa nf axpfmhjhd kæs y, fsë, astæ
edmstjtujhd pdr mukardsfs fgamejfs
qua prastfm sarvjejds raguifras f If
sdejahfh, edkd if pdijeëf, if sagurj-
hfh sdejfi, if ahuefejõm pÿ`ijef d ai
aoêrejtd. D`vjfkamta, am ai samd hai
aoaeutjvd, nf ha rasfitfrsa if jkpdr-
tfmejf ha if `urderfejf* qua, fumqua
su`drhjmfhf f Ids efrgds pdiëtjeds,
euamtf edm if vamtfof ha if parkf-
mamejf cramta f ifs parjõhjefs vfrjf-
ejdmas am ids puastds aiaetjvds. Md
d`stfmta, tfk`jêm as ejartd qua f
vaeas sa rasarvf if hamdkjmfejõm ha
aoaeut jvd
pfrf hasjgmfr fi gd`jarmd
qua, pasa f sar sõid su paquaöf
ejkf, edmeamtrf um axtrfdrhjmfrjd
pdhar y, am. hakderfejf, umf edmsj-
harf`ia iagjtjkfejõm qua ia parkjta
hjrjgjr ha naend ai prdeasd pdiëtjed.
If edmcjgurfejõm fetufi hai pdhar
aoaeutjvd raspdmha f umf sarja ha
hasfrrdiids njstõrjeds qua nfm jhd
rd`ustaejêmhdia am edkpatamejfs y
fpdyd pdpuifr. Rdr id qua raspaetf f
asta ÿitjkd, If avdiuejõm am Ids kd-
haids pfrifkamtfrjds iiavõ ha um jmj-
ejfi aoaeutjvd umjtfrjd, eufmhd ai ray
edmtrdif`f am sdijtfrjd if cdrkfejõm
hai kjskd, f um sjstakf hufijstf,
hdmha ai oaca hai Astfhd y ai Iagjsif-
tjvd hasjgmf`fm edmoumtfkamta fi
gd`jarmd. Rdstarjdrkamta, ids pfrif-
kamtds edmsjgujardm if axeiusjvf am
ai mdk`rfkjamtd hai õrgfmd edia-
gjfhd ha gd`jarmd d, edkd suaia sar
kæs mdrkfi, hai prjkar kjmjstrd*,
qua saiaeejdmf f edmtjmufejõm fi
rastd ha ids kjak`rds. Ha astf cdr-
kf, sa nf iiagfhd f um vëmeuid `fs-
tfmta hjraetd amtra aiaeejõm pdpuifr
y cdrkfejõm hai aoaeutjvd a, jmeiusd,
fquêiif puaha sar hjraetf, edkd as
mdtf efrfetarëstjef ha ids prasjham-
ejfijskds*.
aiaee jõm
pÿ`ijejEdrrjêmta taõrjef y
fmfiëtjef qua pratamha-fpijefr ai am-
cdqua ha
rftjdmfi endjea*
(d aiaeejõm
rfejdmfi) f if prdvjsjõm ha `jamas
pÿ`ijeds. Ai jmhjvjhufijskd katd-
hdiõgjed qua prdpugmf pfrta ha if
fsumejõm ha qua, am pdiëtjef, sa par-
sjgua sjakpra if kfxjkjzfejõm rf-
ejdmfi ha amacjejds. Am id racaramta
f ids `jamas pÿ`ijeds, asf cumejõm ha
utjijhfh sa efmfijzfrëf f trfvês hai
vdtd qua axprasf ai edmoumtd ha pra-
caramejfs hai aiaetdr. Hfhd qua md
sa puaha prjvfr f mfhja hai hjscruta
8
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ha astds `jamas pdr kahjd ha um pra-
ejd, êstds md sa fsjgmfm sagÿm if iõ-
gjef ha karefhd sjmd ha feuarhd edm
if hakfmhf ediaetjvf. Ids pdiëtjeds,
jmtarasfhds am fukamtfr sus p dsj`jij-
hfhas ha raaiaeejõm, jmtarpratfrëfm
asf hakfmhf y trftfrëfm ha edmtam-
tfrif.
Ai prd`iakf, sagÿm ids taõrjeds ha
astf parspaetjvf, as qua fi quahfr if
prdvjsjõm ha ids `jamas pÿ`ijeds am
ifs axeiusjvfs kfmds ha ids gd`jar-
mds, sa edrra aI p aijgrd ha jmeurrjr am
umf jmacjejamta aiaeejõm pÿ`ijef qua
parouhjef ifs sftjscfeejdmas gamarf-
ias ha if sdejahfh ejvji. Rdr aiid, ids
cfiids hêi gd`jarmd, sdkatjhd f ifs
prasjdmas ha hatarkjmfhds jmtarasas
y ha if `urderfejf, am if fsjgmfejõm
ha `jamas pÿ`ijeds, puaham akpad-
rfr ai `jamastfr ha If ejuhfhfmëf d
prdvdefr jmoustfs trfmscaramejfs ha
um grupd sdejfi f dtrd. If sdiuejõm f
asta prd`iakf md pfsf pdr if umfmj-
kjhfh edrmd tdkf ha haejsjdmas,
hfhf if pdsj`jijhfh ha enfmtfoa qua
supdma ai vatd, mj pdr if kfydrëf
sjkpia qua, edkd tadrjzõ Edmhdreat,
sa sdkata f if pfrfhdof ha if vdtf-
ejõm eëeijef y supahjtf ifs haejsjdmas
ediaetjvfs fi drham hai hëf. If sdiu-
ejõm edmsjstjrëf kæs `jam am raspatfr
if iifkfhf
kfydrëf õptjkf
hdmha ids
`amacjejds ha umf haejsjõm sdm supa-
rjdras f ids edstas, pard hjend uk` rfi
as hjcjeji ha fiefmzfr sjm um edkar-
ejd, axpiëejtd d jkpiëejtd, hai vdtd
am magdejfejdmas amtra ifs hjstjmtfs
pracaramejfs jmhjvjhufias.
Uagÿm if kfydr pfrta ha Ids futdras
fhserjtds f astf edrrjamta, ids gd`jar-
mds sdm prdpamsds f haejhjr hacae-
tudsf d jmoustfkamta y, pdr tfmtd,
sa prdpugmf kjmjkjzfr ai prdtfgd-
mjskd hai Astfhd y edmsamtjr qua if
pdiëtjef fhqujarf acjejamejf sj sa rjga
edkd jmtarefk`jd edmtrfetufi amtra
jmhjvjhuds gujfhds pdr if rfejdmfij-
hfh hai agdëskd. If jgufihfh fmta if
iay y if ij`artfh ha karefhd sõid axj-
gam um Astfhd ær`jtrd pard md rahjs-
trj`ujhdr, hfhd ai haraend mfturfi f
if prdpjahfh y ai hasad ha ids jmhj-
vjhuds ij`ras ha qua ai drham sdejfi
saf sõid ai rasuitfhd ha um pfetd
ha md fgrasjõm. If aiaeejõm pÿ`ijef
quahf, puas, edmaetfhf f If jhadid-
gëf madij`arfi, y sus jkpuisdras drj-
gjmfias, edkd @uenfmfm d Xuiidel,
pdstuifm um kamdr jmtarvamejdmjskd
astftfi am ifs sdejahfhas efp jtfijstfs.
Md d`stfmta, futdras md vjmeuifhds f
if muavf haraenf nfm euitjvfhd tfk-
`jêm ai amcdqua qua, edkd kfred
fmfiëtjed mdvahdsd, pratamha astu-
hjfr if tdkf ha haejsjdmas pdiëtjefs
edm jmstrukamtds prdpjds ha if aed-
mdkëf y sjm praouzgfr maeasfrjfkam-
ta edmeiusjdmas jhadidgjzfhfs edkd
ifs kamejdmfhfs.
aiaee jdmas
Rrdeahjkjamtd pdr ai qua
ids kjak`rds ha umf drgfmjzfejõm
asedgam f um mÿkard kamdr ha am-
tra aiids pfrf deupfr hatarkjmfhds
efrgds. If fkpijtuh hai edmeaptd pd-
sj`jijtf su fpijefejõm tfmtd pfrf if
saiaeejõm ha pfrifkamtfrjds qua deu-
pfm um puastd am umf fsfk` iaf (cum-
ejõm ha raprasamtfejõm) edkd pfrf
if hasjgmfejõm edmeratf ha if parsd-
mf qua nf ha hasakpaöfr umf cum-
ejõm pÿ`ijef (cumejõm ha gd`jarmd).
Am ids sjstakfs hakderætjeds, if pa-
rjõhjef eaia`rfejõm ha aiaeejdmas
edkpatjtjvfs y edm gfrfmtëfs supd-
ma, fhakæs, umf jkpdrtfmta cumejõm
ha iagjtjkjhfh.
Am tdhf aiaeejõm, um euarpd aiaetd-
rfi edm haraend fi sucrfgjd fetjvd
saiaeejdmf amtra ids efmhjhftds qua
pratamham hasakpaöfr um pfpai pÿ-
`ijed am ai cuturd y qua gdzfm hai
haraend ha sucrfgjd pfsjvd. Axjsta
um prdeahjkjamtd cdrkfi y astf`ia
pdr ai qua parjõhjefkamta sa ha-
sfrrdiif if vdtfejõm* y qua edm stjtuya
ai sjstakf aiaetdrfi*, qua trfmscdr-
kf Ifs pracaramejfs ha ids aiaetdras
am acaetjvds rasuitfhds.
Ids prdeasds aiaetdrfias sa efrfeta-
rjzfm pdr umf sueasjõm ha atfpfs
qua sa jmjejfm edm if edmvdeftdrjf
aiaetdrfi y euikjmfm am if prdeif-
kfejõm dcjejfi ha efmhjhftds aiae-
tds. Cfsas jmtarkahjfs sdm if pra-
samtfejõm y prdeifkfejõm dcjejfi ha
efmhjhfturfs, if efkpföf aiaetdrfi,
if vdtfejõm y ai aserutjmjd u dpa-
rfejõm ha raeuamtd ha ids vdtds akj-
tjhds.
êijta
Xêrkjmd ha drjgam crfmeês qua,
harjvfhd hai var`d
êijra (asedgar),
edkjamzf f usfrsa am ai sjgid xvrj
pfrf racarjrsa f if kaodr pfrta ha um
edmoumtd ha edsfs y f if kjmdrëf sa-
iaetf ha parsdmfs qua pdsaam um
grfhd suparjdr ha eufijhfhas (efræe-
tar, nf`jijhfh, jmtaijgamejf) qua ias
iiavfm f ids ëmhjeas kæs aiavfhds ha
axeaiamejf am umf kftarjf.
Ai
edm-
eaptd nf jhd sucrjamhd kdhjcjefejd-
mas prdgrasjvfs ha sjgmjcjefejõm, y
su akpiad sa nf axtamhjhd f dtrds
jhjdkfs aurdpads, yf qua um sjgid
kæs tfrha akpazõ f sar nf`jtufi-
kamta akpiafhd pfrf hasjgmfr ha-
tarkjmfhds grupds sdejfias hdmha sa
edmeamtrf`f if rjquazf aedmõkjef y
ai prastjgjd.
Am if fetufijhfh, y hasha ifs tadrëfs
ha Rfratd y Kdsef, qua sa rakdmtfm
fi prjkar tarejd hai sjgid xx, if êijta
hasjgmf f tdhds fquaiids qua tjamam
pdsjejdmas ha nagakdmëf am um gru-
pd ediaetjvd. Uaf eufi cuara if asca-
rf ha fetjvjhfh, ifs drgfmjzfejdmas
sdm sjstakfs ha hdkjmjd hdmha umf
kjmdrëf aoarea ai pdhar. Axjsta pdr
tfmtd umf êijta md gd`armfmta pard
tfk`jêm, y oumtd f aiif, umfs dijgfr-
quëfs* qua kdmdpdijzfm if pdiëtjef
tfmtd am ifs jmstjtuejdmas ha gd`jar-
md edkd, sagÿm hakdstrõ Kjenais,
am ids pfrtjhds.
Astf parspaetjvf sa fearef f if hai
edrpdrftjvjskd* fi magfr tfmtd if
hjsparsjõm hai pdhar pdiëtjed edkd
if vjmeuifejõm maeasfrjf hai kjskd
f if pdsjejõm aedmõkjef y fi ijharfz-
gd sd`ra umfs pdefs drgfmjzfejdmas.
Fhakæs, if tadrëf ha ftas sa am-
cramtf raspaetjvfkamta fi pfrfhjgkf
piurfijstf* ij`arfi y fi kfrxjskd*,
yf qua if êijta gd`armfmta sarëf if
kjmdrëf ha jmhjvjhuds qua hatamtfm
ai pdhar edm jmhapamhamejf ha su
fhserjpejõm f umf eifsa sdejfi hatar-
kjmfhf. Uu raeiutfkjamtd as rastrje-
tjvd, f kamuhd amhdgækjed, y sõid
sa raedmdea qua am figumds sjsta-
kfs hakderætjeds, qua ha`arëfm ha-
sjgmfrsa kæs edrraetfkamta edkd
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Astfhd
Edmeaptd eamtrfi ha if ejam-
ejf pdiëtjef qua hasjgmf if cdrkf ha
drgfmjzfejõm ourëhjed-pdiëtjef pdr fm-
tdmdkfsjf, mfejhf am Aurdpf am ai
sjgid xvj y qua nf sjhd fhdptfhf pds-
tarjdrkamta ha kfmarf umjvarsfi. Xad-
rjzfhd pdr Kfqujfvaid, surga am pf-
rfiaid f if jhaf ha sd`arfmëf* y atj-
kdiõgjefkamta supdma if pifskfejõm
astætjef ha êstf. As haejr, raprasam-
tf if cdrkfijzfejõm ha umf futdrjhfh
parkfmamta y pÿ`ijef qua hdkjmf,
pdr ai jmtarês gamarfi, um aspfejd
tarrjtdrjfi earrfhd y f ifs parsdmfs
qua am êi vjvam. Cramta fi edmtjmufhd
y fmærqujed efk`jd sdejfi, ai Astfhd
supdma if d`ahjamejf d if raifejõm
ha hdkjmfejõm ha umds ndk`ras sd-
`ra dtrds qua pdma cjm f if supuastf
guarrf ejvji. Am hacjmjtjvf, y am pf-
if`rfs ha Wa`ar, as if fsdejfejõm
qua, hamtrd ha umfs crdmtarfs aspf-
8>
Astfhd
Astfhd<
hai
`jamastfr
pdijfrquëfs, puaham axjstjr kfydras
pdsj`jijhfhas ha ejreuifejõm.
Fumqua ai amcdqua pfraea pratamhar
umf erëtjef ha if tamhamejf qua nfea
edmeamtrfr if futdrjhfh
am
umds pd-
eds, id ejartd as qua sus sagujhdras
kæs edmsarvfhdras, am prjmejpjd sõid
hahjefhds f saöfifr akpërjefkamta
qua tfi camõkamd as umjvarsfi a jma-
vjtf`ia, nfm tarkjmfhd hacamhjêm-
hdid edkd edmvamjamta. Rfrf astds
aijtjstfs mdrkftjvds qua sjguam f
Frjstõtaias, sjakpra y eufmhd axjstf
umf futêmtjef saiaeejõm frjstderætj-
ef* qua saf raedmdejhf pdr ids hjrj-
gjhds edkd nagakõmjef y aoakpifrj-
zfmta, sa avjtfræ If jmgd`êrmf`jijhfh
qua fkamfzf f ifs hakderfejfs.
ejfias, raeifkf pfrf së ai kdmdpdijd
ha if vjdiamejf cësjef iagëtjkf*.
Ai Astfhd as, fi kjskd tjakpd, umf
edkumjhfh pdiëtjef astf`ia qua fgru-
pf umf pd`ifejõm am jmtarfeejõm sd-
ejëC,, a jmstjtuejõm oarærqujef cumhfhf
sd`ra jkpuastds y iayas qua raguifm
f asa grupd nukfmd. Am asa ÿitjkd
samtjhd ai edmeaptd sa amcramtf fi
ha sdejahfh ejvji* y sa fearef f if
mdejõm fkpijf ha gd`jarmd* edkd
fpfrftd.T am ai qua rasjham Ids pd-
haras pÿ`ijeds, qua sa pifskfm am
aoêrejtd, `urderfejf d hjpidkfejf ax-
tarjdr. Md d`stfmta, if jhaf ha Astf-
hd as kæs fkpijf yf qua jmeiuya if
hacjmjejõm ha ids jmtarasas parkf-
mamtas ha If drgfmjzfejõm y md sa ij-
kjtf, edkd ai gd`jarmd, f if hjrae-
ejõm hai prdeasd pdiëtjed prasamta.
Axjstam kuy hjcaramtas edmeapejdmas
ha id qua raprasamtf ai Astfhd, tfm-
td am if njstdrjf edkd am if fetufij-
hfh, qua mdrkfikamta sa raciaofm am
hdetrjmfs praserjptjvfs sd`ra ai pf-
pai qua ha`arëf ougfr am ai cuturd.
Edm jmhapamhamejf ha ifs cdrkfs pd-
iëtjefs pra-astftfias (pdijs eiæsjefs,
jkparjds fmtjguds y rajmds kahjavf-
ias), ai Astfhd kdharmd surgjõ edm
if tadrëf f`sdiutjstf* qua pratamhëf
oustjcjefr kdmfrquëfs cuartas pfrf avj-
tfr qua if edkpatjejõm cauhfi d raij-
gjdsf frrujmfrf f Aurdpf.
Rdstarjdrj
kamta, eufmhd hjenf cumejõm astf`f
fsagurfhf pard ai Fmtjgud Pêgjkam
y ai karefmtjijskd prdtaeejdmjstf
parouhjef`fm ids jmtarasas ha If `ur-
guasëf fseamhamta, ifs ravdiuejdmas
ij`arfias fpdrtfrdm um muavd hjsaöd
ha Astfhd edkd kard gufrhjæm, kë-
mjkfkamta jkpijefhd am if raguif-
ejõm ha if fetjvjhfh sdejfi y raspa-
tudsd edm ai Ij`ra edkarejd y ejartds
haraends jmhjvjhufias.
Ha fnë qua if tadrëf kfrxjstf edmej-
`jarf fi fpfrftd astftfi edkd sjkpia
axprasjõm jmstrukamtfi ha if eifsa
hdkjmfmta qua arf maeasfrjd aijkj-
mfr. Md d`stfmta, ai sdejfijskd pds-
tarjdr edmsjharf if pdsj`jijhfh ha
utjijzfrid astrftêgjefkamta y edm-
vartjrid am ai gfrfmta suprakd ha if
aijkjmfejõm ha hasjgufihfhas. Rard
kjamtrfs ids tdtfijtfrjskds edkumjs-
tfs edmej`am um utõpjed cuturd sjm
Astfhd, qua ias fearef fi fmfrqujs-
kd* futdgastjdmfrjd, if sdejfihakd-
erfejf mjagf if edmvamjamejf ha su
hasfpfrjejõm y `fsf su prdgrfkf am
umf edk`jmfejõm amtra raspatd f if
ij`artfh y fcjrkfejõm ha um cuarta
Astfhd hai jamastfr* qua jmtarvam-
gf fetjvfkamta am if prdhueejõm.
Ha naend, if sëmtasjs amtra Astfhd
sdejfi y ij`arfi ha haraend edmstjtu-
ya fetufikamta ai pfrfhjgkf mdrkf-
tjvd ha ifs hakderfejfs aedmõkjef-
kamta kæs fvfmzfhfs. Md d`stfmta,
y fumqua sa rasarvf fsë am êstfs um
jkpdrtfmta pfpai fi Astfhd (qua
fukamtf am ids ragëkamas futdrj-
tfrjds d am ids pfësas su`hasfrrd-
iifhds, yf qua as maeasfrjd edmtfr
raspaetjvfkamta edm um fpfrftd ra-
prasjvd d umf fgamejf ha eraejkjam-
td), pfraea axjstjr ejartf ameruejofhf
qua pifmtaf umf erjsjs hai kdhaid.
Ids astfhds nfm ha edkpfrtjr if gas-
tjõm ha ifs edkpatamejfs kftarjfias
edm dtrds æk`jtds pÿ`ijeds tarrjtd-
rjfias, edkd ragjdmas u drgfmjzfejd-
mas suprfmfejdmfias, y, fhakæs, ai
akpuoa ha if hdetrjmf y ifs raeatfs
madij`arfias nf naend rahuejr su hj-
rjgjskd am if aedmdkëf ha cdrkf
qua, am ids ÿitjkds föds, sa nf fsjs-
tjhd f umf hasraguifejõm ha ids kar-
efhds. Ujm ak`frgd, y fumqua pfrf
figumds pdijtõidgds tfi aseamfrjd
fmjkf f edmsjharfr ai Astfhd edkd
um fetdr kæs ha umf rafijhfh piurf-
ijstf, If axjstamejf kjskf ha astds
hasfcëds nf naend qua vuaivf ai jm-
tarês pdr êi y ravjgdrjzfhd ai amcd-
qua jmstjtuejdmfijstf*, qua së fhkj-
ta if pdsj`jijhfh ha su futdmdkëf.
Am eufiqujar efsd, ifs raifejdmas jm-
tarmfejdmfias* y if kfydr pfrta ha
ifs jmvastjgfejdmas pdijtdiõgjefs ak-
përjefs edmtjmÿfm edmsjharfmhd fi As-
tfhd edkd ai aiakamtd edmcjgurfhdr
sd`ra ai qua hasefmsf if hjsejpijmf.
Êstf, efrfetarjzfhf pdr ai astuhjd hai
pdhar pÿ`ijed, md nf jhamtjcjefhd
fÿm mjmgÿm dtrd kdhaid ha hdkjmf-
ejõm tfm acaetjvd qua, sd`ra umf as-
carf ha feejõm axeiusjvf y axeiuyam-
ta, aoarzf cumejdmas tfm gamarfias y
`æsjefs. Fumqua vfrëfm amdrkakamta
am pdhar, tdhd ai pifmatf astæ ndy
ndkdgêmafkamta drgfmjzfhd am cdr-
kfs astftfias, md axjsta futdrjhfh
qua ids eraa y, fumqua ai feaiarfhd
prdeasd ha jmtarhapamhamejf supdma
if erafejõm ha drgfmjzfejdmas edkd if
Qmjõm Aurdpaf, jmeiusd am asds æk-
`jtds sdm aiids qujamas hatarkjmfm
if ascarf raspaetjvf ha feejõm.
A s t fhd h a i ` j amas t fr
Pacdrkf hai
kdhaid eiæsjed ha Astfhd ij`arfi qua
pratamha suparfr ifs erjsjs ha iagjtj-
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aurdpaëskd
deejhamtfi hai edmtjmamta fi cjmfi ha
If Uagumhf Guarrf Kumhjfi. Am fquai
kdkamtd surgjardm ifs Edkumjhfhas
Aurdpafs, qua, pdr amefrmfr hasha
su mfejkjamtd ai prdyaetd suprfmf-
ejdmfi, sjrvam edkd racaramta pfrf
saöfifr quê sa jmeiuya am umf jhaf
kæs astrjetf ha aurdpaëskd y quê
cuturd sa prdpdma pfrf umf kfydr
jmtagrfejõm. Ujm ak`frgd, ids d`s-
tæeuids ijmgùëstjeds, if jmaxjstamejf
ha umf futêmtjef rah ha edkumjef-
ejdmas, if fusamejf ha umf pdtamejf
guëf y, sd`ra tdhd, if rasjstamejf
ha ifs fetufias Iafitfhas astftfias
jkpjham ai surgjkjamtd ha um samtj-
kjamtd edkpfrf`ia ft mfejdmfijstf y,
fhakæs, sdstamjhd am vfidras tfm
aeiêetjeds edkd ids qua efrfetarjzfm
f Aurdpf.
Am tdhd efsd, if edk`jmfejõm ha hds
cfetdras, ai tarrjtdrjfi y ai jhadiõgjed,
Kjwdrfkkj
10
sjrva pfrf axpijefr if fetjtuh aurd-
paëstf. Fsë, am ai eamtrd pdiëtjed y
gadgræcjed as hdmha sa hf um kfydr
fpdyd f if prdcumhjzfejõm hai prdea-
sd jmtagrfhdr, qua vf ha`jijtæmhdsa
am Ifs mfejdmas kæs parjcêrjefs, edm
racaramtas euiturfias fitarmftjvds d
tamtfejdmas ha fjsifejdmjskd, y am
fk`ds axtrakds hai kfpf jhadiõgj-
ed. Fumqua nfy dtrds cfetdras qua
edmtrj`uyam f if axpijefejõm ha pds-
turfs aurdpaëstfs, edkd if rjquazf d
ifs grfmhas hjkamsjdmas ha ejartds
Astfhds, as If hd`ia kdharfejõm prd-
grfkætjef if qua jmhjef kaodr if pds-
turf aurdpaëstf. Êstf sa raciaof arj if
feaptfejõm ha um hatarkjmfhd kd-
haid aedmõkjed (sdejfi ha karefhd),
pdiëtjed (hakderfejf ij`arfi) y ai ra-
edmdejkjamtd ha ids vfidras sdejd-
euiturfias mfejhds am if ragjõm ha if
vjaof Idtfrjmgjf.
cfse jskd
Jhadidgëf pdiëtjef ha hjcë-
eji sjstakftjzfejõm qua surga edm
cuarzf am ai parjdhd ha amtraguarrfs,
edkd rasuitfhd ha if erjsjs hai ij`a-
rfijskd y rafeejõm fi fseamsd ha Ids
kdvjkjamtds d`rards. As fmtjrrfejd-
mfijstf pard haof am um sagumhd pif-
md ai edmtamjhd jhadiõgjed fi sar su
prjmejpfi d`oatjvd if feejõm pfrf edm-
qujstfr ai pdhar. Kussdijmj, su prjm-
ejpfi jmspjrfhdr, haeifrf`f qua if
«hdetrjmf as ai fetd¼ y qua «ai cfs-
ejskd md maeasjtf hdgkf, sjmd hjsej-
pijmf.¼ Md d`stfmta, y sd`ra tdhd am
if varsjõm mfzj* fiakfmf, sa fpdyõ
sjstakætjefkamta am aI kjtd rfejfi y
ai mfejdmfijskd axpfmsjdmjstf.
Ai sjkpijskd ha if tadrëf cfsejstf sa
axprasf am kfmjquafs hjstjmejdmas
hdmha ids hakõerftfs, am parkfmam-
ta edmspjrfejõm, parsdmjcjefm ai kfi
qua nfy qua edk`ftjr. Astf iuenf, f
kamuhd vjdiamtf, maeasjtf fpdyfrsa
am ijharfzgds* efrjskætjeds qua ra-
efam sd`ra um
huea
d um efuhjiid par-
kfmamtakamta axfitfhd. Ids prjmej-
pfias jmstrukamtds ha fetufejõm y
drgfmjzfejõm hai cfsejskd sdm ai iam-
gufoa earrfhd a jkparftjvd, if prd-
pfgfmhf y ai asefidmfkjamtd oarær-
qujed pfrfkjijtfr. Feuha, fhakæs, f
sëk`dids qua am if fmtjguf Pdkf sa
fsdejf`fm f if futdrjhfh pÿ`ijef,
edkd ifs cfseas (um cfod ha vfrjiifs
ftfhfs, qua sjk`dijzf if umjhfh pd-
puifr, hai qua rasfitf um nfenf, f
kdhd ha ijharfzgd).
Ndy as craeuamta ai usd hai têrkjmd
pfrf hasefijcjefr f figÿm dpdmamta
pdiëtjed y axjstam umds raiftjvfkamta
jkpifmtfhds kdvjkjamtds madcfsejs-
tfs qua axpidtfm if xamdcd`jf cramta
f ids jmkjgrfmtas. Md d`stfmta, ai
cfsejskd sõid tuvd futêmtjef vjgam-
ejf amtra Ids föds vajmta y ejmeuam-
tf. Am ids efsds am qua iiagõ fi pd-
har, am ai eamtrd y sur ha Aurdpf,
supusd if jmstfurfejõm ha astfhds td-
tfijtfrjds* hjrjgjhds pdr umfs êijtas y
hdmha sa magf` f eufiqujar pdsj`ji jhfh
ha hjsamsjõm. Udejdaedmõkjefkamta,
y fumqua edmsjharf`f if hasjgufihfh
edkd if sjkpia kuastrf ha if saiae-
ejõm mfturfi ha ids kaodras, jmhjvj-
huds, utjijzõ cõrkuifs drgfmjejstfs
edrpdrftjvfs* qua pratamhëfm aijkj-
mfr ids edmcijetds amtra eifsas fpd-
yæmhdsa am ejartf ratõrjef jguftjtf-
rjstf.
caharf i j s kd
Ujstakf d prjmejpjd ha
drgfmjzfejõm tarrjtdrjfi ha um Astfhd
pdr ai qua ifs umjhfhas pdiëtjefs ha
qua sa edkpdma sa rasarvfm um fitd
skamgijti
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cakj
craa-rjhar
grfhd ha futdgd`jarmd, qua quahf
gfrfmtjzfhd. Fi kjskd tjakpd, astfs
pfrtas sa su`drhjmfm f um pdhar eam-
trfi pfrf if gastjõm ha ejartfs edkpa-
tamejfs asamejfias. Am umf astrueturf
caharfi md quahf eifrd hõmha rasjha
if sd`arfmëf, puas sa edmougf if piu-
rfijhfh edmstjtuyamta ha efhf umd
ha ids astfhds qua cdrkfm \f umjhfh
edm \f vdiumtfh edkÿm qua hf iugfr
f \f caharfejõm. Ids kjak`rds ha êstf
suaiam gdzfr ha pdharas sjkêtrjeds
pfrf if hjraeejõm ha sus fsumtds y
pfrtjejpfm, f trfvês ha cdrds kuitjif-
tarfias edkd ids qua sdm prdpjds ha
um pfrifkamtd `jefkarfi*, am if edm-
cdrkfejõm ha If vdiumtfh edkÿm ha
if caharfejõm. Fhakæs, axjstam trj`u-
mfias caharfias qua sa amefrgfm ha hj-
rjkjr ids pdsj`ias edmcijetds ha ourjs-
hjeejõm qua surofm amtra ifs pfrtas.
Uu drjgam jhadiõgjed sa raifejdmf edm
ai prjmejpjd ha magdejfejõm amtra
vdiumtfhas hjvarsfs y if tamhamejf
ha if hakderfejf ij`arfi f hdtfrsa ha
enaels fmh `fifmeas
jmstjtuejdmfias.
Uu surgjkjamtd njstõrjed edjmejha edm
if prdkuigfejõm ha if Edmstjtuejõm
mdrtafkarjefmf ha 67>7, eufmhd as-
tfhds pravjfkamta sd`arfmds pfetf-
rdm fsdejfrsa edm um vëmeuid kæs cuar-
ta qua ai `fsfhd am at haraend jm-
tarmfejdmfi, prdpjd ha ifs edmcaha-
rfejdmas. Md d`stfmta, ai camõkamd
caharfi puaha tfk`jêm rasuitfr ha um
prdeasd ha futdmdkjzfejõm ha Ids
jmtagrfmtas ha um Astfhd drgfmjzfhd
pravjfkamta ha cdrkf umjtfrjf (hdm-
ha if haseamtrfijzfejõm, sj as qua axjs-
ta, sa `fsf am if trfmscaramejf hasha
ai eamtrd ha edkpatamejfs tfsfhfs).
jkfjrskjm
1
ca k j m j sk d
Amcdqua pdijtdiõgjed mdr-
kftjvd qua erjtjef ai fmæijsjs ejamtëcj-
ed-sdejfi eiæsjed pdr nf`arsa edmeam-
trfhd am um d`oatd ha astuhjd hacjmjhd
f pfrtjr ha umf parspaetjvf sjstakæ-
tjefkamta kftarjfijstf y pftrjfrefi.
Rdstuifmhd umf ftamejõm f ifs euas-
tjdmas hai gêmard, pratamha fkpijfr
ai æk`jtd hai ha`fta pdiëtjed y nf-
earid samsj`ia f Ifs hakfmhfs ha ifs
kuoaras, u dtrds grupds sdejfias njs-
tõrjefkamta kfrgjmfhds, qua sdm pd-
iëtjefkamta edmsejamtas ha asf sj-
tufejõm. Z as qua at cakjmjskd, kæs
qua edkd kfred taõrjed y fmfiëtjed,
as edmdejhd pdr nf`ar erjstfijzfhd
am um kdvjkjamtd d hdetrjmf ha
ef -
ræetar akfmejpfhdr. Am asta ÿitjkd
samtjhd, piamfkamta jhadiõgjed, id
qua sa prdpugmf as if axtamsjõm ha
ids haraends pdiëtjeds ha if kuoar y
if prdkdejõm ha su pfpai am if sd-
ejahfh nfstf fiefmzfr if aqujpfrf-
ejõm edm ai gêmard kfseuijmd.
Ai edkjamzd njstõrjed hai kdvjkjam-
td sa rakdmtf fi sjgid xjx pard ids
gêrkamas ha su fpfrjejõm sa ameuam-
trfm am ids fcfmas ha ids jiustrfhds
hai sjgid xvrf qua, edm If jmtamejõm
ha iiavfr if euiturf f tdhds ids ndk-
`ras, tarkjmfrdm cfvdraejamhd f ifs
kuoaras ha ifs eifsas fitfs. Am 67>:
figumfs ravdiuejdmfrjfs crfmeasfs, edm
Diykpa ha Gdugas f if ef`azf, nj-
ejardm umf patjejõm ha jgufihfh ha
trftd fmta if Fsfk iaf Edmstjtuyam-
ta y, pdr astfs ftravjhfs pratamsjd-
mas, cuardm efstjgfhfs edm if gujiid-
tjmf.
F trfvês hai kdvjkjamtd sucrfgjstf
sa edmsjgujardm ifs prjkarfs vjetd-
rjfs, grfejfs f if fsdejfejõm y if fpf-
rjejõm ha pu`ijefejdmas cakjmjstfs
edkd
I f vd jx has cakk as
d
If tr j`u-
ma has cakkas.
Ai sdejfijskd tuvd
tfk`jêm umf grfm jmejhamejf am if
iuenf pdr ids haraends ha if kuoar
grfejfs fi fetjvjskd ha Iujsf Kjenai,
Eifrf _atljm, Pdsf Iuxak`urgd d
Akkf Gdihkfm. Md d`stfmta, nfstf
6:23 if kuoar md puhd aoarear ai vdtd
am ids pfësas mõrhjeds y tuvd qua as-
parfr f kahjfhds ha sjgid pfrf qua am
ai rastd ha Aurdpf sa gamarfijzfrf ai
raedmdejkjamtd ha asta aiakamtfi ha-
raend ha pfrtjejpfejõm, f kamuhd edm
rastrjeejdmas ha ahfh d edmhjejõm.
Ifs hakfmhfs hai prjkar cakjmjskd,
drjamtfhd nfejf if `æsjef jgufihfh
ourëhjed-pdiëtjef ha saxds y md nfejf
if trfmscdrkfejõm sdejfi, nfm sjhd
fedgjhfs cdrkfikamta am if kfydrëf
ha ids pfësas jmhustrjfijzfhds. Ndy
axjsta umf
sagumhf d if,
edm varsjd-
mas kfrxjstfs, ij`arfias y rfhjefias,
kæs drjamtfhf nfejf if aijkjmfejõm
ha ifs trf`fs psjediõgjefs y sdejfias
qua eiæsjefkamta nfm rdhafhd f if
kuoar. If radrjamtfejõm ha if iuenf
nfejf euastjdmas
parsdmfias,
qua tja-
mam umf jmhuhf`ia efrgf pdiëtjef,
iiavf f rajvjmhjefr if jmtagrfejõm if-
`drfi piamf, if prdkdejõm hai feea-
sd cakamjmd f ids puastds ha ras-
pdmsf`jijhfh, if pdsj`jijhfh ha if
edmtrfeapejõm (jmeiujhd ai f`drtd),
if parsaeuejõm ha Ids f`usds saxuf-
ias y ai raedmdejkjamtd hai ias`jf-
mjskd.
c raa
ha r
(pdijzõm)
vêfsa
iõgjef ha
if feejõm ediaetjvf.
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gd`jarmd
gadpdi ët jef
Aseuaif pdijtdiõgjef mf-
ejhf hurfmta ai parëdhd ha amtragua-
rrfs edm if cjmfijhfh ha fmfijzfr ifs
raifejdmas qua puaham astf`iaearsa
amtra ai tarrjtdrjd y if pdiëtjef. F pa-
sfr ha qua edm fmtarjdrjhfh f su
fpfrjejõm yf axjstëfm ejartds astu-
hjds qua quarëfm vjmeuifr ifs cdrkfs
ha gd`jarmd axjstamtas edm hatarkj-
mfhfs edmcjgurfejdmas gadgræcjefs,
id ejartd as qua sõid fspjrf f if fr-
tjeuifejõm ejamtëcjef hasha 6:63,
eufmhd Puhdic Loaiiam usf ai têrkjmd
y haserj`a fi Astfhd edkd um drgf-
mjskd vjvd. Rfrtjamhd ha if edmsjha-
rfejõm drgfmjejstf hai Astfhd, iiagf-
`f f if edmeiusjõm ha qua tdhds ids
astfhds jmtamtf`fm fsagurfr su tarrj-
tdrjd y su axpfmsjõm. If gadpdiëtjef
fpfraea fsë edkd ai prdeasd d if hj-
mækjef pdiëtjef ha fcjfmzfkjamtd y
axpfmsjõm tarrjtdrjfi ha ids astfhds.
Ha fquë ai jmtarês pdr euitjvfr astf
parspaetjvf am mfejdmas edmtjmamtf-
ias qua, edkd Fiakfmjf, quahfm am
ai eamtrd ha um fkp ijd aspfejd y sõid
astæm sapfrfhfs ha ids vaejmds qua
Ifs rdhafm p dr crdmtarfs frtjcjejfias d
jmejartfs. Fsë surga am if Kjttiaurdpf
garkæmjef if hamdkjmfhf tadrëf hai
Ia`amsrfuk
d aspfejd vjtfi qua, cdr-
kuifhf pdr Nfusndcar, nf`rëf ha sar-
13
vjr ha frgukamtfejõm taõrjef fi ax-
pfmsjdmjskd mfzj*. Rasa f qua, hu-
rfmta If guarrf crëf, if gadpdiëtjef
sjgujõ iifkfmhd if ftamejõm ha ids
astrftagfs kjijtfras, if edrrjamta yf
md puaha jhamtjcjefrsa maeasfrjfkam-
ta edm if raerafejõm ha crdmtarfs mf-
turfias y if utjijzfejõm ha If fgrasjõm
`êijef edkd kêtdhd ha edmsdijhfejõm
ha ifs kjskfs. Ha naend, ai edmeap-
td as ndy usfhd edm edmmdtfejdmas
astrjetfkamta fmfiëtjefs am astuhjds
haserjptjvds y axpijeftjvds, hasfrrd-
iifhds pdr gaõgrfcds y taõrjeds ha
Ifs raifejdmas jmtarmfejdmfias.
gardmtderfejf
Cdrkf ha gd`jarmd ef-
rfetarjzfhf pdr If kfydrjtfrjf prasam-
ejf am aiif ha fmejfmds d pdr if fetjvf
pfrtjejpfejõm ha êstds am ai æk`jtd
pdiëtjed.
g a r r y k f m h a r jm g
Kfmjpuifejõm ha If
haijkjtfejõm ha ids hjstrjtds aiaetd-
rfias qua cfisaf if raprasamtftjvjhfh
y `amacjejf jmtamejdmfhfkamta f um
pfrtjhd d efmhjhftd. Ai têrkjmd sa
rakdmtf fi sjgid xjx y tjama su drjgam
am If jmtrjmefhf a jmednaramta hjvj-
sjõm ha ifs ejreumserjpejdmas (f kdhd
ha sfifkfmhrf
‘sfifkfmhar
am jm-
giês‘) fhdptfhf pdr ai gd`armfhdr
ha Kfssfenusatts Ai`rjhga Garry edm
ai cjm ha
fsagurfr
if
raaiaeejõm.
gd`jarmd
Edmeaptd ha usd craeuam-
ta y pded praejsd qua hasjgmf, am If
tarkjmdidgëf pdiëtjef, tfmtd ids ka-
efmjskds f trfvês ha ids qua sa iia-
vf f ef`d if hjraeejõm pÿ`ijef ha if
ediaetjvjhfh sdejfi, edkd ai fpfrftd
qua nfea fquêiif pdsj`ia. Ai gd`jar-
md, pdr tfmtd, fhqujara sjgmjcjefhds
edmeratds hjvarsds qua puaham fiu-
hjr f If cdrkf ha drgfmjzfejõm gid`fi
am um Astfhd (d rêgjkam pdiëtjed*)<
f if feejõm kjskf ha aif`drfejõm ha
ifs pdiëtjefs pÿ`ijefs (d gd`armf-
ejõm)< d f if drgfmjzfejõm jmstjtuejd-
mfi hdmha rasjha If futdrjhfh cdrkfi
hai Astfhd. Am astf ÿitjkf feapejõm
astætjef y edmeratf, ai têrkjmd md
sõid sa fpijef pfrf mdk`rfr fi edm-
oumtd ha ids pdharas pÿ`ijeds trfhj-
ejdmfias ‘iagjsiftjvd, ouhjejfi y aoa-
eutjvd‘ sjmd qua tfk`jêm sjrva edkd
sjmõmjkd hai ÿitjkd. Ha naend, y as-
paejfikamta cuarf hai kumhd fmgid-
sfoõm, edm gd`jarmd sa hasjgmf as-
paeëcjefkamta f if ejkf pdiëtjef qua,
oumtd f if su`drhjmfhf fhkjmjstrf-
ejõm*, edmcdrkf ai pdhar aoaeutjvd*.
Ejreumserj`jamhd fsë if mdejõm f if
ha kæs rastrjmgjhd fiefmea, ai gd-
`jarmd as umf jmstjtuejõm pdiëtjef ha
axjstamejf umjvarsfi, f hjcaramejf ha
ids pfrifkamtds d ids trj`umfias, pdr
id qua sa jhamtjcjef fsjhufkamta edm
ai pdhar astftfi am samtjhd astrjetd.
Am ifs hakderfejfs fetufias, su prd-
tfgdmjskd am if drjamtfejõm ha ifs
pdiëtjefs puaha hapamhar ha if cdr-
kf ha mdk`rfkjamtd, qua vfrëf am-
tra Ids prasjhamejfijskds*, hdmha um
pdhardsd oaca ha gd`jarmd hjraetf y
pdpuifrkamta aiagjhd sa rdhaf ha
edif`drfhdras, y ids sjstakfs pfrif-
kamtfrjds*. Am astds ÿitjkds sdm ifs
fsfk`iafs ifs qua mdk`rfm y edmtrd-
ifm* fi gd`jarmd, ha cdrkf qua êsta
hapamha ha if efpfejhfh ha ijharfz-
gd ha qujam Id hjrjga (ai prjkar kj-
mjstrd*), ha if ednasjõm hai aqujpd
hasjgmfhd y ha if cuarzf qua tamgf ai
pfrtjhd d edfijejõm qua id raspfihf.
Astds cfetdras, oumtd f dtrfs vfrjf-
`ias edmstjtuejdmfias y fhkjmjstrftj-
vfs, nfeam qua Ids gd`jarmds rasui-
tam crfgkamtfhds (sj efhf kjmjstrd*
hjscrutf ha futdmdkëf sd`ra su ha-
pfrtfkamtd y md axjsta eddrhjmfejõm)<
kdmderætjeds (sj axjstam raifejdmas
oarærqujefs ha umd d vfrjds kjak`rds
sd`ra dtrds)< d ediagjfhds (eufmhd
if tdkf ha ifs haejsjdmas kæs jk-
pdrtfmtas sa rafijzf ha cdkf ediaetj-
vf). Am tdhd efsd astds rfsgds md
sdm axeiuyamtas y, ha naend, as ed-
kÿm qua if pfutf rafi ha cumejdmf-
kjamtd ha um gd`jarmd sa sagkamta
amtra ai pfpai prdtfgdmjstf hasak-
paöf am ejartds æk`jtds ai prjkar
kjmjstrd d ai raspdmsf`ia ha nfejam-
hf y if raspdmsf`jijhfh kæs hjraetf
ha ids hakæs kjak`rds am sus ed-
rraspdmhjamtas saetdras.
