February, 2013Research in Environment and Life Sciences 17

Concept on transmission of mung bean mosaic virus (MBMV) through aphids

Brij Lal Verma2, B.D.Singh1

1Department of Botany, K.S. Saket P.G. College, Ayodhya, Faizabad (UP) India, 2241232Dr. R.M.L. Avadh University Faizabad (UP) India

*e-mail: vermabrijlal1272@gmail.com

(Received: September 02, 2012; Revised received: January 01, 2013; Accepted: January 04, 2013)

Abstract: An experiment was conducted during-2010 under the supervision of first author to see the mode of transmission of mung-bean mosaic virus

through Aphids. The Mung bean plant belongs to the family leguminosae and sub family papilionaceae. It is mainly grown for its seeds which are highly

nutritious and are used as pulse (dal), delicious preparations, cattle feed. The crop is very commonly affected by mung bean mosaic virus (MBMV) which

are transmitted by cell sap and Aphids.

Key words: Transmission, Aphids, Leguminosae, Symptoms, Chlorosis, Inoculum, Acquisition feeding

2013 RELS ISSN: 0974-4908

http://rels.comxa.com Res. Environ. Life Sci.

rel_sci@yahoo.com 6(1) 17-18 (2013)

Introduction

Mung bean (Vigna radiala L Wilczek) has known by several

vernacular names in different parts of India. Loamy and red-black

soil is much suited for its cultivation. The symptoms on naturally

infected plants are stunted and weak, vein clearing of young leaves

followed by mild chlorosis. In advanced stage, the leaflet become

chlorotic. The diseased plant bear fewer pods of smaller size. The

symptoms and metabolic abnormalities is due to interactions of host

and virus which ultimately causes great loss in crop yield. During

study, it was found that the mung bean mosaic virus was readly

transmitted to healthy host plant by sap inoculation. In nature, the

transmission could possibly occur by soil, seeds and Aphids.

Aphids are the largest group of plant virus vectors and

more than 100 viruses are reported to be transmitted by them

(watson 1972). The most common species of Aphids which are

very common is mung bean field and nearby localities used for

transmission test are-Aphid gossypii, Aphid nerii, Aphid craccivora,

Myzus persicae, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Lapohis

pseudobrassiceae.

In India, the available literature reveal that a number of

plant viruses are transmitted by sap inoculation and Aphids to mung

bean plant. These includes, mosaic of cowpea (Nariani and

kandaswami, 1963), and Common bean mosaic virus (Nariani et

al., 1963), cucumber mosaic virus (seth et al., 1967), Black gram

mosaic virus (Srivastava et al., 1969), Urd bean leaf crunckle virus

(Kolte and Nene, 1975) etc.

Materials and Methods

The host plant for research work is taken to mung bean

(vigna radiata L. wilczek). The cultivated variety of mung bean is

taken to be pant mung-1. The inoculum virus is mung bean mosaic

virus (MBMV). All the experiment of the present study were carried

out in an insect proof chamber which was regularly fumigated to

maintain insect free conditions. Plants were grown in clay pots of the

size 30 cm. containing mixture of sterilized sand-loam and compost

(1:1:2) and were watered uniformaly and regularly.

The seeds of legumes was obtained from Hind seed

company and Americal certified seed company faizabad. Before

sowing seeds were treated with 0.1 per cent MgCl2 for 2 minutes

and washed thrice with water and dried in shade. Now 100 seeds

were sown in clay pots containing sterilized soil, at the rate of 25

seeds per pot. After seedling emerged, daily observations were

made to note the development of typical symptoms of mung bean

mosaic virus.

The Aphids are gently disturbed from the leaf by slightly

touching their antennae, which made them to withdraw their stylets

and pick up carefully. Prior to each test, the Aphids are starved for

several hours by keeping them in petridishes covered with non

water proofed tightly stretched cellophane. For Acquisition feeding,

Aphids were placed on a MBMV infected detached young leaves

separately in small, clean glass vessels (50 ml beaker). The aphids

were watched with hand lens in profile through the glass wall of the

vessel, and when they assumed the probing position, the duration

of prove was timed with a stop watch.

After acquisition feeding, the Aphids were transferred to

seven days old test plant mung bean CV. pant mung-1 for test

feeding. The test plant were kept in cylindrical cages, which were

tightly covered at one end with muslin cloth, to prevent the Aphids

from escaping. The Aphids were allowed to feeds for 24 hours,

where often they were killed by spraying a solution of 0.2 per cent

folidol-E 60s solution. Each Aphid species were given the following

treatment during the transmission test.

Pre acquisition fasting time = 4 hrs

Acquisition feeding time = 2,15,30 min & 2,6,12,24 hrs

Test feeding time on test plant = 24 hours

Number of Aphids per treatment = 10 Aphids.

The test plants were kept under observations in glass house

for six weeks. The observation indicate that none of the Aphid

species could transmit the mung bean mosaic virus except Aphid

craccivora koch only. The Aphids acquired mung bean mosaic

virus infected mung bean CV. pant mung-1 in a stylet borne manner

February, 2013Research in Environment and Life Sciences 18

with brief feeding probes (Acquisition feeding time) of 2 minutes.

The disease symptoms resulting from the Aphid transmission to

mung bean in glass house test plants were identical to those which

developed on sap inoculated plants.