Fhakæs ha ids kamejdmfhds hdkj-
mjds rasarvfhds y hai kfrgam qua ids
kjmjstarjds jmhjvjhufias tjamam am
Ids jkpuisds jmjejfias y if jkpia-
kamtfejõm, if hjraeejõm pdiëtjef y If
eddrhjmfejõm sa fiefmzf, fi kamds
.taõrjefkamta, am if saha ediagjfhf.
Ai edmsaod ha kjmjstrds as if raumjõm
1
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hai gd`jarmd pdr axeaiamejf qua sa
rjga, am su cumejdmfkjamtd jmtarmd,
pdr ai prjmejpjd ha sdijhfrjhfh fi as-
tf`iaear umf iëmafs pdiëtjefs f ifs
qua tdhds ids edkpdmamtas nfm ha
foustfrsa. Md d`stfmta, sfivd qua ai
sjstakf pdiëtjed parkjtf um astjid
gu`armfkamtfi kfydrjtfrjd, futõmd-
kd y astftjstf, ai gd`jarmd edkd fe-
tdr ediaetjvd puaha edmtfr am If præe-
tjef edm pded kfrgam ha haejsjõm sj
êstf rasjha kæs `jam am ai pfrifkam-
td, ids pfrtjhds, ids cdrds edrpdrftj-
vds d ifs ragjdmas.
gdipa ha Astfhd
Xêrkjmd ha prdea-
hamejf crfmeasf, trfhueejõm hai
edup
h êtft,
qua hasjgmf um fetd ha cuar-
zf rapamtjmd pfrf fitarfr ai drham
astf`iaejhd. Ua trftf ha um camõ-
kamd fi kfrgam ha if mdrkfijhfh
edmstjtuejdmfi vjgamta, qua pratamha
fpdharfrsa ha ids pdharas iagfikam-
ta astf`iaejhds, racdrzfr if pdsjejõm
am aiids d kdhjcjefr if drjamtfejõm
pdiëtjef ha um hatarkjmfhd pfës. Ids
gdipas ha Astfhd sa edmej`am pdr um
ndk`ra d grup d ha aiids, astæm gujf-
hds pdr um pifm pravjfkamta trfzfhd
qua haijkjtf ids cjmas y ids kahjds
maeasfrjds pfrf su trjumcd, sdm aoa-
eutfhds edm rfpjhaz y, am efsd ha
rasjstamejf f ids kjskds, suaiam prd-
vdefr hasamifeas vjdiamtds.
Edjmejham edm ifs ravdiuejdmas am su
efræetar ra`aiha pard, f hjcaramejf
ha êstfs, astæm prdkdvjhds pdr gru-
pds kjmdrjtfrjds y kuy f kamuhd
pdr kjijtfras d cumejdmfrjds vjmeuif-
hds fi prdpjd Astfhd qua pratamham
fseamhar d parkfmaear am ai gd`jar-
md. Rdr tfi kdtjvd, ids gdipas ha
Astfhd suaiam tamar um efræetar
rafeejdmfrjd y craeuamtakamta nfm
sarvjhd pfrf ravartjr umf rafijhfh
akderætjef. Md d`stfmta, sdm fÿm
kæs edkumas am at samd ha ragëka-
mas futdrjtfrjds*, hdmha sjkpiakam-
ta prdhueam if sustjtuejõm ha quja-
mas aoaream ai pdhar, sjm kfydras
pratamsjdmas ha efk`jd sdejfi d pd-
iëtjed.
Qmf vfrjfmta, tëpjefkamta aspfödif,
hai kjskd sa edmdea edkd
prdmum-
ejfkjamtd
y sa efrfetarjzf pdr if tam-
hamejf ha qujam id jkpuisf f asparfr
at hasfrrdiid cfvdrf`ia ha dtrds fedm-
taejkjamtds pdiëtjeds pfrfiaids. Fum-
qua f vaeas nfm tamjhd mfturfiazf
ij`arfi, edkd ai hai gamarfi Pjagd,
nf sjhd kæs edkÿm qua tamgfm um
efræetar edmsarvfhdr. Ai prdmumejf-
kjamtd fpframtf `fsfrsa am if rfzõm
d fpaif f if supuastf vdiumtfh hai
pua`id, pard su efræetar jmvfrjf`ia-
kamta kjijtfr hakuastrf qua md as
kæs qua umf kfmjd`rf rupturjstf
`fsfhf am If cuarzf.
grupd h a jmtarês
Hasjgmfejõm trfhj-
ejdmfi ha if ejamejf pdiëtjef pfrf ha-
mdkjmfr fquaiids fetdras hai prdea-
sd pdiëtjed qua pratamham jmciujr,
hasha cuarf, sd`ra ai pdhar pÿ`ijed
sjm iiagfr f edmqujstfrid. Astf efrfe-
tarëstjef, oumtd f if fusamejf ha um
prdgrfkf jhadiõgjed gid`fi qua su-
para sus jmtarasas saetdrjfias, ids
hjstjmgua hai pfrtjhd pdiëtjed*. Md
d`stfmta, If kutuf jmciuamejf amtra
fk`ds as f vaeas edmtjmufhf y iiagf
f prdvdefr, am ai efsd ha sjmhjeftds
y pfrtjhds d`rards d ha jgiasjfs y
pfrtjhds raijgjdsds, if hjcukjmfejõm
ha ifs crdmtarfs edmeaptufias.
Ids grupds ha prasjõm, qua as umf
axprasjõm sjmõmjkf, md tjamam cjmas
aspaeëcjef d ÿmjefkamta pdiëtjeds
pard astæm edmstjtujhds am eamtrds
futõmdkds hê`jikamta jhadidgjzf-
hds y drjamtfhds fi Astfhd, ids pfr-
tjhds pdiëtjeds d if dpjmjõm pÿ`ijef,
edm d`oatd ha hjrjgjr if feejõm ha
êstds am um hatarkjmfhd samtjhd. Fe-
tÿfm ha kfmarf dcamsjvf d rafetjvf y
sa puaham hjcaramejfr ha ids kdvj-
kjamtds sdejfias d ha ids iifkfhds
pdharas cæetjeds pdrqua euamtfm edm
um këmjkd jmhjspamsf`ia ha drgfmj-•
zfejõm.
Am if tadrëf mdrkftjvf ha if hakd-
erfejf hdkjmf um oujejd magftjvd sd-
`ra ai pfpai qua hasakpaöfm astds
grupds, yf qua prdkuavam ai eijam-
taijskd y cfvdraeam sus pfrtjeuifras
pracaramejfs am hatrjkamtd hai `ja-
mastfr ha ediaetjvjhfhas kæs fk-
pijfs. Md d`stfmta, am Astfhds Qmj-
hds, if ca am ai piurfijskd* y if
jmsucjejamta frtjeuifejõm ha êsta am
hds ÿmjeds pfrtjhds raiavfmtas nf
sjhd edkpiatfhf edm if raguifejõm
hai Iifkfhd
id``yjmg .
Ha kfmarf
kæs jmstjtuejdmfijzfhf, am kuenfs
hakderfejfs aurdpafs axjstam præe-
tjefs madedrpdrftjvfs qua jmedrpd-
rfm f ejartds sjmhjeftds y fsdejfejd-
mas akprasfrjfias f if tdkf pÿ`ijef
ha haejsjdmas. As haejr, ids grupds
ha jmtarês fyuhfm f varta`rfr if sd-
ejahfh ejvji fi hasakpaöfr umf jk-
pdrtfmta cumejõm ha jmtarkahjfejõm
amtra ejuhfhfmds y pdhar, y f vata'
grupd ha jmtarês
ha edmtrdi ha fquêiids sd`ra êsta,
raprasamtfmhd jmtarasas pfrejfias
qua, ha dtrf cdrkf, md sa tamhrëfm
am euamtf am ai ha`fta pÿ`ijed.
Nfy, hasha iuagd, grupds qua hjcëeji-
kamta puaham `amacjejfrsa ha umf
hjspamsf kdrfi yf qua prasjdmfm pdr
jmtarasas kftarjfias? saetdras jmhus-
trjfias y fgrëedifs, edkpföëfs kui-
tjmfejdmfias, êijtas `urderætjefs d
edrpdrfejdmas prdcasjdmfias. Am edm-
trfsta, ifs drgfmjzfejdmas ha trf`fof-
hdras, ids eddparfmtas, ifs kjmdrëfs
êtmjefs d ifs fsdejfejdmas kahjdfk-
`jamtfias rasuitfm kæs feaptf`ias fi
efraear ha cjmas pfrtjeuifras ha ëm-
hdia iuerftjvd. Am tdhd efsd, ids kê-
tdhds ha fetufejõm tfk`jêm tjamam
qua var edm if pareapejõm hakderæ-
tjef ha ids grupds, yf qua suaia ra-
suitfr oustjcjef`ia qua feuhfm f if
parsufsjõm, if rasjstamejf pfsjvf, if
kfmjcastfejõm d if nuaigf< pard md
tfmtd qua fkamfeam (edm hasjmvar-
sjdmas, pdr aoakpid), sd`drmam fi pd-
har, sf`dtaam if feejõm ha gd`jarmd
(fi magfrsa f pfgfr jkpuastds) d ak-
piaam if vjdiamejf. Axjstam fhakæs
astrftagjfs kuy
gjs ha jmciuam-
ejf, edkd ai arr
ahjds ha
edkumjefejõm
rsdmfi
fkjstdsd r
mfmejfeje
öfs, eu'
If ejs
prac
va
gdipa ha astfhd
Kjsdrkamf
1>
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grupd ha jmtarês
JKRFKUJKAUJDMDKKJUl
hjstjmguëf am umf tjpdidgëf amtra gru-
pds ha eufhrds y ha kfsfs, sa nfm
hasfrrdiifhd amcdquas kæs fmfiëtj-
eds edkd ai hai edrpdrftjvjskd*.
Rfrf ids efsds kamds fgragfhds y
qua sa cjofm am pdiëtjefs saetdrjfias,
hastfef if parspaetjvf hamdkjmfhf
pdi jey-matwdrls*,
hdmha sa fmfijzf if
edk`jmfejõm amtra fetdras prjvfhds
y pÿ`ijeds, tfias edkd um hatarkjmf-
hd hapfrtfkamtd fhkjmjstrftjvd d
um gd`jarmd ragjdmfi, pfrf edmcdrkfr
fijfmzfs qua pratamham hacamhar um
jmtarês edkÿm.
FKKAUUKDicrdW
nagakdmëf
Xêrkjmd harjvfhd ha if
pfif`rf grjagf edm if qua sa hamd-
kjmf`f ai ijharfzgd y qua sa racjara
f if fseamhamejf ha um aiakamtd hai
sjstakf sd`ra ai rastd. Fumqua sa nf
utjijzfhd am ifs raifejdmas jmtarmf-
ejdmfias pfrf haserj`jr if prapdmha-
rfmejf ha um Astfhd sd`ra dtrds, ai
edmeaptd nf sjhd pfrtjeuifrkamta
tadrjzfhd pdr pamsfhdras ha if õr`j-
tf kfrxjstf y astrueturfijstf edkd
Grfksej, Rduifmtzfs d Fitnussar. Ua-
gÿm êstds, if nagakdmëf sa d`tjama
f trfvês ha if jkpdsjejõm d suparjdr
edmsjharfejõm, am umf atfpf njstõ-
rjef edmeratf, ha ids vfidras ha um
grupd am raifejõm edm ids hai rastd.
As prdpjd ha ifs eifsas hdkjmfmtas
ai hasfrrdiifr tdhd um ahjcjejd jhad-
iõgjed oustjcjefhdr y iagjtjkfhdr ha
sus edmeapejdmas, y hai rêgjkam pd-
iëtjed am qua sa pifskfm, pfrf d`ta-
mar fsë ai edmsamtjkjamtd ha ids gd-
`armfhds sjm tamar qua feuhjr f if
edfeejõm.
Ai aoakpid njstõrjed kæs sjgmjcjeftj-
vd nf sjhd ai amefrmfhd pdr if `ur-
guasëf. Êstf, f pfrtjr ha um hatarkj-
mfhd sjstakf ha prdhueejõm, tuvd if
nf`jijhfh ha sdejfijzfr d kfmjpuifr f
qujamas su`yugf pfrf qua edmsjha-
rfsam feaptf`ia, pdr aoakpid, if ha-
kderfejf cdrkfi d if prapdmharfmejf
hai jmhjvjhufijskd. If nagakdmëf
pdiëtjef, aedmõkjef y euiturfi hai ij-
`arfijskd `urguês, fÿm vjgamta, sõid
nf sjhd edmtastfhf pdr ai sdejfijskd
pifmjcjefhdr, qua prdpugmf if jgufi-
hfh rafi f trfvês ha if ediaetjvjzf-
ejõm ha if prdpjahfh, y, ha kfmarf
kuend kæs kftjzfhf, pdr ai Astfhd
hai jamastfr* sdejfihakõerftf.
3
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jmstjtuejdm
j hadidgëf
Edmeaptd ha drjgam crfm-
eês racarjhd, am um prjmejpjd, f if
ejamejf d astuhjd ha ifs jhafs y qua
ha`a su surgjkjamtd f If pu` ijefejõm
hai ij`rd ha Hastutt ha Xrfey
Aia-
k a m t ds h a i f j h a d i dg ëf .
Cua Mfpd-
. iaõm @dmfpf
rt
a qujam, ha cdrkf has-
paetjvf, tf utjijzõ pdr prjkarf vaz
pfrf efijcjefr fi pamsfkjamtd f`strfe-
td a jmedmcdrkjstf ha hatarkjmfhds
jmtaiaetufias. Edm ai pfsd hai tjak-
pd ai têrkjmd cua efk`jfmhd ha sjg-
mjcjefhd pfrf pfsfr f hasjgmfr f um
edmoumtd ednaramta ha jhafs, eraam-
ejfs y praoujejds raifejdmfhds amtra
së qua, fumqua nfm sjhd aif`drfhds
pdr um grupd d um jmhjvjhud fjsifhd,
pratamham jmciujr ha kfmarf gamarfi
sd`ra if drgfmjzfejõm y ai aoarejejd
hai pdhar am umf sdejahfh.
If jhadidgëf sa `fsf am umf hd`ia
edmvjeejõm< pdr um ifhd, qua ai kum-
hd axjstamta am ai kdkamtd ha su
cdrkuifejõm raspdmha f umfs raif-
ejdmas sdejfias y pdiëtjefs hatarkj-
mfhfs< y, pdr dtrd, qua hjend drham
ha`a kdhjcjefrsa. Md d`stfmta, y
fumqua as ejartd qua md axjsta mjm-
gumf jhadidgëf qua astrjetfkamta pra-
tamhf if prasarvfejõm ha if rafijhfh,
Kfmmnajk pjamsf qua tdhfs sdm edm-
sarvfhdrfs kjamtrfs qua, sagÿm ai
kfrxjskd, if jhadidgëf `urguasf ras-
pdmha f umf suparastrueturf qua `us-
ef oustjcjefr y parpatufr Ifs hjcaram-
ejfs ha eifsa.
F trfvês ha if erafejõm ha sëk`dids
jhamtjcjeftjvds ha së kjskfs d ha if
sjkpia gamarfejõm ha fhnasjdmas d
ha raenfzds, ifs jhadidgëfs ouagfm
am kuenfs defsjdmas um pfpai cum-
hfkamtfi am at kfmtamjkjamtd ha if
umjhfh edkumjtfrjf ha grupds d pua-
`ids. Fhakæs, hdtfmhd f ids kjak-
`rds qua if prdcasfm ha if jiusjõm d
if jhaf ejartf ha qua tjamam cjmas ed-
kumas y edmgruamtas, if jhadidgëf
edmvamea ha qua if kaodr cdrkf ha
hacamharids as f trfvês ha If feejõm
pdiëtjef qua sa harjvf ha ids prjmej-
pjds qua aiif cdrkuif. Z as qua, pfrf
fiefmzfr at kdhaid utõpjed* ha sd-
ejahfh cuturf, as maeasfrjd qua if
hdetrjmf sa sdstamgf am kdvjkjam-
tds pdiëtjeds fetjvds qua edmeratfm
Ids edmtamjhds cjidsõcjeds kæs f`s-
trfetds.
jkpiakamtfejõm
Cfsa cjmfi hai prd-
easd ha aif`drfejõm ha ifs pdiëtjefs
pÿ`ijefs* am if qua if dpejõm saiae-
ejdmfhf hurfmta if tdkf ha haejsjd-
mas as iiavfhf æ if præetjef pdr aI
fpfrftd fhkjmjstrftjvd. Ifs hjcaram-
ejfs axjstamtas amtra at rasuitfhd as-
parfhd eufmhd sa cdrkuiõ ai prdgrf-
kf y ai rafikamta d`tamjhd nfeam
edmvamjamta ai akpiad ha asta mad-
idgjskd, qua jkpijef umf kfydr prd-
idmgfejõm am ai tjakp d y if jmciuamejf
ha hjstjmtds fetdras, y md if cjeejõm
ourëhjef ha if aoaeuejõm.
jmgd`armf`j i jhfh
Camõkamd pdiëtj-
ed pftdiõgjed sagÿm ai eufi ifs jms-
tjtuejdmas pÿ`ijefs md sdm efpfeas ha
Iiavfr f ef`d sus cumejdmas. Ai edm-
eaptd tuvd ejartf raiavfmejf am ai
ha`fta ejamtëcjed pdiëtjed ha ids föds
satamtf. If Edkjsjõm Xrjiftarfi, cum-
hfhf am 6:75 pdr ejamtëcjeds sdejf-
ias earefmds f ids gd`jarmds ha As-
tfhds Qmjhds, Aurdpf Deejhamtfi y
Ofpõm, id utjijzõ am um jmcdrka pfrf
saöfifr qua tdhf rfhjefijzfejõm ha-
kderætjef pdmëf am kfmjcjastd paij-
grd if parhurf`jijhfh ha ifs sdejahf-
has ij`arfias.
Ha fnë qua ai têrkjmd nfyf sjhd fhdp-
tfhd pdr If jhadidgëf madedmsarvf-
hdrf pfrf erjtjefr if harjvfejõm ha if
hakderfejf* nfejf um rêgjkam pdië-
tjed jmtrëmsaefkamta rahjstrj`utjvd.
Hfhd qua, sagÿm astf jhadidgëf, if
hakderfejf sarëf jmefpfz ha sftjs-
cfear ifs axpaetftjvfs ha jgufihfh
sdejfi y ha axpfmsjõm ha if pfrtjej-
pfejõm pdiëtjef, asta rêgjkam pdiëtj-
ed puaha jhamtjcjefrsa edm um kard
prdeahjkjamtd cdrkfi, tft y edkd nj-
ejarf Uenukpatar amtra hakderfejf y
kard prdeahjkjamtd.
Ids kjskds camõkamds qua nfeam
nf`ifr f if haraenf ha jmgd`armf`j-
ijhfh, edkd camõkamd magftjvd y md
edkd saöfi jmhjeftjvf ha kfhuraz
pfrtjejpftjvf, sdm ids qua iiavfm fi
pamsfkjamtd erëtjed ha jzqujarhf f
fcjrkfr qua if hakderfejf sucra umf
erjsjs ha iagjtjkfejõm. Rfrf N f`arkfs,
ai rêgjkam pdiëtjed ij`arfi md parkj-
ta f`rjr muavfs vëfs ha axprasjõm mj
astæ jmtarasfhd am nfearid, yf qua
su cjmfijhfh as if prasarvfejõm hai
efpjtfijskd y if rfhjefijzfejõm ha-
kderætjef pdmhrëf praejsfkamta am
paijgrd asa sjstakf aedmõkjed.
jmst j tuejdmfi jskd
Amcdqua pdijtd-
iõgjed drjamtfhd fi astuhjd ha if as-
trueturf y ai cumejdmfkjamtd ha ifs
drgfmjzfejdmas pÿ`ijefs, y qua raed-
mdea axpiëejtfkamta ai prdtfgdmjs-
kd hai fpfrftd astftfi hurfmta ai
prdeasd ha tdkf ha haejsjdmas. Ua
amcramtf fi edmhuetjskd pdr amtam-
har, f hjcaramejf ha êsta, qua ifs jms-
tjtuejdmas md sdm sjkpias
framfs
mau-
trfias hdmha edmvargam ifs prasjd-
mas ha ids hjstjmtds fetdras mj qua
ifs pdiëtjefs pÿ`ijefs hapamham ax-
eiusjvfkamta ha if jmtarfeejõm pdië-
tjef amtra jmtarasas a jhadidgëfs. Am
edmsaeuamejf, pfrf ids futdras jmstj-
tuejdmfijstfs, ai d`oatd ha if hjsej-
pijmf md ha`arëf rahuejrsa fi edk-
pdrtfkjamtd pdiëtjed mj f qujamas
frtjeuifm êsta, edkd pfrtjhds d gru-
pds ha jmtarês, sjmd jmeiujr fi Astf-
hd* edkd tfi.
If ejamejf pdiëtjef am sus drëgamas
arf axeiusjvfkamta jmstjtuejdmfijstf,
fumqua hasha umf parspaetjvf ourë-
hjed-cdrkfi eamtrfhf am ai astuhjd
edkpfrfhd ha ifs edmstjtuejdmas mf-
ejdmfias. Astf aspaeja ha haraend
3
k d d k k f y3 5
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jmtagrjskd
pdiëtjed* astf`iaeëf oujejds mdrkftj-
vds fcjrkfmhd ifs dmhfhas ha um
kfred jmstjtuejdmfi u dtrd (prasj-
hamejfijskd d pfrifkamtfrjskd, sjs-
takfs aiaetdrfias) y sus acaetds sd-
`ra If astf`jijhfh ha If gd`a rmfejõm.
Xfi pumtd ha vjstf cua edmsjharfhd
axeasjvfkamta haserjptjvd y eufijtf-
tjvd pdr ifs muavfs edrrjamtas akpj-
rjstfs ha ids föds ejmeuamtf. Êstfs,
pradeupfhfs pdr hdtfr ha astftus
ejamtëcjed aspaeëcjed f sus jmvastjgf-
ejdmas, f`fmhdmfrdm ai astuhjd ha
ifs jmstjtuejdmas, yf qua md puaham
sdkatarsa f kahjejõm, kjamtrfs if
su`sjgujamta tadrëf hai sjstakf pdië-
tjed Ifs rahueëf f umf
ef of magrf
ra-
iftjvfkamta jmaxpijefhf.
Ujm ak`frgd, if ejamejf ha if fhkj-
mjstrfejõm*, if tadrëf hai Astfhd y
Ids pdijtõidgds ha if Aurdpf edmtj-
mamtfi kfmtuvjardm ai jmtarês pdr if
edmcjgurfejõm y ai pfpai ha ids pd-
haras pÿ`ijeds. Ha naend, if supuas-
tf jkpdrtfmejf ha êstds njzd qua ai
kumhd fmgidsfoõm vdivjarf f aiids f
pfrtjr ha ids föds denamtf, eufmhd
madkfrxjstfs edkd Uedlpdi njejardm
var If efpfejhfh hai Astfhd pfrf kdi-
hafr ai rasuitfhd ha ifs pdiëtjefs. F
pfrtjr ha amtdmeas suga tdhd um mua-
vd madjmstjtuejdmfijskd, edkd id ha-
mdkjmfm Kfren y Disam, qua sa eam-
trf ha muavd am ai pfpai qua ouagfm
Ifs vfrjf`ias drgfmjzftjvfs edkd figd
kæs qua sjkpias edmstraöjkjamtds
ha ids hakæs fetdras. As um amcdqua
sjmtêtjed qua md sõid sa cjof am mdr-
kfs y prdeahjkjamtds ragifhds sjmd
tfk`jêm am ids edkpdmamtas jmcdr-
kfias, edkd Ids vfidras y eõhjgds
JKKAMdrdijk
38
ha edmhuetf ha ids cumejdmfrjds, qua
pfraeam fcaetfr trfseamhamtfikamta
f if vjhf pdiëtjef.
Ai jmstjtuejdmftjskd fetufi md nf
vuaitd, am tdhd efsd, f sar if ed-
rrjamta hdkjmfmta axeiusjvf ha fmtf-
öd mj edkpfrta um kjskd kfred taõ-
rjed y edmeaptufi. Fsë, fumqua sus
sagujhdras tjamhfm f edmsjharfr qua
ai Astfhd edkd drgfmjzfejõm as raif-
tjvfkamta futõmdkd, dtrds saöfifm
qua, fi fmfijzfr if tdkf ha haejsjd-
mas am pdiëtjefs saetdrjfias, axjstam
pdi jey-matwdrls*,
d rahas ha fetdras,
hdmha ids pdharas pÿ`ijeds, fÿm
sjamhd jkpdrtfmtas, æ pfraeam crfg-
kamtfhds y hapamhjamtas ha if ef-
pfejhfh ha edfijgfrsa edm fetdras p rj-
vfhds edmeratds. Fhakæs, oumtd fi
madjmstjtuejdmfijskd njstõrjed, eam-
trfhd am ai astuhjd edkpfrfhd ha if
drgfmjzfejõm pdiëtjef dcjejfi, edaxjs-
tam dtrfs varsjdmas (edkd if aedmõ-
kjef, if sdejdiõgjef d if fpdrtfhf
pdr if
rft jdmfi endjea)
qua mj sjquja-
rf edkpfrtam ai kjskd edmeaptd ha
jmstjtuejõm yf qua if jhamtjcjefm, kæs
`jam, edm id qua pdhrëf hamdkjmfr-
sa astrueturf am samtjhd gamêrjed.
jmtagr jskd
Edmoumtd ha fetjtuhas y
edkpdrtfkjamtds jhadiõgjeds prd-
pjds ha saetdras pdiëtjeds y raijgjd-
sds qua, am prd ha If jmfitarf`jijhfh
ha sus hdetrjmfs, raenfzfm eufiqujar
pdsj`ia sjkpijcjefejõm d ftamufejõm
ha sus kamsfoas. Cumhfkamtfhd am
aiakamtds tfias edkd ai axeiusjvjs-
kd kdrfi d if suprakfeëf ha id jk-
puastd y ravaifhd sd`ra eufiqujar
pdsj`ia rfejdmfijzfejõm ha id axjstam-
ta, hacjamha if jkpdsjejõm futdrjtf-
rjf ha hatarkjmfhfs varhfhas.
Ifs hds edmcasjdmas qua kæs nf`j-
tufikamta nfm fi`argfhd asta gêma-
rd ha axtrakjskd d rfhjefijzfejõm
hdetrjmfi nfm sjhd if eftõijef y If
kusuikfmf, raenfzfmhd, `fod ai kfm-
td ha um pratamhjhd purjskd ha ifs
eraamejfs, jmtamtds racdrkfhdras. Am
if fetufijhfh ai jmtagrjskd jsiækj-
ed, qua tjama edkd efihd ha euitjvd
grfmhas kfsfs hasedmtamtfs, saöfif
edkd efusf ha tdhds sus prd`iakfs
if deejhamtfijzfejõm edmstfmta y if
pêrhjhf ha ids vfidras trfhjejdmfias.
jzqujarhf
Edmeaptd qua ha`a su mdk-
`ra f if êpdef ha if Pavdiuejõm crfm-
easf, eufmhd ids `urguasas prjkard,
hurfmta ids Astfhds Gamarfias, y ids
raprasamtfmtas ha Ifs jhafs rapu`ij-
efmfs haspuês, hurfmta if Fsfk`iaf,
sa u`jefrdm f If jzqujarhf hai prasj-
hamta ha if eækfrf. Ha astf kfmarf
sa amcramtfrdm f md`ias y edmsarvf-
hdras, sjtufhds f if haraenf*, y, f
pfrtjr ha amtdmeas, fsë sa nf hasjg-
mfhd f tdhds ids grupds efrfetarjzf-
hds pdr If hacamsf ha if jgufihfh y
if hakderfejf (md maeasfrjfkamta
am su feapejõm prdeahjkamtfi).
Edm if hasfpfrjejõm ha ifs dpejdmas
f`sdiutjstfs, ai ij`arfijskd, edkd
jhadidgëf jkpuisdrf hai efpjtfijskd
jkparfmta, pfsf f raprasamtfr if par-
patufejõm hai drham y sar jhamtjcjef-
hd edm if haraenf. Kjamtrfs, ai sd-
ejfijskd* y tdhfs ifs dpejdmas trfms-
cdrkfhdrfs qua raeifkfm edkpiatfr
if ravdiuejõm pfsfm f edmcdrkfr If
muavf jzqujarhf. Êstf, hapamhjamhd
ha if prdkdejõm prjdrjtfrjf ha ids
haraends sdejfias d ha if feaptfejõm
sjkuitæmaf ha ifs ij`artfhas jmhjvj-
hufias, amcramtõ raspaetjvfkamta fi
kfrxjskd* edm aI fmfrqujskd* y,
kæs fhaifmta, fi edkumjskd* edm if
sdejfihakderfejf*.
Fetufikamta, if hjserapfmejf æsjef
amtra if jzqujarhf y if haraenf vjama
kfrefhf pdr ai aiakamtd aedmõkjed
y aI prdtfgdmjskd qua sa hf fi jm-
tarvamejdmjskd hai Astfhd edkd ra-
hjstrj`ujhdr sdejfi< d fi karefhd, `f-
sfhd am if prdpjahfh prjvfhf, edkd
erjtarjd pfrf raedkpamsfr ai kêrjtd.
Uj sa edk`jmf astd edm ids rfsgds
pdiëtjeds njstõrjefkamta hacamhjhds
pdr if jzqujarhf ‘axtamsjõm ha hara-
ends, jmtarmfejdmfijskd d prdgrasd
cramta f trfhjejõm‘ y feaptfmhd edm
@d``jd qua ai futdrjtfrjskd y if ij-
`artfh md puaham raprasamtfr rfsgds
hjcaramejfhdras pdr ifs vfrjfmtas edk-
`jmfhfs axjstamtas am fk`ds pdids,
as pdsj`ia sjmtatjzfr if asamejf ha if
jzqujarhf am if prdkdejõm ha if jgufi-
hfh edkd oustjejf sdejfi.
Md d`stfmta, fumqua ids efijcjeftj-
vds y atjquatfs sdm rafikamta ciue-
tufmtas, y am Astfhds Qmjhds id ij`a-
rfi sjgua hasjgmfmhd f if jzqujarhf,
id rasfitf`ia as qua ai ha`fta pdiëtj-
ed am ifs hakderfejfs deejhamtfias
sjgua `fsfhd am astf hjedtdkëf. Am
ai astfhd fetufi ha if hjfiêetjef, if
jzqujarhf, f if hacamsjvf trfs ai fuga
ha ifs raeatfs aedmõkjefs edkpatjtj-
vfs, ramuavf su kamsfoa f`rjêmhdsa f
vfidras pdstkftarjfijstfs (aedidgjs-
tfs d cakjmjstfs), hasha hdmha pra-
tamha rafcjrkfr su jhamtjhfh.
31
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ofed`jmjskd
Edmeapejõm pdiëtjef qua
ndy sjrva pfrf hamdkjmfr paydrftj-
vfkamta f qujam hacjamha edm jm-
trfmsjgamejf ifs vjrtuhas hai eamtrf-
ijskd astftfi y sa eraa iifkfhd f if
kjsjõm êtjef ha edmsagujr umf ha-
kderftjzfejõm rfhjefi. Paej`a asta
mdk`ra pdr ifs
sdejêtês has fkjs ha
i
Edmst j tut jdm
qua, raumjhfs am um
edmvamtd ha crfjias ofed`jmds, ha-
camhjardm jhafs pfraejhfs hurfmta if
Pavdiuejõm crfmeasf.
Drgfmjzfhds edm um cêrrad edmtrdi sd-
`ra sus kjijtfmtas ha if parjcarjf, ha-
camhjardm kahjhfs rdtumhfs pfrf sfi-
vfr f umf pftrjf am paijgrd f edmsa-
euamejf ha. If edrrupejõm pdiëtjef y if
cfitf ha jgufihfh acaetjvf amtra tdhds
ids ejuhfhfmds. Uus prdpuastfs edm-
sjstëfm am if hjvjsjõm hai pdhar, if ra-
pÿ` ijef futdrjtfrjf jmhjvjsj ia, ai su-
crfgjd umjvarsfi, ai aoêrejtd pdpuifr y
If prdgrasjõm jkpdsjtjvf. Paakpifzf-
rdm am ai gd`jarmd f ids kdharfhds
g j rdmh jmds ,
qua raprasamtf`fm if ra-
sjstamejf ragjdmfi fi hdkjmjd pfrjsj-
md, y su `rava axparjamejf am ai pdhar
astuvd kfrefhf pdr ai tarrdr qua fm-
taeahjõ f if rafeejõm `dmfp frtjstf*.
o a c a h a A s t f h d
Cjgurf qua sa sjtÿf
pdr amejkf ha ifs hjvjsjdmas pfrtj-
hjstfs y, f trfvês hai hasakpaöd hai
kæs fitd efrgd pdiëtjed hamtrd ha
umf hatarkjmfhf edkumjhfh, fsuka
if raprasamtfejõm ha if ediaetjvjhfh
ha um pfës. As mdrkfi qua fsukf, fi
kamds, cumejdmas sjk`õijefs ra-
caramtas f if umjhfh pdiëtjef hai As-
tfhd ha efrf fi jmtarjdr y fi rastd ha
pdtamejfs. Md d`stfmta, astf cjgurf,
hapamhjamhd hai rêgjkam pdiëtjed-
edmstjtuejdmfi am qua sa jmsarta,
puaha hjspdmar ha kuy hjcaramtas
raeursds pdiëtjeds.
If eifsjcjefejõm kæs trfhjejdmfi as
if qua, ftamhjamhd f if cdrkf ha gd-
`jarmd axjstamta, hjstjmgua amtra kd-
mfrquëf* y rapÿ`ijef*. If ÿmjef saöf
hjcaramejfhdrf fetufi amtra fk`fs
as ai hjstjmtd efræetar hai feeasd
f if kjskf? narahjtfrjd am ai efsd ha
If kdmærq ujef, qua tjama puas iagj-
tjkjhfh trfhjejdmfi< aiaetjvd am ai
efsd ha if rapu`ijef, qua gdzf fsë ha
iagjtjkjhfh efrjskætjef d rfejdmfi.
Ifs kdmfrquëfs hakderætjefs, fi nf-
`arsa trfmscdrkfhd edkd edmsaeuam-
ejf ha id astjpuifhd am ifs ed mstjtu-
ejdmas, ijkjtfm ai pfpai hai ray fi ha
kahjfhdr y sëk`did ha if edmtjmuj-
hfh hai Astfhd. Figd pfraejhd suea-
ha am ifs rapÿ`ijefs pfrifkamtfrjfs
hdmha, f hjcaramejf ha ifs prasjham-
ejfijstfs*, ai oaca ha Astfhd edmvjva
edm um prjkar kjmjstrd* y md suaia
fsukjr raspdmsf`jijhfhas hjraetfs ha
gd`jarmd. Am astds efsds sa hjea qua
ai prasjhamta d ai ray as cahftfrjd a
jrraspdmsf`ia ha sus fetds, puas sõid
rftjcjef ids fetds haejhjhds pdr dtrds
õrgfmds pdiëtjeds, qua sdm ids qua
rafikamta tdkfm ifs haejsjdmas.
Xfk`jêm as pdsj`ia hjstjmgujr, am ai
samd ha ifs rapÿ`ijefs, ifs hjstjmtfs
pdsj`jijhfhas ha mdk` rfkjamtd, qua
vfrëfm amtra if futdhasjgmfejõm, if
oaca ha Astfhd
jmvastjhurf pdr um rahuejhd mÿkard
ha kfmhftfrjds (ha um pfrtjhd d umf
oumtf kjijtfr) y if aiaeejõm pdpuifr.
Astf puaha aoarearsa f pfrtjr ha
euarpds raprasamtftjvds, ha pfrif-
kamtfrjds d edkprdkjsfrjds, d pdr
kahjd ha sucrfgjd hjraetd. Ids prasj-
hamejfijskds hakderætjeds suaiam
dptfr pdr if ÿitjkf pfrf racdrzfr if
iagjtjkjhfh pdp uifr hai oaca ha Astf-
hd y oustjcjefr fsë ids fkpijds pdha-
ras haejsdrjds y aoaeutjvds qua sa ia
edmeaham.
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3
5
ij`arfijskd
iagjsifturf Rarëdhd ha kfmhftd ha
um pfrifkamtd* edmdejhd am ai ha-
raend njstõrjed aspfödi edkd hjpu-
tfejõm. Am ifs kdharmfs hakderfejfs
su hurfejõm, qua drhjmfrjfkamta ds-
ejif amtra tras y sjata föds, edjmejha
edm ai tjakpd trfmseurrjhd amtra if
edmstjtuejõm ha if eækfrf qua sjgua
f ifs aiaeejdmas iagjsiftjvfs y If hj-
sdiuejõm ha if kjskf qua fmtaeaha f
umds muavds edkjejds.
i ag j t jkjhf h
Edmeaptd edm ai qua sa
amoujejf if efpfejhfh ha um pdhar
pfrf d`tam ar d`ahjamejf sjm maeasj-
hfh ha raeurrjr f if edfeejõm qua
supdma if fkamfzf ha if cuarzf. Qm
Astfhd as Iagëtjkd eufmhd axjsta
um edmsamsd amtra ids kjak`rds ha
if edkumjhfh pdiëtjef pfrf feaptfr if
futdrjhfh vjgamta.
Ai têrkjmd tjama sus drëgamas am ai
haraend prjvfhd sueasdrjd y fpfraea
vjmeuifhd f if pdiëtjef am raifejõm
edm if rastfurfejõm kdmærqujef trfs
if Pavdiuejõm crfmeasf. Astf fpaif-
ejõm jmjejfi f erjtarjds trfhjejdmfias
edkd oustjcjefejõm êtjef hai aoarej-
ejd parsdmfi hai pdhar, as feaptf-
hf pdr Kfx W a`ar edkd umd ha Ids
tras tjpds ha Iagjtjkjhfh. Êi föfha,
fhakæs, If iagjtjkfejõm efrjskætj-
ef, pfrf axpijefr ids camõkamds ha
pdhar hdmha ids su`drhjmfhds sa
amtragfm f if sfmtjhfh, nardëskd d
aoakpifrjhfh ha umf parsdmf, y If
rfejdmfi, fsfhf am kdtjvfejdmas d`-
oatjvfs a jkparsdmftas pfrf fpdyfr
umf hatarkjmfhf iagfijhfh jmstjtujhf.
Rasa f If aqujpfrfejõm wa`arjfmf ha
iagjtjkjhfh rfejdmfi y Iagfijhfh, ai
pdsjtjvjskd ourëhjed vjmd f hjstjm-
gujr amtra fk`ds edmeaptds edmsj-
harfmhd fi sagumhd edkd ai ÿmjed
efpfz ha dcraear erjtarjds rfejdmfias
y ejamtëcjeds kjamtrfs If iagjtjkjhfh
arf amtamhjhf edkd aiakamtd pra-
vjd. Am tdhd efsd, if prjmejpfi gf-
rfmtëf ha If iagfijhfh as qua euamta
edm aI raqujsjtd kdrfi ha if iagjtj-
kfejõm qua, ndy am hëf, vf umjhf f
If axjstamejf ha hakderfejf. Md d`s-
tfmta, pfrf edmtfr edm astf rfejdmf-
ijhfh hai fpdyd kfydrjtfrjd sa pua-
ha nfear njmefpjê am ai raspatd f ids
prdeahjkjamtds, am ai kdkamtd am
qua sa nf fiefmzfhd ai pdhar y am su
aoarejhd pdstarjdr, d am ai rasuitfhd
acjefz fiefmzfhd.
iamjmjskd
Xêrkjmd feuöfhd hurfmta
ai astfijmjskd* pfrf hasjgmfr ifs hde-
trjmfs ha Iamjm qua edkpiakamtfrdm,
amkamhæmhdid, ai kfrxjskd* drtd-
hdxd drjgjmfi. Cramta fi hatarkjmjs-
kd ha êsta, qua fmumejf`f ai fhva-
mjkjamtd aspdmtæmad ha if sdejahfh
sjm eifsas eufmhd sa eukpijasam ifs
ejreumstfmejfs njstõrjefs, ai iamjmjs-
kd fpuastf p dr if tasjs ha if ravdiu-
ejõm fmtjejpfhf. Ha astf kfmarf sa-
rëf pdsj`ia Iiagfr fi edkumjskd* sjm
fgdtfr atfpfs jmtarkahjfs ha hasf-
rrdiid ij`arfi qua md sjrvam kæs qua
pfrf f`urguasfr f tds prdiatfrjds y
efkpasjmds. F mjvai jmtarmfejdmfi,
sa saöfif qua if harjvfejõm hai efpj-
tfijskd nfejf um jkparjfijskd gid-
`fi fguhjzf ifs tamsjdmas qua nfm
• ha prdvdefr if efëhf ha fquêi.
Am rafijhfh, Iamjm astuvd sjakpra kæs
pradeupfhd pdr efieuifr ai kdkamtd
dpdrtumd am ai qua feeahar fi pdhar
rusd qua pdr edmtrj`ujr f if tadrëf
sdejfijstf. Am ids föds pravjds fi ia-
vfmtfkjamtd `dienavjqua* sa edm-
eamtrõ am if drgfmjzfejõm ha um pfr-
tjhd cêrrafkamta hjsejpijmfhd `fod if
guëf fhaeufhf ha umf aijtjstf vfm-
gufrhjf hjrjgamta. Am 6:67, asta ijha-
rfzgd eamtrfijzfhd ia parkjtjõ raeif-
kfr edm êxjtd «tdhd ai pdhar pfrf ids
sdvjats¼. Ha astf kfmarf jmstfurf`f
umf raprasjvf
hjetfhurf hai prdiatf-
r jfhd
qua kfrgjmf`f hai gd`jarmd f
dtrfs cuarzfs prdgrasjstfs qua arfm
hasefijcjefhfs edk d jhafijstfs ha jz-
qujarhf.
ij`arfijskd
Edrrjamta ha pamsfkjam-
td efrfetarjzfhf pdr hacamhar Ifs
kfydras edtfs pdsj`ias ha ij`artfh
jmhjvjhufi `fod umfs jmstjtuejdmas ha
gd`jarmd qua nfm ha prdeurfr sar mau-
trfias. Rdstuif tfmtd umf cjidsdcëf
tdiarfmta ha if vjhf edkd ai k dhaid
sdejfi qua edmsjgujõ sustjtujr fi Fm-
tjgud Pêgjkam y euyds edmtamjhds
nfm sjhd pifskfhds, ha naend, edkd
cumhfkamtd ourëhjed y pdiëtjed ha ifs
edmstjtuejdmas hakderætjefs. Md d`s-
tfmta, edkd kdvjkjamtd pdiëtjed erjs-
tfijzfhd am pfrtjhds nf sjhd vëetjkf
ha su prdpjd êxjtd fi nf`ar fgdtf-
hd, fpframtakamta, su prdgrfkf am
ai sjgid
^J^.
Am asds föds ids grupds
Ij`arfias cuardm prdtfgdmjstfs ha if
pdiëtjef aurdpaf y f kam uhd if hjrj-
gjardm, edm if dpdsjejõm edmstfmta
ha edmsarvfhdras* y sdejfijstfs. Ndy,
pdr ai edmtrfrjd, fumqua axjstam grfm-
has pfrtjhds fsë hamdkjmfhds am Of-
põm d Edidk`jf, Ids ij`arfias fpamfs
sd`ravjvam am figumds pfësas f trf-
vês ha paquaöfs cdrkfejdmas qua
amefrmfm pdsjejdmas jhadiõgjefs ha
eamtrd*.
Edkd hdetrjmf
pdiët jef
surgjõ eufm-
hd if Jiustrfejõm edmejijf if cjidsdcëf
rfejdmfijstf y ai haraend mfturfi ha
drjgam erjstjfmd. Ai ij`arfijskd jms-
pjrõ ifs ravdiuejdmas `urguasfs qua
harrdefrdm fi f`sdiutjskd* edk`j-
mfmhd, edkd sa pusd amtdmeas ha
kfmjcjastd, ai jmhjvjhufijskd edm
prjmejpjds umjvarsfias qua sdm trfs-
ifhf`ias f tdhf if nukfmjhfh. Fsë,
Ifs tadrëfs ha Kdmtasqujau, Xdequa-
vjiia d Kfhjsdm, fpijefhfs pdr prj-
karf vaz am Crfmejf y Astfhds Qmj-
hds, sa nfm pdhjhd axtamhar iuagd
f ragëkamas hakderætjeds md deej-
hamtfias. Xfk`jêm am ai sjgid xvuj
umf sarja ha futdras jmgiasas, edkd
Ukjtn d Pjefrhd, cdrkuifrdm at ij`a-
rfijskd
aedmõkjed.
Am êsta, qua
jm-
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tj`arftjsrmd
dgjef ha if feeëæ
eiuya ai haraend f if prdpjahfh prj-
vfhf ha ids kahjds ha prdhueejõm y
if hacamsf hai ij`ra karefhd, sa fpd-
yõ ai efpjtfijskd* jmhustrjfi qua
haspuês sa nf fcjrkfhd edkd sjsta-
kf aedmõkjed prapdmharfmta.
Edmsjharfmhd ids aiakamtds pd iëtjed
y aedmõkjed, pfraea qua if efrfeta-
rëstjef kæs hjstjmtjvf ha if jhadidgëf
ij`arfi as if fsjgmfejõm ha cumejdmas
amtra ids hds fetdras am ids qu a hj-
vjha if mfejõm? Astfhd y sdejahfh ej-
vji*. Ai prjkard, fi qua sa ftrj`uya
um pfp ai ijkjtfhd, ha`arëf utjijzfr ai
pdhar pdiëtjed pfrf prdeurfr ifs edm-
hjejdmas asamejfias ha frtjeuifejõm
ha if sagumhf y fsagurfr If futdmd-
këf hai jmhjvjhud. Rfrf asd sa gf-
rfmtjzfm ids haraends cumhfkamtf-
ias* (ai ha prdpjahfh, am pf rtjeuifr)
y ifs Ij`artfhas pÿ`ijefs (aspaejfi-
kamta ifs ha kdvjkjamtd y axpra-
sjõm). Fhakæs, fumqua sa feaptf ai
prjmejpjd kfydrjtfrjd, sa avjtf umf
hagamarfejõm hakfgõgjef hai kjs-
kd, grfejfs f if hjvjsjõm ha pdharas
y fi sjstakf pfrifkamtfrjd raprasam-
tftjvd.
If jgufihfh md cjgurf`f edkd d`oa-
tjvd am ifs cdrkuifejdmas jmjejfias hai
ij`arfijskd. Uaræ edm ai surgjkjamtd
ha If vfrjfmta hakderæt jef eufmhd
fquêiif fpfrazef, fumqua amtamhjhf
edkd jgufihfh ha dpdrtumjhfhas. Md
d`stfmta, kdhfijhfhas ij`arfias edkd
if utjijtfrjstf d if ha Pfw is vfm kæs
fiiæ y hacjamham if oustjcjefejõm kd-
rfi ha if edrraeejõm rahjstrj`utjvf
aoarejhf pdr ai Astfhd am prd ha ids
hascfvdraejhds. Ua Iiagf f astf edm-
eiusjõm pdrqua, sj `jam if caijejhfh
as umf dpejõm jmhjvjhufi qua md sa
puaha jkpdmar hasha cuarf, ai sar
nukfmd, fmta um supuastd edmtrftd
sdejfi eaia`rfhd am umf sjtufejõm ha
jgmdrfmejf sd`ra su cuturd, dptfrëf
pdr jmedrpdrfr kaefmjskds ha sd-
ijhfrjhfh.
Cramta f astf edmeapejõm ha if oustj-
ejf edkd aqujhfh, ai madij`arfijskd,
amefrmfhd pdr Nfyal d M dzjel, sds-
tjama qua ai jmtarvamejdmjskd pÿ` ij-
ed nf ha ijkjtfrsa f If hacamsf ha if
vjhf, if ij`artfh y If prdpjahfh jm-
hjvjhufias. F astf edrrjamta am Astf-
hds Qmjhds sa if hamdkjmf ij`artfrjf
puas edkpfrta edm ai kdvjkjamtd
fsë edmdejhd su fvarsjõm pdr ifs ras-
trjeejdmas axtarjdras f if Ij`artfh
(pard md ai d`oatjvd ha f`dijejõm ha
If prdpjahfh prjvfhf qua tfk`jêm as
efrfetarëstjed ha êsta ÿitjkd). If
haraenf Ij`artfrjf, edkd tfk `jêm sa
if edmdea, raenfzf ai
Waicfra Utfta
dptfmhd, edkd sdiuejõm kæs oustf,
pdr if k arjtderfejf astrjetf y um As-
tfhd këmjkd qua md sa puaha ed-
rrdkpar pdr su rahuejhd tfkföd.
Ai naend ha qua axjstfm astfs hds
vfrjfmtas ha Ij`arfijskd, jmejhjamhd
umf am If cfeatf jmhjvjhufijstf y if
dtrf am if sdijhfrjf, axpijef qua sa
puahf usfr if atjquatf edm edmmdtf-
ejdmas dpuastfs. Kjamtrfs am Aurdpf
sa hasjgmf fsë f ids pfrtjhfrjds ha if
hasragutfejõm* aedmõkjef y ha ifs
cdrkuifejdmas eiæsjefs hai efpjtfijs-
kd, am Astfhds Qmjhds as usufi ra-
sarvfr astf hamdkjmfejõm pfrf quja-
mas hacjamham jhafs ha jzqujarhf. Md
d`stfmta, fumqua axjsta um ij`arfijs-
kd qua p uaha iiagfr f edjmejhjr edm
if hdetrjmf sdejfihakõerftf, sjakpra
saræ kæs hjcëeji edmejijfr sus jrra-
mumejf`ias pdstuifhds umjvarsfias a
jmhjvjhufijstfs edm dtrfs hdetrjmfs
prdgrasjstfs qua pdmam ai êmcfsjs am
at edkumjtfrjskd*.
Ijharfzgd
Edmeaptd ha drjgam jmgiês
- iafharsnjp-
qua hacjma fquaiif euf-
ijhfh parsdmfi qua fyuhf fi aoarejhd
ha if jmciuamejf sd`ra um grupd y, edm-
sjgujamtakamta, cfvdraea umf pdtam-
ejfi d`ahjamejf. AI iëhar cumhfkamtf
su pdhar am ai edmsamsd qua axjsta
am ai samd ha if drgfmjzfejõm sd`ra
su parsdmf y astf feaptfejõm, qua
ha`a ramdvfrsa parjõhjefkamta, sa
fhqujara grfhfs fi prdpjd efrjskf d
f if hasjgmfejõm ha if cdrkfejõm am
If qua sa jmtagra.
Ids ftrj`utds prdpjds ha um iëhar sdm
if cfejijhfh drftdrjf, If vjtfijhfh, if
jmtaijgamejf, if efpfejhfh rasdiutjvf
y if pravjsjõm. Rfrf if drgfmjzfejõm,
ai ijharfzgd puaha edmsjharfrsa umf
maeasjhfh qua idgrf kdvjijzfr y kfm-
tamar umjhds f ids sagujhdras. Ujm
ak`frgd, um axeasjvd aoarejejd hai
ijharfzgd puaha pdmar am rjasgd, kæs
qua racdrzfr, fi grupd, pdrqua puaha
iiavfr f edmeamtrfr ai pdhar am qujam
dstamtf asta ftrj`utd, ha cdrkf qua
ai rastd ha if drgfmjzfejõm quahf
kfrgjmfhf hai ha`fta jmtarmd y ra-
huejhf f um pfp ai su`drhjmfhd.
Amtra ifs prjmejpfias fprdxjkfejdmas
taõrjefs fi camõkamd hai ijharfzgd
hastfefm if p arspaetjvf edmhuetjstf,
hdmha sa hacjma ai ijharfzgd am cum-
ejõm hai edkpdrtfkjamtd ha ids Ië-
haras< if parspaetjvf sjtufejdmfi,
euyd d`oatd prjmejpfi ha fmæijsjs as
ai edmtaxtd am ai qua sa amkfrefm
ids iëharas< ids kdhaids ha edmtjm-
gamejf, qua fmfijzfm ids cfetdras ed-
yumturfias qua parkjtam if acjefejf
ha um iëhar< y, cjmfikamta, Ids kdha-
ids trfmsfeejdmfias y ha fprdxjkf-
hdmas gujfhds pdr ai astuhjd ha ids
fspaetds edgmjtjvds hai ijharfzgd.
id``yjmg
(ef`jihad). Fetjvjhfh mf-
ejhf am if pdiëtjef mdrtafkarjefmf y
edmsjstamta am qua Ids grupds ha
prasjõm ham u d`tamgfm If jmcdrkf-
ejõm praejsf am ai kdkamtd oustd
edm d`oatd ha kdhjcjefr, mautrfijzfr
d jmciujr am ai prdeasd ha aif`drfejõm
ha Ifs pdiëtjefs pÿ`ijefs y am ai edm-
tamjhd ha ifs kjskfs. If fsjkjifejõm
edmeratf ha asta camõkamd f Ids
haspfends prdcasjdmfias
( id``jas)
qua fetÿfm pracaramtakamta am ids
pfsjiids hai pfrifkamtd, edmvjva edm
umf feapejõm kæs fkpijf hai edm-
eaptd qua md sa ijkjtf f Astfhds Qmj-
hds y qua sjrva pfrf racarjrsa f eufi-
qujar grupd ha jmtarês* am feejõm.
õgjef ha if feejõm ediaetjvf
Ua
edmsjharfm prd`iakfs ha feejõm ed-
iaetjvf, sagÿm if tadrëf ha ouagds*,
fquêiids qua sa prdhueam eufmhd if
feejõm haseddrhjmfhf ha ids kjak-
`rds ha um grupd iiavf f kfids ra-
suitfhds pfrf ai edmoumtd. Kæs aspa-
eëcjefkamta, at têrkjmd sa ftrj`uya f
Kfmeur Disdm, qujam, hasha ai amcd-
qua ha
rftjdmfi end jea*,
sdstjama qua
ids paquaöds grupds ha jmtarasas nd-
kdgêmads hjspdmam ha vamtfofs pfrf
jmciujr sd`ra ids pdharas hakderætj-
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iõgjef ha tf feejõm ediaetjvf
eds, ha ifs qua md gdzfm ids fkp ijds
y natardgêmads. Astd as fsë pdr ifs
hjcjeuitfhas d`vjfs ha drgfmjzfejõm
y edmtrdi jmtarmd pard, sd`ra tdhd,
pdrqua kfxjkjzfr at p rdpjd jmtarês
as if prjmejpfi kdtjvfejõm qua fmjkf
f if feejõm y am Ids grfmhas grupds
axjstam kuends kamds `amacjejds
qua raedkpamsam If pfrtjejpfejõm am
aiif. Ai grfm tfkföd nfea qua if pra-
vjsj`ia efpfejhfh kdhjcjefhdrf ha
Ids rasuitfhds edkd acaetd ha if
fpdrtfejõm jmhjvjhufi saf kuy rahu-
ejhf y, edkd md sa puaha jmciujr sd-
`ra if edmhuetf gid`fi hai ediaetjvd,
sa dptf pdr aoarear ha
craa- rj
har
(d
pdijzõm). Fhakæs, as rfejdmfi md jm-
vartjr ascuarzds jmÿtjias pfrf iuenfr
pdr tds `jamas pÿ`ijeds pdrqua, fi
efraear êstds ha p raejd y sar jmhjvj-
sj`ias, md sa puaha kfrgjmfr ha su
hjscruta f ids qua md sa nfm jkpij-
efhd am edmsagujrids.
Am hacjmjtjvf, ids jmtarasas edkpfr-
tjhds pdr grfmhas grupds md raej`am
ai fpdyd acaetjvd qua ha`jarfm y,
pdr ai edmtrfrjd, tds jmtarasas kuy
pfrtjeuifrjstfs tjamam kæs pdsj`jij-
hfhas ha astfr carvjamtakamta ha-
camhjhds. Astf jmtarpratfejõm tjama
edkd ÿitjkf cjmfijhfh axprasfr if
pdsj`jijhfh ha q ua ai pratamhjhd piu-
rfijskd ha jmtarasas sdejfias nfyf
sjhd, am rafijhfh, sustjtujhd pdr um
hasaqujij`rjd am ai qua sfia p arouhj-
efhf if sdejahfh y `amacjejfhds ids
grupds saetdrjfias edm efpfejhfh ha
drgfmjzfejõm. Disdm saöfif qua êsta
as ai rasuitfhd fi qua sa iiagf sj sa
edmcjara pdhar f grupds ha jmtarasas
pfrtjeuifras edkd sdm ids sjmhjeftds
d Ids ediagjds prdcasjdmfias. Êstds,
sj `jam am prjmejpjd puaham edmsjha-
rfrsa grfmhas grupds, tjamam kfydr
ednasjõm qua if sdejahfh am su edm-
oumtd y suparfm ids prd`iakfs ha fe-
ejõm ediaetjvf grfejfs f umf sarja ha
jmeamtjvds saiaetjvds, tfias edkd ids
prakjds f sus kæs cjaias d If fka-
mfzf edfetjvf f ids hasiafias.
If edmeiusjõm jhadiõgjef, earefmf f
ids pdstuifhds hai madij`arfijskd, as
qua sa ha`a raenfzfr eufiqujar præe-
t jef edrpdrft jvf* pdrqua edmhuea f
rasuitfhds md hakderætjeds. Am efk-
`jd, ai jmhjvjhufijskd cfvdraea if sf-
tjscfeejõm hai `jamastfr gamarfi d
hai kfydr mÿkard, fi tjakpd qua md
rahumhf am um fukamtd hai gfstd pÿ-
`ijed.
kfmhftd
vêfsa
raprasamtfejõm pdië-
tjef.
kf dëskd Hdetrjmf frtjeuifhf pdr ai
iëhar edkumjstf* Kfd Xsa-Xumg pfrf
fhfptfr ai kfrxjskd f ifs edmhjejd-
mas ha ifs sdejahfhas trfhjejdmfias y
fgrëedifs. F p frt jr ha 6: 8: cua fpij-
efhf am Enjmf pdr ai prdpjd Kfd, f
trfvês ha hds sueasjvds pifmas `fu-
tjzfhds edkd Grfm Ufitd Fhaifmta y
Pavdiuejõm euiturfi. Astf`fm kdvjhds
pdr if rfejdmfijhfh ediaetjvjzfhdrf y
pratamhëfm umf fitarmftjvf rurfi fi
raprasjvd astfijmjskd* jmhustrjfijzf-
hdr. Md d`stfmta, sus rasuitfhds, am
cdrkf ha efds y nfk`rumfs, cuardm
tfm hasfstrdsds edkd if akuifejõm
qua ha ids kjskds rafijzfrf am Efk-
`dyf ai rêgjkam gamdejhf ha Rdi
Rdt.
Ai kfdëskd sa efrfetarjzf pdr su jk-
prdmtf pdpuijstf y fmtjaijtjstf, id
qua ia sapfrf hai iamjmjskd* sdvjê-
tjed, y sus edmtamjhds jhadiõgjeds
akfmfm ha um prdeasd supuastfkam-
ta haseamtrfijzfhd qua fsagurf if
ravdiuejõm edmtjmuf. Ha ifs kfsfs,
vfgfkamta drgfmjzfhfs am edkumfs,
surgjrëfm umfs jhafs hasdrhamfhfs
qua nfy qua sjstakftjzfr y edmeam-
trfr (am um i j`rd rd od) .
F pasfr ha su
ratõrjef pfrtjejpftjvf, ai rêgjkam pd-
iëtjed kfdëstf, qua hurõ nfstf 6:73,
cua tdtfijtfrjd* yf qua maeasjtf`f
ifs cdrkfs hjetftdrjfias pfrf jkpd-
mar su jgufijtfrjskd rfhjefi. Edkd
hdetrjmf raiavfmta sõid sd`ravjva ndy
amtra figumfs guarrjiifs ha pfësas am
vëfs ha hasfrrdiid (edkd if parufmf
Uamhard Iukjmdsd).
kfrxjskd
Edmeapejõm taõrjef, hde-
trjmf ravdiuejdmfrjf, amcdqua katd-
hdiõgjed d kdvjkjamtd ha efræetar
pdiëtjed, edmdejhd tfk`jêm edkd sd-
ejfijskd* ejamtëcjed, qua ha`a su ha-
mdkjmfejõm fi cj iõsdcd Lfri Najm
rj
en
Kfrx. Uu cdrkuifejõm drtdhdxf edm-
sjsta am ai fmæijsjs njstõrjed hai
edmoumtd ha ifs jmoustfs raifejdmas
aedmõkjefs qua, amvuaitfs pdr umf
edrraspdmhjamta astrueturf jhadiõgj-
ef, nfm jhd vfrjfmhd ha cdrkf hjf-
iêetjef pfrf pifskfrsa sjakpra am if
dprasjõm ha ids kæs hê`jias. Ujm ak-
`frgd, if sdejahfh `urguasf, hjvjhj-
hf sagÿm Kfrx y su edif`drfhdr Am-
gais am efpjtfijstfs* qua pdsaam ids
kahjds ha prdhueejõm y prdiatfrjds
fijamfhds, astfrëf jrrakahjf`iakam-
ta edmhamfhf fi edifpsd. Eufmhd ids
d`rards fhqujrjasam edmejamejf ha su
sjtufejõm, sa kdvjijzfrëfm y, vjetd-
7
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kfydrëf
K K M KK PK KW
rjdsds am if ravdiuejõm, hatarkjmf-
rëfm cjmfikamta ai fhvamjkjamtd cu-
turd ha umf muavf rafijhfh sjm hjca-
ramejfs ha eifsa sdejfi.
Edjmejha edm ai fmfrqujskd* am ai
êmcfsjs jgufijtfrjd p ard, f hjcaramejf
ha êsta, as p frtjhfrjd ha sferjcjefr if
Ij`artfh jmhjvjhufi y edm cjfr fi Astf-
hd um pfpai eifva am ai træmsjtd fi
edkumjskd*. Astf cua If prjkarf as-
ejsjõm hai `idqua sdejfijstf, fgrupf-
hd nfstf amtdmeas am if Rrjkarf Jm-
tarmfejdmfi, y sa prdhuod am vjhf hai
prdpjd Kfrx. Xrfs su kuarta, ids sa-
gujhdras ha if hdetrjmf nfm rafijzf-
hd kÿitjpias rajmtarpratfejdmas, ha
cdrkf qua md as pdsj`ia yf nf`ifr
ha umf cfkjijf ndkdgêmaf. AI crfef-
sd hai hatarkjmjskd pfraea nf`ar
kfrefhd astf hjvarsjcjefejõm taõrjef
a jhadiõgjef, puas if fpijefejõm acae-
tjvf hai kfrxjskd, am edmtrf ha id
prdmdstjefhd, sa prdhuod am pfësas
md jmhustrjfijzfhds y md fiië hdmha
if fprdpjfejõm ha if piusvfiëf arf
kfydr. Fsë, ai iamjmjskd* d ai kfd-
ëskd* surgjardm pfrf oustjcjefr pdr
quê ifs ravdiuejdmas prakfturfs ha
Pusjf d Enjmf md astf`fm fmjkfhfs
pdr ai jmaxjstamta kdvjkjamtd d`ra-
rd, sjmd pdr paquaöfs vfmgufrhjfs
prdiatfrjfs d grfmhas kfsfs efkpa-
sjmfs fgrupfhfs am ai pfrtjhd.
Rdr su pfrta, am ai kumhd deejhamtfi,
oumtd fi fiaofkjamtd ha tds ravjsjd-
mjstfs sdejfihakõerftfs* qua dptfm
hurfmta ai prjkar tarejd hai sjgid xx
pdr ids prdeahjkjamtds ha if hakd-
erfejf ij`arfi, ai kfrxjskd rasjhufi nf
ha`jhd kftjzfr ai kftarjfijskd. Fum-
qua êsta sjgua sjamhd eamtrfi am ai
pamsfkjamtd astrueturfijstf ha Fi-
tnussar, futdras edkd Grfksej edm-
sjharfm maeasfrjd edmeahar kæs jk-
pdrtfmejf f ids cfetdras euiturfias y
pdiëtjeds am ai fmæijsjs ha if iuenf ha
eifsas, yf qua êstf md as sõid dpra-
sjõm aedmõkjef sjmd tfk`jêm na-
gakdmëf* jhadiõgjef. Kæs nukfmjstf
as tfk`jêm if iifkfhf tadrëf erëtjef,
raprasamtfhf, pdr aoakpid, am if As-
euaif ha Crfmlcurt
. Astf edrrjamta
hasfrrdiifhf amtra Fiakfmjf y Astf-
hds Qmjhds, y qua nf astfhd ijharfhf
pdr Fhdrmd, Kfreusa d, kæs fhaifm-
ta, Nf`arkfs, edk`jmf if psjedidgëf
crauhjfmf y edmsjharf f dtrds ediae-
tjvds qua sucram If raprasjõm oumtd f
ids d`rards edkd pdtamejfias suoatds
ha if ravdiuejõm. As jmhuhf`ia qua,
trfs ai edifpsd am 6:>: ha ids sjsta-
kfs qua haeifrf`fm jmspjrfrsa am ai
kfrxjskd, If hdetrjmf nf quahfhd
am avjhamejf fmta ai fpdgad hai ij-
`arfijskd pdiëtjed y aedmõkjed. Md
d`stfmta, edkd jhadidgëf y edkd
kfred ha fmæijsjs kfmtjama jkpdr-
tfmtas pdtamejfijhfhas pdiëtjefs y
pdij tdiõgjefs qua nfeam p amsfr qua
su njstdrjf astæ iaods ha cjmfijzfr.
kfydr ëf
Uagÿm if hacjmjejõm kæs
eiæsjef ha hakderfejf*, qua fiuha ft
gd`jarmd ha If kfydrëf, y f su ax-
prasjõm Ij`arfi, hdmha dparf if ragif
ha «um ndk` ra, um vdtd¼, ai raspfi-
hd ha if kfy drëf jhamtjcjef if sjtuf-
ejõm ha suparjdrjhfh mukêrjef qua
iagjtjkf if fhdpejõm ha haejsjdmas
pdiëtjefs. Ujm ak`frgd, if fpijefejõm
kaeæmjef ha asta prjmejpjd y if jm-
samsj`jijhfh sjstakætjef nfejf ifs
kjmdrëfs puaham prdvdefr grfvas fr-
`jtrfrjahfhas y, am edmtaxtds kuy
piurfias, rjasgds pfrf if prdpjf su-
parvjvamejf ha if edkumjhfh pdiëtj-
ef. Rdr astf rfzõm a i jmhjvjhufijskd
`urguês, takardsd ha qua if hakd-
erfejf hasak`defrf am um gd`jarmd
hakfgõgjed ha ids f`umhfmtas pd-
`ras edmtrf ids pdeds rjeds, sa prad-
eupõ ha p rdtagar if suparvjvamejf ha
êstds. Fsë sa axpijef qua ifs prjkarfs
edmstjtuejdmas pifskfrfm if hjvjsjõm
ha pdharas* y raedmdejarfm, amtra Ifs
haeifrfejdmas ha haraends cumhfkam-
tfias, if jmtfmgj`jijhfh ha ejartds
æk`jtds ha prjvfejhfh y if gfrfmtëf
ha qua sarëf p dsj`ia if hjserapfmejf.
Astfs jmstjtuejdmas nfm tamjhd kæs
tfrha um fiefmea kfydr hai drjgjmfi
y su jmeiusjõm am if gamarfijhfh ha
ifs hakderfejfs nf parkjtjhd fsagu-
rfr ai piurfijskd ha ids hjstjmtds sjs-
takfs pdiëtjeds.
Kæs hjcëeji rasuitf If prdtaeejõm ha
ifs kjmdrëfs eufmhd ifs hjcaramejfs
qua ifs drjgjmfm md sa ha`am f rfzd-
mas jhadiõgjefs d prdgrfkætjefs qua
hjvjham takpdrfikamta f ids jmhjvj-
huds, sjmd f hasfvamamejfs astruetu-
rfias qua fcaetfm f ediaetjvds. Fsë
deurra eufmhd grupds, qua md edk-
pfrtam If fh serjpejõm raijgjdsf d at-
mdtarrjtdrjfi prapdmharfmta, fspjrfm
f If futdedmsarvfejõm y prdvdefm
jmavjtf`ias edmcijetds pdiëtjeds. Am
astds efsds tfk` jêm axjstjardm sdiu-
ejdmas ij`arfias pfrf avjtfr if tjrfmëf
ha if kfydrëf, edkd ai kdhaid caha-
rfi* ha Kfhjsdm fhdptfhd am ids As-
tfhds Qmjhds, fumqua cua kæs cra-
euamta qua sa jgmdrfsam asta tjpd ha
prdpuastfs edrraetdrfs, edkd ia deu-
rrjõ f O.U. Kjii y su crfefsfhf suga-
ramejf ha qua Jmgiftarrf fhdptfsa if
raprasamtfejõm prdpdrejdmfi.
Ha naend, Ifs sjtufejdmas ha crfgkam-
tfejõm nfm sdijhd rasdivarsa njstõrj-
efkamta edm if jkpdsjejõm edfet jvf
ha umf euiturf d iamguf hdkjmfmta,
pard tfk`jêm as ejartd qua, dtrfs va-
eas, asta prdeasd ha nagakdmjzf-
ejõm md sa puhd iiavfr f ef`d puas
md axjstëf jhamtjhfh prapdmharfmta d
crfefsõ. Êstds sdm ids efsds am ids
qua fÿm ndy edaxjstam hjvarsfs kj-
mdrëfs, id qua d`ijgf f raerafr jms-
tjtuejdmas hakderætjefs hdmha ifs
haejsjdmas sa Iagjtjkfm kæs pdr ai
edmsamsd qua pdr aI prjmejpjd mukê-
rjed. Asta edmsdejfejdmfijskd*, prd-
pjd ha Aurdpf edmtjmamtfi, as tfk`jêm
ai kdhaid raeifkfhd pdr ids edkumj-
tfrjstfs edkd jhõmad pfrf jmtagrfr,
am ai prdeasd pdiëtjed, f ids grupds
kjmdrjtfrjds md edmeamtrfhds tarrj-
tdrjfikamta.
Am edmtrfsta, am fquaiifs astrueturfs
pdiëtjefs efrfetarjzfhfs pdr if edna-
sjõm am tdrmd f umf kjskf jhamtjhfh,
d hdmha md axjstam kfrefhfs iafitf-
has edkumjtfrjfs ha`jhd f if ifjej-
zfejõm y f if prasamejf ha ifzds sd-
ejfias kuy gamêrjeds, if hakderfejf
puaha sar cjai f su mfturfiazf drjgj-
mfrjf ha cdrkf qua kuy pdeds æk`j-
tds quahfm fi kfrgam ha if vdiumtfh
ha if kfydrëf. Am astfs ejreumstfm-
ejfs, hdmha ai edmcijetd md edmiiavf
rjasgd ha hasjmtagrfejõm, ai prdeasd
pdiëtjed sa drgfmjzf am tdrmd f umf
ÿmjef asejsjõm jhadiõgjef y at astjid
ha tdkf ha haejsjdmas sa efrfetarjzf
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kfefrt j ske
kjijtfmta
pdr if jkpdsjejõm hai prdgrfkf ha
qujam gd`jarma am asa kdkamtd. If
pdtamejfi pdifrjzfejõm rasuitfmta qua-
hf am ÿitjkf jmstfmejf cramfhf pdr If
eartazf rafi, y md sõid taõrjef, ha
qua if ÿmjef kjmdrëf feeaharæ fi pd-
har am ai cuturd y, amtdmeas, tfkpd-
ed astfræ vjmeuifhf f mdrkfs qua
rastrjmgfm su pdhar (edkd as raenf-
zf`ia qua umf kfydrëf edyumturfi
vjmeuia f dtrf pdstarjdr, am ids sjs-
takfs kfydrjtfrjds ifs edmstjtuejd-
mas astæm kuy pded hatfiifhfs).
Hasha iuagd, astfs hakderfejfs sdm
kæs prdp jejfs pfrf if jkpiakamtfejõm
ha prdgrfkfs pdiëtjeds kfxjkfijstfs,
am edkp frfejõm edm ai jmerakamtf-
ijskd prdpjd ha ids edmsdejfejdmfijs-
kds, pard tfk`jêm as varhfh qua ids
efk`jds am ai pdhar puaham prdvd-
efr umf ræpjhf jmvarsjõm qua mautrf-
ijea pdsj`ias rfhjefijskds. Fhakæs,
edkd nf tadrjzfhd Hdwms, md as
pravjsj`ia qua parsjstfm grfvas hjs-
erapfmejfs jhadiõgjefs pdrqua, fi ra-
huejrsa if edkpatamejf f hds pfrtj-
hds, êstds tjamham f edmvargar am ai
eamtrd hai aspaetrd pfrf ftrfar f ids
vdtfmtas kdharfhds qua haejham ifs
aiaeejdmas.
Ids ragëkamas pdiëtjeds hdmha sa
fpijef if cdrkf ha gd`jarmd `rjtæmjef
sa suaiam edmsjharfr earefmds f um
tjpd ha hakderfejf kfydrjtfrjf (ha
fnë qua tfk`jêm sa edmdzef asta kd-
haid edkd
Wastkjmstar).
Uagÿm Ij o-
pnfrt, ifs efrfetarëstjefs jmstjtuejd-
mfias jhafias qua efrfetarjzfm fi kjs-
kd jmeiuyam um sjstakf aiaetdrfi
kfydrjtfrjd, qua cdkamtf at kamejd-
mfhd `jpfrtjhjskd y ids gd`jarmds
r jrs
am sdijtfrjd< if fusamejf ha haseam-
trfijzfejõm pdiëtjef y if ftrj`uejõm
am axeiusjvf ha if raprasamtfejõm ha
if kfydrëf fi pfrifkamtd. Êsta edm-
sjsta am umf ÿmjef eækfrf md sdka-
tjhf f edmstrjeejdmas ha mjmgÿm dtrd
edmtrfpdhar, saf um õrgfmd samf-
tdrjfi jmciuyamta d umf ourjshjeejõm
edmstjtuejdmfi, qua sjm ak`frgd ha-
iagf tdhf su prjkfeëf eufmhd hasjg-
mf fi gd`jarmd. Am acaetd, fi akfmfr
ai aoaeutjvd ha if edmcjfmzf pfrif-
kamtfrjf sa ia dtdrgf umf jmkamsf
futdrjhfh sjm qua axjstf acaetjvf hj-
vjsjõm ha pdharas y sjm qua if dpd-
sjejõm, kæs fiiæ hai raiftjvd edmtrdi
hai qua saf efpfz, puahf jmciujr hj-
raetfkamta am ifs pdiëtjefs pÿ`ijefs.
kfefrt jskd
Camõkamd d kdvjkjam-
td pdiëtjed fmtjedkumjstf hasfrrd-
iifhd am Astfhds Qmjhds hurfmta if
atfpf ha pdsguarrf. If astrftagjf
sdejdaedmõkjef
Cfjr Hafi
fpijefhf
pdr ai amtdmeas prasjhamta hakõerf-
tf Xrukfm, edmsjstamta am aiavfr kd-
harfhfkamta ai pdhar fhqujsjtjvd ha
ids trf`fofhdras mdrtafkarjefmds,
prdvdeõ qua kuends akprasfrjds
feusfrfm fi Rrasjhamta ha prdsdejf-
ijstf. Êstds, am edmoumejõm edm um
Edmgrasd jgufikamta ndstji, axpid-
tfrdm if psjedsjs cramta fi muavd
amakjgd sdvjêtjed am ai jmjejd ha if
Guarrf Crëf y fmjkfrdm if fprd`fejõm
ha iayas qua ijkjtf`fm if ij`artfh ha
Ids sjmhjeftds y racdrzf`fm if vjgj-
ifmejf cramta f umf supuastf prasam-
ejf ha jmcjitrfhds su`varsjvds am if
prdpjf fhkjmjstrfejõm mdrtafkarj-
efmf.
Fsë fpfraea if cjgurf ha Odsapn Ke-
Efrtny, um samfhdr rapu`ijefmd edm-
vamejhd ha tfias tasjs, qua prasjhjõ
umf edkjsjõm ha fetjvjhfhas fmtjf-
karjefmfs am ai Uamfhd edm efpfej-
hfh ourjshjeejdmfi. Fhakæs ha feusfr
f ids sjakpra sdspaendsds jmtaiae-
tufias, if edkjsjõm jmvastjgõ f mu-
kardsds hjrjgamtas d`rards y rafijzõ
edmtjmufs purgfs pdiëtjefs am Ids
hjstjmtds mjvaias ha if fhkjmjstrf-
ejõm. Ai hasfrrdiid ha id qua sa hjd
am iifkfr
efzf ha `ruofs
edmtjmuõ
nfstf ids föds ejmeuamtf, eufmhd ai
gamarfi rapu`ijefmd Ajsamndwar fe-
eahjõ-f if Rrasjhamejf. Ujm ak`frgd,
ai edmeaptd ha
kfefrtjskd
sa nf
parpatufhd fi hasjgmfrsa ndy fsë f
fquaiids camõkamds ha hapurfejõm
pdiëtjef efrfetarjzfhds pdr if vjsea-
rfijhfh y kdvjhds pdr umf d`sasjõm
nfejf ifs edmspjrfejdmas.
karjtderfejf
Rrjmejpjd sagÿm ai eufi,
ids edmtrfstas sdejfias sa ha`arëfm
cumhfkamtfr am ifs mfturfias hjca-
ramejfs ha tfiamtd, jmeijmfejõm y kd-
tjvfejõm qua sa hf m amtra ids jmhjvj-
huds qua edkpdmam umf sdejahfh
hatarkjmfhf. Rdr tfmtd, if kfydr d
kamdr oustjejf ha um sjstakf vamhrëf
hfhf pdr ai grfhd ha fousta amtra ifs
hjcaramejfs sdejfias axjstamtas y if
rafi hjstrj`uejõm ha ids rfsgds jmhj-
vjhufias ha efhf parsdmf.
Am su fpijefejõm kæs pdiëtjef, y f
pasfr hai sjgmjcjefhd ijtarfi hai têr-
kjmd edkd gd`jarmd ha ids qua ds-
tamtfm kfydr kêrjtd y efp fejhfh, ai
prjmejpjd md as jmedkpftj`ia edm
ai hakderætjed. Edm jmhapamhamejf
ha qua if hjraeejõm pdiëtjef ha if sd-
ejahfh ha`a amedkamhfrsa f ids aia-
gjhds sagÿm ifs pracaramejfs ha if
kfydrëf, axjsta um fkpijd kfrgam
pfrf if fp ijefejõm ha if karjtderfejf
am ifs cumejdmas pÿ`ijefs (aoaeutjvfs,
têemjefs, raguifhdrfs y ouhjejfias).
If edmeapejõm karjtderætjef tjama su
varsjõm kdharmf am If jhadidgëf ij-
`arfi* y If tadrëf ha if astrftjcjef-
ejõm cumejdmfijstf, qua sdstjama qua
if sdejahfh sa astrueturf am raifejõm
edm ai ramhjkjamtd y if edmtrj`uejõm
ha sus kjak`rds.
kji j tfmta
Jmhjvjhud qua sa jkpijef
hjraetfkamta, f trfvês ha if Iafitfh
acaetjvf y if edmtrj`uejõm aedmõkj-
ef raguifr, am ai samd ha hatarkjmf-
hfs drgfmjzfejdmas drjamtfhfs nfejf
ai aoarejejd hai pdhar. Am ai æk`jtd
ha Ids p frtjhds pdiëtjeds sa amtjamha
pdr kjijtfmtas d fcjijfhds fi edmoum-
td ha fhnaramtas, ragjstrfhds edkd
tfias y qua pfrtjejpfm am If tdkf jm-
tarmf ha haejsjdmas. Rdr edmsjgujam-
ta, f hjcaramejf ha ids vdtfmtas, md
sa ijkjtfm f edkprdkjsds hjsedmtj-
muds y axtarjdras tfias edkd ai fpd-
yd aiaetdrfi.
Ids kjijtfmtas edmcdrkfm, am tadrëf,
ai eëreuid ha pdhar am ids p frtjhds y
edmtrj`uyam, sagÿm Huvargar, f if
prdvjsjõm hakderætjef ha ifs êijtas.
Ujm ak`frgd, ids fcjijfhds ha`am edk-
patjr edm dtrds eamtrds ha axtrfeejõm
ha êijtas, tfias edkd if `urderfejf,
y, am rafijhfh, grfm pfrta ha aiids
quahf fi kfrgam ha if hjraeejõm rafi
ha if drgfmjzfejõm. If vjhf ha êstf
suaia rasuitfr edmtrdifhf pdr umf pa-
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kumjejpjd
quaöf dijgfrquëf ha kjijtfmtas qua,
sagÿm Kjenais, jkpdma su
iay ha nja-
m
d.
Amtra ai fcjijfhd y ai sjkpia vdtfmta
axjsta, fhakæs, umf tarearf eftagd-
rëf pfrf if qua sa fpijef ai têrkjmd
ha
sjkpftjzfmta.
Ua trftf hai jmhjvj-
hud qua sukf fi kard fpdyd aiaetd-
rfi If edmcasjõm pÿ`ijef axprasf ha
sus pracaramejfs pdr um hatarkjmfhd
pfrtjhd pdiëtjed d sjmhjeftd, fi astfr
ha feuarhd edm Ids prjmejpjds jhad-
iõgjeds, ifs fetjtuhas pdiëtjefs d Ids ,
d`oatjvds edmeratds ha asf drgfmjzf-
ejõm. Figumfs kuastrfs ha sjkpftëf
sdm, pdr aoakpid, if iaeturf ha prd-
pfgfmhf d ha ids
õrgfmds
ha axpra-
sjõm hjspdmj`ias y if fsjstamejf f
kfmjcastfejdmas d këtjmas.
kjmjstrd
Xêrkjmd racarjhd f if par-
sdmf qua cdrkf pfrta ha if eÿspjha
ediagjfhf hai pdhar aoaeutjvd* y qua
astæ su`drhjmfhf, am su cumejõm y
mdrkfikamta am su hasjgmfejõm, f
if hjraeejõm hai prjkar kjmjstrd*.
Edkd k jak`rd sdijhfrjd hai gd`jar-
md* am ai qua sa jmtagrf, pfrtjejpf
am ids edmsaods y fhakæs, sfivd qua
nfyf sjhd mdk`rfhd sjm ftrj`uejõm
ha efrtarf, astæ fi cramta ha umd ha
ids hapfrtfkamtds
a m
qua sa hjvjha
if fhkjmjstrfejõm*. Êstds, qua raej-
`am ai mdk`ra ha kjmjstarjds, edm-
sjstam am õrgfmds edkpiaods oarær-
qujefkamta astrueturfhds qua sa
amefrgfm ha um saetdr ndkdgêmad
ha jmtarasas pÿ`ijeds y hai qua su tj-
tuifr as raspdmsf`ia pdiëtjed.
Ai pdhar acaetjvd aoarejhd pdr efhf
kjmjstrd hapamha ha su ijharfzgd
parsdmfi, if kftarjf ha if qua sa
deupa (sjamhd ifs ha nfejamhf y
fsumtds axtarjdras ifs trfhjejdmfi-
kamta kæs jkpdrtfmtas), su raifejõm
edm ai oaca hai aoaeutjvd y su efræe-
tar têemjed d vjmeuifhd jhadiõgjef-
kamta f if kfydrëf pfrifkamtfrjf
qua fpdyf fi gd`jarmd. Md d`stfmta,
tfk`jêm sdm cfetdras jkpdrtfmtas ai
efræetar kdmderætjed, ediaetjvd d
crfgkamtfhd ha êsta< y, pdr supuas-
td, sj su if`dr edmsjsta am if karf
gastjõm `urderætjef ha su hapfrtf-
kamtd d am if fetjvf prapfrfejõm ha
prdyaetds ha Iay y pdiëtjefs pÿ`ijefs.
kjt jm
Edmeaptd qua, harjvfhd hai jm-
giês
kaat jmg
(ameuamtrd), sjrva pfrf
racarjrsa f ifs raumjdmas p ÿ`ijefs am
tdrmd f umf efusf pdiëtjef edkÿm.
Rdr astf rfzõm sa trftf, kæs `jam,
ha aspaetæeuids astætjeds am ids qua
umds eufmtds drfhdras raej`am aI
fpdyd ha um fuhjtdrjd prahjspuastd
f racdrzfr su jhamtjcjefejõm y iafitfh
nfejf aiids. Ai drjgam ha astf præetj-
ef astæ vjmeuifhd ha cdrkf hjraetf fi
surgjkjamtd hai kdvjkjamtd prdia-
tfrjd y ha ids pfrtjhds ha kfsfs, yf
qua if asefsf cdrkfejõm ha ids prj-
kards hastjmftfrjds, Ids d`rards, nf-
eëf hjcëeji if hjcusjõm acaetjvf ha ifs
jhafs usfmhd axeiusjvfkamta ids õr-
gfmds ha axprasjõm aserjtds. Kæs
tfrha, ai kjtjm cua jgufikamta ak-
piafhd pdr ids kdvjkjamtds cfsejs-
tfs, sj `jam fpijefmhd umf kfydr efr-
gf psjediõgjef.
Hurfmta kuend tjakpd asta fetd ha
hjseusjõm cua vfidrfhd edkd um jms-
trukamtd ha sdejfijz
f
ejõm pdiëtjef
jmhuhf`ia. Md sõid arf defsjõm pfrf
if fhnasjõm akdtjvf, am um rjtufi qua
jmeiuëf njkmds y `fmharfs, sjmd um
varhfhard kahjd ha trfmskjsjõm ha
fetjtuhas a jmstrueejõm pdiëtjef. Ujm
ak`frgd, am If fetuf ijhfh, ai hasf-
rrdiid ha if ahuefejõm y ha ids kahjds
ha edkumjefejõm ta nfm naend parhar
jkpdrtfmejf cdrkftjvf y p ræetjefkam-
ta sa ijkjtf, fmtas ha ifs aiaeejdmas,
f sarvjr ha kfmjcastfejõm pÿ`ijef y
sjk`õijef pfrf if futdfcjrkfejõm pfr-
tjhfrjf y if umjõm sjk`jõtjef amtra ië-
haras y fsjstamtas prdpjejds.
k d e j õ m h a e a m s u r f
vêfsa
edmtrdi
pfrifkamtfrjd.
kdmfrquëf
Cdrkf pdiëtjef ha fkpijf
trfhjejõm njstõrjef, racarjhf fi kfm-
hd d gd`jarmd pdr umf sdif parsdmf
euyf futdrjhfh, iagjtjkfhf am if trf-
hjejõm, md sa sdkata parjõhjefkam-
ta f if pdsj`jijhfh ha sar ravdefhf.
Rfrf Frjstõtaias, if vjrtuh ha if kjs-
kf hapamha ha if sf`jhurëf, `dmhfh
y edmsamsd pdpuifr sd`ra hjenf par-
sdmf puas, ha id ed mtrfrjd, astf kf-
gjstrfturf parpatuf havjama tjrfmëf.
If fhfptfe jõm prdgrasjvf f ids hjca-
ramtas edmtaxtds pdiëtjeds parkjta
jhamtjcjefr hjstjmtds tjpds ha k dmfr-
quëf, f pfrtjr ha if aiaetjvf drjgjmfi
qua cua hasfpfraejamhd pfrf hfr
pfsd f umf edmeapejõm narahjtfrjf
hjmæstjef qua cdrtfiaeëf, pdr su acj-
efejf y sjkpiazf, if parkfmamejf ha
if umjhfh hai tarrjtdrjd sd`ra if qua
sa fcjrkf`f.