Results and Discussion

The present study reveals that a number of viruses infecting

legume crops have been described under defferent name. In many

cases the viruses are incompletely described which leads to

considerable uncertainty in their identity and relationships. To more

ensure, Boss et al. (1960) proposed the standardization of procedure

for international identification of viruses. Some of the viruses reported

on legumes have wide host range other than leguminosae, while

others are limited to legumes only. The identification of these viruses

is mainly based on their host range, mode of transmission and

physical properties.

Although the virus MBMV obtained from infected mung bean

(vigna radiata L) is mainly sap transmissible but may be also

transmitted by Aphid craccivora koch in stylet-borne non persistent-

manner. The MBMV differ from other viruses in physical properties

and their host range. The tobacco ring spot virus (Pierce 1934),

vein necrosis virus (Zaumeyer and Patino 1960), clover mosaic

virus (Pratt, 1961) alfs alfa mosaic virus (Nour et al., 1962) are

transmitted to mung bean by sap inoculation but they can not be

compared with mung bean mosaic virus (MBMV) due to their wide

host range including non leguminous species.

Some Common naturally occuring mung bean viruses,

which are sap transmissible, are strain of tobacco mosaic virus

(Ram krishnan et al., 1969 b) and bean common mosaic (kaiser

and mossahebi, 1974). These viruses induce mosaic disease in

mung plant but they have wide host range and not been considered

for comparison with isolates of mung bean mosaic virus.

Black gram mosaic virus (srivastava et al., 1969), coffee

sena mosaic virus (mathur and singh 1972), Arhar mosaic virus

(Singh and Mall 1976 a) have been compared with mung bean

mosaic virus. It indicate that these viruses are similar to mung bean

mosaic virus in mode of transmission but they differ in physical

properties, host range and reaction in certain hosts. Mung bean

plants have been reported to be infected under field conditions by

yellow mosaic of green gram (Nariani, 1960). It was transmitted by

the white fly (Bremisia tabaci). The MBMV differ from yellow mosaic

virus in symptoms, host range and mode of transmission.

The observation based on above table shows that 2 minutes

acquisition feeding was sufficient to initiate infection which was

increased as the feeding period and the maximum infection was

obtained after 15 minutes on test plants. There was no increase in

infection when the feeding period exceeded to 24 hours.

Acknowledgement

The first author is grateful to the department of botany, plant

pathology lab, K.S. saket P.G. college, Ayodhya, faizabad for the

technical support to do this work.

References

Boss: Suggested procedures for international identification of legume viruses.

Tijdschr pflantenzeiktn, 66: 328-343 (1960).

Kaiser and Mossahebi: Natural infection of mung bean by common mosaic

virus. Phytopath, 64: 1209-1214 (1974).

Kolte and Nene: Host range and properties of Urd bean leaf crinckle virus.

Indian phytopath, 28: 430-431 (1975).

Mathur, R.S and Singh, B.R.: Ring spot mosaic disease of coffee senna

(Cassia occidentalis L.). Ind. Phytopath., 25: 314-315 (1972).

Nariani and Kandaswamy: Studies on a virus disease of cow pea (vigna

sinensis). Indian Phytopath, 14: 77-82 (1961).

Nariani, T.K.: Yellow mosaic of mung (Phaseolus aureus L.), Ind. Phytopath,

15: 24-29 (1960).

Nour : A mosaic disease of Dolichos lablab and diseases of other crops

caused by Alfa alfa mosaic virus in sudden. Phytopathology, 52:

427-432 (1962).

Pratt, M.J.: studies on clover yellow and white clover mosaic virus. Cand.

j. Bot., 39: 655-665 (1961): .

Ramakrishnan: Studies on a new mosaic disease of Phaseolus aureus L.

Madras Agric. J., 56: 378-380 (1969).

Seth: A new mosaic disease of brinzal (solanum melongena L.) Phytopath.

Z., 59: 385-389 (1967).

Sharma, S. R. and Verma, A.: Three sap transmissible virus from cow pea

in india. Indian phytopath., 28: 192-198 (1975).

Sharma, Y.K. and Pratap, V.: Impact of osmotic stress on seed germination and

seedling growth in black gram. J. Environ. Biol., 31: 721-726 (2010).

Singh, R.: Studies on some virus disease of a legume phaseolus mungo L.

Doct. Thesis univ. Gorakhpur, 217pp. (1974).

Singh, R. and mall, T.P.: A new virus disease of arhar (Cajanus Cajan L.)

Curr. Sci., 45: 635-636 (1976).

Sontakee, P.L. and chan R.A.: Transmission, host range and physical

properties of viruses causing of pea. J. Mycol. Pl. Path., 37: 451

(2007).

Srivastava: A mosaic disease of black gram (Phaseolus mungo). Sci. and

cult., 35: 475-476 (1969).

Table-1: Transmission of mung bean mosaic virus by Aphid craccivora koch

Acquistion feeding Number of Plants Per cent

period Tested Infected infection

2 minutes 25 4 16

15 minutes 25 8 32

30 minutes 25 7 28

4 hours 25 7 28

6 hours 25 6 24

12 hours 25 7 28

24 hours 25 6 24

Transmission of MBMV through aphidsVerma and Singh