F pfrtjr hai parjdhd cauhfi, ai ray,
qua arf sdid um
prjkus jmtar pfras,
vf fcjrkfmhd su pdsjejõm haskdm-
tfmhd ids hjstjmtds euarpds ha jmtar-
kahjfejõm sdejfi qua ia sapfrfm ha
sus sÿ`hjtds y sa fiefmzf fsë ai f`-
sdiutjskd*. Edm if prdgrasjvf hasf-
pfrjejõm ha êsta, crutd ha if dpdsjejõm
ravdiuejdmfrjf ij`arfi a jmspjrfhds
mdrkfikamta am ai aoakpid jmgiês,
ids ragëkamas hakderætjeds qua md
dptfm pdr if rapÿ`ijef* vfm ijkjtfm-
hd ai pdhar hai ray. Grfhufikamta
fhvjama if kdmfrquëf edmstjtuejd-
mfi, hdmha if sd`arfmëf astæ edk-
pfrtjhf amtra if mfejõm y ai kdmfref,
y cjmfikamta if pfrifkamtfrjf, am if
qua ai ray sa ijkjtf f aoarear ha sjk-
`õijed y mautrfi oaca hai Astfhd*. Md
d`stfmta, figumds futd rjtfrjskds js-
iækjeds u drjamtfias euamtfm edm
kdmfrefs qua hjscrutfm fÿm ha grfm
pdhar acaetjvd.
kumjejpjd
Amta idefi tarrjtdrjfi `æ-
sjed qua as gd`armfhd pdr um fyum-
tfkjamtd. If raiavfmejf pdiëtjef ha
êsta sa harjvf ha su mfturfiazf edkd
eamtrd ha raprasamtfejõm y gd`jarmd
hai vaejmhfrjd qua edmvjva am ai kjs-
kd mÿeiad ha pd`ifejõm. Fhakæs,
edmstjtuya ai õrgfmd amefrgfhd ha
prastfr jkpdrtfmtas sarvjejds fhkj-
mjstrftjvds. If natardgamajhfh am ai
tfkföd y pdhar ha ids kumjejpjds,
edkd hakuastrf ai efsd aspfödi, sa
ha`a f qua tdhd ai tarrjtdrjd sa hjvj-
ha sagÿm asta mjvai y, sjm ak`frgd,
kjamtrfs umds sdm rurfias, haspd`if-
hds
y paquaöds, dtrds sdm grfmhas y
ur`fmds.
Fumqua ifs edmstjtuejdmas suaiam
fcjrkfr if parsdmfijhfh futõmdkf ha
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kum ejpfd
ids kumjejpjds, su jhamtjhfh pd iëtjef
suaia ijkjtfrsa f if aoaeuejõm ha ejar-
tfs cumejdmas kamdras y f um pdhar
ragifkamtfrjd kuy su`drhjmfhd f ids
mjvaias ha gd`jarmd suparjdr. Fha-
kæs, edkd saöfif Hamta, if fusamejf
ha umf nfejamhf idefi futdsucjejamta
as um prd`iakf fhjejdmfi qua feam-
tÿf su hapamhamejf hai Astfhd eam-
trfi y, fiië hdmha axjstfm, ha ifs ra-
gjdmas. Rdr dtrd ifhd, am ids efsds
ha Ids kumjejpjds kæs paquaöds, su
jmefpfejhfh pfrf hasfrrdiifr acjefz-
kamta ifs edkpatamejfs qua ias ed-
rraspdmham, d`ijgf f if jmtarvamejõm
ha um mjvai fhjejdmfi, prdvjmejfi* d
edkfrefi, qua eddparf p frf tfi cjm.
Am ai tarrjtdrjd hai kumjejpjd sa hjs-
tjmgua amtra if pd`ifejõm ha naend y
if ha haraend. Êstf ÿitjkf as if jm-
tagrfhf pdr ids vaejmds eamsfhds
qua puaham p frtjejpfr am if aiaeejõm
ha tds edmeaofias y hai fiefiha. If
earefmëf ha astf fhk jmjstrfejõm f if
vjhf edtjhjfmf hai rasjhamta y su jm-
ciuamejf kfrgjmfi am ids grfmhas
fsumtds pdiëtjeds nf prdvdefhd qua
am ai æk`jtd ha if Qmjõm Aurdpaf
axjstf if pdsj`jijhfh ha jkpijefr am
ai gd`jarmd idefi f eufiqujar ejuhfhf-
md ha um Astfhd kjak`rd qua astê hd-
kjejijfhd am ai kumjejpjd am euastjõt.
mfejdmfi jskd
Kdvjkjamtd pdiëtjed
qua, edmsjharfmhd f if mfejõm edkd
eamtrd am tdrmd fi qua ha`a gjrfr if
vjhf pdiëtjef, hacjamha if maeasjhfh
ha umf edrraifejõm amtra if umjhfh
mfejdmfi y if amtjhfh qua drgfmjzf if
pdiëtjef. Astd sa edmsjgua, mdrkfi-
kamta, hdtfmhd f if mfejõm ha um
Astfhd prdpjd a jmspjrfmhd f êsta ids
supuastds vfidras edkpfrtjhds pdr
if pd`ifejõm, qua suaiam edmsjstjr am
umf kazeif ha aiakamtds rdkæmtj-
eds y rfejdmfias. Ids mfejdmfijstfs
fcjrkfm qua mfejõm y Astfhd astæm
naends ai umd pfrf ai dtrd y qua ai
umd sjm ai dtrd sdm figd jmedkpiatd
y trægjed.
Axjstam kÿitjpias jhafs ha mfejõm y,
hapamhjamhd ha if edmeapejõm qua
sa tamgf ha asa prdyaetd sugastjvd
ha vjhf am edkÿm, am pfif`rfs ha Dr-
tagf, ai mfejdmfijskd puaha sar um
camõkamd ha efrfetarëstjefs kuy hjs-
pfras. Qmf varsjõm qua trfhjejdmfi-
kamta sa nf edmsjharfhd kæs edm-
sarvfhdrf as fquêiif qua prasupdma
if êxjstamejf ha umjhfhas euiturfias
ndkdgêmafs, f pf rtjr sd`ra tdhd ha
if iamguf edkÿm. Am asds efsds sa
hacjamha qua gd`armfmtas y gd`ar-
mfhds edkpfrtfm um kjskd
d i j l s
gajst (d aspërjtu hai pua`id) qua, sa-
gÿm Narhar, nfy qua `usefr am ifs
asamejfs njstõrjefs. Ha astf cdrkf,
if edkum jhfh
tjama um ÿmjed drjgam
këstjed y sa edmsjgua cæejikamta ai
gd`jarmd frkõmjed. Astf edmeapejõm
axeiusjvjstf hjcjeuitf if edaxjstamejf
am um kjskd tarramd edm dtrfs kj-
mdrëfs euiturfias, pdrqua if hjcaram-
ejf as edmsjharfhf um d`stæeuid f if
edmvjvamejf, y pdr tfmtd md as ax-
trföd qua sa prdhuzefm rafeejdmas
xamõcd`fs.
AI mfejdmfijskd ij`arfi, kamds
pradeupfhd pdr ai drgfmjejskd y
feamtufmhd ai samtjkjamtd ha
sdeja-
hfh,
md pratamha cumhfr if iagjtjkj-
hfh hai Astfhd sd`ra if ednaramejf
edm ai iagfhd euiturfi p ravjd hai ta-
rrjtdrjd sd`ra ai qua sa prdyaetf. Fi
edmtrfrjd, asta mfejdmfijskd pdiëtjed
sa drjamtf nfejf if ragamarfejõm haIf mfejõm edm um prdgrfkf pdiët jed
gujfhd pdr racdrkfs ha cuturd y hdm-
ha if mfejdmfijhfh sa oustjcjef parkf-
mamtakamta, ha feuarhd edm Pamfm,
pdr if jkpijefejõm am asa prdyaetd y
md pdr if partamamejf f mjmgÿm grupd
êtmjed prahatarkjmfhd. Fumqua ai
kdhaid êtjed qua jkpuisf f asta mf-
ejdmfijskd pfraea kæ s umjvarsfijstf
y kamds agdeêmtrjed, md sjgmjcjef qua
saf prdpamsd f raspatfr if piurfijhfh.
fmmass
>
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d`oaejõm h a edmejamejf
Kfmjcastf-
ejõm edmeratf y iagjtjkfhf hai raed-
mdejkjamtd ha if ij`artfh ha pamsf-
kjamtd. Rfrf eftfidgfr hatarkjmfhf
fetjtuh edkd d`oatdrf, ha`am edm-
eurrjr umf sarja ha edmhjejdmas amtra
ifs qua puaham hastfefrsa? if axjs-
tamejf ha umf mdrkf qua fefrraf pras-
tfejdmas d fetds ha efræetar parsd-
mfi< if edmeurramejf ha umf fetjtuh
êtjef hai qua iiavf f ef`d if d`oa-
ejõm< if md utjijzfejõm ha kêtdhds
vjdiamtds pfrf rajvjmhjefr ifs pdsj-
ejdmas< if md pratamsjõm ha sustjtujr
d efk`jfr ifs mdrkfs cramta f ifs
qua sa d`oatf, yf qua sa hasaf sõid
if axeapejõm am ai efsd edmeratd
sustjtuyamhd ai ha`ar ranusfhd pdr
umf prastfejõm sustjtutdrjf< y, pdr
ÿitjkd, if jkpdsj`jijhfh ha qua umf
pratamhjhf d`oaejõm puahf parouhj-
efr f tareards d vjdifr eufiqujar tjpd
ha haraend cumhfkamtfi.
If d`oaejõm ha edmejamejf edkpfrta
um grfm mÿkard ha efrfetaras edm if
hasd`ahjamejf ejvji*, pard ha aiif
ia sapfrfm ejartds rfsgds edkd sdm
If prjvfejhfh, if iagfijhfh y if pfsj-
vjhfh ha if prjkarf, cramta f if pu-
`ijejhfh, jiagfijhfh y ra`aihëf ha if
sagumhf. Ai æk`jtq qua nf`jtufi-
kamta as kftarjf ha d`oaejõm as ai
ha if prastfejõm hai sarvjejd kjijtfr.
Am tdhd efsd, hapamhjamhd hai drha-
mfkjamtd ourëhjed aspaeëcjed, sa fh-
kjtam kæs d kamds pdsj`jijhfhas
pfrf fmtap dmar if aspaejcjejhfh qua
prdvdef umf euastjõm ha edmejamejf
cramta fi prjmejpjd ha gamarfijhfh ha
Ifs mdrkfs.
deiderfejf
Cdrkf ha gd`jarmd efrfe-
tarjzfhf pdr sar if kfsf, gamarfi-
kamta jmeuitf, if qua dstamtf y aoar-
ea ai pdhar pdiëtjed am hatrjkamtd ha
if kjmdrëf saiaetf d frjstderfejf. Ai
drjgam hai têrkjmd, qua astæ edmae-
tfhd fi ha hakfgdgjf*, sa rakdmtf f
if eifsjcjefejõm naenf pdr Rdij`jd
hurfmta ifs Guarrfs Rÿmjefs.
di jgfrqu ëf
Pêgjkam d cdrkf pdiëtj-
ef hacjmjhf pdr Riftõm y Frjstõtaias
edkd at gd `jarmd aoarejhd sjm tamar
am euamtf ai jmtarês edkÿm sjmd ai
prdpjd ha fquaiids pdeds qua id ha-
tamtfm. Uupdma if parkfmamejf d
edmqujstf hai pdhar pdiëtjed pdr pfr-
ta ha
um
grupd rahuejhd qua euamtf
fhakæs edm umf pdsjejõm sdejfi ha
prjvjiagjd pdr rfzdmas euiturfias, cf-
kjijfras y, sd`ra tdhd, aedmõkjefs.
As cfkdsf if fpijefejõm hai têrkjmd
f ids pfrtjhds pdiëtjeds qua, sagÿm
Kjenais, astæm drgfmjzfhds ha feuar-
hd edm umf
iay ha njarrd
qua jkpjha
if pfrtjejpfejõm acaetjvf ha ifs `f-
sas am su hjraeejõm.
dk`uhskfm
vêfsa
Hacamsdr hai pua-
`id.
dpdsje jõm
Amcramtfkjamtd, saf eufi
cuara su grfhd, edm raspaetd f umf
hatarkjmfhf pdsturf pdiëtjef. Uu usd
suaia rasarvfrsa f if edmtastfejõm
gamarfhf am saetdras ha if sdejahfh
edkd ed msaeuamejf hai aoarejejd hai
pdhar, pard rasuitf fÿm kæs raiavfm-
c ta racarjrsa f umf feap ejõm kæs as-
trjetf hai têrkjmd. Am acaetd, edkd
jmstjtuejõm hakderætjef, if dpdsjejõm
edmsjsta am if fitarmftjvf varta`rfhf
ha pdhar qua sa pdstuif cramta f if
kfydrëf* gd`armfmta. Uu axjstamejf,
pdr tfmtd, astæ vjmeuifhf f um sjsta-
kf p iurfi y edkpatjt jvd qua, pak j-
tjamhd ai pdtamejfi raakpifzd am umf
cuturf aiaeejõm, hf iugfr f if fp frj-
ejõm ha grupds ha gd`jarmd y grupds
dpdsjtdras.
Fumqua If jhaf quahf dseuraejhf am
ids sjstakfs piurjpfrtjhjstfs, am ai
pfrifkamtfrjskd eiæsjed if dpdsjejõm
harjvf ha if rafijhfh `jpfrtjhjstf qua
cdkamtf qua ai prjmejpfi pfrtjhd kj-
mdrjtfrjd iiava f ef`d umf tfraf ha
fprdxjkfejõm prapfrftdrjf fi pdhar.
Astf if`dr sa cfejijtf fi fhouhjeærsaia
if prjdrjhfh am ai aoarejejd ha if e rë-
tjef sjstakætjef fi gd`jarmd y if kf-
ydrëf pfrifkamtfrjf am if qua êsta
sa fpdyf. F pasfr ha if prjvjiagjhf
sjtufejõm ha qua gdzf if dpdsjejõm
edkd kfmjcastfejõm prjmejpfi hai
edmtrdi hakderætjed fi pdhar, f trf-
vês hai frtjcjejd ha efijcjefr ha fsum-
tds ha Astfhd grfm pfrta ha ifs kf-
tarjfs jkpdrtfmtas, at aoaeutjvd ras-
trjmga ids haraends ha if dpdsjejõm
(pdr aoakpid, ai ha raeapejõm ha hd-
eukamtds).
Ai sjstakf `rjtæmjed cua ai pjdmard
am edmsjharfr If dpdsjejõm edkd aia-
kamtd cumejdmfi ha if gd`armfejõm y
am êi sa drjgjmõ ai edmeaptd, ëmtjkf-
kamta raifejdmfhd, ha
gd` jarmd am
if sdk`rf.
@fod ai ijharfzgd hai oaca
ha if dpdsjejõm, qua mdrkfikamta as
efmhjhftd f hjrjgjr ai gd`jarmd rafi
am ai cuturd, sa hatarkjmfm ifs par-
sdmfs amefrgfhfs ha cjsefijzfr am
edmeratd if tfraf ha Ids hjstjmtds
kjmjstrds. Ha astf cdrkf, sa edmej`a
if fetjvjhfh dpdsjtdrf edkd ai aoar-
ejejd ha If erëtjef raspdmsf`ia y md
d`strueejdmjstf. Fsë, if if`dr ha-
sfrrdiifhf am if dpdsjejõm sjrva ha
kuastrf eifrf f ids aiaetdras sd`ra
ifs jmtamejdmas y edkpdrtfkjamtds
ha if kjmdrëf qua fspjrf fi cuturd
turmd.
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pfrifkamtd
pfej c j skd
Edmoumtd ha dpjmjdmas y
præetjefs qua f`dgfm pdr if maeasj-
hfh ha umf raedmejijfejõm jmtarmf-
ejdmfi f trfvês ha kaefmjskds hj-
pidkætjeds p fejcjefhdras. Am samtjhd
rastrjmgjhd as ai kdvjkjamtd fsfhd
am ai raenfzd, `fod eufiqujar ejreums-
tfmejf, hai usd ha tdhf cdrkf ha vjd-
iamejf edkd kahjd pfrf rasdivar ids
edmcijetds. Am ai pamsfkjamtd pfej-
cjstf nfy qua hjstjmgujr amtra um mjvai
pdiëtjed, pradeupfhd pdr hastarrfr ai
raeursd f if guarrf am ifs raifejdmas
jmtarastftfias, y dtrd kæs parsdmfi.
Asta ÿitjkd, raprasamtfhd, pdr aoak-
pid, am ai kdvjk jamtd raijgjdsd euæ-
quard, sa fpijef f ifs fetjtuhas jm-
hjvjhufias edm raspaetd fi Astfhd y
edmhuea, amtra dtrds, fi kdvjkjamtd
ha d`oaejõm ha edmejamejf* fi sarvj-
ejd kjijtfr.
Md sa p uaha fcjrkfr if axjstamejf ha
mjmgumf tadrëf pfejcjstf umjcdrka d
tdtfijzfhdrf, pdr id qua, pfrf fp rdxj-
kfrsa f sus `fsas jhadiõgjefs, sa
nfm ha edmsjharfr ifs hjstjmtfs edm-
eapejdmas futdhacjmjhfs edkd pfej-
cjstfs. Cumhfkamtfikamta sa puaha
hjstjmgujr umf drjamtfejõm raijgjdsf,
edkd if ha Gfmhnj d If hjrjgjhf f if
jmtarpratfejõm hai aspërjtu ë`ijed,
ha dtrf raprasamtfhf pdr if aseuaif
utjijtfrjstf. Astf ÿitjkf, am if qua
sa `fsfm Ids p fejcjskds sdejfijstf y
fmfrqujstf, kfmtjama qua if vjdiam-
ejf am gamarfi prdhuea f Ifrgd pifzd
acaetds magftjvds qua hjcjaram ha id
pravjstd prjkjgamjfkamta.
p fr i fkamt d
As ai õrgfmd pdiëtjed
taõrjefkamta eamtrfi am if hakderf-
ejf raprasamtftjvf y sõid astæ sdka-
tjhd f If edmstjtuejõm y, pdr tfmtd, f
if jmtarpratfejõm qua ha aiif nfgfm
ids trj`umfias edmstjtuejdmfias fiië
hdmha axjstfm. Edm fmtaeahamtas am
if Ahfh Kahjf, fumqua aeijpsfhd hu-
rfmta ai parëdhd f`sdiutjstf, ifs ra-
vdiuejdmas ij`arfias id rajmstfurfrdm
pfrf qua raprdhuoarf, am cdrkf edia-
gjfhf a jkparsdmfi, if piurfijhfh ha
vdiumtfhas pdiëtjefs qua edmcdrkfm
if mfejõm. Rdr asa kdtjvd, if tfk-
`jêm iifkfhf fsfk`iaf tjama cdrkfi-
kamta fsjgmfhf If cumejõm ha ha-
`ftjr y fhdptfr ifs haejsjdmas kæs
jkpdrtfmtas. Ujm ak`frgd, fumqua
-
fÿm dstamtf if efpfejhfh cjmfi pfrf
fprd`fr ifs iayas y astf`iaear jk-
puastds, md hdkjmf acaetjvfkamta if
aif`drfejõm ha Ifs pdiëtjefs pÿ`ijefs.
Fi nf`arsa fcjrkfhd prdgrasjvfkam-
ta ai gd`jarmd edkd fetdr jmstjtu-
ejdmfi kæs pdhardsd, ai pfrifkamtd
sõid puaha iiagfr f jmciuamejfr um
prdeasd qua, sd`ra tdhd am su cfsa
jmjejfi y cjmfi, astæ kuend kæs prd-
tfgdmjzfhd pdr ai pdhar aoaeutjvd*.
Ndy ai pfrifkamtd kfmtjama su prd-
tfgdmjskd am ai edmtrdi* hai gd`jar-
md y am at raeiutfkjamtd ha êijtas
pdiëtjefs, pard asta pfpai, y dtrfs
pdsj`ias cumejdmas pÿ`ijefs, vfrëfm
hapamhjamhd hai sjstakf pdiëtjed ha
qua sa trfta.
Am ids ragëkamas edmdejhds edkd
pfrifkamtfrjds sa edmeaha, am prjm-
ejpjd, kæs jkpdrtfmejf fi pdhar ia-
gjsiftjvd qua fi aoaeutjvd yf qua ai
prjkard as ai ÿmjed qua hjscrutf ha
iagjtjkjhfh pdp uifr hjraetf. Astd su-
pdma qua if fsfk`iaf tjama efpfej-
hfh ha hasjgmfr y easfr fi oaca hai
gd`jarmd pard, fi drgfmjzfrsa ai pfr-
ifkamtd f pfrtjr ha pfrtjhds pdiëtj-
eds hjsejpijmfhds, axjsta umf jhamtj-
hfh amtra ids hds pdharas. Am asds
efsds, fi dparfrsa kæs sagÿm ai prjm-
ejpjd ha kfmhftd qua ai ha raprasam-
tfejõm*, if kfydrëf puaha fsamtfr
su fetjvjhfh sd`ra ai aoaeutjvd edm
if vamtfof ha qua êsta tjama f su sar-
vjejd tdhd ai fpfrftd `urderætjed. Ha
naend, sj ai prjkar kjmjstrd* edmsj-
gua aoarear ai ijharfzgd sd`ra su gd-
`jarmd y su grupd pfrifkamtfrjd, as
kuy pdsj`ia qua, edkd deurra am ifs
Edrtas aspfödifs, ai pd har iagjsiftj-
vd quaha f`sdiutfkamta su`drhjmf-
hd y tdhfs ifs jmjejftjvfs pdiëtjefs
pfrtfm hai aoaeutjvd.
Fndrf `jam, am fquaiids sjstakfs pfr-
ifkamtfrjds am qua if kfydrëf qua
fpdyf fi gd`jarmd am if fsfk`iaf as
crægji y ai aoaeutjvd astæ pded edna-
sjdmfhd, ha`jhd, pdr aoakpid, f qua
astæ cdrkfhd pdr umf edfijejõm kui-
tjpfrtjhjstf, amtdmeas if cumejõm ha
haij`arfejõm md puaha d`vjfrsa y ai
pfrifkamtd raeuparf prdtfgdmjskd.
Am tdhd efsd, jmeiusd am astfs ejr-
eumstfmejfs, nf ha kfmtamarsa ejartf
jhamtjhfh amtra ids pdharas, ha cdrkf
qua am efsd ha grfvas hjsdmfmejfs
sa feuha f if kdejõm ha eamsurf d f
if hjsdiuejõm gu`armfkamtfi hai pfr-
ifkamtd. As haejr, if raiftjvf edjmej-
hamejf f If qua astæ edmhamfhd ai
kdhaid pfrifkamtfrjd avjtf edmcije-
tds jmstjtuejdmfias grfvas, cfejijtf If
gd`armfejõm y if hdtf ha astf`jij-
hfh. Ujm ak`frgd, astf ciujhaz sa
nfea fi praejd ha rahuejr Ids
enaels
fmh `fifmeas,
qua tfk`jêm sdm prd-
pjds ha if hakderfejf, y eurjdsfkam-
ta kfrgjmfmhd fi pfrifkamtd.
Am edmtrfsta, hdmha kæs jkpdrtfm-
ejf kfmtjama ai pdhar iagjsiftjvd as
am Ids ragëkamas prasjhamejfijstfs*,
pasa f qua cdrkfikamta md kdmdpd-
ijzf if axprasjõm hjraetf ha if vdium-
tfh pdpuifr. Am asds efsds, ha`jhd fi
hjcaramta drjgam aiaetdrfi hai iagjs-
iftjvd y ai aoaeutjvd, as kuend kæs
pdsj`ia qua md edjmejhfm pdiëtjef-
kamta y, ha astf cdrkf, as jmavjtf`ia
kfmtamar if hjvjsjõm ha pdharas* y
cumejdmas. If
hjetfhurf aiaet jvf
hai
gd`jarmd f if qua puaha hasak`defr
ai kdhaid pfrifkamtfrjd am su var-
sjõm kfydrjtfrjf quahf, puas, ku-
end kæs ijkjtfhf pdr um acaetjvd
edmtrfpdhar.
Rdr dtrd ifhd, ai pfrifkamtd tfk`jêm
nf vamjhd rahuejamhd, edkd edmsa-
euamejf ha ids kahjds ha edkumjef-
>3
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ids pfrifkamtds kæs jmeijmfhds f
edkpiatfr ai prjmejpjd ha kfydrëf
edm ai ha haij`arfejõm y hfr ef`jhf f
jmtarasas sdejaedmõkjeds, frjstderæ-
tjeds d, aspaejfik amta, tarrjtdrjfias.
pfrtjejpfejõm pdiëtjef
Feejõm d sjk-
pia fetjtuh f trfvês ha if qua um jm-
hjvjhud d grupd, qua md astæ
f pr jd-
r
cdrkfikamta hasjgmfhd pfrf tdkfr
ifs haejsjdmas pdiëtjefs, pratamha jm-
tarvamjr am asa
prdeasd. Ua pifskf
am kuy hjstjmtfs cdrkfs, qua puaham
sar d md edmcdrkas f ifs ragifs ha
ouagd prahatarkjmfhfs pfrf amefu-
zfr asta tjpd ha jkpuisds. If pfrtj-
ejpfejõm md iagfi as if trfhjejdmfi-
kamta usfhf pdr ids kdvjkjamtds
edmtastftfrjds, fumqua as pdsj`ia
föfhjr qua, am hakderfejf, ejartds
grupds edm jmtarasas pded edmca-
sf`ias tfk`jêm feuham f kêtdhds
jrraguifras pfrf prasjdmfr sd`ra ids
têdrjefkamta futõmdkds pdharas pÿ -
`ijeds.
F pfrtjr sd`ra tdhd ha if axtamsjõm
hai sucrfgjd, if cõrkuif eamtrfi ha
pfrtjejpfejõm am ai sjstakf hakderæ-
tjed fetufi as ai aoarejejd parjõhjed
hai haraend ha vdtd*, edm ai qua sa
hasjgmfm ids raprasamtfmtas qua acae-
tjvfkamta hjrjgam ifs jmstjtuejdmas
pÿ`ijefs. Astf cõrkuif, jmhjraetf y
apjsõhjef, rahuea if jkpijefejõm am
ids fsumtds pÿ`ijeds f um sjkpia ouj-
ejd kuy edstraöjhd pd r if axjstamejf
ha pfrtjhds y ai prdpjd sjstakf-aiae-
tdrfi. Fsë, if jmciuamejf acaetjvf ha
ids qua sõid vdtfm puaha Iiagfr f sar
jmsjgmjcjefmta pard, fumqua asd edm-
trfstf edm umf jhafijzfhf
i j`artfh ha
pfrtje jpfejõm pdi ë t jef
ejõm y ha if raifejõm hjraetf amtra
gd`jarmd y fetdras prjvfhds, su pf-
pai edkd vëmeuid amtra ai pua`id y
ai pdhar. Edm tdhd, y pasa f if trfms-
caramejf ha edkpatamejfs qua figu-
mds astfhds nfm rafijzfhd am cfvdr
ha ragjdmas y drgfmjzfejdmas jmtar-
mfejdmfias, sjgua edmaetfhf f if jhaf
ha sd`arfmëf mfejdmfi y as eifva
pfrf kfmtamar ai kdhaid ha hakd-
erfejf jmhjraetf sd`ra if edmvjeejõm
ha qua ids pfrifkamtfrjds, pdr jmcdr-
kfejõm y parspaetjvf, astæm kaodr
prapfrfhds qua ids ejuhfhfmds pfrf
hacjmjr ai jmtarês edkÿm. Nfy qua
tamar am euamtf qua astf prjvjiagjf-
hf sjtufejõm ha sus kjak`rds, qua
ias fefrraf hjcaramtas jmkumjhfhas,
md sa harjvf ha um prjmejpjd taemd-
erætjed sjmd ha if aiaeejõm hakderæ-
tjef qua hf iugfr f if raprasamtfejõm.
Astf jkpdrtfmta cumejõm ha iagjtjkj-
hfh qua pratamham eukpijr ifs fsfk-
`iafs iagjsiftjvfs nf naend qua jm-
eiusd ids sjstakfs md hakderætjeds
nfyfm raerafhd trfhjejdmfikamta eæ-
kfrfs psauhd-raprasamtftjvfs pfrf
hjsjkuifr su futdrjtfrjskd.
Ai pfrifkamtd trftf ifs cumejdmas kæs
pdiëtjefs y gamarfias am ai piamd fum-
qua suaia hdtfrsa ha edk jsjdmas as-
paejfijzfhfs pfrf nfear acaetjvf su
prasamejf pdr saetdras. Ujm ak`frgd,
am id qua sa racjara f su astrueturf,
if hjstjmejõm kæs raiavfmta as if qua
hjcaramejf f pfrifkamtds umjefkarf-
ias ha `jefkarfias*. Kjamtrfs ai prj-
kar kdhaid as prdpjd ha ids sjstakfs
md haseamtrfijzfhds d q ua pratamham
cfejijtfr if fhdpejõm ha haejsjdmas,
ai `jefkarfijskd as efrfetarëstjed ha
ids fmtjguds,
fi kamds f sagurf ejar-
tds këmjkds ha cfetj`jijhfh y ha
jgufihfh ha feeasd.
Oumtd f aiif, am tdhd efsd, axjstam
dtrfs pdsj`jijhfhas ha pfrtjejpfejõm
qua pratamh am jmciujr sd`ra if haej-
sjõm y md sõid sd`ra if saiaeejõm ha
ids qua tdkfm ifs haejsjdmas. Ai raed-
mdejkjamtd hai haraend ha raumjõm d
if ij`artfh ha axprasjõm sdm edmhj-
ejdmas `æsjefs pfrf if pfrtjejpf-
ejõm jmhjvjhufi y êstf prdmtd axjga
edkpiakamtfrsa edm dtrfs kfmjcas-
tfejdmas kæs grupfias. Am asta sam-
tjhd, ids jmstrukamtds ha pfrtjejpf-
ejõm tjamam qua var edm ai haraend
ha kfmjcastfejõm y ai ha fsdejfejõm
f um sjmhjeftd*, um grupd ha pra-
sjõm* d, sd`ra tdhd, um pfrtjhd pd-
iëtjed*.
Vujamas hacjamham umf hakderfejf
kæs haij`arftjvf su`rfyfm if maeasj-
hfh ha fvfmzfr fÿm kæ s am if jkpij-
efejõm acaetjvf ha ids jmhjvjhuds d
ids grupds am ifs
framfs
hdmha sa
aoarea ai pdhar. Ifs fmtarjdrkamta
kamejdmfhfs cdrkfs ha pfrtjejpfejõm
md fsagurfm ai ha`fta pÿ` ijed acae-
tjvd, yf qua if jmcdrkfejõm as fsj-
kêtrjef y ifs cdrkfejdmas pdiëtjefs
ediaetjvfs suaiam astfr dijgfrqujzf-
hfs. Rdr asd, sd`ra tdhd sj sa pra-
tamha kdh jcjefr if astrueturf ha jm-
tarasas hdkjmfmta, sa prdkuavam
cdrkfs fitarmftjvfs pfrf sdmhafr f if
dpjmjõm pÿ`ijef. Ai racarêmhuk*,
pasa fi paijgrd ha su hagamarfejõm
pia`jsejtfrjf, if jmjejftjvf iagjsiftjvf
pdpuifr d ai raedmdejkjamtd ha ejar-
tds kdvjkjamtds sdejdpdiëtjeds edkd
raprasamtfmtas ha jmtarasas ediaetj-
rtjhd pdiëtj d
vds sdm `uamds aoakpids ha astf pd-
sj`ia axpfmsjõm.
Fhakæs ha if gamêrjef eifsjcjefejõm
axpuastf, tfk`jêm nf sjhd kuy ed-
kÿm am if pdijtdidgëf edmhuetjstf*
grfhufr if pfrtjejpfejõm sagÿm ifs
rafeejdmas qua sa puaham hfr f p fr-
tjr ha if axpdsjejõm f astëkuids pd-
iëtjeds. Edkamzfmhd pdr If sjkpia
jkpijefejõm am umf hjseusjõm ha mf-
turfiazf pdiëtjef, sa puaha jr fseam-
hjamhd y trftfr ha edmvamear f d trd
pfrf qua drjamta su vdtd am um sam-
tjhd hatarkjmfhd, hfr kuastrf pÿ-
`ijef ha sjkpftëf edm hjstjmtjvds d
idgdtjpds pdiëtjeds, edmtfetfr edm
um hjrjgamta d raprasamtfmta pdiëtj-
ed, cjmfmejfr d trf`fofr grftujtfkam-
ta pfrf if hjcusjõm d ai trjumcd aiae-
tdrfi ha um hatarkjmfhd pfrtjhd, sar
kjijtfmta* ha um grupd pdiëtjed, y,
pdr ÿitjkd, sar raprasamtfmta pÿ`ij-
ed d hasakpaöfr um puastd ha ef-
ræetar drgæmjed hamtrd ha umf cdr-
kfejõm pdiët jef.
pfrtjhd pd i ë t jed
Drgfmjzfejõm pdië-
tjef edm ejartf fk`jejõm ha parkf-
mamejf qua fgrupf f umf sarja ha
parsdmfs raiftjvfkamta ednasjdmf-
hfs am tdrmd f umf jhadidgëf y, sd`ra
tdhd, edm if vdiumtfh ha iiagfr fi
pdhar pÿ`ijed. As êstf umf fk `jejõm
axpiëejtf qua, am ids sjstakfs hakd-
erætjeds, sa trfhuea am efmhjhfturfs
pfrf gfmfr raprasamtfejõm y, sj as
pdsj`ia, feeasd fi gd`jarmd. Ids pfr-
tjhds, euyd drjgam sa rakdmtf f ifs
cfeejdmas kjijtfras, mfeam am rafij-
hfh f cjmfias hai sjgid xvk, eufmhd
arf pdsj`ia kfmtamar umf cdrkfejõm
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pdiëtjef edmtfmhd tfm sõid edm um
grupd ha mdtf`ias fefuhfifhds. Kæs
tfrha sa fhfptfm f if axtamsjõm hai.
sucrfgjd y axprasfm ai piurfijskd
pdiëtjed ha cdrkf qua rasuitfm jk-
prasejmhj`ias pfrf astrueturfr if pfr-
tjejpfejõm kfsjvf am hakderfejf.
Ids pfrtjhds sa edmstjtuyam ndy
am ids prjmejpfias fetdras, tfmtd
pfrf if fgragfejõm y f rtjeuifejõm ha
jmtarasas edkd pfrf ai raeiutfkjam-
td ha êijtas. Nfeam fsë vjf`ia ids ra-
gëkamas raprasamtftjvds jmhjraetds,
fumqua tfk`jêm as ejartd qua nfm
sjhd fhdptfhds edkd jmstrukamtd
jhõmad ha kdvjijzfejõm am ifs hjetf-
hurfs ha pfrtjhd ÿmjed.
Xdhfvëf axjstam pfrtjhds ha eufhrds,
pard Ifs kÿitjpias cumejdmas hasak-
paöfhfs pdr astfs drgfmjzfejdmas f
pfrtjr hai sjgid xx axjgam if axjstamejf
ha umf `fsa sdejfi fsamtfhf sd`ra
fgrupfejdmas idefias. Êstfs quahfm
raiftjvfkamta su`drhjmfhfs fi fpf-
rftd eamtrfi qua, fhakæs, sagÿm Kj-
enais, tjamha f astfr hdkjmfhd pdr
umf rahuejhf dijgfrquëf qua jkpdma
cêrrafkamta sus hjraetrjeas pdiëtjefs.
Fsë cumejdmfm ids iifkfhds pfrtjhds
ha kfsfs, qua pratamham sar vjf`ias
y hjsejpijmfhds fumqua as edmsustfm-
ejfi f aiids if axjstamejf ha cfeejdmas
qua kfmtjamam ejartf piurfijhfh jm-
tarmf. F hjcaramejf ha sus fmtaeasd-
ras, qua sa eamtrf`fm am if dpjmjõm
y am if astrjetf ascarf pdiëtjef, ids
pfrtjhds ha kfsfs pratamham umf
fhserjpejõm sdejfi sõijhf f if drgfmj-
zfejõm. Sjmeuifhds am su drjgam fi
kdvjkjamtd d`rard ravdiuejdmfrjd d
f ifs jhadidgëfs mfejdmfijstfs, ai ra-
eiutfkjamtd ha kjijtfmtas* as kfsj-
vd y if ahuefejõm pdiëtjef ha ids
kjskds as cumhfkamtfi.
Kæs fhaifmta, if drjamtfejõm prjdrj-
tfrjf nfejf if vjetdrjf aiaetdrfi nfea
qua akarof um muavd tjpd ha pfrtj-
hds
ftræpfidtdhd
d
eften-fi i pfrtas*,
hdmha If efp tfejõm ha aiaetdras su-
parf am jkpdrtfme jf f if ha kjijtfm-
tas. Astfs cdrkfejdmas sa efrfetarjzfm
pdr ejartd raifofkjamtd jhadiõgjed,
hfhd qua if edkpatjejõm pdr ids vd-
tds d`ijgf f kdharfr ids p rdgrfkfs,
y pdr `usefr cjmfmejfejõm qua eu`rf
ids eraejamtas gfstds ha efkpföf y
ha pftrdmfzgd. Xfk`jêm sdm um camõ-
kamd craeuamta ids pfrtjhds vjmeuif-
hds f umf parsdmf edmeratf pard, md
d`stfmta, if kfydrëf ha aiids sjguam
hjstjmgujêmhdsa pdr figÿm
eiafvfga*
d asejsjõm sdejfi erjstfijzfhf pdiëtj-
efkamta. Ids edmcijetds tarrjtdrjfias,
amtra eamtrd y p arjcarjf, d ids sdejd-
aedmõkjeds, amtra efpjtfi y trf`f-
od, sdm aoakpids ha hjvjsjdmas qua
usufikamta nfm hfhd iugfr f umf
jhamtjcjefejõm pdpuifr am tdrmd f
umf hdetrjmf y, edkd edmsaeuamejf,
f If erafejõm ha um pfrtjhd. Ifs edk-
`jmfejdmas sdm kÿitjpias pard, pdr
rfzdmas njstõrjefs a jmstjtuejdmfias,
sõid figumfs ha astfs asejsjdmas sa
nfm
edmgaifhd
y vjamam astrueturfm-
hd parkfmamtakamta ids sjstakfs
ha pfrtjhds*.
Qmf sarja ha sdifpfkjamtds nf na-
end qua if hjvjsjõm jhadiõgjef kæs
edkÿm qua sapfrf f ids hjstjmtds pfr-
tjhds saf if qua sa harjvf hai edm-
cijetd sdejdaedmõkjed y hjstjmgua
ndy f if jzqujarhf ha if haraenf.
Oumtd f astfs racaramejfs, aspaejfi-
kamta fiië hdmha axjsta grfm edkpia-
ojhfh sdejfi, axjstam paquaöds pfrtj-
hds qua, am prjmejpjd, sõid puaham
fspjrfr f aoarear ai pdhar cdrkfmhd
pfrta ha umf edfijejõm kæs fkpijf.
Astfs cdrkfejdmas puaham parkjtjrsa
kfydr k fxjkfijskd jhadiõgjed qua
ids prjmejpfias pfrtjhds, pard as tfk-
`jêm kuy nf`jtufi qua sjkpiakamta
raprasamtam jmtarasas saetdrjfias sjm
fspjrfr f aoarear cumejdmas pÿ`ijefs.
Am astds efsds, hjcaramejfrids ha ids
grupds ha jmtarês* as edkp ijefhd y
axjstam pfrtjhds fgrfrjds, cakjmjs-
tfs, aedidgjstfs, ragjdmfijstfs d raij-
gjdsds qua jmeiusd nfm mfejhd ha
fquêiids. Fndrf `jam, su astrftagjf
ha jmciuamejf sd`ra ai pdhar as fsë
kæs kfmjcjastf, sjamhd kamsurf`ia ai
fpdyd pdpuifr qua raej`am, y su pra-
samejf am ifs jmstjtuejdmas puaha par-
kjtjr ejartfs vamtfofs sd`ra if sjkpia
fetjvjhfh ha
id``yjmg.
Ua suaia nf`ifr ha ejartd haeijva hai
kdhaid ha hakderfejf `fsfhf am ids
pfrtjhds. Figumds ha ids camõkamds
kamejdmfhds nfm naend qua ids eju-
hfhfmds edmsjharam ids pf rtjhds, am
ai kaodr ha ids efsds, edkd um k fi
kamdr. Md d`stfmta, f pasfr ha qua
surgam muavd kdvjkjamtds pdiëtjeds
axprasfkamta dpuastds f id qua
sjk`dijzfm ids pfrtjhds eiæsjeds, id
ejartd as qua êstds sjguam astruetu-
rfmhd ai prdeasd pdiëtjed y edmsj-
guam fkpijd raspfihd am ifs aiaeejd-
mas. Jhadiõgjefkamta kdharfhds y
fcaetfhds parjõhjefkamta pdr as-
eæmhfids ha edrrupejõm, ids pfrtjhds
pfraeam am hacjmjtjvf efpfeas ha
fhfptfr parkfmamtakamta su cum-
ejdmfijhfh edkd kfmjcastfejõm ha if
vdiumtfh pdpuifr y edkd jmstrukam-
td jkprasejmhj`ia ha if pfrtjejpf-
ejõm.
p t
rd
mfga
(pftrdmfzgd)
vêfsa
eijam-
taijskd pdiëtjed.
pia`jsejtd
Sdtfejõm qua iiavf f ef`d
ai pua`id am gamarfi (pia`a) pfrf
prdmumejfrsa hjraetfkamta sd`ra if
fhdpejõm ha haejsjdmas aspaejfikam-
ta raiavfmtas d pfrf raspfihfr f umf
hatarkjmfhf parsdmf. Fumqua Sdi-
tfjra id akpiaõ pfrf racarjrsa fi ra-
carêmhuk* sujzd, ai têrkjmd fiuha
kæs f umf saiaeejõm amtra dpejdmas
hdmha id pdiëtjed sd`rapfsf am jkpdr-
tfmejf f id astrjetfkamta ourëhjed.
Am if fetufijhfh, sa suaia hjstjmgujr
amtra fk`ds tjpds ha pfrtjejpfejõm
hjraetf ha feuarhd edm ids ragëkamas
pdiëtjeds qua feuham f umf u dtrf.
Kjamtrfs qua ai racarêmhuk as if ha-
mdkjmfejõm kæs edkÿmkamta utj-
ijzfhf am ifs hakderfejfs edmstjtu-
ejdmfias, ai têrkjmd pia`jsejtd suaia
rasarvfrsa pfrf efijcjefr paydrftjvf-
kamta ifs edmsuitfs pdpuifras qua
puahfm rafijzfr parjõhjefkamta ids
gd`jarmds futdrjtfrjds d pdpuijstfs.
Am asds efsds, edm ai prataxtd ha aij-
kjmfr jmtarkahjfhdras amtra gd`ar-
mfmtas y gd`armfhds, sa pratamha am
rafijhfh iagjtjkfr umf sjtufejõm jrra-
guifr d racdrzfr um ijharfzgd parsdmfi.
p i urf i j s kd
Edmoumtd ha amcdquas
taõrjeds qua prdeifkfm qua If edk-
piaojhfh ha if sdejahfh sa raciaof, d
j s k fk j rs j
:
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pdhar
ha`a nfearid, am ai aoarejejd hai pd-
har pdiëtjed. Ha kfmarf sjkjifr fi
rastd ha edrrjamtas pdijtdiõgjefs, ai
piurfijskd mfejõ edm vdefejõm mdr-
kftjvf pfrf prdpugmfr, edkd, pdr
aoakpid, am ids aserjtds ha @amtiay,
If pracaramejf pdr umf hakderfejf
hdmha umf k uitjtuh ha fsdejfejdmas
jmtarkahjfs frtjeuifrfm ai ha`fta pÿ -
`ijed y hdmha ids ejuhfhfmds, parcae-
tfkamta jmcdrkfhds, sa prdmumejfrfm
Ij`rakamta sd`ra sus pracaramejfs
pdiëtjefs. Rfrf edmsagujr if edmeu-
rramejf fi prdeasd ha tdkf ha haej-
sjdmas am jgufihfh ha edmhjejdmas y
avjtfr If edmeamtrfejõm ha pdharas,
Ids prjkards piurfijstfs fhdptfrdm
umf fetjtuh praserjptjvf sd`ra ai hjsa-
öd jmstjtuejdmfi, pdstuifmhd umf acae-
tjvf hjvjsjõm ha pdharas* y umf fr-
tjeuifejõm ha If sdejahfh ejvji am
grupds drgfmjzfhds pfrf qua ai pdhar
hakderætjefkamta aiagjhd md fhdp-
tfsa kfmarfs p ia`jsejtfrjfs. Ha asta
kdhd if hakde rfejf piurfijstf md sa
dpdma sõid f tds futdrjtfrjskds kd-
mjstfs sjmd tfk`jêm fi umjvarsfijskd
jmhjvjhufijstf, qua puaha prdvdefr
if tjrfmëf ha if kfydrëf*, y ha fnë
qua if hdetrjmf sa nfyf edmaetfhd fi
drjgam hai edkumjtfrjskd*.
Kæs fhaifmta, ids taõrjeds hai p iurf-
ijskd pratamhjardm fvarjgufr, f trf-
vês ha jmvastjgfejdmas akpërjefs,
nfstf quê pumtd if rafijhfh ha ids
sjstakfs pdiëtjeds ij`arfias sa fed-
kdhf`f f asa
ha`ar sar.
Hasha astf
parspaetjvf haserjptjvf, ids piurfijs-
tfs iifkf`fm If ftamejõm sd`ra if ax-
easjvf sjkpijejhfh ha Ids kdhaids
aijtjstfs* d kfrxjstfs*, pdr dcraear
umf jmtarpratfejõm ha edmeamtrfejõm
parkfmamta y astrueturfi hai pdhar
am, raspaetjvfkamta, umf kjmdrëf sa-
iaetf d umf eifsa sdejfi hdkjmfmta.
Am edmtrfsta, y sagÿm asta amcdqua,
if crfgkamtfejõm ha If futdrjhfh y if
ciujhaz am su aoarejejd efrfetarjzfrëf
f ifs sdejahfhas fetufias ha cdrkf
qua mjmgÿm grupd pdhrëf edmtrdifr
ha kfmarf parkfmamta if aif`drf-
ejõm ha ifs pdiëtjefs pÿ` ijefs. As ha-
ejr, ai gd`jarmd md pdhrëf edmsjha-
rfrsa um fetdr ednasjdmfhd qua pdma
ai pdhar fi sarvjejd ha umds ÿmjeds
jmtarasas sjmd
um f f ra m f
f if qua
tjamam feeasd kuy hjvarsds ediaetj-
vds rjvfias.
F pfrtjr ha ids prasupuastds figd jm-
gamuds hai prjkar piurfijskd, fsd-
ejfhd am um prjmejpjd f ejartf oustj-
cjefejõm jhadiõgjef ha if hakderfejf
mdrtafkarjefmf, muavfs tamhamejfs
ha if edrrjamta sa kdstrfrdm samsj-
`ias f ifs hacjejamejfs qua, am if
præetjef, efrfetarjzf`fm fi sjstakf.
Asta hasfrrdiid kæs erëtjed y axpijef-
tjvd nf Iiavfhd f nf ear hai piurfijs-
kd If tadrëf hdk jmfmta am if ejamejf
pdiëtjef edmtakpdræmaf. Fsë, Hfni,
pratamhjamhd nujr ha tdhd mdrkftj-
vjskd, edmsjharf kæs foustfhd f if
rafijhfh nf`ifr ha pdijfrquëf* qua
ha hakderfejf, puas md tdhf if sd-
ejahfh astæ raprasamtfhf am ai prd-
easd pdiëtjed y, fumqua acaetjvf-
kamta kuends grupds tjamam feeasd
fi pdhar, figumds ha aiids sa `amacj-
ejfm ha umf edmaxjõm prjvjiagjfhf.
Rdr dtrd ifhd, if raiftjvf parkaf` jij-
hfh qua efrfetarjzf f ids gd`jarmds
md sa ha`a f qua êstds safm sjmea-
rfkamta raeaptjvds nfejf ids hjstjm-
tds saetdras, sjmd f qua if crfgkam-
tfejõm ha fgamejfs fhkjmjstrftjvfs
parkjta umf edkpatamejf amtra hjca-
ramtas rahas ha fetdras qua sa eam-
trfm am ifs pdiëtjefs edmeratfs.
Axjsta, puas, um rjasgd ha gd`jarmd
crfeejdmfhd, hdmha ai jmtarês gama-
rfi quahf supahjtfhd fi rasuitfhd ha
hjsputfs pfrtjeuifrjstfs, y asa as ai
kdtjvd qua iiavf f k uends sjstakfs
pdiëtjeds f pracarjr cdrkfs kæs fgra-
gfhfs ha tdkf ha haejsjõm. As at
efsd ha ifs hakderfejfs edmtjmamtf-
ias aurdpafs qua, trfhjejdmfikamta,
nfm pratamhjhd edmcdrkfr ai jmtarês
gamarfi magfmhd ai edmcijetd amtra
jmtarasas saetdrjfias y edmhamfmhd
ifs prasjdmas qua êstds puahfm aoar-
ear sd`ra ai gd`jarmd. Am edmtrf ha
id pdstuifhd pdr ai kdhaid piurfijs-
tf ha hjsparsjõm hai pdhar, qua as ai
prdpjd hai kumhd fmgidsfoõm, sa
dptf pdr nfear futõmdkd fi fpfrftd
gu`armfkamtfi qua dparf am um prd-
easd pdiëtjed earrfhd y astftjstf< d
sa feuha f ifs pfutfs edrpdrftjstfs*,
sagÿm ifs eufias ejartds grupds prj-
vfhds sdm dcjejfikamta raedmdejhds
edkd ÿmjeds raprasamtfmtas ha if
sdejahfh ejvji y edmsaeuamtakamta
quahfm iagjtjkfhds pfrf magdejfr ifs
haejsjdmas pÿ`ijefs edm ai gd`jarmd.
piutderfejf
Cdrkf pdiëtjef ha gd-
`jarmd, ha drjgam atjkdiõgjed grjagd,
qua sa efrfetarjzf pdrqua ai pdhar
astæ am kfmds ha fquaiids jmhjvj-
huds qua, hamtrd
hai.
Astfhd, tjamam
ifs pdsjejdmas aedmõkjefs kæs vam-
tfodsfs. If pdsasjõm sjkuitæmaf ha
rjquazf
y pdhar sa jhamtjcjef am ku-
enfs defsjdmas edm ai camõkamd dij-
gærqujed*.
Xfmtd Riftõm am su
Papÿ`ijef
edkd
Frjstõtaias am su
Rdiëtjef
fmfijzfrdm
edm hatamjkjamtd if euastjõm ha if
prdpjahfh prjvfhf am kfmds ha ids
gd`armfmtas. Kjamtrfs qua, sagÿm ai
prjkard, êstf md as ha hasafr pfrf
ai sagkamtd suparjdr ha if sdejahfh
(guarrards d cjiõsdcds), pfrf at sa-
gumhd as maeasfrjf fumqua pifmtaa
ejartds prd`iakfs. Z as qua Frjstõ-
taias sõid vaëf cfetj`ia ai `uam gd-
`jarmd `fsfhd am um sucrfgjd fkp ijd
pard ijkjtfhd f ids prdpjatfrjds (as
haejr, if frjstderfejf* pifskfhf am id
qua tfk`jêm hamdkjmõ tjkderfejf*).
pdhar
Edmeaptd qua axprasf if amar-
gëf efpfz ha edmsagujr qua if edm-
huetf ha ids hakæs sa fhfpta f if
prdpjf vdiumtfh. As umf jmciuamejf sd-
`ra dtrds suoatds d grupds qua d`a-
haeam pdr nf`ar sjhd kfmjpuifhds d
ftakdrjzfhds edm umf fkamfzf ha
akpiad ha if cuarzf. Fumqua f vaeas
md as maeasfrjd aoarear ai pdhar,
puas qujam id pdsaa edmsjgua sus cj-
mas fpaifmhd f su futdrjhfh* d f if
efpfejhfh ha parsufsjõm, dtrfs as ma-
easfrjd raeurrjr f if vjdiamejf pfrf
edmsukfr if jkpdsjejõm.
Ai pdhar as pdiëtjed eufmhd sa aoar-
ea am um kfred hdmha if edarejõm as
iagëtjkf d if raedkpamsf pdr if d`a-
hjamejf tjama qua var edm ` amacjejds
prdvjstds pdr if edkumjhfh. Ai Astf-
hd* as if jmstjtuejõm qua fspjrf f
kdmdpdijzfr, f trfvês ha if jhaf ha
sd`arfmëf*, ai pdhar pdiëtjed qua
0
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R
ëtjef
dijfrquëf
fsagura ai kfmtamjkjamtd ha um ha-
tarkjmfhd drham sdejfi. Md d`stfm-
ta, y f pasfr ha q ua ai pdhar tjamha
am if kfydrëf ha ifs defsjdmas f prd-
idmgfr 62 yf axjstamta, dtrfs vaeas
tfk`jêm sa drjamtf f astf`iaear um
drham sdejfi qua am prjmejpjd as hj-
caramta u dpuastd hai qua surga y
am ai qua sa nf hasfrrdiifhd.
Edm at surgjkjamtd y hasfrrdiid ha if.
ejamejf pdiëtjef*, sa ia puaha eftf-.
idgfr, oumtd edm if jmtarfeejõm pdië-
tjef, edkd ai d`oatd cumhfkamtfi ha
if kjskf, fumqua su trftfkjamtd
ejamtëcjed, kahjejõm y edkpfrfejõm,
saf kuy hjcjeji. Fhakæs, if eftagdrëf
ha pdhar puaha sar tfk`jêm amtam-
hjhf edkd sëk`did y edkd rafijhfh
kftarjfi hdmha id raiavfmta sdm ids
acaetds qua prdhuea, puas trfmscdr-
kf ifs fetjtuhas y pracaramejfs hai
su`drhjmfhd d nfeam jmÿtji su dpd-
sjejõm.
pdi jfrqujf
Edmeaptd usfhd pdr Na-
gai, yf qua su atjkdidgëf -gd`jarmd
ha kuends- id nfeëf fprdpjfhd pfrf
hamdkjmfr if sjtufejõm pdiëtjef ha if
sdejahfh aurdpaf am ai parëdhd qua
edkpramha ids sjgids xjj f xv fprdxj-
kfhfkamta. Ai prdgrasjvd piurfijs-
kd ha pdharas futõmdk ds, sdejfias
y tarrjtdrjfias, qua nf`ëfm sustjtujhd
if drgfmjzfejõm hai Jkparjd rdkfmd,
hjd Iugfr f if edmsjgujamta prdijca-
rfejõm mdrkftjvf y ourjshjeejdmfi.
Ifs raifejdmas ha d`ijgfejõm pdiëtj-
ef amtra gd`armfmtas y gd`armfhds
pfsfrdm f trftfrsa edkd sj ha raif-
ejdmas aedmõkjefs prjvfhfs sa trftf-
rf, iiagæmhdsa jmeiusd f if pftrjkd-
:8
mjfijzfejõm ha ids efrgds pÿ`ijeds.
If natardgamajhfh y If hjvarsjcjef-
ejõm pdiëtjefs rasuitfmtas, pifskf-
hfs tfk`jêm am if ejkf hai sjstakf
edmtjmamtfi pdr if tamsjõm amtra pfpf
y akparfhdr, parkjtjõ um jmtamsd hj-
mfkjskd sdejfi. If aedmdkëf axpa-
rjkamtõ trfmscdrkfejdmas su`stfmejf-
ias qua pdsj`jijtfrdm tf edaxjstamejf,
oumtd f ids astfkamtds kahjavfias,
ha grupds sdejfias edmstjtujhds am
ftamejõm f if rjquazf. Cua if `urgua-
sëf edkarejfi if eifsa akargamta kæs
jkpdrtfmta qua, f ifrgd pifzd, njzd
efk`jfr ai Fmtjgud Pêgjkam y cum-
hfr ids ejkjamtds ha ids. kdharmds
sjstakfs ij`arfias.
Rdr tfmtd, ai edmeaptd ha pdtjfrquëf,
am su cdrku ifejõm drjgjmfi, sa racja-
ra f um edmtaxtd trfmsmfejdmfi y f
um kdhaid pdiëtjed hatarkjmfhd? ai
hai cauhfijskd. Ujm ak`frgd, Hfni
ratdkõ ai têrkjmd pfrf racarjrsa f If
astrueturf jmtarmf hai pdhar am ifs
hakderfejfs* fetufias. Am aiifs, fum-
qua md as pdsj`ia nf`ifr ha gd`jar-
md hjraetd hai pua`id am su samtjhd
eiæsjed, së qua axjsta ejartd p iurfijs-
kd* am at aoarejejd hai pdhar qua
avjtf tfmtd ai aijtjskd edkd if tjrf-
mëf ha if kfydrëf. Rasa f ifs hacj-
ejamejfs ha astds ragëkamas, if kui-
tjtuh ha jmtarasas qua edmeurra f if
tdkf ha haejsjdmas (grfejfs fi ka-
efmjskd ha if raprasamtfejõm umj-
varsfi, if ij`ra aiaeejõm parjõhjef ha
ids gd`jarmds, Ids haraends cumhf-
kamtfias* y If edkpatamejf amtra
grupds ha prasjõm) sjrva pfrf kfrefr
hjstfmejfs amtra pdijfrquëfs y futdrj-
tfrjskds. Edm ai akpiad ha astf ha-
mdkjmfejõm sa avjtf, fhakæs, has-
vjfr ai ha`fta ejamtëcjed nfejf umf
hjseusjõm mdrkftjvf sd`ra if mfturf-
iazf rafikamta hakderætjef d md ha
id qua tdhf if edkumjhfh ejamtëcjef
së puaha edmvamjr am i ifkfr pdijfr-
quëfs.
pdi jey
vêfsa
pdiëtjefs pÿ`ijefs.
p d i j e y m a t w d r l s
(rahas eamtrfhfs am
pdiëtjefs saetdrjfias). Edmeaptd qua
hasjgmf ifs jmtarfeejdmas amtra jms-
tjtuejdmas pÿ`ijefs y fetdras prj-
vfhds qua, fi edkpfrtjr um jmtarês
edkÿm sd`ra umf kftarjf, kdihafm
ai prdeasd ha aif`drfejõm ha if pdië-
tjef pÿ`ijef* edrraspdmhjamta. Ua
hamdkjmf fsë, fhakæs, f if parspae-
tjvf fmfiëtjef qua astuhjf astfs ra-
has, d
pdi jey-matwdrls,
prasukjamhd
ejartf crfgkamtfejõm ha ids pdharas
pÿ`ijeds y if pdtamejfi fijfmzf ha
figumds ha êstds -hapfrtfkamtds
kjmjstarjfias, edkjsjdmas pfrifk am-
tfrjfs, gd`jarmds ragjdmfias- edm
grupds ha jmtarês*.
As um pumtd ha vjstf vjmeuifhd fi
amcdqua jmstjtuejdmfijstf fumqua md
prasuka, f hjcaramejf ha grfm pfrta
ha astf edrrjamta, if futdmdkëf y ed-
nasjõm hai Astfhd. Fi edmtrfrjd, hj-
iuya ifs crdmtarfs oarærqujefs amtra
êsta y if sdejahfh fumqua, fi k jskd
tjakpd, sa fhserj`a f if edrrjamta
taõrjef piurfijstf* y md f if edrpd rf-
tjvf* (trfhjejdmfi kfred p dijtdiõgjed
pfrf jmvastjgfr ifs edmaxjdmas amtra
grupds ha prasjõm y haejsdras pÿ`ij-
eds).
p d i j t a j f
vêfsa pdijty.
pdiëtjef
Edkd sustfmtjvd sjrva pfrf
hamdkjmfr gamêrjefkamta if fetjvj-
hfh hasfrrdiifhf pdr ai ndk`ra ha
cdrkf jmtarasfhf, edm umf oustjcjef-
ejõm jhadiõgjef, y cjofmhd ai ndrj-
zdmta cjmfi am if edmsaeuejõm ha
umds hatarkjmfhds d`oatjvds gid`fi-
kamta væijhds pfrf tdhf if ediaetjvj-
hfh. Nfy, md d`stfmta, kuy hjvarsfs
fprdxjkfejdmas fi edmeaptd qua ha-
kuastrfm if rjquazf hai kjskd.
Craeuamtakamta sa nf vjmeuifhd if
pdiëtjef f if jhaf ha edmcijetd. Udm
cfkdsfs ifs cftfijstfs hacjmjejdmas
ha Efri Uenkj
tt
edkd ouagd d hjf-
iêetjef fkjgd-amakjgd qua tjama am
if guarrf su kæxjkf axp rasjõm< d ha
Kfuujea Huvargar, edkd iuenf, edk-
`fta amtra jmhjvjhuds y grupds pfrf
edmqujstfr ai pdhar qua ids vamea-
hdras utjijzfm am prdvaend suyd y am
paroujejd ha ids vamejhds. Hasha asta
pumtd ha vjstf, ai dpdrtumd usd ha
frguejfs qua parkjtfm ai kaodr rasui-
tfhd pdsj`ia am asa amcramtfkjamtd,
hjstjmgujrëf fi sar pdiëtjed hai qua
md id as.
Qmf parspaetjvf dpuastf edmtakpif
if pdiëtjef am um samtjhd êtjed, edkd
umf hjspdsjejõm f d`rfr am sdejahfh
jmciuyamhd d utjijzfmhd ai pdhar pÿ-
`ijed drgfmjzfhd pfrf idgrfr ai `jam
edkÿm. As astf sagumhf feapejõm if
qua iiavf f usfr ai edmeaptd edkd
fhoatjvd d fhvar`jd
(pdiët jefkamta
edrraetd)
pfrf efijcjefr ifs fetjtuhas
qua tjamam prasamta aiakamtds tfias
edkd if hjgmjhfh ha ifs parsdmfs d
ids haraends y ij`artfhas ha ids gru-
pds sdejfias. Fndrf `jam, if pdiëtjef
edkd efijcjeftjvd tfk`jêm sa usf ha
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pdijtjef axta
rj
dr
kfmarf edtjhjfmf pfrf hasjgmfr, edm
umf edmmdtfejõm kamds md`ia, ft
ediaetjvd ha jmhjvjhuds qua deupfm
y aoaream puastds pdiëtjeds hurfmta
umf crfmof ha tjakpd kuy hjiftfhf.
Fsë, if eifsa pdiëtjef fhqujara umfs
paeuijfrjhfhas prdpjfs ha grupd ed-
nasjdmfhd qua gamarf edkpdrtf-
kjamtds tamhamtas f su futdparpa-
tufejõm.
Id ejartd as qua fiefmzfr um edmsam-
sd pfrf if hacjmjejõm ha um têrkjmd
tfm edkÿm y suoatd f kuy hjstjmtfs
jmtarpratfejdmas md rasuitf tfraf sam-
ejiif. Fumqua ai prd`iakf sa fgrfvf
eufmhd ai d`oatd am euastjõm sa f` dr-
hf hasha um pumtd ha vjstf cjidsõ-
cjed mdrkftjvd, ai efkjmd nfejf um
fmæijsjs ejamtëcjed akpjrjstf nf d`ij-
gfhd f ejartf hapurfejõm hai fkpijf-
kfmta astjrfhd edmeaptd. Qm prjkar
fvfmea iiavõ f hasjgmfr edrmd pdiëtj-
ef fi frta y ejamejf hai gd`jarmd, d fi
astuhjd ha eõkd akpiaf ai Astfhd
sus raeursds pfrf tdkfr haejsjdmas
pÿ`ijefs. Ujm ak`frgd, astf edmeap-
ejõm (earefmf f if qua am jmgiês sa
hamdkjmfrëf
pdijey)
cua kæs fhaifm-
ta suparfhfT pdr fiuhjr, kæs qua f if
pdiëtjef, f id qua pdhrëf iifkfrsa ra-
suitfhd ha if kjskf.
Z as qua, fumqua sa a stê iaods ha um
feuarhd pfrf ai usd edmvamejdmfi hai
têrkjmd, ids pdijtõidgds tjamham ndy
f rastrjmgjr if hamdkjmfejõm pfrf ra-
carjrsa f if jmtarfeejõm amtra ids hj-
varsds fetdras sdejfias qua, pdr ta-
mar jmtarasas amcramtfhds, iuenfm
pfrf feeahar d jmciujr sd`ra ai pdhar
pÿ`ijed. Êsta, f trfvês hai edmsamsd
eddparftjvd d if jkpdsjejõm, prdhu-
ea y kdhjcjef ifs mdrkfs qua ragu-
ifm If edmvjvamejf edm jmtamejõm ha
rasdivar ids edmcijetds. Am hacjmjtjvf,
If pdiëtjef fsë amtamhjhf (edkd trf-
hueejõm hai têrkjmd jmgiês
pdijtjes)
hasjgmfrëf Ids ouagds y raifejdmas ha
pdhar, edm aspaejfi ftamejõm f ifs
haij`arfejdmas y hasfeuarhds qua
fmtaeaham f if tdkf ha haejsjdmas.
pdiët jef edkpfrfh f
Jkpdrtfmta su`-
hjsejpijmf pdijtdiõgjef qua raej`a su
mdk`ra pdr if pratamsjõm ha utjijzfr
ai kêtdhd edkpfrftjvd edkd astrfta-
gjf ha jmvastjgfejõm. Ha naend, tdhd
ai hasfrrdiid akpërjed ha if ejamejf
pdiëtjef, a jmeiusd grfm pfrta ha su
iagfhd taõrjed aspaeuiftjvd edkd
hakuastrf if d`rf ha Frjstõtaias sd-
`ra ifs edmstjtuejdmas grjagfs, sa
`fsf am If d`sarvfejõm sjstakætjef y
drhamfhf, kæs d kamds axpiëejtf, ha
ifs sakaofmzfs, raifejdmas y hjcaram-
ejfs amtra hds d kæs camõkamds pd-
iëtjeds. Am asta samtjhd, cramta f
ids astuhjds atmdeêmtrjeds d ifs has-
erjpejdmas njstõrjefs, qua feuham f
axpijefejdmas oustjcjefhfs am ifs pfr-
tjeuifrjhfhas hai efsd edmeratd (ga-
marfikamta ai prdpjd), ids edkpf-
rftjvjstfs jmeiuyam um umjvarsd kæs
fkpijd f jmvastjgfr y pratamham, sd-
`ra êi, gamarfr tadrëfs qua sa fpij-
quam
edkd iayas gamarfias.
Ujm ak`frgd, pdr pdiëtjef edkpfrfhf
am samtjhd astrjetd ha`a amtamharsa
figd hjstjmtd ha if sjkpia fpijefejõm
hai kêtdhd ejamtëcjed f ids astuhjds
pdiëtjeds. Am acaetd, sa trftf ha ed-
taofr edmsejamtakamta hds d kæs am-
tjhfhas kferdsdejfias (sjstakfs pd-
iëtjeds d su`sjstakfs, ærafs gadgræ-
cjefs d euiturfias, drgfmjzfejdmas)
d hds kdkamtds takpdrfias ha umf
kjskf amtjhfh, pfrf axfk jmfr ifs ef-
rfetarëstjefs qua sdm d md edkumas a
jmhfgfr sd`ra ai drjgam ha êstfs. Rdr
tfi kdtjvd raqujara ai usd ha edm-
eaptds kahj`ias y fpijef`ias f kæs
ha um pfës d euiturf.
Mdrkfikamta if pdiëtjef edkpfrfhf
vf fedkpföfhf hai kêtdhd edkpf-
rftjvd, qua sa edmstjtuya am um kê-
tdhd ha edmtrdi pfrtjeuifrkamta ÿtji
am ejamejfs sdejfias fi sar hjcëeji feu-
hjr am êstfs f if axparjkamtfejõm hj-
raetf. Asta kêtdhd ha'edmtrdi ha ifs
njpõtasjs edmcrdmtf camõkamds pdij?
tjeds hjstjmtds am um tjakpd jgufi.
Md d`stfmta, as pdsj`ia qua asta
kêtdhd sa fpijqua am jmvastjgfejd-
mas qua md edmtrfstfm edkd, pdr
aoakpid, njzd Xdequavjiia fi rafijzfr
su eiæsjed astuhjd ha efsd ÿmjed sd-
`ra if hakderfejf mdrtafkarjefmf
utjijzfmhd katdhdidgëf fmfiëtjef edm
edmeaptds y edmeiusjdmas umjvarsfi-
kamta fpijef`ias. Fi edmtrfrjd, tfk-
`jêm as craeuamta qua umf axpdsj-
ejõm pratamhjhfkamta edkpfrfhf md
saf kæs qua haserjpejõm pfrfiaif ha
ids sjstakfs ha gd`jarmd am figumds
pfësas sjm fmæijsjs ha vfrjf`ias, ra-
guifrjhfhas, mj pratamsjõm ha gama-
rfr tadrëf.
pdi ë t jef axtarjdr
Fetjvjhfh astftfi
euyds acaetds sa haspijagfm kæs fiiæ
ha ifs prdpjfs crdmtarfs edm ai d`oa-
td ha qua, am ifs raifejdmas jmtarmf-
ejdmfias* amtra ifs hjstjmtfs pdtam-
ejfs, sa hacjamhf ai jmtarês mfejdmfi.
Uagÿm Nd``as, ha`a hjstjmgujrsa if
pdiëtjef axtarjdr ha if jmtarmf, pard
ndy if jmtarhapamhamejf vfrëf if mf-
turfiazf ha ids prd`iakfs ha cdrkf
qua yf tdhds sdm suseaptj`ias ha
fcaetfr tfmtd f ids fsumtds jmtarmds
ha um Astfhd edkd f sus raifejdmas
axtarjdras. Id jmtarmd y id axtarmd md
sdm edkpfrtjkamtds astfmeds sjmd
qua akfmfm ha ifs kjskfs jmstjtu-
ejdmas astftfias y astæm am jmtarfe-
ejõm parkfmamta.
Md d`stfmta, if pdiëtjef axtarjdr sj-
gua prasamtfmhd efrfetarëstjefs edms-
tfmtas qua if nfeam raiftjvfkamta jm-
kuma f ids efk`jds gu`armfkamtfias
nf`jhds am at samd hai Astfhd. Fsë,
sa puaham fp umtfr figumds rfsgds am
su aif`drfejõm edkd ai saeratjskd
y if eamsurf, edm if edmsjgujamta ra-
hueejõm hai edmtrdi hakderætjed< if
edkpiaojhfh, qua cfvdraea if gastjõm
aspaejfijzfhf ha tds hjpidkætjeds prd-
casjdmfias< y, edkd edrdifrjd ha id
fmtarjdr, if kfydr astf`jijhfh y if ka-
mdr pdijtjzfejõm qua edmtrfstfm edm
if pdijtjzfhf, vfrjf`ia, gamarfijstf y
hakderætjef hjkamsjõm jmtarmf. T
Ids cfetdras qua fcaetfm f if hjrae-
ejõm ha ids fsumtds axtarjdras ha um
pfës sdm cësjeds (sjtufejõm gadgræcj-
ef y raeursds), hakdgræcjeds, astrue-
turfias (aedmdkëf, sdejahfh y tjpd
ha rêgjkam), euiturfias (raijgjõm,
iamguf, atmjf), jhadiõgjeds a, jmeiu-
sd, jmciuya if parsdmfijhfh ha figu-
mds iëharas pdiëtjeds. Xfk`jêm axjs-
tam edmhjejdmfmtas axtarmds edkd
sdm ids dtrds astfhds y ifs ragifs hai
ouagd prdpjfs y axeiusjvfs hai æk`j-
td jmtarmfejdmfi.
:3
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pdiëtjefs pÿ`ijefs
Rfrf jkprjkjr ednaramejf am if pdië-
tjef axtarjdr, ids pfësas drgfmjzfm su
kdhaid ha fetufejõm jmtarmfejdmfi
ha cdrkf eamtrfijzfhf y eddrhjmfhf.
Ua pratamha edmsagujr fsë, jmeiusd
am ids astfhds caharfias, if umjhfh
ha fetufejõm axtarjdr. Astf drgfmjzf-
ejõm sa axprasf am Ids astfhds pdr
õrgfmds pdiëtjeds, edkd ai oaca ha
Astfhd* (sjk`õijed y raprasamtftj-
vd), ai prjkar kjmjstrd, ai kjmjstrd
ha fsumtds axtarjdras y Ids pfrif-
kamtds eamtrfias qua edmtrdifm ai
prdeasd. Am eufmtd fi sarvjejd fhkj-
mjstrftjvd, axjsta umf edkpijefhf rah
axtarjdr qua sa pifsrcjf am kjsjdmas
hjpidkætjefs, dcjejmfs edmsuifras y
raprasamtfejdmas parkfmamtas fmta
drgfmjzfejdmas jmtarmfejdmfias.
pdiëtjefs pÿ`ijefs
Ua hamdkjmf fsë
am aspfödi, fi md axjstjr um têrkjmd
aspaeëcjed edkd ai jmgiês
pdijey, f
ids
prdgrfkfs saetdrjfias y f ifs feejd-
mas edmeratfs qua akfmfm ha Ifs jms-
tjtuejdmas ha gd`jarmd edkd rasui-
tfhd ha if jmtarfeejõm pdiëtjef. Ifs
pdiëtjefs pÿ`ijefs sa aif`drfm ka-
hjfmta um prdeasd qua sa jmjejf edm
if
fgamhf-sattjmg*,
pdr If qua sa fh-
kjta qua hatarkjmfhfs euastjdmas
ha`am sar hjseutjhfs pdr ids pdharas
pÿ`ijeds. Êstds cdrkuifm umf ha ejsjõm
sd`ra If qua trftfm ha jmciujr dtrds
fetdras pdiëtjeds, f kamuhd drgfmj-
zfhds am rahas d
pdi jey-matwdrls*,
y
hfm pja f If jkpiakamtfejõm* ha if
kjskf edm ai cjm ha idgrfr um rasui-
tfhd aspaeëcjed hasafhd.
Rdr dtrd ifhd, ai fmæijsjs ha astfs
pdiëtjefs pÿ`ijefs edmstjtuya ndy umf
:
rfkf ha if ejamejf pdiëtjef*. Xjama
su drjgam am ids astuhjds efsuëstjeds
mdrtafkarjefmds qua trftf`fm ha
fpijefr, f kamuhd edm cjmfijhfh ga-
ramejfi, at asquakf ha if tadrëf ha
sjstakfs* f saetdras edmeratds. Oum-
td f astfs hasfgragfejdmas hai prd-
easd ha aif`drfejõm ha ifs pdiëtjefs,
y su edrraspdmhjamta avfiufejõm pfrf
kaodrfr ai cumejdmfkjamtd fhkjmjs-
trftjvd, ai amcdqua nf pfsfhd fi
kumhd fefhêkjed pdijtdiõgjed y ndy
as umd ha ids kfreds fmfiëtjeds hd-
kjmfmtas. Uu êxjtd sa `fsf am qua as
ÿtji pfrf, sd`ra umf `fsa akpërjef,
fvfmzfr taõrjefkamta y axpijefr euas-
tjdmas edkd If edmvarsjõm acaetjvf
ha Ifs hakfmhfs sdejfias am fsumtds
pdiëtjeds d if jmtarvamejõm ha if `u-
rderfejf hurfmta ai prdeasd ha fpij-
efejõm ha umf haejsjõm pdiëtjef.
Ai fmæijsjs ha pdiëtjefs pÿ`ijefs tja-
ma pdeds edmeaptds prdpjds pard
puaha sar ÿtji, am um kfred edkpf-
rfhd, pfrf astf`iaear quê vfrjf`ias
(tjpd ha rêgjkam, kdharmjzfejõm y
eraejkjamtd aedmõkjed, jhadidgëf ha
Ids pfrtjhds, grfhd ha edrpdrftjvjs-
kd, cfetdras jmtarmfejdmfias...) ha-
tarkjmfm ids rasuitfhds ha if gd`ar-
mfejõm. Fhakæs, fpijefhd f if tdkf
ha haejsjdmas sjrva pfrf drhamfr y
edhjcjefr edmhuetfs gu`armfkamtfias
f if ndrf ha fcrdmtfr ids prd`iakfs.
Fsë, hapamhjamhd hai pifmtafkjamtd
takpdrfi qua sa hê f umf euastjõm,
pdhakds nf`ifr ha umf fprdxjkf-
ejõm fmtjejpftjvf d rafetjvf. Xfk-
`jêm pdhakds eifsjcjefr ai grfhd ha
mdvahfh d ha jmerakamtfijskd edm •
qua sa pifmtaf umf pdiëtjef y edmsj-
harfr sj nf sjhd jkpuastf pdr if futd-
rjhfh pÿ`ijef d edmsamsufhf edm ids
jmtarasas pfrtjeuifras jmtarvjmjamtas.
Fgrupfmhd hjstjmtds astuhjds edm-
eratds am um pfës hatarkjmfhd, puaha
nf`ifrsa ha astjid mfejdmfi ha haej-
sjõm, fumqua êsta vfrjf jmhacaetj-
`iakamta sagÿm ai saetdr y if cfsa
hai prdeasd.
pdijtjes
vêfsa
pdiëtjef.
pdijty
Xêrkjmd jmgiês harjvfhd hai
edmeaptd
pdi j tajf,
akpiafhd pdr Frjs-
tõtaias pfrf hasjgmfr f if cdrkf vjr-
tudsf ha gd`jarmd am if qua ifs kf-
sfs gd`jarmfm am `amacjejd ha tdhds.
Am asta samtjhd sa fsakaof f if jhaf
edmtakpdræmaf ha hakderfejf*, fum-
qua ai cjiõsdcd grjagd rasarvõ astf
ÿitjkf atjquatf f if cdrkf edrrdkpj-
hf, d hakfgõgjef, ha tjrfmëf ha If
kfydrëf. Fetufikamta, edm
pdijty sa
pratamha hasjgmfr If drgfmjzfejõm y
ai cumejdmfkjamtd suoatd f ragifs ha
ifs jmstjtuejdmas pdiëtjefs y fhkjmjs-
trftjvfs. Md axjsta umf trfhueejõm
foustfhf fi aspfödi y if racaramejf
kæs pfraejhf as If qua puaha nfear-
sa fi edmoumtd ha ids pdharas pÿ`ij-
eds d, kæs am gamarfi, f if ascarf
cdrkfi hdmha sa aoarea if fetjvjhfh
pdiëtjef, d
pdijt jes*.
pdpuijskd
Kdvjkjamtd pdiëtjed na-
tardgêmad efrfetarjzfhd pdr su fvar-
sjõm f ifs êijtas aedmõkjefs a jm-
taiaetufias, pdr if hamumejf ha if
edrrupejõm pdiëtjef* qua supuastf-
kamta fcaetf fi rastd ha fetdras pd-
iëtjeds y pdr su edmstfmta fpaifejõm
fi pua`id, amtamhjhd edkd um fkpijd
saetdr jmtareifsjstf fi qua efstjgf ai
Astfhd. @fod astf hamdkjmfejõm pua-
ham fpfraear amgid`fhfs hjvarsfs
jhadidgëfs pdiëtjefs ha efræetar mdr-
kfikamta futdrjtfrjd puas, fi raeif-
kfr pfrf së if amefrmfejõm ha ids
hasads kfydrjtfrjds, raenfzfm if ma-
easjhfh ha kæs jmtarkahjfrjds y has-
iagjtjkfm pdr d`stfeuijzfhdr ai piu-
rfijskd qua raprasamtf ai rastd ha if
dpdsjejõm.
Uu fpfrjejõm sa ijgf f ræpjhds prdea-
sds ha kdharmjzfejõm qua gamarfm
hjstjmtd grfhd ha hasfrrdiid amtra
hjcaramtas mÿeiads, mdrkfikamta zd-
mfs ur`fmfs cramta f ifs rurfias kæs
ftrfsfhfs. Fumqua umf ha sus kæs
cfkdsfs kfmjcastfejdmas, ai
pardmjs-
k d
frgamtjmd, tuvd um efræetar jm-
hustrjfi y ur`fmd, as kæs usufi qua
frrfjgua am ai kahjd fgrfrjd, tfi y
edkd sueahjõ am ai sur ha Astfhds
Qmjhds hurfmta if gêmasjs hai Rf rtjhd
Hakõerftf. Ai pdpuijskd puaha ga-
marfr tfmtd rafeejdmas edmsarvfhd-
rfs edkd, id qua as prdpjd ha muka-
rdsds kdvjkjamtds mfejdmfijstfs hai
Xarear Kumhd, hasfrrdiijskds trfms-
cdrkfhdras. Axjsta jmeiusd umf harj-
vfejõm kfrxjstf hai pdpuijskd, sagÿm
if eufi sa sustjtuya if edmtrfhjeejõm
eifsjstf pdr if hjfiêetjef amtra `id-
quas ha hdkjmfhdras y hdkjmfhds.
Xfk`jêm sa usf ai edmeaptd paydrf-
tjvfkamta pfrf hamdkjmfr um hatar-
kjmfhd astjid d um tjpd ha feejõm
qua fpaif hjraetfkamta f ids kjahds
y fspjrfejdmas jmstjmtjvfs ha ifs kf-
sfs, am gamarfi, y ha ids fgrjeuitdras
d paquaöds `urguasas, am pfrtjeuifr.
jk k w r j
: :
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prasjhamejfijskd
ar
kjmjstrd
Ids pdiëtjeds pdpuijstfs, qua suaiam
fpdyfrsa am ai mfejdmfijskd y um
parsdmfijskd efrjskætjed, utjijzfm
um hjseursd fk`jgud d hakfgõgjed*
y, sj ifs ejreumstfmejfs jmstjtuejdmf-
ias id parkjtam, trftfm ha iagjtjkfr-
sa f trfvês ha kêtdhds ha edmsuitf
pia`jsejtfrjf*.
prasjhamejftjskd
Efrfetarjzfejõm hai
sjstakf pdiëtjed hdmh a, f hjcaramejf
hai kdhaid pfrifkamtfrjd*, ai oaca hai
Astfhd* as fhakæs oaca ha gd`jarmd.
Am astds efsds, at pdhar aoaeutjvd
md as pdiëtjefkamta raspdmsf`ia fmta
mjmgumf futdrjhfh axtarmf ha if qua
harjva su iagjtjkjhfh y, fi sar if p ra-
sjhamejf um õrgfmd ha mfturfiazf md
ediagjfhf, sa cfejijtf if tdkf ha ha-
ejsjdmas. Rdr astds kdtjvds at p rasj-
hamejfijskd as prdpjd ha ids ragëka-
mas futdrjtfrjds qua pratamham su-
`rfyfr if drgfmjzfejõm oarærqujef hai
pdhar. Md d`stfmta, Ifs hakderfejfs
md aurdpafs fhdptfm tfk`jêm cdr-
kfs p rasjhamejfijstfs hdmha if aiae-
ejõm ha ifs eækfrfs iagjsiftjvfs sa
hjstjmgua ha dtrf axprasjõm ha if vd-
iumtfh pdpuifr' pfrf hasjgmfr f if
parsdmf hai prasjhamta.
F êsta sa ia rasarvfm fkpijfs edk-
patamejfs am If hjraeejõm ha if fh-
kjmjstrfejõm ejvji, ifs raifejdmas jm-
tarmfejdmfias y ai kfmhd suprakd
ha ifs cuarzfs frkfhfs, kjamtrfs qua,
am raifejõm edm ai pfrifkamtd, gdzf
ha um vatd suspamsjvd qua prdvdef
ratrfsds, kdhjcjefejdmas y nfstf if
jkpdsj`jijhfh ha fprd`fr prdyaetds
ha iay f ids qua sa dpdma ai prasj-
hamta. Asta sjstakf as ai fhdptfhd
622
am if edmstjtuejõm `jeamtamfrjf ha As-
tfhds Qmjhds y, pdr ai êxjtd am hjend
pfës, sa nf saöfifhd trfhjejdmfikam-
ta edkd ai kæs efpfz pfrf fcjrkfr if
futdrjhfh y prasarvfr sjkuitæmafkam-
ta ids edmtrdias y aqujij`rjds
(enaels
fmh `fifmeas)
prdpjds ha if hjvjsjõm
ha pdharas*. Ujm ak`frgd, pfrf Ijmz
y Utapfm, umf kuastrf kæs fkpijf
ha if axparjamejf prasjhamejfijstf
edkpfrfhf prua`f if prdpamsjõm f
qua sa prdhuzefm pfræijsjs y erjsjs
jrrasdiu`ias amtra ai gd`jarmd y ai
pdtamejfikamta hjvargamta pfrif-
kamtd. Fhakæs, fi sar fk`ds õrgf-
mds jgufikamta iagëtjkds, md axjsta
if pdsj`jijhfh ÿitjkf ha qua sa prd-
vdqua if sustjtuejõm hai prjkard d if
hjsdiuejõm hai sagumhd fmtas hai cjm
ha su raspaetjvd kfmhftd.
Am ids sjstakfs hdmha md axjsta asf
kutuf futdmdkëf ai edmtrdi pfrif-
kamtfrjd as k æs acjefz, if hjraeejõm
hai gd`jarmd sa amedkjamhf f um
prjkar kjmjstrd* y if oacfturf hai As-
tfhd sa amtragf f umf cjgurf edm
ftrj`uejdmas sjk`õijefs, pasa f qua
raej`f rdtumhds mdk`ras edkd ray d
prasjhamta ha if rapÿ`ijef. Md d`s-
tfmta, as pdsj`ia qua am um sjstakf
pfrifkamtfrjd, hfhfs ifs ejreumstfm-
ejfs jmstjtuejdmfias qua cfvdraeam if
fcjrkfejõm ha if kfydrëf*, ai gd-
`jarmd fhdpta pfutfs prdpjfs hai
prasjhamejfijskd. Astf pdsj`jijhfh sa
nfea rafi eufmhd ai p rjkar kjmjstrd
aoarea um ijharfzgd acaetjvd sd`ra ai
pfrtjhd d pfrtjhds qua ia sustamtfm y
edmsjgua qua ai aiaetdrfhd ia par-
ej`f edkd umf harjvfejõm hjraetf
ha sus pracaramejfs sjm kahjfejõm ha
sus raprasamtfmtas. Am astds efsds
sa iiagf f edmtrdifr if vjhf pfrif-
kamtfrjf hasha if oacfturf hai gd-
`jarmd y, sj `jam sa avjtf if rjgjhaz
fmtarjdrkamta kamejdmfhf qua as
prdpjf hai p rasjhamejfijskd p urd, tfi
edmeamtrfejõm ha pdharas prdvdef
um ha`jijtfkjamtd ha if
feedumtf`j-
ijty
hakderætjef.
Axjsta tfk`jêm um kdhaid jmstjtu-
ejdmfi kjxtd hdmha, oumtd fi prjkar
kjmjstrd hasjgmfhd pdr ai pfrifkam-
td, edmvjva um oaca ha Astfhd surgjhd
ha dtrd prdeasd aiaetdrfi y qua, fha-
kæs ha fkp ijds pdharas aoaeutjvds,
+hjspdma ha if pdsj`jijhfh ha hjsdivar
Ifs eækfrfs. Asta sakjprasjhamejfijs-
kd, qua suaia aoakpijcjefrsa edm ai
efsd crfmeês, prdvdef raifejdmas jm-
trfgu`armfkamtfias kuy hjstjmtfs,
hapamhjamhd ha if jhamtjcjefejõm d
if hjvargamejf ha fhserjpejõm p diëtj-
ef amtra fk`fs cjgurfs. Am ai prjkar
efsd sa fcjrkf ai pfpai hai prasjham-
ta, kjamtrfs qua ai prjkar kjmjstrd
sa ijkjtf f aoarear edkd su edif`d-
rfhdr prjvjiagjfhd qua sa edmeamtrf
am ifs tfrafs rutjmfrjfs, y am ai sa-
gumhd sa fsjsta f tamsds parëdhds
ha ednf`jtfejõm. Hapamhjamhd hai
edmtaxtd pdiëtjed y if parsdmfijhfh ha
ids iëharas jkpijefhds, astf sjtufejõm
puaha prdvdefr umf edmeamtrfejõm hai
prasjhamta am sus cuejdmas sjk`õij-
efs, um rapfrtd ha if hjraeejõm hai
gd`jarmd edm ai prjkar kjmjstrd pfrf
qua efhf umd gastjdma ai raspaetjvd
hdkjmjd rasarvfhd d, cjmfikamta, if
hastjtuejõm ha asta ÿitjkd eufmhd ai
prasjhamta edmvdef aiaeejdmas iagjs-
iftjvfs edm if asparfmzf ha qua if
drjamtfejõm hai muavd pfrifkamtd
edjmejhf edm if suyf.
prjkar kjmjstrd
Oaca hai pdhar aoa-
eutjvd am ids sjstakfs pfrifkamtfrjds
qua, hapamhjamhd ha ifs pravjsjdmas
edmstjtuejdmfias y ifs ejreumstfmejfs
pdiëtjefs (Ijharfzgd parsdmfi y ras-
pfihd ha um pfrtjhd hjsejpijmfhd qua
hjspdma ha kfydrëf f`sdiutf), pua-
ha iiagfr f sar, edkd am Aspföf, um
futêmtjed prasjhamta hai gd`jarmd.
Ujm ak`frgd, sj if astrueturf y if ed-
yumturf racuarzfm at pfpai ha tds kj-
mjstrds* (edkd deurra am ai efsd ha
ifs edfijejdmas), ai prjkar kjmjstrd
puaha rahuejr su pfpai f eddrhjmfr
ids edmsaods ha kjmjstrds y aoarear
ha kard
prjkus jmtar pfras.
Uu mdk`rfkjamtd pfrifkamtfrjd hj-
raetd y su kfydr raiavfmejf pÿ` ijef,
am ids kahjds ha edkumjefejõm d ifs
raifejdmas jmtarmfejdmfias, ia edm-
vjartam am if cjgurf kæs iagjtjkfhf
pfrf raprasamtfr fi gd`jarmd fmta if
sdejahfh y if dpdsjejõm. Ids aiaetd-
ras md ia puahfm vdtfr hjraetfkamta,
sfivd am Jsrfai, pard p arej`am fi prj-
kar kjmjstrd edkd if amefkfejõm hai
pdhar y, am mukardsfs edmstjtuejd-
mas, if raspdmsf`jijhfh pdiëtjef d if
eamsurf pfrifkamtf rjf hai gd`jarmd
am su edmoumtd sa edmeamtrf am su
parsdmf edmeratf. Fhakæs, if tam-
hamejf, prdpjf sd`ra tdhd ha ids sjs-
takfs kf ydrjtfrjds*, f nfear edjmej-
hjr if oacfturf hai gd`jarmd edm if
hai prjmejpfi pfrtjhd nf prdhuejhd
qua sa edmeamtra fÿm kæs ai pdhar
aoaeutjvd am ai prjkar k jmjstrd. Asta
camõkamd, qua feamtÿf jmeiusd ids
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prdgrfkf
pd ët d
rfsgds parsdmfijzfhdras hai pdhar
qua sdm prdpjds hai prasjhamejfijs-
kd*, sa rafijzf f edstf hai rastd ha
Ids kjak`rds jmhjvjhufias hai gd-
`jarmd y ha su axprasjõm ediagjfhf.
Ai prjkar kjmjstrd edmvjva edm um
oaca ha Astfhd* qua, fumqua mdrkfi-
kamta tjama efræetar sjk`õijed, pua-
ha supdmar um d`stæeuid f if fcjrkf-
ejõm ha um gd`jarmd axeasjvfkamta
kdmderætjed. Am tdhd efsd, y fumqua
puaha amedmtrfrsa edm dtrds edmtrf-
pasds jmstjtuejdmfias y pdiëtjeds edkd
ifs ragjdmas edm futdmdkëf, ids trj-
`umfias edmstjtuejdmfias d ids sjmhj-
eftds, if futêmtjef eifva ha su pdhar
rfhjef am if efpfejhfh pfrf hacjmjr
ifs iëmafs gamarfias ha if pdiëtjef y
edmtrdifr acaetjvfkamta if prdpjf
vjhf hai gd`jarmd (f trfvês ha if pd-
sj`jijhfh ha hjsdivar parsdmfikamta
ai pfrifkamtd d mdk`rfr y hastjtujr
f vdiumtfh f sus kjmjstrds).
Edm jmhapamhamejf ha qua ai prjkar
kjmjstrd sjakpra ha`a raspatfr ejar-
tf futdmdkëf kjmjstarjfi, id ejartd as
qua if maeasjhfh ha edmdear tdhds
ids fspaetds pdiëtjeds, pfrf fr`jtrfr
am efsd ha hasfeuarhd jmtarhapfrtf-
kamtfi, nf prdvdefhd if erafejõm ha
pdhardsds fpfrftds ha fpdyd y fsa-
sdrfkjamtd qua, ha muavd, racuarzfm
astf prasjhamejfijzfejõm hai pfrif-
kamtfrjskd.
prdgrfkf pdiët jed
Edmoumtd ha prjm-
ejpjds ha efræetar jhadiõgjed drjam-
tfhdras ha ifs cuturfs feejdmas pd-
iëtjefs ha um jmhjvjhud, um pfrtjhd,
umf edfijejõm, um sjmhjeftd d um gd-
`jarmd. Ruaham hjstjmgujrsa prdgrf-
] 0
kfs kæxjkds y këmjkds am cumejõm
hai hatfiia dcraejhd y, fumqua axjs-
tam grfmhas guëfs jmtakpdrfias sd-
`ra eõkd edmqujstfr y usfr ai pdhar
(pdr aoakpid, ai
Kfmjc jastd Edkumjs-
tf),
if pifskfejõm kæs edrrjamta hai
kjskd as ai Iifkfhd prdgrfkf aiae-
tdrfi. Êsta edmsjsta am um hdeukam-
td qua sa dcraea fi vdtfmta y hdmha
sa edmeratfm ifs prdpuastfs qua umf
efmhjhfturf pratamha kftarjfijzfr sj
as aiagjhf.
prdpfgfmhf pdi ë t jef
Haeifrfejdmas
d naends qua Ids iëharas pdiëtjeds
jmstrukamtfijzfm edm ai d`oatjvd ha
kdhjcjefr if edmhuetf ha Ifs parsd-
mfs. Ijkjtæmhdsa fpframtakamta f
hfr f edmdear jmcdrkfejõm, if cjmfij-
hfh rafi ha If prdpfgfmhf as edm-
vamear a jmciujr hurfmta ai prdeasd
pdiëtjed sjm feuhjr fi akpiad ha if
cuarzf. If prdpfgfmhf pdiëtjef vf
sjakpra umjhf f um edmtamjhd hde-
trjmfi d prdgrfkætjed. Ujm ak`frgd,
raeurra fsjhufkamta am sus efkpf-
öfs f if kfmjpuifejõm y sa fhfptf
frgukamtfikamta f ids hjcaramtas
saetdras ha if pd`ifejõm.
Ha`a su mdk`ra fi prdsaijtjskd raij-
gjdsd vftjefmd, jmstjtuejdmfijzfhd edm
ai mdk`ra ha
Rrdpfgfmhf Cjhaj Ed-
kjss jd
`fod ai pfpfhd ha Gragdrjd ^JJJ
hurfmta ai sjgid xvj. Rdiëtjefkamta as
eêia`ra su fhdpejõm am ai iamgufoa
iamjmjstf pfrf hasjgmfr f umd ha ids
tras grfhds ha if pdiêkjef jhadiõgj-
ef, oumtd edm ai trf`fod taõrjed y if
fgjtfejõm*. Astf fpijefejõm f if pd-
iëtjef, qua md as axeiusjvf ha ids ra-
gëkamas tdtfijtfrjds, sa ha`a f if
edmstftfejõm ha qua ids ndk`ras md
sa kdvjijzfm pdr um sjkpia eæieuid ha
jmtarês, mj prastfm d`ahjamejf pdr-
qua sa ias edmkjmf f nfearid. As ma-
easfrjd qua sa ias fmjka f nfearid f
trfvês ha jiusjdmfmtas hdetrjmfs y
prdyaetds qua nfy qua prdpfgfr.
prdvjmejf
Amta tarrjtdrjfi ha sagum-
hf jkpdrtfmejf qua puaha edmcjgu-
rfrsa f pfrtjr ha umf fgrupfejõm ha
kumjejpjds* d edkd pfrta ha if hjvj-
sjõm fhkjmjstrftjvf am qua sa drgf-
mjzf ai Astfhd d if ragjõm. Astf aspa-
eja ha mfturfiazf `jcrdmta sa raciaof
am if hd`ia cumejõm qua pdtamejfi-
kamta hasakpaöf if prdvjmejf, fi
sarvjr tfmtd ha æk`jtd idefi futõ-
mdkd edm tfrafs suprfkumjejpfias,
edkd ha aspfejd am hdmha sa euk-
piam fetjvjhfhas qua sdm prdpjfs ha
mjvaias suparjdras ha gd`jarmd.
If feapejõm ha prdvjmejf edkd pif-
tfcdrkf drgfmjzftjvf parjcêrjef as if
kæs eiæsjef, tfi y edkd sa haspram-
ha ha su atjkdidgëf, qua jkpijef if
jhaf ha tarrjtdrjd vamejhd pdr ai eam-
trd. As, puas, umf jmstjtuejõm ha trf-
hjejõm eamtrfijstf am if qua, edm
jmhapamhamejf ha if tamhamejf jhad-
iõgjef kfydrjtfrjf am if prdvjmejf am
euastjõm, sa sjtÿf um edkjsjdmfhd pd-
iëtjefkamta fcjm f if futdrjhfh astf-
tfi. Êsta, gd`armfhdr d pracaetd, ha`a
suparvjsfr if edrraetf gastjõm am asa
tarrjtdrjd ha ifs fgamejfs fhkjmjstrf-
tjvfs hapamhjamtas hai eamtrd. Fha-
kæs, if prdvjmejf edkd haiagfejõm
md as sõid cumejdmfi pfrf ai pdhar
aoaeutjvd sjmd qua tfk`jêm suaia sar-
vjr pfrf drgfmjzfr sd`ra aiif if pifm-
tf ouhjejfi y ifs ejreumserjpejdmas
aiaetdrfias.
Am edmtrfsta, if prdvjmejf edkd fe-
tdr pdiëtjed futõmdkd puaha edmtfr
edm sus prdpjfs jmstjtuejdmas ha fu-
tdgd`jarmd, hjputfejdmas am ai efsd
aspfödi, y hjscrutfr fsë ha raprasam-
tftjvjhfh hakderætjef raiftjvfkamta
hjraetf. Am astf hjkamsjõm md ha-
pfrtfkamtfi, id qua sa pratamha as
hacamhar y gastjdmfr ids jmtarasas
prdpjds hai aspfejd tarrjtdrjfi qua
amefrmf. If axjstamejf ha êstds, qua
jkpijef umf jhamtjhfh paeuijfr, md
suaia sar nf`jtufi hfhf if frtjcjejfij-
hfh edm qua, f kamuhd, sa nf hjsa-
öfhd if hjvjsjõm prdvjmejfi. Fhakæs,
fiië hdmha axjsta haseamtrfijzfejõm
pdiëtjef tarrjtdrjfi, ifs ragjdmas futõ-
mdkfs sdm ndstjias nfejf aiifs pdr-
qua fk`fs amtjhfhas edkpjtam pdr
parsdmjcjefr ai kjskd jmtarês p diëtjed?
ai hai mjvai ha gd`jarmd jmcrfastftfi
pard suprfkumjejpfi. Am asds efsds,
if rfzõm ha sar ha ifs prdvjmejfs pua-
ha Ijkjtfrsa f if ha prdvjsjõm su`sj-
hjfrjf ha sarvjejds idefias fiië hdmha
ids fyumtfkjamtds md sdm efpfeas
ha kfmtamarids.
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R
₩drkjskd
rftjdmfi endjea
(aiaeejõm rfejdmfi).
Amcdqua taõrjed qua fspjrf f jmtar-
pratfr tdhf if ejamejf pd iëtjef hasha
umds prasupuastds raiftjvfkamta md-
vahdsds qua sa harjvfm ha if k jerd-
aedmdkëf. AI pdstuifhd `æsjed ha if
tadrëf ha if aiaeejõm rfejdmfi, pdr
Id qua raspaetf fi edkpdrtfkjamtd
pdiëtjed, as qua ai ejuhfhfmd dpa-
rf edkd um kfxjkjzfhdr ha utjijhfh
(tfmtd am hjmard edkd am pdhar)
qua sa edkp drtf ha cdrkf sjkjifr f
um fgamta aedmõkjed. Fsë, karefhd
y sjstakf pdiëtjed puaham aqujpfrfr-
sa y sj ai eëreuid efpjtfijstf ha if
aedmdkëf euamtf edm akprasfs, prd-
huetds y edmsukjhdras ha ids kjs-
kds, ai prdeasd ha aif`drfejõm ha
pdiëtjefs as ai rasuitfhd ha if edm-
eurramejf ha fetdras gu`armfkamtf-
ias, grupds ha jmtarês y aiaetdras ha
edmhuetf rfejdmfi.
If tfk`jêm iifkfhf
tadrëf pdiëtjef
cdrk fi
mfejõ am tds föds ejmeuamtf y
amtrdmef edm if tadrëf ha sjstakfs*
y dtrfs jmtarpratfejdmas rfejdmfijs-
tfs-utjijtfrjstfs. Ids k êtdhds utjijzf-
hds pfrf astuhjfr ai edkpdrtfkjamtd
ha ids fetdras sdm kdhaids kfta-
kætjeds edmstrujhds f pfrtjr ha ifs
raspaetjvfs pracaramejfs. Fpijefmhd
If tadrëf ha ouagds* sa pratamha ra-
Õ8
enfzfr Ifs pdsj`ias erëtjefs ha cfi-
tf ha sjstakftjejhfh, fumqua rasuitf
kæs hjcëeji oustjcjefr if sd`rahjkam-
sjdmfhf edmvjeejõm ha q ua ai jmhjvj-
hud sa edkp drtf, am pdiëtjef, ha cdr-
kf rfejdmfi, agdëstf y edmgruamta.
Cramta f asf fsumejõm, ids hatrfetd-
ras hai
rftjdmfi endjea
edmsjharfm
qua ids fetdras pdiëtjeds md hjspd-
mam ha jmcdrkfejõm edkpiatf sd`ra
su sjtufejõm y qua ai edmtaxtd sde jfi
edmhjejdmf ids jkpuisds pdiëtjeds
nfstf naearids craeuamtakamta jrras-
pdmsf`ias, fitrujstfs y efk`jfmtas.
Rasa f sus pdsj`ias ijkjtfejdmas, if
tadrëf ha If aiaeejõm rfejdmfi tjama
um grfm pdtamejfi y as eraejamtakam-
ta fpijefhf f hjstjmtds fspaetds ha If
pdiëtjef. Edm aiif sa nf axpijefhd
if hdkjmfejõm ha ifs êijtas, if Iõ-
gjef ha if feejõm ediaetjvf* ha ids
grupds ha jmtarês a, jmeiusd, if edk-
patjejõm aiaetdrfi amtra pfrtjhds qua,
sagÿm Hdwms, sdm k arfs akprasfs
euyd cjm as edmqujstfr at pdhar. Ujm
ak`frgd, hdmha kæs feaptfejõm nf
tamjhd ai amcdqua as am ai fmæijsjs
ha if aiaeejõm pÿ`ijef* y ids edmsj-
gujamtas cfiids hai gd`jarmd. Am asta
ÿitjkd tarramd, ifs edmeiusjdmas hai
fmæijsjs nfm sdijhd sar praserjptjvfs
y edmhueamtas f umf erëtjef hai jm-
tarvamejdmjskd astftfi. Figumds ha
sus kæxjkds axpdmamtas, edkd Mjs-
lfmam, nfm hasfrrdiifhd kdhaids qua,
pdr aoakpid, dcraeam umf jkfgam
aedmõkjef ha Ids `urõerftfs edkd
prdkdtdras, am su p rdpjd `amacjejd,
ha um grfm fpfrftd fhkjmjstrftjvd
qua as jmacjejamta y edstdsd.
Ha naend, am su drjgam y fÿm ndy am
if kfydr pfrta ha ids futdras fhserj-
tds f if edrrjamta, prahdkjmf umf
drjamtfejõm madij`arfi. Md d`stfmta,
am if fetufijhfh, efhf vaz if euitj-
vfm kæs futdras qua, edm jmhapam-
hamejf ha su jhadidgëf, sa sjamtam
ftrfëhds tfmtd pdr su pdtamejfijhfh
fmfiëtjef y
akpërjef edkd pdr if ef-
pfejhfh ha prahjeejõm qua edmiiavf.
racarêmhuk
Jmstrukamtd pdiëtjed ha
axprasjõm ha if vdiumtfh ediaetjvf
pdr ai qua ai euarpd aiaetdrfi, fi prd-
mumejfr sus pracaramejfs vdtfmhd umfs
hatarkjmfhfs dpejdmas fitarmftjvfs,
jmciuya hjraetfkamta am if tdkf ha
umf haejsjõm edmeratf. As umf ha ifs
cõrkuifs kæs edkÿmkamta utjijzf-
hfs pdr ifs hakderfejfs fetufias am
su jmtamtd ha edkpiatfr If Iõgjef ha
if raprasamtfejõm*, sd`ra if qua sa
`fsfm, edm if ha if pfrtjejpfejõm*
md kahjfhf. Ua suaia rasarvfr pfrf
grfmhas takfs edmstjtuejdmfias y
euastjdmas trfseamhamtfias ha tjpd
kdrfi d ha pdiëtjef axtarjdr, y ifs ha-
ejsjdmas rasuitfmtas quahfm fsë cuar-
takamta Iagjtjkfhfs.
Am efsd ha edmtrfhjeejõm amtra ids
rasuitfhds ha um racarêmhuk y ifs pra-
caramejfs axprasfhfs pdr if kfydrëf
ha Ids pfrifkamtfrjds, quahf ha kf-
mjcjastd if hasedmaxjõm amtra aiaetd-
rfhd y raprasamtfmtas, edm id qua sa
prdhuea umf erjsjs pdiëtjef. Rdr tfm-
td, ai edmstjtuejdmfijskd ij`arfi nf
hasedmcjfhd trfhjejdmfikamta ha ifs
edmsuitfs pdpuifras qua, fhakæs,
sjkpijcjefm ifs pdsj`jijhfhas ha ha-
ejsjõm y puaham hagamarfr am pia-
`jsejtds* qua, `fod if fpfrjamejf ha
racarêmhuk, sa jmstrukamtfijzfm pfrf
If rftjcjefejõm pdpuijstf ha Ijharfz-
gds parsdmfias. Md d`stfmta, am ejar-
tds ragëkamas raprasamtftjvds edkd
ai sujzd sa feuha f astf cõrkuif edm
ejartf craeuamejf.
Ai racarêmhuk p uaha eifsjcjefrsa, sa-
gÿm su efræetar, am mdrkftjvd d md
(sj sa trftf ha feaptfr um taxtd yf
frtjeuifhd u dptfr sd`ra um takf
fÿm md haejhjhd)< sagÿm su cjmfij-
hfh, am fprd`ftdrjd d f`rdgftjvd< y
hapamhjamhd ha sus acaetds, am edm-
suitjvd d vjmeuifmta. Rraejsfkamta
asta ÿitjkd, qua supdma qua ai edm-
vdefmta astæ d`ijgfhd f raspatfr if
haejsjõm k fydrjtfrjf ha ids edmvdef-
hds, as ai kæs pfraejhd fi prdeahar
fh ra caramhuk
qua astæ am ai drjgam
hai edmeaptd. Am ids efsds am qua
arf maeasfrjd ai racramhd, ai fetd d
haejsjõm ha if futdrjhfh sõid fhquj-
rëf vfijhaz sj arf rftjcjefhd pdr dtrf
futdrjhfh d, am su efsd, pdr ai pua-
`id ha Pdkf.
racdrkjskd
Edmoumtd ha edrrjamtas
grfhufijstfs qua dptfm pdr ai efk`jd
pfeëcjed y prdgrasjvd, sjm trfukfs ra-
vdiuejdmfrjds, ha ejartfs astrueturfs
pdiëtjefs d ha pfrta hai sjstakf ha
prdhueejõm qua ifs sustamtfm. Axjsta
fjrkjgjccjm
6 1
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am pdiëtjed
aifejdmas jmtarmfh
racdrkjskd ha jzqujarhf (if sdejfi-
hakderfejf*) y ha haraenf (if ha-
kderfejf erjstjfmf*).
rêgjkam pdiëtjed
Xêrkjmd qua surga
hurfmta ai træmsjtd jmstjtuejdmfi qua
sa prdhuea am Aurdpf edm ai pfsd
hai hamdkjmfhd F mh am Pêg jka f
ifs muavfs sdejahfhas `urguasfs.
Rdstarjdrkamta sa nf sagujhd utjij-
zfmhd hasha hjstjmtfs parspaetjvfs
pfrf gam arfr hjcaramtas eifsjcjefejd-
mas hai kjskd ftamhjamhd f if cdrkf
ha gd`jarmd d ha Astfhd am qua sa
kftarjfijzf hjend rêgjkam pdiëtjed.
Ai edmeaptd edmvjva oumtd f dtrds
têrkjmds pfraejhds qua, edkd as ai
efsd ha sjstakf pdiëtjed*, vjamam f
hasjgmfr if kjskf rafijhfh sj `jam
edm hjstjmtfs edmmdtfejdmas jhadiõ-
gjefs, hjmækjefs y taõrjefs.
Huvargar id hacjma edkd «if cdrkf
qua tdkf am um grupd sdejfi hfhd if
hjstjmejõm amtra gd`armfmtas y gd-
`armfhds¼. Nf`jamhd parhjhd jkpdr-
tfmejf if hjcaramejfejõm jhadiõgjef
amtra ragëkamas sdejfijstfs y ij`arf-
ias, puaha edmsjharfrsa qua if prjm-
ejpfi eifsjcjefejõm qua ndy puaha
nfearsa as if jmstjtuejdmfi, qua hjs-
tjmgua amtra ragëkamas hakderætjeds
y hjetftdrjfias. Amtra ids prjkards,
oumtd f ifs efrfetarëstjefs cdrkfias
racaramtas f if hasjgmfejõm y pdha-
ras hai oaca hai Astfhd, if drgf mjzf-
ejõm y cumejdmas hai pfrifkamtd, if
hjstrj`uejõm tarrjtdrjfi hai pdhar d
ai sjstakf aiaetdrfi, sdm aiakamtds
prjkdrhjfias pfrf efrfetarjzfr ai rê-
gjkam pdiëtjed? ai sjstakf ha pfrtj-
hds, ai grfhd ha pfrtjejpfejõm y if
623
cdrkf ha frtjeuifr f ids grupds ha
prasjõm. Amtra ifs hjetfhurfs sa hjca-
ramejf edmvamejdmfikamta amtra fu-
tdrjtfrjskds y tdtfijtfrjskds, pard
tfk`jêm sa ftjamha fi efræetar kjij-
tfr, raijgjdsd u dijgærqujed ha ifs
kjskfs.
rag jdmfi jskd
Edmeapejõm jhadiõgjef
pdr if qua, fum feaptfmhd if axjs-
tamejf ha umf edkumjhfh pdiëtjef
suparjdr erjstfijzfhf am if mfejõm*,
sa pratamha if hacamsf aspaeëcjef ha
umf pfrta ha êstf qua sa hjstjmgua
pdr su ndkdgamajhfh am id cësjed y
euiturfi. Ids prdpõsjtds ragjdmfijstfs
kæs asamejfias sdm if fhaeufejõm ha
If feejõm astftfi f ifs maeasjhfhas
idefias< um kfydr fearefkjamtd ha
ids ejuhfhfmds f if gastjõm hai Astf-
hd< if suparvjvamejf y prdkdejõm ha
ifs edstuk`ras prdpjfs< y, am ifs ra-
gjdmas ftrfsfhfs, if edmsaeuejõm ha
umf oustf rahjstrj`uejõm ha if ramtf
mfejdmfi qua kaodra sus edmhjejdmas
aedmõkjefs y sdejfias. Rfrf edmsa-
gujr astds d`oatjvds, f hjcaramejf ha
id pdstuifhd pdr ai mfejdmfijskd*
parjcêrjed, ids ragjdmfijstfs md euas-
tjdmfm if umjhfh mfejdmfi, pard së
prdpugmfm if haseamtrfijzfejõm* ha
cdrkf qua sa fhfpta if fetjvjhfh
ha ids pdharas pÿ`ijeds f ifs edm-
hjejdmas edmeratfs ha ifs hjstjmtfs
zdmfs.
ra ifejdmas jmtargu `armfkamtfias
Astuhjd pdijtdiõgjed ha ifs jmtarfe-
ejdmas jmstjtuejdmfias, cdrkfias d
md, qua sa amtf`ifm amtra hjstjmtds
mjvaias tarrjtdrjfias ha gd`jarmd euyd
æk`jtd ha feejõm fcaetf f um kjskd
sjstakf pdiëtjed astftfi. Uurga fmta
if avjhamejf ha qua ai Astfhd eamtrfi
nf haofhd ha sar if ÿmjef futdrjhfh
pÿ`ijef raiavfmta, puas nf ha edk-
pfrtjr ai aoarejejd ha edkpatamejfs
edm dtrds æk`jtds f asefif ragjdmfi
d idefi, y md as sucjejamta if karf
fpijefejõm hai haraend d if eddrhj-
mfejõm oarærqujef pfrf if sdiuejõm ha
ids edmcijetds y if gastjõm ha if ed-
dparfejõm. If asamejf pdiëtjef ha If
tamsjõm eamtrd-parjcarjf sa ravaif kæs
eifrfkamta am astfhds caharfias* d
haseamtrfijzfhds* hdmha, fhakæs,
ids amtas su`astftfias futõmdkds
gdzfm ha iagjtjkjhfh hakderætjef.
Ids fspaetds hdmha sa eamtrf asta
tjpd ha fmæijsjs sdm ids sjstakfs ha
cjmfmejfejõm< ifs cumejdmas aedmõ-
kjefs ha efhf fhkjmjstrfejõm< Ids
edmtamjhds ha if iagjsifejõm su`-
astftfi edm d`oatd ha astf`iaear ai
kfrgam ha jmmdvfejõm y futdmdkëf<
if mfturfiazf, `jiftarfi d kuitjifta-
rfi, ha ids edmtfetds eamtrd-parjca-
rjf< ai pasd aspaeëcjed ha ids fetdras
y grupds ha jmtarês qua jmtarvjamam<
if axjstamejf ha ragjdmfijskds* d mf-
ejdmfijskds* su`astftfias y if edjm-
ejhamejf-hjvargamejf ha edidr pdiëtj-
ed am ids hjcaramtas gd`jarmds. Am ai
efsd ha Aurdpf d eejhamtfi, hdmha if
gastjõm ha edkpatamejfs sa edkpfr-
ta edm umf jmstfmejf suprfmfejdmfi,
sa nf iiagfhd f nf`ifr ha umf aif`d-
rfejõm ha pdiëtjefs pÿ`ijefs f kÿitj-
pias mjvaias, ha cdrkf qua if haejsjõm
y fpijefejõm ha prdgrfkfs pÿ`ijeds
hapamha ha ids raeursds hjmækjeds
ha efhf pdhar tarrjtdrjfi.
raifejdmas jmtarmfejdmfias
Æraf ha
edmdejkjamtd vjmeuifhf am su drj-
gam y avdiuejõm f if ejamejf pd iëtjef,
edm if qua edkp frta edmeaptds tfm
cumhfkamtfias edkd ai ha sd`arfmëf,
pdhar d astfhd. Fhakæs, if cuarta
jmtaredmaxjõm amtra ai jmtarjdr ha Ids
sjstakfs pdiëtjeds mfejdmfias y if
vjhf jmtarmfejdmfi edkjamzf f racia-
ofrsa am parspaetjvfs pdijtdiõgjefs
qua astuhjfm if hjkamsjõm axtarjdr
ha ids camõkamds pdiëtjeds y if ra-
pareusjõm f mjvai jmtarmd ha if hjmæ-
kjef jmtarmfejdmfi.
Ai d`oatd ha astuhjd ha astf hjsej-
pijmf, qua raej`a ai kjskd mdk`ra,
puaha hacjmjrsa edkd ai edmoumtd ha •
jmtarfeejdmas edm rapareusjõm trfms-
crdmtarjzf, rafijzfhfs sagÿm kdhaids
ha eddparfejõm d ha edmcijetd, qua
sa prdhueam fi edmtfetfr hds d kæs
grupds hatarkjmfhds pdr pdharas
astftfias hjstjmtds y qua tjamam if
edmsjharfejõm ha fetdras sagÿm if ed-
kumjhfh jmtarmfejdmfi. Rasa f qua
ai Astfhd* as ai fetdr cumhfkamtfi
y prjkjgamjd ha ifs raifejdmas jm-
tarmfejdmfias, axjstam dtrfs cuarzfs
edm jkpdrtfmejf eraejamta edkd sdm
ifs drgfmjzfejdmas jmtarmfejdmfias, ifs
drgfmjzfejdmas md gu`armfkamtfias
y grupds ha p rasjõm aedmõkjeds, pd-
iëtjeds d raijgjdsds.
Ifs raifejdmas jmtarmfejdmfias sdm
asamejfikamta fmærqujefs fi md axjs-
tjr mjmgÿm tjpd ha futdrjhfh kum-
hjfi suprfmfejdmfi. Ids astfhds qua
edmcdrkfm ai sjstakf sdm sd`arf-
mds* y fetÿ fm pdr jmtarasas pfrtjeu-
ifras. Ujm ak`frgd, sus p diëtjefs ax-
tarjdras* astæm fcaetfhfs ha naend
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(pdr ifs axjstamejf ha grfmhas pd-
tamejfs qua jmciuyam am ids kjskds
d pdr su sj tufejõm aedmõkjef) y ha
haraend (pdrqua axjstam pfetds jm-
tarmfejdmfias ha iagjtjkjhfh qua
edmtjamam ids prjmejpjds cumhfkam-
tfias ha If edmvjvamejf kumhjfi). Rdr
dtrd Ifhd, ifs raifejdmas jmtarmf-
ejdmfias dparfm am kfreds jmstjtu-
ejdmfijzfhds edkd sdm ifs kjskfs
drgfmjzfejdmas, tds trftfhds `jifta-
rfias y dtrds kaefmjskds hjpidkætj-
eds md parkfmamtas.
Am ai p arëdhd njstõrjed pdstarjdr f if
Uagumhf Guarrf Kumhjfi sa nf fvfm-
zfhd am if pfejcjefejõm ha if pdiëtj-
ef kumhjfi, yf qua if Efrtf ha Mfejd-
mas Qmjhfs, qua sustamtf ai fetufi
kdhaid ha Iagjtjkjhfh, ijkjtf ai usd
ha if cuarzf am ifs raifejdmas jmtar-
mfejdmfias f if iagëtjkf hacamsf d ft
sjstakf ha sagurjhfh ediaetjvf ha
If prdpjf drgfmjzfejõm. Rasa f qua tf
guarrf md nf hasfpfraejhd, yf md
astæ feaptfhf edkd jmstjtuejõm pfrf
if sdiuejõm ha edmtrdvarsjfs y, pdr
dtrd ifhd, as efhf vaz k æs craeuam-
ta if jmtarhapamhamejf, pdr ids jmta-
rasas aedmõkjeds edkpfrtjhds, qua
nfea hjskjmujr ids fmtfgdmjskds.
raprasamtfejõm pdiëtjef Kdhaid ha
drgfmjzfejõm ha ifs raifejdmas pdië-
tjefs qua kfmtjamam ids gd`armfmtas
edm ids gd`armfhds y pdr ai qua sa
fspjrf, f trfvês ha if edmvamejõm ha
qua ids prjkards parsdmjcjefm fi ras-
td ha if edkumjhfh, f qua ai aoar-
ejejd ha ifs cumejdmas pÿ`ijefs saf
edmsjharfhd Iagëtjkd. Rasa f qua fe-
tufikamta sa vjmeuif edm if hakd-
2>
trfejf*, if raprasamtfejõm as am
prjmejpjd hjcaramta yf qua oustjcjef
qua ai pua`id md sa gd`jarma f së
kjskd sjmd qua hasjgma, hjraetf d
jmhjraetfkamta, f If futdrjhfh qua
nf ha tdkfr ifs haejsjdmas.
Ha naend, ai drjgam sa nfiif am ifs
pded fet jvfs fsfk`iafs kahjavfias
hdmha ids raprasamtfmtas aoareëfm,
am rafijhfh, edkd kards pdrtfvdeas
ha um tarrjtdrjd d astfkamtd sdejfi
fi qua sa vjmeuif`fm p dr haiagfejõm.
Jmeiusd ai f`sdiutjskd, fum ij`arfm-
hd fi kdmfref ha if maeasjhfh ha ra-
ifejdmfrsa edm sus sÿ`hjtds, fspjrf-
`f f qua êsta amefrmfsa tæejtfkamta
If vdiumtfh ediaetjvf hai rajmd. Rard
astf jhaf ha raprasamtfejõm vjrtufi,
qua parouhjef`f f ifs fseamhamtas
eifsas `urguasfs hai sjgid xvuj, cua
ra`ftjhf pdr ifs hds prjkarfs edmstj-
tuejdmas ij`arfias. Am prjkar iugfr,
ids saeasjdmjstfs ha ids amtdmeas tra-
ea Astfhds Qmjhds frgukamtfrdm qua
sj tds kjak`rds ha umf edkumjhfh
pdiëtjef tamëfm d`ijgfejdmas edm aiif,
edkd pfgfr jkpu astds, tfk`jêm ha-
`arëfm pdhar pfrtjejpfr am if hasjg-
mfejõm ha ids raprasamtfmtas qua
fprua`fm ifs pdiëtjefs aedmõkjefs.
Rdr su pfrta, tds ravdiuejdmfrjds crfm-
easas hasfrrdiifrdm if jhaf ha qua if
mfejõm ha`ëf saiaeejdmfr f sus hjrj-
gamtas pdiëtjeds sj `jam, am prjmej-
pjd, if pdsj`jijhfh ha iiagfr fi pfrif-
kamtd* sa rahueëf f ids kjak`rds
ha umf kjmdrëf, supuastfkamta kæs
sf`jf, qua edjmejhëf edm if eifsa
prdpjatfrjf.
Ids pfrifkamtfrjds, fi nf`ar sjhd ha-
sjgmfhds pdr if sd`arfmëf mfejdmfi y
hahjefrsa am axeiusjvf f if aif`drf-
ejõm ha mdrkfs gamarfias y f`strfe-
tfs, md astfrëfm sdkatjhds fi kfm-
hftd jkparftjvd qua efrfetarjzf`f f
sus prahaeasdras cauhfias d qua as
prdpjd ha If raprasamtfejõm ourëhjef
kahjfmta fgamtas qua d`ahaeam jms-
trueejdmas. Gdzfrëfm fsë ha umf raif-
ejõm ha edmcjfmzf edm ai aiaetdrfhd
am su edmoumtd pdr Id qua hasfrrd-
iifrëfm, edm grfm kfrgam ha kfmjd-
`rf, ifs cumejdmas iagjsiftjvfs y ha
edmtrdi sd`ra ai gd`jarmd. Ids eju-
hfhfmds sõid pfrtjejpfrëfm am aiifs
ha kfmarf jmhjraetf f trfvês ha sus
hasjgmfhds, sj `jam êstds fetÿfm cdr-
kfikamta am mdk`ra ha fquêiids. If
i j artfh ha ids kdharmds
edmtjama pdr
tfmtd ejartds rfsgds, fumqua kuy
jkparcaetds, qua yf fmumejfm umf
sëmtasjs edm if hakderfejf. Êstf md
pdhrëf aoarearsa pdr kaefmjskds hj-
raetds pard, asd së, if raerafejõm f
paquaöf asefif ha if edkumjhfh pd-
iëtjef am su edmoumtd, sa rafijzfrëf
pdr aiaeejdmas* edkpatjtjvfs y pa-
rjõhjefs.
If axtamsjõm pdstarjdr hai sucrfgjd
puaha amtamharsa edkd umf fkpijf-
ejõm sjkuitæmaf ha if hakderftj-
zfejõm y if raprasamtftjvjhfh qua,
fhakæs, sa va fedkpföfhf ha um
kaefmjskd fhjejdmfi ha jmtarkahjf-
ejõm amtra aiaetdr y aiagjhd. Asta
muavd aiakamtd as ai edmstjtujhd pdr
ids pfrtjhds pdiëtjeds*, qua rasuitfm
jkprasejmhj`ias pfrf fgragfr y frtj-
euifr ids kÿitjpias jmtarasas qua
edmcdrkfm if sdejahfh ha kfsfs. Ids
pfrtjhds, fi edmcaeejdmfr ifs efmhj-
hfturfs y kf refr ifs hjraetrjeas qua
rapÿ`ijef
ha`am sagujr ids raprasamtfmtas, kd-
hjcjefm if mfturfiazf hai kfmhftd
hasfrrdiifhd pdr ai pfrifkamtfrjd y
id fearefm ha muavd fi kfmhftd jk-
parftjvd.
Cfejijtfr if gd`armfejõm y nfearif
kæs fedrha edm Ifs pracaramejfs raf-
ias ha if kfydrëf as umf ha ifs ous-
tjcjefejdmas kæs edkumas akpiafhfs
pfrf fhk jtjr astf frtjeuifejõm pfrtj-
hjstf ha if raprasamtfejõm. If kjskf
hjseuipf as utjijzfhf pfrf jmstjtujr
sjstakfs aiaetdrfias* qua cfvdraz-
efm ifs dpejdmas kæs vdtfhfs f eds-
tf ha ifs kjmdrëfs. Ujm ak`frgd, sj sa
parsjgua umf trfhueejõm kæs axfetf
ha ifs pracaramejfs aiaetdrfias am as-
eföds, sa dptf pdr if iifkfhf rapra-
samtfejõm prdpdrejdmfi. Ujgujamhd
umf iõgjef hjcaramta, fumqua edk-
pfrtjamhd ai prdpõsjtd ha qua am ai
pfrifkamtd axjstf um raciaod raiftj-
vfkamta cjai ha if edkumjhfh pdië-
tjef, kuy hjstjmtfs edrrjamtas taõrj-
efs, qua jmeiuyam ai edkumjskd d ai
cakjmjskd, raeifkfm umf raprasam-
tfejõm sdejdiõgjef qua supara ids
sasgds y ifs hjserjkjmfejdmas fetuf-
ias am cfvdr ha hatarkjmfhfs eifsas
sdejfias d gêmards.
rapÿ`i jef Ai prjmejpjd rapu`ijefmd
supdma if ravjsjõm edmstfmta ha quja-
mas raprasamtfm y gd`jarmfm f ids eju-
hfhfmds pfrf edmsagujr qua ids qua
deupfm hjends efrgds pdsafm Ifs kæs
fitfs vjrtuhas kdrfias. Hapamhjamhd
hai êmcfsjs qua sa hê f if acaetjvf
pfrtjejpfejõm hai pua`id am if aiae-
ejõm d fi rasuitfhd cjmfi ha êstf, qua
ha`a sar if hasjgmfejõm ha Ids kæs
62:
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rd t tam `drdugns
jhõmads, ai rapu`ijefmjskd puaha sar
kæs hakderætjed d frjstderætjed. If
raguifrjzfejõm ha If raspdmsf`jijhfh
pdiëtjef f trfvês ha aiaeejdmas (a jm-
eiusd if ijkjtfejõm takpdrfi hai
aoarejejd hai pdhar) nfea qua, am
tadrëf, if rapÿ`ijef saf jmedkpftj`ia
edm ids pdpuijskds, qua prjkfm ai
edmsamtjkjamtd hjcusd ha if kfydrëf
sd`ra if saiaeejõm parjõhjef ha ids
efpfeas, y ifs dijgfrquëfs, hdmha if
êijta gd`armfmta nf haofhd ha sarvjr
f if edkumjhfh y `usef parpatufrsa
am ai pdhar.
Uu drjgam njstõrjed sa rakdmtf f ifs
pdijs grjagfs y, sd`ra tdhd, f if
Pdkf prajkparjfi, cumhfkamtfhf am
um Uamfhd amefrgfhd ha if
ras pu-
`ijef.
If
ejvjtfs
kahjavfi arf tfk-
`jêm umf rapÿ`ijef frjstderætjef y,
trfs if edmvarsjõm fi f`sdiutjskd kd-
mærqujed ha if kfydr pfrta ha Aurd-
pf, ai edmeaptd sjrva pfrf fiuhjr f
eufiqujar rêgjkam `fsfhd am ai hara-
end (@dhjm) d am um tarrjtdrjd paqua-
öd (Kdmtasqujau) hdmha as pdsj`ia
if jgufihfh y if hakderfejf hjraetf
(Pdussafu). Qmf feapejõm kæs kd-
harmf surga am Astfhds Qmjhds y if
Crfmejf pdsravdiuejdmfrjf eufmhd sa
edmvjartam Ids sÿ`hjtfs am ejuhfhf-
mds y sa jmstfurf if hakderfejf ra-
prasamtftjvf edm hjvjsjõm ha pdharas.
Fetufikamta as edkÿm ijkjtfr ai fi-
efmea hai têrkjmd fi ha cdrkf ha gd-
`jarmd, sjm jkpijefr jhamtjhfh maea-
sfrjf edm if jhaf ha vdiumtfh pdpuifr,
haraends jmhjvjhufias d ejvjskd ha-
kderætjed. Ndy, eufmhd sa nf`if ha
rapÿ`ijef, If euastjõm sa ijkjtf f if
iagjtjkjhfh qua tjama ai oaca ha As-
tfhd* am um hatarkjmfhd rêgjkam
pdiëtjed. Fsë, am edmtrfpdsjejõm f if
kdmfrquëf* qua, hakderætjef d md,
fpaif f if trfhjejõm hjmæstjef, if ra-
pÿ`ijef md euamtf edm iëharas pfrf
euyf jmvastjhurf sa tamgfm am euam-
tf aiakamtds këtjeds. Fndrf jam, if
aiaeejõm puaha ftamhar f if rfejdmf-
ijhfh, hakderætjef d md, pard tfk-
`jêm fi efrjskf a, jmeiusd, nfy rapÿ-
`ijefs hasvjrtufhfs qua nfm iiagfhd
f jmeukpijr if axjgamejf `æsjef ha
raenfzfr futdrjhfhas pdiëtjefs nara-
hjtfrjfs d vjtfijejfs.
rd t tam drdugns (`urgds pdhrjhds).
Hamdkjmfejõm qua raej`jardm hurfm-
ta ai sjgid xjx ifs ejreumserjpejdmas
aiaetdrfias fmferõmjefs qua, sd`ra-
rraprasamtfmhd am ai pfrifkamtd `rj-
tæmjed f hjstrjtds ha tamhamejf edm-
sarvfhdrf, haof`fm cuarf hai kjskd
f ifs zdmfs jmhustrjfias, qua edm-
eamtrf`fm kuenf kfydr pd`ifejõm y
ai pdtamejfi vdtd prdgrasjstf.
sakjprasjhamejfi j skd
vêfsa prasj-
hamejfijskd.
s a m f h d
Jmstjtuejõm pdiëtjef pfrif-
kamtfrjf qua tjama sus drëgamas am
ai edmsaod ha fmejfmds ha if fmtjguf
Pdkf y qua astf`f edkpuastd pdr ai
ray y Ids
pftar
cfk jijfs.
Uu eiæsjef
drjamtfejõm nfejf ai prjmejpjd frjstd-
erætjed, kæs qua fi ha if kfydrëf
pdpuifr, sa raciaoõ jmjejfikamta am
If Edmstjtuejõm mdrtafkarjefmf, qua
nfstf 6:65 kfmtuvd If aiaeejõm jm-
hjraetf ha su Uamfhd. Xrfs if prdgra-
sjvf hakderftjzfejõm ha ids sjstakfs
pdiëtjeds, ai samfhd axjsta am ids
kdhaids `jefkarfias* edm hds pdsj-
`ias cumhfkamtfejdmas? if hd`ia iae-
turf iagjsiftjvf y if ed`arturf ha ra-
prasamtfejõm tarrjtdrjfi.
Fsë, pdr um ifhd, ai samfhd sa nf
edmstjtujhd am kuends sjstakfs am
umf sagumhf eækfrf, tfk`jêm Iif-
kfhf eækfrf fitf, qua oumtd edm if
edmdejhf edkd eækfrf `fof sa am-
efrgf hai parcaeejdmfkjamtd iagjsif-
tjvd, f trfvês ha sagumhfs iaeturfs
kæs raciaxjvfs, ha ids prdyaetds d
prdpdsjejdmas ha iay q ua sa p ratamham
fprd`fr. Am figumds ha astds iugf-
ras, edkd Jtfijf, ai samfhd edmsarvf
su mfturfiazf atjkdiõgjef puas, fum-
qua sus kjak`rds md sdm maeasfrjf-
kamta samjias, sa axjga umf ahfh
kæs fvfmzfhf pfrf pfrtjejpfr am su
edkpdsjejõm. Ai sasgd edmsarvfhdr
qua êstd puaha edmiiavfr quahf f
vaeas fkdrtjgufhd pdrqua if eækfrf
fitf tjama um pasd cjmfi kamdr qua if
`fof y, f vaeas, astæ ijkjtfhd f umf
sjkpia efpfejhfh ha rfiamtjzfejõm
hai prdeasd. Am efsd edmtrfrjd, ids
pdsj`ias hasfeuarhds amtra ids hds
õrgfmds pfrifkamtfrjds nfm ha sdi-
vamtf rsa pdr kahjd ha edkjsjdmas
ha edmejijfejõm.
If dtrf grfm pdsj`jijhfh cumejdmfi
qua puaham hasakpaöfr ndy ids sa-
mfhds as if ha eækfrf tarrjtdrjfI Astf
dpejõm as prdpjf ha fquaiids astfhds
qua, pdr su aspa eëcjed kdhaid ha hjs-
trj`uejõm tarrjtdrjfi, maeasjtfm rapra-
samtfr am ai eamtrd ids jmtarasas ha
sus edkpdmamtas pfrejfias. Am sjsta-
kfs caharfias, edkd ai `aigf, ai sa-
mfhd astæ edkpuastd pdr ids kjak-
`rds ha if caharfejõm, kjamtrfs qua
sdm ids pdharas idefias qujamas
edmstjtuyam If eækfrf am efsds kæs
eamtrfijzfhds, edkd ai crfmeês. If
jkpdrtfmejf ha if cumejõm tarrjtdrjfi
nfea qua, am Ids efsds am qua ai sa-
mfhd sa oustjcjqua am aiif, axjstf
kfydr aqujij`rd pdtastftjvd d rapfr-
d
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sjstakf
h a
dfrtjhd
td ha kftarjfs edm if dtrf eækfrf. Ai
Uamfhd aspfödi as aspaejfikamta
ftëpjed puas, cumejdmfmhd am um As-
tfhd euyfs ragjdmas euamtfm edm
fkpijf futdmdkëf, sa aijga am ejr-
eumserjpejdmas idefias y edmdea ha
tdhds ids fsumtds. Astd nfea qu a, sj
`jam taõrjefkamta euamtf edm hjs-
tjmtd sjstakf aiaetdrfi y umf vdef-
ejõm tarrjtdrjfi, sa raprdhuzefm ifs
kfydrëfs, y edmsjgujamtakamta ids
ha`ftas, hai Edmgrasd ha ids Hjpu-
tfhds.
s j mh j eft d
Mdk`ra qua raej`am ifs
drgfmjzfejdmas ediaetjvfs ha trf`f-
ofhdras qua sa fsdejfm edm ai d`oatj-
vd ha edmsagujr sus rajvjmhjefejdmas
cramta fi akprasfrjd, d pfrf aoarear
edkd grupd ha jmtarês* qua prasjdmf
am ai prdeasd pdiëtjed. Fumqua axjs-
tam sjmhjeftds astrjetfkamta prdca-
sjdmfias, qua hacjamham f um hatar-
kjmfhd grakjd, sdm p frtjeuifrkamta
jkpdrtfmtas ids sjmhjeftds d`rards,
qua tjamam su drjgam am at kdvjkjam-
td ha iuenf edmtrf if kjsarjf aedmõ-
kjef, if hasjgufihfh sdejfi y if
dprasjõm pdiëtjed-iagfi qua ftamfzf-
`fm f if eifsa fsfifrjfhf hurfmta ai
hasfrrdiid jmjejfi hai efpjtfijskd.
Ifs prjkarfs fsdejfejdmas sjmhjefias,
f kamuhd eifmhastjmfs, sa erafrdm
am tds sjgids xvrrj y xjx edkd rasuitf-
hd ha Ifs fyuhfs ha efræetar aspdm-
tæmad ha ids prdpjds trf`fofhdras.
Mfeëfm sjkuifmhd f ifs fmtjgufs nar-
kfmhfhas frtasfmfs qua, yf am ai sj-
gid xtv,
nf`ëfm rajvjmhjefhd kfydras
sfifrjds d fkamds tjakpd ha trf`fod.
Rard id hjstjmtjvd ha asta muavd sjm-
hjefijskd ha eifsa, tadrjzfhd pdr Ud-
rai, as qua pratamhëf pdmarsa fi sar-
vjejd ha if akfmejpfejõm pdiëtjef y
sdejfi ha jmspjrfejõm sdejfijstf*. Rfrf
tfi cjm, ids kdvjkjamtds sjmhjefias
ha efhf pfës vfm f dp tfr pdr hjstjm-
tfs vëfs ha feejõm qua dsejifm amtra
if ravdiuejõm y if nuaigf gamarfi,
prdpjfs hai fmfredsjmhjefijskd*, nfs-
tf if edif`drfejõm edm pfrtjhds sd-
ejfihakõerftfs kdharfhds.
If tamhamejf f pracarjr, am ai kumhd
hasfrrdiifhd, astf sagumhf vëf pd sj-
`jijstf nf supuastd qua, fiië hdmha
gd`jarmf if jzqujarhf (d if hakderf-
ejf erjstjfmf) y tds sjmhjeftds sdm
cuartas, fpfrazefm kdhaids madedr-
pdrftjvds* ha pdiëtjef aedmõkjef.
Md as axtrföd, pdr tfmtd, qua if
jhadidgëf edkumjstf nfyf jmtamtf-
hd edmtrdifr ids sjmhjeftds, ha cdrkf
qua haoam ha sar um vanëeuid qua
prdkuava at f`urguasfkjamtd ha ids
prdiatfrjds, y q ua if Ij`arfi tds nfyf
erjtjefhd pdr edmstjtujr um grupd ha
prasjõm qua edkpjta edm ids rapra-
samtfmtas p diëtjeds a jmtarcjara am ai
ouagd hai karefhd. Am tdhd efsd, ifs
hakderfejfs tjamham ndy f edmsjha-
rfr if fsdejfejõm f um sjmhjeftd, y at
aoarejejd ha if nuaigf, edkd um ha-
raend cumhfkamtfi qua, pasa f md
sar astrjetfkamta jmhjvjhufi, sa ous-
tjcjef pdr if sjtufejõm raiftjvfkamta
hê`ji ha ids trf`fofhdras a m
raifejõm
edm ai akprasfrjd.
sjstakf ha pfrtjhds Edmoumtd ha
jmtarfeejdmas astf`ias qua sa erafm
amtra ids hjstjmtds pfrtjhds pdiëtjeds
sjgmjcjeftjvds ha um æk`jtd tarrjtd-
rjfi edmeratd y qua hf iugfr f um kd-
haid hatarkjmfhd ha cumejdmfkjamtd
hai sjstakf pdiëtjed am su edmoumtd.
Z as qua, hapamhjamhd ha ifs efrfe-
tarëstjefs hai sjstakf ha pfrtjhds am
euastjõm, ids aiaetdras tjamam kæs d
kamds dpejdmas pdsj`ias sd`ra ifs
qua p rdmumejfrsa< ids gd` jarmds hjs-
crutfm d md ha ednasjõm< a, jmeiusd,
ifs raifejdmas amtra gd`jarmd y pfr-
ifkamtd d amtra pdharas pÿ`ijeds y
sdejahfh sjguam umf pfutf ha edm-
samsd d ha edmcijetd.
If cdrkf kæs trfhjejdmfi ha eifsjcj-
efr tds sjstakfs ha p frtjhds raspdm-
ha fi mÿkard ha edkp dmamtas, fum-
qua tfk`jêm sa puaha ftamhar f su
jkpifmtfejõm. Fsë, if efmtjhfh ha
pfrtjhds pdiëtjeds qua euamtfm edm
pdsj`jijhfhas aiaetdrfias rafias sa-
rëf id qua astrueturf ai sjstakf y,
pdr tfmtd, nf`rëf qua hjstjmgujr if
hjetfhurf hai pfrtjhd ÿmjed, ai `j-
pfrtjhjskd y ai kuitjpfrtjhjskd.
Am ids hds ÿ itjkds tjpds ha sjstakf,
f su vaz, puaha h jcaramejfrsa amtra
vfrjahfhas purfs d jkparcaetfs. Kjam-
trfs ai `jpfrtjhjskd purd sa efrfeta-
rjzf pdr if axjstamejf ha hds pfrtjhds
qua tjamam
um
fpdyd pdp uifr efsj sj-
kjifr y qua sa fitarmfm parjõhjefkam-
ta am at gd`jarmd, am at jkp arcaetd
axjstam fhakæs paquaöds grupds qua
sdm maeasfrjds pfrf fiefmzfr if kf-
ydrëf y sjrvam, puas, ha aoa f if cdr-
kfejõm y if astf`jijhfh kjskf ha um
gd`jarmd. Rdr su pfrta, cramta fi kui-
tjpfrtjhjskd purd hdmha uf grfm mÿ-
kard ha cdrkfejdmas pdiëtjefs sa
rapfrtam ids fpdyds aiaetdrfias, ai
jkparcaetd as fquêi am ai qua axjsta
um pfrtjhd hdkjmfmta. Êsta, sj `jar
md fiefmzf pdr së sdid if efpfejhfe
ha gd`armfr am sdijtfrjd, as jmhjspam-
sf`ia am eufiqujar edk`jmfejõm kÿi-
tjpia, yf qua ai rastd ha ifs cuarzfs
sdm jmefpfeas ha frtjeuifr umf fitar-
mftjvf am if qua sa ia kfrgjma hai
pdhar.
Ids sjstakfs ha pfrtjhds puaham sar
if edmsaeuamejf ha
eiafvfgas*
njstõ-
rjeds qua iiavfm, am ifs sdejahfhas
piurfias, f if akargamejf ha muka-
rdsds pfrtjhds ha oustjcjefejõm raij-
gjdsf, parjcêrjef d aedmõkjed-prdca-
sjdmfi. Rasa f qua kæs tfrha nfyf
pdhjhd tamar iugfr um prdeasd ha
saeuifrjzfejõm y hasrfhjefijzfejõm,
asfs hjvjsjdmas pfraeam nf`arsa kfm-
tamjhd, ha cdrkf qua ai piurjpfrtjhjs-
kd nf quahfhd
edmgaifhd.
Rdr dtrf
pfrta, fiië hdmha if sdejahfh astæ
kæs ednasjdmfhf, mfejdmfi y euitu-
rfikamta, tjamha f pifskfrsa umf
sdif hjvjsjõm jhadiõgjef qua sapfrf
if haraenf ha If jzqujarhf y cfvdraea,
puas, ai `jpfrtjhjskd. Md d`stfmta,
as um cfetdr jmstjtuejdmfi -ai sjsta-
kf aiaetdrfi*- ai qua kæs hjraetf-
kamta jmciuya am If edmcjgurfejõm hai
sjstakf ha pfrtjhds. Fsë, as eiæsjef
if fsjkjifejõm rafijzfhf pdr Kf u
rj
ea
Huvargar sagÿm if eufi, ifs iayas aiae-
tdrfias kfydrjtfrjfs cfvdraearëfm ai
`jpfrtjhjskd, y ifs prdpdrejdmfias,
ai kuitjpfrtjhjskd.
Rdr dtrd ifhd, edkd nf puastd ha
kfmjcjastd Uf
rt
d
rj
, as pdsj`ia fmfij-
zfr fi sjstakf ha pfrtjhds sjm tamar
am euamtf ai mÿkard d if jkpifmtf-
ejõm. Rdr ai edmtrfrjd, nf`rëf qua
ftamhar f if drjamtfejõm jhadiõgjef
JA
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sjstakf
aiaetdrfi
sjstakf aiaetdrfi
ha ids edkpdmamtas hai sjstakf y,
edkd edmsaeuamejf ha if kjskf, f
ifs efpfejhfhas qua tjamam êstds
pfrf iiagfr f gd`armfr. Fsë, um pfr-
tjhd raiftjvfkamta paquaöd pard
kdharfhd y, pdr tfmtd, prdpamsd f
cdrkfr pfrta ha edfijejdmas, puaha
tamar kæs jmciuamejf acaetjvf sd`ra
ifs haejsjdmas pdiëtjefs qua umf grfm
cdrkfejõm pdiëtjef md drjamtfhf nf-
ejf ai eamtrd. Êstf sõid puaha fspjrfr
f vamear pdr kfydrëf f`sdiutf sj
qujara gd`armfr acaetjvfkamta yf
qua, hfhd ai kfxjkfijskd ha su prd-
grfkf, md edmsjgua edmstrujr umf
fijfmzf kfydrjtfrjf am tdrmd f së y
quahf edmhamfhf f if dpdsjejõm sjs-
takætjef.
Edm asta kfred ha fmæijsjs hjmækjed
ha ids sjstakfs ha pfrtjhds, sjm ak-
`frgd, tfk`jêm puaham sar jkpdr-
tfmtas ids paquaöds p frtjhds rfhjef-
ias pdrqua, fumqua md hastfefm mj
pdr tfkföd mj pdr efpfejhfh ha ed-
ijgfrsa, hjcjeuitfm qua ai rastd ha
cdrkfejdmas sa kdharam< ha nfearid,
edrram ai paijgrd ha parhar ids vdtds
kæs jhadidgjzfhds am cfvdr ha astds
paquaöds grupds qua deupfm ids ax-
trakds hai aspaetrd pdiëtjed. Astf
tamhamejf, edmdejhf edkd eamtrëcu-
gf d pd ifrjzfhf, sa nf ftrj`ujhd trf-
hjejdmfikamta f ids sjstakfs kui-
tjpfrtjhjstfs kjamtrfs qua, sagÿm
Hdwms, am umf sjtufejõm `jpfrtjhjs-
tf if raifejõm as eamtrëpatf pdrqua
sa edkpjta sd`ra if paquaöf pdrejõm
ha aiaetdras jmtarkahjds qua ha-
ejham ai rasuitfhd cjmfi.
Md d`stfmta, am hatarkjmfhfs ejreums-
tfmejfs hdmha ifs asejsjdmas jhadiõ-
] 8
gjefs sdm kÿitjpias, ai kuitjpfrtj-
hjskd md sjgmjcjef pdifrjzfejõm hai
prdeasd pdiëtjed sjmd, kæs `jam fi
edmtrfrjd, d`ijgfejõm ha ifs kÿitj-
pias êijtas pfrtjhjstfs ha edmsamsufr
ifs haejsjdmas. Astf pfutf as if p rd-
pjf ha ids sjstakfs edmsdejfejdmf-
jas* hdmha, sj sa qujara prasarvfr if
pfz sdejfi hamtrd ha um edmtaxtd
kuy natardgêmad, md nfy kæs raka-
hjd qua edmeartfr Ids prdgrfkfs y
cdrkfr grfmhas edfijejdmas. Rdr tfm-
td, nfy qua raiftjvjzfr if edmeiusjõm
fprasurfhf qua dtdrgf f ids kuitj-
pfrtjhjskds umf gd`armfejõm jmastf-
`ia y f ids `jpfrtjhi kds umf kfydr
prdpamsjõm f kfmtamar ai aqujij`rjd
pdiëtjed.
s jstakf aiaetdrfi
Edmoumtd ha ra-
gifs y præetjefs qua edmcjgurfm ids
prdeasds aiaetdrfias trfmscdrkfmhd
vdtds* am puastds jmstjtuejdmfias.
Hapamhjamhd ha qua ai d`oatjvd prjd-
rjtfrjd parsagujhd saf if raprasamtf-
ejõm* cjai ha ifs pracaramejfs ha ids
aiaetdras d if cfejijtfejõm hai gd-
`jarmd, suaia hjstjmgujrsa amtra sjs-
takfs prdpdrejdmfias y k fydrjtfrjds.
Ids sagumhds sa efrfetarjzfm pdrqua
am aiids sa sd`ravfidrfm ifs dpejdmas
pracarjhfs pdr if kfydrëf*, fumqua
sõid saf raiftjvf, edm ai cjm ha avjtfr
jmastf`ias sjtufejdmas ha gd`jarmd
am efsd ha qua md puahf cdrkfrsa
umf edfijejõm. Astds sjstakfs parou-
hjefm f ifs kjmdrëfs, am aspaejfi f
ifs md edmeamtrfhfs tarrjtdrjfikam-
ta, pard sa fhuea qua if pêrhjhf ha
piurfijskd pdiëtjed sa edkpamsf pdr
if kaodr jhamtjcjefejõm qua nfea ai
ejuhfhfmd ha if edmaxjõm amtra su
vdtd y Ifs pdiëtjefs prdkdvjhfs pdr
ai aoaeutjvd vameahdr. Fhakæs, am
ragëkamas pfrifkamtfrjds, fi praejd
ha hjskjmujr ai prdtfgdmjskd ha ifs
fsfk`iafs iagjsiftjvfs, ids sjstakfs
kfydrjtfrjds fsagurfm kaodr If fr-
kdmëf amtra ids pdharas. Ua pifskf
am vfrjfhfs kfmjcastfejdmas qua ds-
ejifm amtra ai `rjtæmjed
cjrst pfst tna
pds t
(am ai qua sõid sa tjamam am
euamtf ids fpdyds hai kæs vdtfhd
am efhf hjstrjtd) nfstf ifs kdhfij-
hfhas fustrfijfmf -ha vdtd fitarmf-
tjvd- d crfmeasf -f hd`ia vuaitf-,
hdmha, oumtd f umf pracaramejf sjm-
earf, ai aiaetdr puaha prdmumejfr
umf sagumhf dpejõm tæetjef am efsd
ha qua if prjkarf md fiefmea um ha-
tarkjmfhd uk`rfi.
Ids sjstakfs kfydrjtfrjds sa fpdyfm
mdrkfikamta am ejreumserjpejdmas umj-
mdkjmfias, hdmha sa aijga um ÿmjed
raprasamtfmta, pard tfk`jêm as pd-
sj`ia, edkd deurra am if saiaeejõm
ha ids edkp rdkjsfrjds qua hasjgmfm
fi prasjhamta mdrtfkarjefmd, qua tf-
ias hjstrjtds safm p iurjmdkjmfias. If
edmsjgujamta axfgarfejõm ha ids acae-
tds kfydrjtfrjds qua astd edmiiavf
suaia edrragjrsa, edkd sa nfea am
ifs aiaeejdmas fi Uamfhd aspf ödi, ij-
kjtfmhd ifs efmhjhfturfs qua efhf
ejuhfhfmd puaha vdtfr f um mÿkard
kamdr ha ids puastds am ijzf. Uj if
ijkjtfejõm as tfi qua, edkd am Jr-
ifmhf, sõid as pdsj`ia dptfr pdr umf
efmhjhfturf, sa parkjta if trfmsca-
ramejf ha vdtds am efsd ha qua ai
pracarjhd md d`tamgf ai aseföd.
Ids sjstakfs prdpdrejdmfias, pdr su
pfrta, pratamham qua if vdiumtfh ha
Ids aiaetdras sa trfhuzef kæs cjai-
kamta fumqua, fi jr vjmeuifhf f umf
raifejõm ha mdk`ras prasamtfhf pdr
ids pfrtjhds, ids vdtfmtas pjarhfm
acaetjvd edmtrdi sd`ra sus efmhjhf-
tds (sj `jam, am ids efsds am qua ifs
ijstfs md astæm earrfhfs y `idquaf-
hfs, as pdsj`ia fitarfr ai drham ha ifs
kjskfs d aoarear ai
pfmfenfga,
edm-
caeejdmfmhd umf kazeif). Am astds
efsds, fi sar kæs cæeji qua ifs efmhj-
hfturfs tamgfm êxjtd, sa p dsj`jijtf if
prasamtfejõm ha dpejdmas axtrakjs-
tfs fumqua pdr dtrd ifhd, fi prdkd-
varsa if pfrtjejpfejõm, sa avjtf qua
surofm fetjtuhas eëmjefs nfejf if ha-
kderfejf. Jmeiusd su kæs saöfifhd
hacaetd, if prdpamsjõm f crfgkamtfr
if raprasamtfejõm y f cdrtfiaear ids
pfrifkamtds f edstf ha if gd`armf-
ejõm, puaha fetufr edkd vjrtudsd
jmeamtjvd pfrf if eddparfejõm jmtar-
pfrtjhjstf. Ha naend, fiië hdmha ai
axtrakfhd piurfijskd euiturfi y sd-
ejfi jkpjha qua ifs êijtas pdiëtjefs
puahfm cdrkfr gd`jarmds md fpdyf-
hds pdr umf fkpijf `fsa, axjstam
præetjefs edmsdejfejdmfias qua nf-
eam jmaiuhj`ia if aiaeejõm prdpdrejd-
mfi y, pdr edmsjgujamta, if cdrkfejõm
ha edfijejdmas.
Am tdhd efsd, ha`a saöfifrsa qua axjs-
tam kÿitjpias edk`jmfejdmas ha fk-
`ds tjpds ha sjstakf. Fsë, pdr aoak-
pid, am ai efsd fiakæm if kjtfh ha
ids aseföds sa aijga am hjstrjtds umj-
mdkjmfias y, fi kjskd tjakpd, axjs-
tam ijstfs mfejdmfias euyds kjak-
`rds, hapamhjamhd ha if vdtfejõm
gid`fi, sa vfm fhjejdmfmhd f ids jm-
66 1
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hjvjhufikamta aiagjhds nfstf edmsa-
gujr umf hjstrj`uejõm prdpdrejdmfi
amtra ids pfrtjhds. Xfk`jêm as pd sj-
`ia qua sjstakfs am prjmejpjd prd-
pdrejdmfias, edkd ai akpiafhd pfrf
aiagjr ai Edmgrasd aspfödi, prdhuz-
efm raprasamtfejõm kfydrjtfrjf sj ifs
ejreumserjpejdmas am qua sa hjvjha ai
tarrjtdrjd sdm kuy paquaöfs, axjs-
tam `frrarfs iagfias këmjkfs qua pa-
mfijzfm f ids paquaöds pfrtjhds, d
ifs cõrkuifs kftakætjefs ha edmvar-
sjõm am puastds jmstjtuejdmfias (edkd
ifs edmdejhfs H'Ndmht y, sd`ra tdhd,
Ufjmta-Ifgùa) hatarkjmfm qua ids
rastds ha Ids vdtds akjtjhds cfvd-
razefm f ifs ijstfs kæs fpdyfhfs. Ha
naend, axjstam kÿitjpias præetjefs,
figumfs eifrfkamta crfuhuiamtfs ed-
kd ids rdt tam `drdugns*
d ai gamy-
kfmharjmg*,
hdmha ids sjstakfs aiae-
tdrfias sa kfmjpuifm pfrf cfvdraear
umf hasjgmfejõm edmeratf.
sjstak pdiëtjed
Xêrkjmd usufikam-
ta utjijzfhd pfrf hasjgmfr if pifskf-
ejõm drgfmjzftjvf hai edmoumtd ha jm-
tarfeejdmas astf`ias f trfvês ha ifs
qua sa aoarea if pdiëtjef am um edm-
taxtd ijkjtfhd. As um edmeaptd sj-
kjifr fi ha rêgjkam pdiëtjed*, pdr
eufmtd fiuha f if astrueturf y fi
cumejdmfkjamtd ha ids pdharas pÿ-
`ijeds, pard edm umf edmmdtfejõm
kæs hjmækjef y edkpiaof. If mdejõm
ha sjstakf md sa racjara fjsifhfkam-
ta f ifs jmstjtuejdmas ha gd`jarmd d
fi rastd ha fetdras pdiëtjeds qua jm-
ejham sd`ra aiifs, sjmd f If jmtarha-
pamhamejf hai edmoumtd f pfrtjr ha if
jhaf ha prdeasd pdiëtjed. Qmf vaz
663
feuöfhd, ai edmeaptd cua ræpjhf-
kamta feaptfhd edkd um præetjed
jmstrukamtd pfrf ai astuhjd pdijtd-
iõgjed, yf qua puaha fpijefrsa md
sõid f ids astfhds sjmd tfk`jam f
eufiqujar drgfmjzfejõm pdiëtjef edkd
drgfmjzfejdmas jmtarmfejdmfias, am-
tas idefias d edkumjhfhas trj`fias.
Ujm ak`frgd, ndy sa d`sarvf um ra-
iftjvd hasusd hai kjskd fi edmsj-
harfrid vjmeuifhd f If tadrëf cum-
ejdmfijstf, hdkjmfmta am ids föds
sasamtf, qua fetufikamta nf parhj-
hd vjgdr edkd pfrfhjgkf ejamtëcjed
sdejfi.
If tadrëf gamarfi ha sjstakfs tjama
sus drëgamas am if `jdidgëf y if ej-
`armêtjef, qua hamdkjmf`fm fsë f
tdhd edmoumtd jhamtjcjef`ia ha pfr-
tas jmtarraifejdmfhfs, am edmtfetd
parkfmamta edm ai kahjd am qua vjva
y sdkatjhd f jkpuisds tfmtd jmtar-
mds edkd hai amtdrmd. Ifs jmciuam-
ejfs y ifs rafeejdmas edmsaeuamtas
puaham hfr iugfr f if trfmscdrkfejõm
hai
sjstakf, a jmeiusd su sustjtuejõm
tdtfi, d f if trfmscdrkfejõm
am ai sjs-
takf, eufmhd êsta fetÿf sd`ra ids
kamejdmfhds cfetdras axtarjdras d
jmtarjdras. Ifs kdhjcjefejdmas sa
drjamtfm nfejf if edmsaeuejõm ha um
grfhd sucjejamta ha aqujij`rjd amtra
id qua parkfmaea jmvfrjf`ia y id qua
efk`jf. Astf futdrraguifejõm hai sjs-
takf tjama edkd jmstrukamtd cumhf-
kamtfi if ratrdfijkamtfejõm, qua pdma
am edmtfetd fi edmoumtd edm ifs pfr-
tas ha qua sa edkpdma f trfvês ha
ifs raspuastfs qua êstfs, ` amacjejf-
hfs d parouhjefhfs pdr umf feejõm,
ia hfm f fquêi.
F pfrtjr ha astf fkpijf y f`strfetf
edmeapejõm hai têrkjmd sjstakf, y
hfhd qua as suseaptj`ia ha fpijef-
ejõm f tdhds ids efkpds ha edmdej-
kjamtd, if tadrëf fhqujrjõ pratamsjõm
ha vfijhaz umjvarsfi y cua fhdptfhf
pdr sdejõidgds y pdijtõidgds. Rfr-
sdms y, sd`ra tdhd, Hfvjh Afstdm ax-
pijefrdm eõkd sa aif`drf`fm ifs pd-
iëtjefs pÿ`ijefs f pfrtjr ha um kdhaid
sjkjifr ha rafeejõm hjmækjef, fumqua
tamjamhd am euamtf if jkpdrtfmta
pfrtjeuifrjhfh hai sjstakf pdiëtjed?
astæ ragjhd pdr umf futdrjhfh. Ua-
gÿm astds futd ras, if feejõm hai sjs-
takf sd`ra ai kahjd am ai qua astæ
jmsartd hf iugfr f jmcdrkfejõm qua
as parej`jhf, edkamtfhf y astuhjfhf
pdr if edkumjhfh f trfvês ha ids ka-
hjds ha edkumjefejõm. Rdstarjdr-
kamta, if dpjmjõm pÿ`ijef gamarfhf
hasfrrdiif umf fetjvjhfh ha hakfmhf
fi sjstakf. Fgamtas tfias edkd ids
pfrtjhds pdiëtjeds, Ids grupds ha pra-
sjõm d ids kdvjkjamtds sdejfias fe-
tÿfm edkd cjitrds (d
gftalaapars), yf
qua frtjeuifm, fgragfm y trfmskjtam
asfs hakfmhfs
jmputs) f if kam-
ejdmfhf futdrjhfh. Astf sa edmeratf
am um edkpiaod fpfrftd ha gd`jarmd
(edmsjharfhd umf efof magrf) qua,
edkd pdhar jmstjtuejdmfijzfhd ha i
qua sa hdtf if edkumjhfh, astæ ef-
pfejtfhd pfrf cdrkuifr pdiëtjefs ha
raspuastf
(dutputs).
Astfs haejsjdmas y pdiëtjefs gu`ar-
mfkamtfias puaham feaptfr, ravjsfr
d rapaiar ifs hjstjmtfs hakfmhfs y,
sagÿm if fsjgmfejõm rafijzfhf, sftjs-
cfear d md f ëds hjcaramtas ediaetjvds
f ifs qua sa hjrjgam. Ha fnë if hjvar-
sjhfh edm qua at kahjd fk `jamta ifs
fedga y if edmsjgujamta kfmjcastf-
ejõm ha sftjscfeejõm, jmsftjscfeejõm,
raenfzd d sjkpiakamta jmhjcaramejf.
Efhf umd ha ids tjpds ha rafeejõm
qua sa axparjkamtam hfræ iugfr f
kfydras d kamdras grfhds ha fhna-
sjõm fi sjstakf pdiëtjed. If asefif
rasuitfmta puaha grfhufrsa f pfrtjr
hai fpdyd k fmjcjastd (pfrtjejpfejõm)
y pfsfr prdgrasjvfkamta pdr fpdyd
Iftamta, fpftëf d f`stamejdmjskd y,
cjmfikamta, dpdsjejõm. If hjmækjef
gamarfhf ratrdfijkamtf ai prdeasd
( caah`fel), yf qua if raspuastf gu-
`armfkamtfi f ids prjkards jkpui-
sds prdvdef dtrd pdsjejdmfkjamtd ha
ids grupds fcaetfhds qua vuaiva f
dparfr f kdhd ha
jmput
pfrf qua ai
pdhar prdhuzef muavds
dutputs.
Ifs kdhjcjefejdmas qua sa prdhueam
am ai samd ha ids sjstakfs pdiëtjeds
raspdmham f ids cfetdras axtarmds
(guarrfs, jmvfsjdmas) a jmtarmds (kf-
ydr d kamdr raenfzd qua sa prdhuz-
ef am raifejõm edm ifs haejsjdmas ha
mfturfiazf pdiëtjef qua sa gamaram y
qua puaham iiagfr f prdvdefr ravd-
iuejdmas d gdipas ha Astfhd). Md
d`stfmta, ai amcdqua sjstêkjed fpdr-
tf fi efkpd ha if pdiëtjef ai edm-
vamejkjamtd ha qua if mfturfiazf ha
ids sjstakfs pdsj`jijtf if ij`arfejõm
ha tamsjdmas, gamarfmhd ai raaqujij-
`rjd y fsagurfmhd if umjhfh edmtj-
mufhf ha ifs pfrtas. Astf edmaxjõm
hai amcdqua edm ai cumejdmfijskd as
id qua ia n f iiavfhd f raej`jr erëtjefs
md sõid ejamtëcjefs, puas if prakjsf
ha qua tdhd sjstakf tjama umf kj-
sjõm qua eukpijr as kuy hjseutj`ia,
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sd`arfmëf
sdejfihakderfejf
sjmd tfk`jêm jhadidgjzfhfs, yf qua
if ndkadstfsjs prdeifkfhf puaha
sarvjr pfrf oustjcjefr ai jmkdvjijskd.
ha ids jmtagrfmtas ha If mfejõm. Md
d`stfmta, êstf sa amtjamha ha cdrkf
f`strfetf y axprasf su vdiumtfh pdr
kahjd ha um euarpd aiaetdrfi ras-
trjmgjhd f ifs eifsas `urguasfs.
Ai hasfrrdiid hai ij`arfijskd njzd
pifmtafr prdmtd if Ijkjtfejõm ha if
sd`arfmëf mfejdmfi f ids prdpjatf-
rjds. Êstds sa dpusjardm f if axtam-
sjõm hai mÿkard ha sus hapdsjtfrjds
fiagfmhd qua fsë sa parvartjrëf if
jhaf ha raprasamtfejõm edmoumtf ha
ids samtjkjamtds a jmtarasas ediaetj-
vds ha um p fës, jmeiuyamhd ifs gama-
rfejdmas pfsfhfs y cuturfs, qua md
axjgëf if pfrtjejpfejõm acaetjvf ha
tdhds tds nf`jtfmtas am eufiqujar kd-
kamtd hatarkjmfhd. Ifs edrrjamtas
hakderftjzfhdrfs hai sjgid xjx raeif-
kfrdm sjm ak`frgd ai sucrfgjd umj-
varsfi y if muavf hacjmjejõm ha sd-
`arfmëf rasuitfmta pfsõ f edmsjharfr
edkd cuamta y drjgam ha tdhd pdhar
astftfi f if gamarfijhfh hai pua`id y
md f umf saiaeejõm aspaeëcjef ha êsta.
Fsë, am Ifs hakderfejfs edmtakpdræ-
mafs, ai naend ha qua if sd`arfmëf
saf pdpuifr dtdrgf fi Astfhd if iagj-
tjkjhfh sd`ra If qua `fsf su fetuf-
ejõm.
Rard ai prjmejpjd md sjrva sõid pfrf
ragjr jmtarmfkamta if edkumjhfh,
sjmd qua tjama umf prdyaeejõm cram-
ta fi axtarjdr qua am ai pfsfhd sa ax-
prasf`f f trfvês ha if guarrf d if pfz
y ndy sa pifskf, sd`ra tdhd, am if
prdnj`jejõm ha jmoaramejfs axtrfmoarfs
am ids fsumtds prdpjds. If sd`arfmëf
as amtdmeas um edmeaptd ourëhjed pd-
iëtjed prdpjd ha Ifs raifejdmas jmtar-
mfejdmfias y supdma if jmhapamham-
ejf hai Astfhd edkd ÿmjed suoatd edm
pdhar ha haejsjõm futõmdkf am ai
æk`jtd ha sus edkpatamejfs. Ai edm-
oumtd ha astfhds sd`arfmds gufrhfm
fsë raifejdmas raeëprdefs ha jgufihfh
cdrkfi am um edmtaxtd fmærqu jed, fi
md axjstjr futdrjhfhas sup rfmfejdmf-
ias. Ha naend, if ÿmjef raguifejõm
gid`fikamta feaptfhf ha if pdiëtjef
jmtarmfejdmfi as praejsfkamta if sd-
`arfmëf, id qua nfea qua mjmgumf
d`ijgfejõm sa puahf jkputfr f um
Astfhd sjm su p ravjd edmsamtjkjamtd.
Md d`stfmta, if sd`arfmëf edkd p rjm-
ejpjd jmtagrfhdr hatarkjmfmta y aia-
kamtd mueiafr hai drhamfkjamtd jm-
tarmfejdmfi quahf kftjzfhf pdr if
axjstamejf ha drgfmjzfejdmas jmtar-
mfejdmfias qua fhqujaram ai aoarejejd
ha ejartfs edkpatamejfs. Fumqua
tfk`jêm am asds efsds ai Astfhd
suaia edmtrdifr ai prdeasd ha tdkf
ha haejsjdmas (grfejfs f if umfmjkj-
hfh, ai edmsamsd d ai haraend ha
vatd) y pravjfkamta nf parkjtjhd
qua if gastjõm sa ftrj`uyf f asta fe-
tdr, id ejartd as qua su axjstamejf tj-.
kjtf if ij`artfh f`sdiutf astftfi.
Kæs fÿ m, if axjstamejf ha um mÿeiad
ha
jus edgam
jkparftjvd a jmhardgf-
`ia edmtrfstf edm ai prjmejpjd gama-
rfi ha qua ifs mdrkfs jmtarmfejdmfias
ha`am astfr vdiumtfrjfkamta edm-
samtjhfs. Cdrds edkd if DMQ pdhrëfm
edmvartjrsa am futdrjhfhas axtarmfs
qua prdhuzefm mdrkfs ha feaptf-
ejõm d`ijgftdrjf, fum sjm at edmsam-
tjkjamtd astftfi, pard asta hasfrrd-
iid hai iifkfhd haraend ha jmoaramejf
astæ fÿm kuy edmhjejdmfhd. Uõid ifs
drgfmjzfejdmas qua pratamham if jm-
tagrfejõm suprfmfejdmfi am ejartds
æk`jtds, edkd if Qmjõm Aurdpaf, ra-
prasamtfm um aoakpid raiftjvfkamta
fk`jejdsd ha hasfcjd f if jhaf ha sd-
`arfmëf am su feapejõm eiæsjef. Eif-
rd qua, edm jmhapamhamejf ha ifs
prdeifkfejdmas ourëhjefs, ifs raif-
ejdmas pdiëtjefs jmtarmfejdmfias së
qua hakuastrfm edm tdhf su eruhazf
ifs varhfharfs Ijkjtfejdmas ha if sd-
`arfmëf. Ifs hjcaramejfs ha efpfejhfh
aedmõkjef y kjijtfr, if jmtarhapam-
hamejf edkarejfi d ai f eeasd prjvjia-
gjfhd ha ejartfs pdtamejfs f ids ra-
eursds mfturfias sdm camõkamds qua
kuastrfm if cjeejõm jhadiõgjef ha if
jhaf.
sdejfihakderfejf Xëtuid fhdptfhd
pdr ids prjkards pfrtjhds sdejfijs-
tfs* am Pusjf d Fiakfmjf, fumqua if
kdharfejõm jhadiõgjef pfuiftjmf qua
tjama iugfr am ai sagumhd efsd nf
naend qua ai têrkjmd sa jhamtjcjqua
edm if hdetrjmf pdiëtjef qua pratamha
frkdmjzfr if hakfmhf ha jgufihfh
sdejfi edm ai raspatd f if ij`artfh. jm-
hjvjhufi. Am edmsaeuamejf, if sde jfi-
hakderfejf fhkjta edkd pfrta ha su
prdgrfkf if hacamsf ha ids haraends
cumhfkamtfias y, fumqua prdpugmf
um cuarta jmtarvamejdmjskd astftfi
qua edrrjof jmoustjejfs aedmõkjefs,
md pratamha f`dijr ai karefhd mj if
prdpjahfh. Ids pfrtjhds pdiëtjeds
jmspjrfhds pdr astfs jhafs md kfxj-
kfijstfs sdm, am kuends efsds, ids
narahards ha fquêiids qua sa kfmtu-
vjardm am if Uagumhf Jmtarmfejdmfi y
md saeumhfrdm if asejsjõm edkumjs-
tf ha 6:6:.
66 :
s d` arfm ë f Eftagdrëf eamtrfi am if
tadrëf eiæsjef hai Astfhd* qua supd-
ma if axjstamejf ha um pdh ar cjmfi a
jijkjtfhd qua rjga, am edmsaeuamejf,
if edkumjhfh pdiëtjef. Ai prjmejpjd
ha sd`arfmëf nf sjhd fhfptfhd f ifs
hakderfejfs fetufias pfrf qua ax-
prasa ai kdkamtd pdiëtjed cumhfmta
am ai qua ids ejuhfhfmds, sjm mjmgu-
mf futdrjhfh pravjf mj suparjdr f
aiids, parkjtam f ids pdharas pÿ`ij-
eds qua aoarzfm edkd tfias.
Uus prjkards tadrjzfhdras, @dhjm y
Nd``as, if hacjmjardm edkd if
supra-
kf pdtastfs
«ai pdhar f`sdiutd y
parpatud ha umf rapÿ`ijef¼ qua sa
kfmjcjastf am if cumejõm ha prdkui-
gfr iayas, ha fmuifr edstuk` ras, ha
haeifrfr if guarrf y ha magdejfr if
pfz. Rfrf Nd`` as, if sd`arfmëf mfea
f pfrtjr ha um pfetd cjetjejd pdr ai
qua ai pdhar ha if sd ejahfh, jmjejfi-
kamta am kfmds ha ids jmhjvjhuds,
sa amfoamf am cfvdr hai Iavjftnfm (As-
tfhd) qua quahf p arsdmjcjefhd am um
sd`arfmd qua iagjsif, ouzgf, mdk`rf
cumejdmfrjds, raedkpamsf y efstjgf.
Rfrf Pdussafu, tfk`jêm hamtrd ha
ifs tadrëfs pfetjstfs fumqua sjm jm-
tamejõm oustjcjefhdrf hai f`sdiutjs-
kd*, if sd`arfmëf sa aqujpfrf f if
sukf ha ifs vdiumtfhas jmhjvjhufias.
As astf muavf edmeapejõm if qua
parkjta um frtjcjejd cjidsõcjed pdiëtj-
ed pdr ai qua ai prjmejpjd iagjtjkf-
hdr hai Fmtjgud Pêgjkam hasfpfraea
y sa raedmdea if sd`arfmëf am kfmds
r
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sdejfihakderfejf
sd sk
m prjmejpjd su kfrxjskd* arf kæs
drtdhdxd yf qua raenfzf`fm, edkd
ftfod jmhasaf`ia, if vëf ravdiuejdmf-
rjf `dienavjqua d ai iavfmtfkjamtd
prdpugfmhd pdr ids
aspfrtfqujstfs
ha Pdsf Iuxak` urgd. If astrftagjf
astrueturfijstf hai prdgrfkf ha Ar-
curt pfsf`f pdr fee ahar fi gd`jarmd
f trfvês ha ids kaefmjskds aiaetd-
rfias prdpjds hai sjstakf jmstjtuejd-
mfi ij`arfi pfrf, umf vaz fiië, jmstfu-
rfr if hjetfhurf hai prdiatfrjfhd. Fi
feaptfr astf vëf pfrf edmqujstfr ai
pdhar, if sdejfihakderfejf sa f`def-
`f ha naend fi ravjsjdmjskd, raenf-
zfhd pdr Lfutsly pard fiamtfhd pdr
@armstajm y ids c f` j fm ds
jmgiasas. Z
as qua If jkpdsj`jijhfh ha fiefmzfr
if kfydrëf, am umf Aurdpf deejham-
tfi kamds pdifrjzfhf ha id qua Kfrx
nf`ëf prdmdstjefhd, ia njzd `usefr
ids vdtds amtra ifs eifsas kahjfs y
ramumejfr cjmfikamta f ifs prdpuas-
tfs rfhjefias.
Am if sagumhf pdsguarrf kumhjfi sa
fhdptf hacjmjtjvfkamta ai grfhuf-
ijskd prfgkætjed, edkd quahf sjk-
`dijzfhd edm ai edmgrasd ha @fh
Gdhas`arg, hdmha ai pfrtjhd sdejfi-
hakõerftf fiakæm kfref ai efkjmd
ha if kdharfejõm.
pfrtjr ha asa
kdkamtd, if pdiëtjef aedmõkjef ha-
camhjhf as ai jmtarvamejdmjskd prd-
puastd pdr Laymas qua, iaods ha
eufiqujar ftjs`d ravdiuejdmfrjd, pra-
tamhëf jkpuisfr if hakfmhf pfrf
sfivfr ai crægji saetdr prdhuetjvd hai
kumhd efp jtfijstf. If axjtdsf astrf-
tagjf ha eraejkjamtd cjsefi, edm-
sjstamta am gfstd pÿ`ijed cjmfmejfhd
pdr jkpuastds p rdgrasjvds d hauhf
hai Astfhd, parkjtjõ md sõid if
sd -
e jf i jzfe jõm ha i edmsuk d
sjmd tfk-
`jêm erafr ai Astfhd hai `jamastfr*,
qua tjama su kæs fvfmzfhf pifskf-
ejõm am ai kdhaid asefmhjmfvd. Edm
astds idgrds sa edmsaguëf if hasafhf
sëmtasjs ha ij`artfh ha akprasf y ra-
hjstrj`uejõm hjrjgjhf, f if qu a sa fs-
pjrf`f tfmtd pdr jkparftjvd êtjed
edkd pdr ifs vamtfofs fgragfhfs qua
rapdrtf if astf`jijhfh.
Hasha ids föds denamtf, sjm ak`fr-
gd, if sdejfihakderfejf nf ha amcram-
tfrsa f muavds ratds. Rdr um ifhd,
if jmsdstamj`jëjhfh ha ids hêcjejts
prasupuastfrjds y ha if jmcifejõm
d`ijgfm f rapifmtafr ifs hjkamsjd-
mas ha um saetdr pÿ`ijed jmacjefz y
qua yf md as efpf z ha gamarfr ak-
piad. Rdr dtrd, If efëhf hai `idqua
sdvjêtjed feaiarf ai trjumcd ha um
muavd pfrfhjgkf, hdkjmfmta am aed-
mdkëf y pdiëtjef, drjamtfhd fi kar-
efhd y fi jmhjvjhud. Ids sdejfihakõ-
erftfs ha`am amtdmeas fhfptfrsa f
if jmtarmfejdmfijzfejõm ha if edkp a-
tjtjvjhfh, qua nfea kamds acaetjvds
y maeasfrjds ids kfreds edrpdrftj-
vds* ha raifejõm amtra Astfhd y sd-
ejahfh (y ha p frtjejpfejõm ha ids trf-
`fofhdras am if gastjõm akprasfrjfi)
f ids
qua sa nf`ëf edmcjfhd hurfmta
ai parëdhd laymasjfmd.
Rard am astf sjtufejõm ha fpframta
piurfijskd y gid`fijzfejõm, if sdejfi-
hakderfejf pfraea nf`ar suparfhd ai
prasfgjfhd haeijva. Ha naend, fi edk-
`jmfrsa ai haserêhjtd hai jgufijtfrjs-
kd futd rjtfrjd edm ai vjgdr ha if as-
ejsjõm jhadiõgjef sdejdaedmõkjef, ai
saetdr fhserjtd f if jzqujarhf* pfra-
ea fgrupfrsa am tdrmd f su racdrkjs-
kd. If jhadidgëf, qua sjgua edmou-
gfmhd prfgkftjskd y prdkdejõm ha
if oustjejf, md ramumejf fi eraejkjam-
td pard fspjrf f hakdstrfr qua êsta
as kæs acaetjvd sj sa astf`iaeam
ejartfs prjdrjhfhas am if prdhueejõm
qua prdkuavfm if jgufifejõm sdejfi.
Iaods hai ha`fta aedmõkjed, tfi y
edkd fpumtf ai ÿitjkd Pfw is, if sd-
ejfihakderfejf fetufi tjama tfk`jêm
hjcjeuitfhas pfrf ramdvfr su jgufi-
kamta eiæsjef edkpftj`jijhfh amtra
ij`arfijskd* y edkumjtfrjskd*. Fha-
kæs ha If trfhjejdmfi aqujpfrfejõm ha
astfs hds jmspjrfejdmas edm, raspae-
tjvfkamta, ij`artfh y eddparfejõm
sdijhfrjf, nf surgjhd if maeasjhfh ha
jmtagrfr ai raspatd f ifs kjmdrëfs
euiturfias. Ha asta kdhd, sjm ak`fr-
gd, pfraea quah fr hasfcjfhd ai umj-
varsfijskd, qua tfk`jêm as pfrta ha
su pftrjkdmjd jhadiõgjed.
sdejfi jskd
Edrrjamta ha pamsfkjam-
td hdtfhf ha umf jmcjmjhfh ha ax-
prasjdmas jhadiõgjefs edmeratfs qua
vjamam f edjmejhjr am if `ÿ squahf ha
if jgufihfh amtra ids ndk`ras qua,
amtra aiids, sdm ‘d ha`arëfm sar‘ sd-
ejds y md id`ds. R frf tfi cjm, su prjm-
ejpfi jmstrukamtd edmsjsta am if sus-
tjtuejõm, kæs d kamds rfh jefi, ha if
ij`artfh jmhjvjhufi y If prdpjahfh
prjvfhf pdr if edk umjhfh sdijhfrjf y
if ediaetjvjzfejõm ha ids kahjds ha
prdhueejõm.
Fumqua f kamuhd sa nf pratamhjhd
aoarear ai sdejfijskd edm if edkpf-
öëf ha jmgrahjamtas mfejdmfijstfs, as
umf hdetrjmf qua, am prjmejpjd, par-
sjgua if umjõm ha tdhds ids d`rards
hai kumhd y ha fnë qua am ids ÿitj-
kds hds sjgids sa nfyf pifskfhd am
euftrd hjstjmtfs fsdejfejdmas jmtar-
mfejdmfias (sjamhd if Rrjkarf if cum-
hfhf pdr Kfrx y if Eufrtf if hai
trdtsljskd* ravdiuejdmfrjd).
Am acaetd, ai têrkjmd nf sjhd usfhd
pdr ai kfrxjskd*, tfmtd am su ax-
prasjõm taõrjef edkd am su pifskf-
ejõm hdetrjmfi, fumqua ai kdvjkjam-
td pdiëtjed rfhjefikamta jgufijtfrjd
qua kæs sa prdeifkf narahard ha
Kfrx pracjrjõ fhdptfr if atjquatf ed-
kumjstf* am tdrmd f if iifkfhf Xar-
earf Jmtarmfejdmfi. Rdr ai edmtrfrjd,
ids pfrtjhds sdejfijstfs, mdrkfikam -
ta kæs jkpdrtfmtas am Ifs hakderf-
ejfs deejhamtfias, edrraspdmharëfm f
asf jzqujarhf* eiæsjef (f kamuhd
vjmeuifhf fi sjmhjefijskd ha eifsa)
qua md sa dpdma f ejartds fspaetds
hai Ij`arfijskd* y hai efpjtfijskd*.
Ai grfhufijskd sdejfihakõerftf* ha
if Uagumhf Jmtarmfejdmfi as ai kæs
parcaetd aoakpid ha fhdpejõm ha If
jhaf ha sdejfijskd, tfm fkpijfkamta
ravjsfhf qua feaptf ejartfs `dmhf-
has hai karefhd.
Ha naend, ai sdejfijskd utõpjed ha
Ufjmt-Ujkdm am ai sjgid xde, qua jms-
pjrõ ai usd kdharmd hai edmeaptd,
sa efrfetarjzf`f kæs pdr ai jhafi ha
crftarmjhfh qua pdr ai ha jgufihfh.
Xfi êmcfsjs nfea qua if ij`artfh ha
efhf kjak`rd ha if edkumjhfh md
hasfpfrazef maeasfrjfkamta y, ha
fnë, if eiæsjef hacjmjejõm hai kdvj-
kjamtd qua pfrf Iduels «fspjrf f
edmcarjr f if sdejahfh edka um tdhd,
am vaz ha f ids jmhjvjhuds, if prd-
if
jf
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sdejahfh
ejvj
pjahfh y if fhkjmjstrfejõm ha tdhds
ids `jamas yf safm erafhds pdr ai
ndk`ra d pdr If mfturfiazf, edm
ai prdpõsjtd ha qua tds jmerakamtds
rasuitfmtas ha if ramtf mfejdmfi safm
hjstrj`ujhds ha cdrkf kæs aqujtftj-
vf< sjm pdr aiid hastrujr if kdtjvf-
ejõm aedmõkjef hai jmhjvjhud, su ij-
`artfh ha akpiad d su aiaeejõm ha
edmsukd.¼
s de j ahfh e j v ji
Xêrkjmd edm ai qua
sa nfea fiusjõm f jmstjtuejdmas sd-
ejfias tfias edkd ids karefhds d ifs
fsdejfejdmas vdiumtfrjfs, qua deu-
pfm umf pdsjejõm jmtarkahjf amtra
ai Astfhd y if cfkjijf. As haejr, sd-
ejahfh ejvji sarëf, am gamarfi, tf as-
carf pÿ`ijef qua astæ cuarf, ha cdrkf
piamf d kjtjgfhf, hai edmtrdi hjraetd
pdr pfrta hai fp frftd ha gd`jarmd.
Ids taõrjeds hai. edmeaptd suaiam ijgfr
su hasfrrdiid fi prdgrasd aedmõkjed
y hakderætjed ha umf hatarkjmfhf
edkumjhfh pdiëtjef, pard as hjcjeji
astf`iaear if raifejõm efusfi qua uma
fk`ds camõkamds. Hasha umf pars-
paetjvf ij`arfi*, sa su`rfyf if raia-
vfmejf hai cidraejkjamtd hai efpjtf-
ijskd am um tarrjtdrjd edkd prakjsf
pfrf qua erazef umf sdejahfh ejvji,
varta`rfhf sd`ra at raspatd f if ij-
`artfh, qua supuastfkamta gfrfmtj-
zf if edmsdijhfejõm hakderætjef. Rdr
su pfrta, ifs edmeapejdmas edkumj-
tfrjstfs* raiftjvjzfm if jkpdrtfmejf
hai aiakamtd karefmtji a jmhjvjhuf-
00
ijstf y fpumtfm f if axjstamejf ha um
rêgjkam pdiëtjed md futdrjtfrjd d f
trfhjejdmas sdejfias pfrtjejpftjvfs
edkd cfetdras qua fijamtfm if fp frj-
ejõm ha drgfmjzfejdmas vdiumtfrjfs
qua aiavfm if
efi jhfh
ha if hakderf-
ejf.
Fk`ds pumtds ha vjstf, am tdhd
efsd, edjmejham am saöfifr ifs vam-
tfofs ha if futdmdkëf ha umf sde ja-
hfh piurfijstf edm raspaetd fi. Astf-
hd*, y ha fnë qua pratamhfm ijkjtfr
ai prdtfgdmjskd ha êsta. If raspuas-
tf ha if tadrëf hai Astfhd sa nf `f-
sfhd am su`rfyfr ai efræetar jmtrëm-
saeftmamta agdëstf ha if sdejahfh
ejvji, am pfif`rfs ha Nagai, d ai ra-
suitfhd jmoustd fi qua edmhuea ai
utjijtfrjskd ij`arfi pdr pratamhar,
sagÿm Laisam, if caijejhfh hai kfydr
mÿkard p dsj`ia ha jmhjvjhuds ramum-
ejfmhd f if caijejhfh ha ids jmhjvj-
huds kamds fcdrtumfhds, qua sõid
um Astfhd cuarta y rfejdmfijstf pd-
hrëf gfrfmtjzfr. Qm fmæijsjs njstõrjed
edkpfrfhd kuastrf, md d`stfmta,
qua ifs raifejdmas amtra Astfhd y sd-
ejahfh ejvji md suaiam sar ha sukf
eard sjmd qua, hapamhjamhd ha if
edmcjgurfejõm jmtarmf hai Astfhd (jm-
crfastrueturfi d pdijejfi) y su pdsjejõm
am ai sjstakf jmtarmfejdmfi (prdyae-
ejõm edkarejfi d `êijef), if jmtarfe-
ejõm puaha sar kutufkamta p dsjtjvf
d magftjvf.
sucrfgjd vêfsa vdtd.
taderfejf
Drhamfkjamtd pdiëtjed sa-
gÿm ai eufi, ai gd`jarmd as aoarejhd
pdr jmhjvjhuds qua sa supdmam hj-
raetfkamta vjmeuifhds am raifejõm
prjvjiagjfhf edm Hjds. Edkd aoak-
pids puaham ejtfrsa figumds pfësas
jsiækjeds y, am ai kumhd erjstjfmd,
if Gjma`rf ha Efivjmd d ids Astfhds
Rdmtjcjejds. Ai frgukamtd ha qua Ifs
varhfhas ravaifhfs md sa puaham efk-
`jfr pdr kfydrëfs hakderætjefs par-
kjta qua ai pdhar sa kfmtamgf `fod
ai edmtrdi ha ejartfs efstfs sfearhd-
tfias.
tadr ëf ha ouag ds Edmeaptd vjmeuif-
hd fi amcdqua ha
rftjdmfi endjea*, qua
parkjta ai astuhjd cdrkfijzfhd hai
cumejdmfkjamtd ha if jmtarfeejõm pd-
iëtjef fi fpijefr f êstf prasumejdmas
prdpjfs ha if edmhuetf aedmõkjef.
Edm asta pfrfiaijskd ha edkpdrtf-
kjamtds osa puaha raprdhuejr if rafij-
hfh usfmhd kdhaids qua, raifejdmfm-
hd edmeaptds `æsjeds, if sjkpijcjefm.
Ai kdhaid fmfijzf kftakætjefkamta
ai prdeasd ha tdkf ha haejsjdmas am
um edmtaxtd hfhd y edm hatarkjmf-
hfs ragifs hai ouagd. Uu utjijhfh rf-
hjef am if pdsj`jijhfh ha eufmtjcjefr
ids jmtarasas amcramtfhds ha ids hjs-
tjmtds fetdras edmeurramtas y ifs edm-
saeuamejfs qua tjama pfrf aiids if
saiaeejõm ha umf u dtrf fitarmftjvf
astrftêgjef (eddparfejõm d edmcijetd).
If tadrëf ha ouagds, pasa f iifkfrsa
fsë, as kæs `jam um jmstrukamtd pfrf
rapijefr ifs sjtufejdmas pdiëtjefs ha
jmtarhapamhamejf, jhafijzæmhdifs mu-
kêrjefkamta. Ids ouagds ha sjtufejõm
fsukam qua ids jmtarvjmjamtas am ai
prdeasd sa edkpdrtfm rfejdmfikam-
ta, tamjamhd am euamtf ids raeursds
ha ids hakæs, edm ai d`oatjvd ÿitj-
kd ha k fxjkjzfr su pdhar. Ai rasui-
tfhd ha If jmtarfeejõm as ai edmoumtd
ha haejsjdmas y, astuhjfmhd êstfs, sa
puaham astf`iaear ifs gfmfmejfs par-
ej`jhfs pdr efhf ougfhdr jmhjvjhufi.
Xamjamhd am euamtf astfs efrfetarës-
tjefs, ai kêtdhd as efpfz ha fhjvj-
mfr pdsj`ias sdiuejdmas qua ha`arëfm
edjmejhjr edm sjtufejdmas ha aqujij-
`rjd hdmha axjsta um rapfrtd rfzdmf-
`ia ha gfmfmejfs. Ai hasfrrdiid hai
ouagd astæ jmciujhd pdr if axjstamejf
d md ha jmcdrkfejõm parcaetf sd`ra
ai rastd ha fetdras y ha êsta puaham
rasuitfr sjtufejdmas ha sukf eard
(am ifs qua Ifs pêrhjhfs ha umds
aqujvfiam f ifs gfmfmejfs ha dtrds),
ha sukf pdsjtjvf (tdhds gfmfm) d ha
sukf magftjvf (tdhds pjarham).
Qmd ha ids aoakpids kæs fsjhuf-
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trfmsjejõm
rrjr am if fr`jtrfrjahfh, y mjagf qua
saf pdsj`ia fpaifr f if Iay hjvjmf d f
if rasjstamejf iagëtjkf. AI Astfh d as
ai suprakd raetdr ha tdhds ids æk-
`jtds y Ids fspaetds vjtfias, y md
puaha axjstjr, pdr tfmtd, mjmgÿm dtrd
pdhar mj prjmejpjd suparjdr qua id ia-
gjtjka y edmhjejdma.
trfmsjejõm
Rrdeasd ha sustjtuejõm ha
um rêgjkam pdiëtjed futdrjtfrjd pdr
dtrd hakderætjed. Fumqua ai têrkj-
md am su samtjhd kæs fkp ijd pdhrëf
fpijefrsa f eufiqujar camõkamd ha
trfmscdrkfejõm, sa rasarvf pfrf ha-
sjgmfr fi parëdhd raiftjvfkamta `ra-
va qua euikjmf edm if jmstfurfejõm
ha if hakderfejf*, fumqua md edm-
iiavf maeasfrjfkamta if edmsdijhf-
ejõm ha if kjskf. Ai astuhjd pdijtd-
iõgjed ha ifs trfmsjejdmas sa nf vjstd
cfvdraejhd pdr if pdsj`jijhfh ha edk-
pfrfr amtra efsds fi nf`arsa prd-
huejhd raejamtakamta umf tarearf
tamhamejf hakderftjzfhdrf edkÿm
(Aurdpf k ahjtarræmaf, Fkêrjef If-
tjmf, Aurdpf hai Asta) qua jmeiusd
suparf if fmtarjdr dif sjkuitæmaf ha
ids föds euframtf (am Aurdpf deej-
hamtfi, Jmhjf y Ofpõm) y if fÿm kæs
rakdtf hjcusjõm qua tuvd iugfr ha
67>: f 6: 68 am ejartds pfësas aurd-
pads y fkarjefmds.
Ifs trfmsjejdmas puaham drjgjmfrsa
pdr um sueasd rupturjstf pard as kæs
craeuamta amedmtrfr prdeasds qua
asqujvfm ids hasfrrdiids ravdiuejd-
mfrjds y kfmtjamam if kdharfejõm.
Ifs vfrjf`ias mdrkfikamta akpiaf-
hfs pfrf axpijefr astds efk`jds ha
rêgjkam pdiëtjed puaham sar astrue-
~
turfias, am ifs qua sa su`rfyf if jk-
pdrtfmejf ha ifs trfmscdrkfejdmas
pravjfs gid`fias, d edyumturfias, qua
edmsjharfm sd`ra tdhd ai pfpai ha
Ifs êijtas d ids kdvjkjamtds ha kf-
sfs am ai kdkamtd ha if trfmsjejõm.
If axpijefejõm kæs astrueturfi sa
edkpdma, f su vaz, ha cfetdras pdië-
tjeds, f pfrtjr hai edmsamsd jhadiõ-
gjed prdgrasjvd qua pracjara if ha-
kderfejf deejhamtfi f if fitarmftjvf
edkumjstf, y sdejaedmõkjeds. If
trfmscdrkfejõm aedmõkjef tjama qua
var, pfrfhõojefkamta, edm ai jmtamtd
ha ifs hjetfhurfs ha prdeurfr um ka-
odr ramhjkjamtd kftarjfi, id qua ias
nfea jmeijmfrsa pdr ejartfs racdrkfs
jmspjrfhfs am ai efpjtfijskd ij`arfi
y ai Astfhd hai `jamastfr, qua jm-
eamtjvfm if hakderftjzfejõm. Ai era-
ejkjamtd cdkamtf ai hasfrrdiid ha
if kdharmjzfejõm, if sdejahfh ejvji,
if ahuefejõm y if ur`fmjzfejõm, edm
ids edmsjgujamtas efk`jds euiturf-
ias qua hasrfhjefijzfm f if pd` ifejõm
y fef`fm edm ai futdrjtfrjskd edtj-
hjfmd.
Kæs edyumturfi, fumqua tfk`jêm edm-
hjejõm maeasfrjf, as ai pfpai eifva
ha ids iëharas pdiëtjeds, kjijtfras y
sjmhjefias. If fetjtuh raspdmsf`ia
y kdharfhf ha ids kjskds, edmsa-
euamejf qujzæs ha ifs trfmscdrkfejd-
mas sdejfias pravjfs, sjrva pfrf cfej-
ijtfr ai prdeasd qua, ha Id edmtrfrjd,
puaha harjvfr am umf ifrgf y edk-
pijefhf edmsdijhfejõm hakderætjef.
Edmaetfhd f astf parspaetjvf kamds
njstõrjef, axjsta um amcdqua jmtarmf-
ejdmfijstf hai camõkamd qua su`rfyf
if jkpdrtfmejf ha cfetdras axtarmds,
edkd if fetjtuh ha ifs grfmhas pd-
tamejfs d ai fpdyd aspaeëcjed ha umf
drgfmjzfejõm jmtarmfejdmfi f if ha-
kderfejf.
trdtsl jskd
Edrrjamta pdiëtjef harj-
vfhf hai kfrxjskd qua ha`a su ha-
mdkjmfejõm fi qua cuarf prasjhamta
hai sdvjat ha Ufm R atars`urgd, Iaõm
Xrdtsly, am ai parjdhd pdstarjdr f if
Pavdiuejõm `dienavjqua*. Ai kdvj-
kjamtd jhadiõgjed pdr êi jmspjrfhd, y
pifskfhd f pfrtjr ha 6:5> am if Eufr-
tf Jmtarmfejdmfi, supusd if prjkarf
asejsjõm am ai samd hai edk umjskd*
y, fumqua sa prasamtf edkd hjvar-
gamejf qua edmej`a fi pfrtjhd ha cdr-
kf md eamtrfijstf, nf astfhd kfref-
hd pdr ai saetfrjskd cramta f sus
prdpjfs cfeejdmas. Ai trdtsljskd ha-
cjamha, cramta f if d rtdhdxjf iamjmjs-
tf y astfijmjstf*, if jhaf ha qua if
Qmjõm Udvjêtjef arf sõid umf cfsa ha
trfmsjejõm am um prdeasd ha ravdiu-
ejõm parkfmamta y kumhjfi.
If tadrëf ha if ravdiuejõm parkf-
mamta, as`dzfhf fmtarjdrkamta pdr
ai prdpjd Kfrx edm hjstjmtd edmtamj-
hd, jkpijef qua If feejõm ha ids trf-
`fofhdras ha`arëf hasak`defr am ai
sdejfijskd* y md ijkjtfrsa f sarvjr
ha sustjtutjvd ha if hak derætjed-`ur-
guasf fiië hdmha md sa nu`jasa fÿm
prdhuejhd. As kæs, edkd ids pfësas
su`hasfrrdiifhds pdhëfm avjtfr if
atfpf efpjtfijstf, Pusjf ha`arëf jk-
puisfr If, axtamsjõm gid`fi ha if ra-
vdiuejõm sjm park jtjr if edaxjstamejf
pfeëcjef. Rfrf fiefmzfr astf sjtufejõm
ha edmtjmuf fcjrkfejõm prdiatfrjf, ai
trdtsljskd hasedmcëf ha If `urderf-
ejf astftfi, qua tjamha f hagamarfr,
y prdpdma, am su Iugfr, if kjijtfrjzf-
ejõm ha ids sjmhjeftds d`rards.
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utdpëf
Edmoumtd ha vfidras qua, fum
feaptfmhd su efræetar hjcjejikamta
rafijzf`ia, sa axpdmam edkd prdgrf-
kf pdiëtjed pfrf ai cuturd. Xdkæs
Kdrd jmtrdhuod ai têrkjmd am if tad-
rëf pdiëtjef fi hasjgmfr fsë su caijz
jsif jkfgjmfrjf y, oumtd f êi, Efk-
pfmaiif d Ufjmt-Ujkdm nfm haserjtd
edkumjhfhas pdiëtjefs jhafias, md
u`jefhfs am Iugfr mj tjakpd hatar-
kjmfhds. Am eufiqujar efsd, tdhfs
ifs jhadidgëfs, fi erjtjefr id axjstam-
ta y prdpdmar umf parspaetjvf cjmfi
ha edmedrhjf sdejfi, tjamam figÿm aia-
kamtd utõpjed.
Ifs hjstjmtfs edmeapejdmas utõpjefs
fspjrfm f erafr um ndk`ra muavd, f
hjvjhjr ifs tfrafs sagÿm safm jmta-
iaetufias d kfmufias, y f qua hasf-
pfrazef if vjdiamejf. Md d`stfmta,
_>
êstds sdm rfsgds craeuamtas pard md
nfy um ÿmjed kdhaid? (6) Fumqua sa
suaia haserj`jr sdejahfhas parcaetfs
am ifs qua as cfetj`ia iiavfr f if præe-
tjef ai jhafi fmærqujed ha fusamejf
ha gd`jarmd, as jgufikamta pdsj`ia
raerafr utdpëfs magftjvfs, edkd nfea
Drwaii am su ij`rd 6:>8, um pfmdrf-
kf ha pasfhjiif tdtfijtfrjf. (0) Cra-
euamtakamta ifs utdpëfs hacjamham if
jgufihfh y If prdpjahfh edkpfrtjhf
ha ids `jamas. (5) Jhadiõgjefkamta
sdm prdpjfs ha ifs eifsas sdejfias fs-
eamhamtas qua prdkuavam umf ravd-
iuejõm, y ha fnë qua suaifm fugurfr
um pdrvamjr frkõmjed, pard tfk`jêm
sa nfm edmea`jhd edkd rafeejõm fi
prdgrasd njstõrjed, raerafmhd jhafij-
zfejdmas ha umf atfpf fmtarjdr.
vjdiamejf pdi ë t jef
Fetds ha hasdr-
gfmjzfejõm, hastrueejõm d hföd eu-
yfs ejreumstfmejfs, cjmfijhfh, vëetj-
kfs y acaetds, tjamam sjgmjcjefejõm
pdiëtjef. Ai tarrdrjskd, am tfmtd qua
cdrkf ha vjdiamejf pdiëtjef, as um ca-
mõkarcd ha drjgam jhadiõgjed qua
utjijzf if aijkjmfejõm y if hastrue-
ejõm ha parsdmfs y `jamas edkd jms-
trukamtd ha hasastf`jijzfejõm y pra-
sjõm fi sjstakf pdiëtjed.
vdift j i jhfh aiaetdrfi
Aiakamtd ha
fmæijsjs hai edkpdrtfkjamtd aiaetd-
rfi qua sjrva p frf hasjgmfr if cjhaijhfh
edm qua ids aiaetdras sa fhserj`am f
um hatarkjmfhd pfrtjhd p diëtjed, d if
cfejijhfh-edm qua hjends fpdyds sa
vdift j i jzfm
nfejf dtrf cdrkfejõm. Am
ids sjstakfs ha pfrtjhds edmsdijhf-
hds ifs Iafitfhas nfeam qua ids rasui-
tfhds amtra aiaeejdmas vfrëam pded,
pard am dtrds efsds, aspaejfikamta
am ifs hakderfejfs raejêm jmstfurf-
hfs, as pdsj`ia d`sarvfr umf grfm
jmastf`jijhfh hai aiaetdrfhd. Md d`s-
tfmta, edkd ids eiafvfgas*
qua hjvj-
ham pdiëtjefkamta f ifs mfejdmas ras-
pdmham f rfzdmas kæs prdcumhfs, if
vdiftjijhfh amtra `idquas jhadiõ-
gjeds as sjakpra kamdr y fsë, pdr
aoakpid, fumqua um vdtfmta ha jz-
qujarhf haejhf efk`jfr su dpejõm
aiaetdrfi pdr dtrd pfrtjhd, as kæs hj-
cëeji qua tfi ciujhaz sa trfhuzef am
um fpdyd f if haraenf.
vdiumtfh pdi ëtjef
Fetjtuh ha prahjs-
pdsjejõm, pdr pfrta ha ids qua dstam-
tfm hatarkjmfhfs raspdmsf`jijhfhas
pdiëtjefs, f fhdptfr edm prdmtjtuh a
jmtarês aspaejfi umf haejsjõm ha mf-
turfiazf pdiëtjef. F pasfr ha su ef-
ræetar hasjharftjvd, if vdiumtfh pdië-
tjef astæ ëmtjkfkamta raifejdmfhf
edm ai edmeaptd ha dpdrtumjhfh y ai
eæieuid ha ids rasuitfhds pravjsj`ias
qua if haejsjõm edmiiava.
AI edkprdkjsd pdiëtjed sõid supdma
um quarar nfear, pdr id qua am ids
prdgrfkfs ha feejõm pdiëtjef qua
prasamtfm ids hjstjmtds pfrtjhds pd-
iëtjeds y ids gd`jarmds fpfraea ai
têrkjmd ha edkprdkjsd edm if jhaf
ha ftakparfr if cuarzf qua tjama ai
edmeaptd ha vdiumtfh.
vdt d
Jmstrukamtd f trfvês hai eufi
sa kfmjcjastf pdiëtjefkamta if vd-
iumtfh ha um euarpd aiaetdrfi, ax-
prasfmhd umf dpejõm pdr umf p arsd-
mf d umf p rdpuastf. Fumqua puaha
edmsjharfrsa sjmõmjkd-hai edmeaptd
ha sucrfgjd, ai vdtd sa racjara fi fetd
60:
•
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Wastkjms tar kfha₩
vdtd
edmeratd pdr ai qua sa kftarjfijzf If
aiaeejõm*, kjamtrfs qua ai prjkard
jhamtjcjef kæs `jam fi p rdeasd d f if
cfeuitfh hai ejuhfhfmd, amtamhjhf
edkd haraend d edkd cumejõm pÿ`ij-
ef, ha pfrtjejpfr am if kjskf.
Fsë, pdr um ifhd, as edkÿm racarjsa
fi vdtd eufmhd sa ftjamha f if cdrkf
d f ids kahjds akpiafhds hurfmta ai
aoarejejd hai kjskd, jmeiuyamhd if
maeasjhfh d md ha ragjstrfrsa edkd
aiaetdr y If pdsj`jijhfh ha nfearid
pdr edrrad. Rdr id hakæs, axjsta vdtd
jmhjraetd d hjraetd, sj if aiaeejõm
astæ kahjfhf d md pdr raprasamtfm-
tas d edkp rdkjsfrjds< mdkjmfi d sa-
eratd, sj sa ragjstrf d md ai samtjhd
hai vdtd hai aiaetdr< a jgufi d piurfi,
sj sa eukpia d md if prakjsf «um
ndk`ra, um vdtd¼ pdr if qua ifs pra-
caramejfs ha tdhds ids aiaetdras, jm-
hapamhjamtakamta ha su
efi jhfh,
tjamam ai kjskd pasd. Ha fnë qua
suaif hamdkjmfrsa vdtd ha efijhfh
eufmhd um
prjkus jmtar pfras
tjama if
efpfejhfh ha hjrjkjr, am efsd ha ak-
pfta am ids fpdyds, umf aiaeejõm.
Axjsta fhakæs dtrf kdhfijhfh, iif-
kfhf feukuiftjvf, qua md as umf
vfrjfmta hai vdtd piurfi, puas kfm-
tjama if prakjsf ha jgufihfh, pard
am if qua tdhds ids qua id aoaream
euamtfm edm vfrjfs dpejdmas qua pua-
ham rapfrtjr pdr jgufi amtra hjstjmtfs
pracaramejfs d edmeamtrfrids am umf
efmhjhfturf qua sa hasaf pdmharfr.
Eufmhd if vdtfejõm sa aoarea am æk-
`jtds ediagjfhds puaham fpfraear
dtrfs vfrjfmtas paeuijfras edkd ai
pfrtjeuifr y ai aoarejhd pdr feifkf-
ejõm. Ai prjkard sa kfmjcjastf mdr-
kfikamta am Ids õrgfmds hatj`arftj-
vds eufmhd at rasuitfhd hakderætjed
frrdof umf haejsjõm md edkpfrtjhf
pdr figumds ha Ids pfrtëejpas y ês-
tds id utjijzfm pfrf kdstrfr pÿ`ijef-
kamta if hjserapfmejf. If vdtfejõm
sa aoarea pdr feifkfejõm eufmhd ai
prasjhamta ha hatarkjmfhd cdrd edm-
sjharf if feaptfejõm ha umf prd-
puastf edm if k arf d`sarvfejõm hai
fsamtjkjamtd pÿ`ijed ha ids kjak-
`rds qua id edkpdmam.
Rdr dtrd ifhd, sa nf`if ha sucrfgjd
fetjvd d pfsjvd, sagÿm sa n fgf raca-
ramejf f if pfrtjejpfejõm am if aiae-
ejõm d f if edmeurramejf f if kjskf
edkd efmhjhftd< y ha sucrfgjd eam-
sjtfrjd d umjvarsfi, hapamhjamhd ha
sj ai aoarejejd hai vdtd sa rastrjmga d
md f umf eftagdrëf ha ejuhfhfmds.
Ifs tadrëfs ij`arfias ha if sd`arfmëf
mfejdmfi rasarvf`fm if pfrtjejpfejõm
am ifs cumejdmas pÿ`ijefs f qujamas
deupf`fm hatarkjmfhf pdsjejõm sd-
ejdaedmõkjef. Ujm ak`frgd, if jhaf
pdstarjdr ha sd`arfmëf pdpuifr ax-
tjamha, f prjmejpjds hai sjgid xx, tds
haraends ha ejuhfhfmëf f tdhf if pd-
`ifejõm mfejdmfi y kfydr ha ahfh
sjm axeiusjõm aedmõkjef, ahueftjvf
mj, kæs fhaifmta, ha gêmard. Ha asta
kdhd, pfrf edmsjharfr rafikamta ha-
kderætjefs umfs aiaeejdmas ai sucrf-
gjd,
fetjvd y pfsjvd, nf ha sar umj-
varsfi y nf ha gfrfmtjzfrsa qua ai
vdtd aoarejhd saf ij`ra, jgufi y sa-
eratd.
Am ejamejf pdiëtjef, fpfrta ha jmhf-
gfrsa ai pfpai ha ids sjstakfs aiae-
tdrfias* am If hjraeejõm hai vdtd, sa
nf fmfijzfhd prdcusfkamta at edk-
pdrtfkjamtd aiaetdrfi. Ai amcdqua
edmhuetjstf, edm têemjefs astfhëstj-
efs, y at ha
rft jdmfi endjea,
hasha ai
jmhjvjhufijskd katdhdiõgjed, dcra-
eam kÿitjpias axpijefejdmas sd`ra
ifs vfrjf`ias qua hatarkjmfm if pfr-
tjejpfejõm y ai samtjhd hai vdtd. Am-
tra ids cfetdras kæs hatarkjmfmtas
pfraea amedmtrfrsa if fhserjpejõm f
umd ha ids
eiafvfgas*
qua asejmha if
sdejahfh am eifsas, edfijejdmas ha
jmtarês d grupds atmd -tarrjtdrjfias y
raijgjdsds. Ujm ak`frgd, am um edm-
taxtd saeuifrjzfhd y haspdifrjzfhd,
euamtf tfk`jêm if cjhaijhfh f um pfr-
tjhd, trfmskjtjhf ha gamarfejõm am
gamarfejõm< if jhadidgëf hai vdtfmta<
ai efrjskf ha um iëhar< y ai eæieu-
id rfejdmfi qua Iiavf fi jmtarefk`jd
eijamtaijstf d, am efsd ha qua md saf
præetjed fpdyfr f if efmhjhfturf pra-
carjhf, fi vdtd tæetjed.
Wastkjmstar kdhai
vêfsa
kfydrëf.
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@j`i jdgrfc ëf
Kfmufias
RFUVQJMD, G., y dtrds (6:>>)?
Kfmufi ha Ejamejf Rdiëtjef,
Kfhrjh, Fijfmzf Ahj-
tdrjfi.
Kfmufi edaserjtd pdr ejmed hastfefhds pdijtõidgds jtfijfmds qua rasuka ids
kêtdhds y d`oatd ha if hjsejpijmf am hjaz grfmhas efpëtuids. Ua efrfetarjzf
pdr prastfr ftamejõm aspaejfi f Ifs hjcaramejfs amtra ragëkamas y fi cumejd-
mfkjamtd ha ifs jmstjtuejdmas ha gd`jarmd. Nuya ha if aspaeuifejõm a jiustrf
ai rapfsd ha tadrëfs edm umf axnfustjvf kuastrf ha if jmvastjgfejõm akpërj-
ef qua Ifs fpijef d prdhuea.
UFPXDPJ, G. (6:: 0)?
Aiaka mtds ha tadrëf pdiët jef,
Kfhrjh, Fijfmzf Ahjtdrjfi.
Md sa trftf axfetfkamta ha um kfmufi, sjmd ha if prdiëcjef prdhueejõm ejam-
tëcjef ha asta futdr gamarfIjstf rasukjhf, saiaeejdmfhf y fgrupfhf pdr êi kjs-
kd am qujmea takfs. Ai tëtuid sa ha`a f su prdeifkfhf ca am if edmougfejõm
ha tadrëf y varjcjefejõm cæetjef, pard as um ij`rd piamfkamta pdijtdiõgjed.
Hastfefm tds efpëtuids hahjefhds f if hakderfejf y, pdr su edmdejhf hahjef-
ejõm fi d`oatd, f ids sjstakfs aiaetdrfias y ha pfrtjhds.
@IFU, F? ha, y O. RFUXDP (6::7)?
Cumhfkamtds ha Ejamejf Rdiëtjef,
Kfhrjh, QMAH.
Edkpjifejõm ha efpëtuids edm if cjmfijhfh hjhæetjef prdpjf ha um ij`rd drjam-
tfhd f if amsaöfmzf f hjstfmejf. Md d`stfmta, If pahfgdgëf md ia rastf rjgdr,
gdzfmhd fhakæs ha umf `uamf sjstakætjef aspaejfikamta fhfptfhf f um eur-
sd jmtrdhuetdrjd. Jmeiuya umf jmtrdhueejõm apjstakdiõgjef y edmsjharf, oum-
td fi trfhjejdmfi astuhjd ha ids prjmejpfias fetdras hai prdeasd pdiëtjed, if
tadrëf -hai Astfhd y ha if hakderfejf.
Dtrds i j`rds ha edmsuitf
@D@AD,
M.,
y dtrds (6:>0)?
Hjeejdmfrjd ha Rdiët jef,
Kfhrjh, Ujgid ^ J.
D`rf hdmha pfrtjejpfm mukardsds cjiõsdcds, sdejõidgds y pdijtõidgds jtfijfmds
qua hasfrrdiifm, ha kfmarf raiftjvfkamta axtamsf pfrf asta tjpd ha trf`fods,
kæs ha ejam edmeaptds raiftjvds f if pdiëtjef.
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j`ijdgrfct
Kæs raejamta, y tfk`jêm eamtræmhdsa am ifs jmstjtuejdmas, fumqua edkpf-
rfmhd pfësas aurdpads?
E D I D K A P ,
O. K. (hjr.) (6::1)? If pd i ët jef am Aurdpf,
@freaidmf, Frjai.
Ha tdhds kdhds, pfrf umf `uamf prasamtfejõm ha ifs euastjdmas katdhdiõ-
gjefs raifejdmfhfs edm ai kêtdhd edkpfrftjvd, puaha varsa?
UFPXDPJ,
G., y I.
K D P Q M D
(ahs.) (6::8)?
If edkpfrfejõm am ifs Ejamejfs Udejf-
ias, Kfhrjh, Fijfmzf Ahjtdrjfi.
Hakderfejf y trfmsjejdmas
UFPXDPJ, G. 6::>)?
Xadrëf ha if hakderfejf, 0 vdis., Fijfmzf Ahjtdrjfi. Euamtf
edm um fpêmhjea ha 6::5.
HFNI
P. 6::5)?
If
hakderfejf
y sus erë t jeds,
@freaidmf, Rfjhõs.
Rfrt je jpfe jõm, aiaee jdmas y euiturf pdi ët jef
@AMAHJEXD,
O., y K. I. KDPFM (6::1)?
Udejahfh y pdiët jef. Iaeturfs ha sdejd idgëf
pdiëtjef, Kfhrjh, Fijfmzf Ahjtdrjfi.
Gd`jarmd y pdi ët jefs pÿ`i jefs
@FÖÕM, P., y A.
E F P P J I I D 6::3) ?
If muavf fhkjmjstrfejõm pÿ`ijef,
Kfhrjh,
cjfmzf Ahjtdrjfi.
GdKF, P., y O.
UufJPFXU
(eddrhs.) (6::>)?
Rdi ë t jefs pÿ`i jefs am Aspföf,
@frea-
idmf, Frjai.
@j`ijdgrfcëf
SS.FF. (6::0)?
Hjaz taxtds `æs jeds ha E jamejf Rdi ë t jef,
@freaidmf, Frjai.
Paedpjifejõm vuigfrjzfhdrf qua trfhuea fi aspfödi figumds ha ids frtëeuids
jkprasejmhj`ias am ejamejf pdiëtjef. If ÿtji saiaeejõm ha Fi`a
rt @ftiia raedga
taxtds eiæsjeds kuy hjspfras qua tjamam am edkÿm fpumtfr fk`jejdsfs tad-
rëfs axpijeftjvfs y, pdr edmsjgujamta, nfm hfhd pja f jmmukarf`ias jmvastjgf-
ejdmas akpërjefs pdstarjdras. Ids hjaz futdras am euastjõm (y sus aserjtds)
sdm G. Kdsef (êijtas), K. Huvargar (sjstakfs aiaetdrfias), P. Hfni (pdijfr-
quëf), F. Hdwms (tadrëf aedmõkjef ha if hakderfejf), U. K. Ijpsat (kdhar-
mjzfejõm), W. Pjlar (tadrëf ha ouagds), G. Fikdmh y U. Sar`f (euiturf pdiëtj-
ef), K. Disdm (iõgjef ha if feejõm ediaetjvf), H. Afstdm (fmæijsjs sjstêkjed)
y U. Pdllfm
(eiafvfgas).
Xadr ëf , edmeaptds y k êtdhd
ODNMU DM,
M .
(6::6)?
Ids i ëkjtas ha if ejamejf pdi ë t jef, Kfhrjh, Xaemds.
Jmtarasfmta dpÿseuid hdmha md sa edmtjama um astuhjd sustfmtjvd hai d`oatd
ha if pdijtdidgëf, sjmd qua sa edmsjharfm figumds prd`iakfs ha if hjsejpijmf
am së. Ai futdr erjtjef ai fetufi amcdqua y prdpdma sapfrfr kæs mëtjhfkamta
ai astuhjd mdrkftjvd ha if vartjamta ejamtëcjef fpijefhf.
K FP U N ,
H., y G. UXDLAP
(ahs.) (6::7)?
Xadrëf y kêtdhds ha if ejamejf pdi ë t jef,
Kfhrjh, Fijfmzf Ahjtdrjfi.
Cæeji y rjgurdsd rapfsd sjmtêtjed f if hjsejpijmf, pard md f su edmtamjhd. As
haejr, sa trftfm tds prjmejpfias amcdquas apjstakdiõgjeds, ifs euastjdmas ka-
tdhdiõgjefs æsjefs y ifs kæs jmciuyamtas edrrjamtas taõrjefs, pard md tf pd-
iëtjef am së, pdr id qua md puaha edmsjharfrsa um kfmufi edkd tfi.
SFIIAURËM, C. (ah.) (6::2-6::1)?
Njstdr jf ha if tadrëf pdi ë t jef, 3 vdis., Kfhrjh,
Fijfmzf Ahjtdrjfi.
If kæs edkpiatf y raejamta axpdsjejõm am aspfödi ha if cjidsdcjf pdiëtjef. Hj-
saöfhf edkd edkpjifejõm, id qua prdhuea sdifpfkjamtds a jrraguifrjhfhas, su
iëmaf frgukamtfras njstõrjef, pard edmtjama racaramejfs sucjejamtas pfrf sjtufr
ai kdkamtd fetufi am qua sa ameuamtrf ai astuhjd mdrkftjvd ha if pdiëtjef.
Rdiët jef edkpfrfhf
NAId, H.
6::6) ?
Kdhaids ha hakferfhf,
Kfhrjh, Fijfmzf Ahjtdrjfi.
Edmsjharf ai kdhaid grjagd eiæsjed, ids hasfrrdiids pdstarjdras y ifs vfrjfm-
tas edmtakpdræmafs ha hakderfejf.