Concept and Component of Gis

7/28/2019 Concept and Component of Gis

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COMPONENTS OF GIS

A working GIS integrates five key components: -

Hardware

o ware Data

People

Methods


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HARDWARE:

Divided into three groups

1. Input device

. en ra process ng un

3. Output device


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INPUT DEVICES

Input device is a device device is used to convert datafrom maps and documents into digital form and sendthem to computer.

1.key board

2. mouse

3. scanner

4. light pen

5. Bar code reader

6. joy stick


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CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

CPU = Single silicon chip

Equivalent to several million transistors

This is the brain of the computer. It is further divided into three parts.

CU (Control Unit)

MU (Memory Unit)


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SOFTWARE

The GIS software includes the programs and the user interface for

driving the hardware.

GIS software is essential to generate, store, analyze, manipulate

and display geographic information or data.

A good GIS software requires user friendliness, functionalities,compatibilities, updatability, documentation, cost effectivness.

The following is a list of GIS software producers and their main

products.


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Environmental Systems Research Institute ( ESRI ): ArcInfo,

ArcView.

Autodesk: AutoCAD Map

Clark Labs: IDRISI

International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth

Sciences: ILWIS

Mapinfo Corporation: Mapinfo.

Bentley Systems: Microstation.

PCI Geomatics: PAMAP

TYDAC Inc. : SPANS


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DATA INPUT

ENTERING SPATIAL DATA

ENTERING NON SPATIAL DATA

LINKING SPATIAL DATA TO NON SPATIAL

DATA


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Data Sources for

Field surveys

Collecting latitude andlongitude coordinates

with a Global Positioning

Remote sensing data

BOTH

SPATIAL &NON-

SPATIAL

DATA

GIS

Collateral or Secondary

data collection

Literatures & References

.

Digital data files


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MANUAL MANUAL DIGITISING AUTOMATED ENTRY OF INTERPO-

INPUT TO INPUT TO SCANNING EXISTING LATED

VECTOR GRID SPATIAL DATA

SYSTEM SYSTEM DATA


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AUTOMATED SCANNING

Flat bed Scanner

x

Map to be

Y

Scanner Head (CCD)


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Drum Scanner

Y

x

LD


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DATA INPUT


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OUTPUT DEVICES

A plotter or other kind of display device is used to present the result

of the data processing and a tape device is used for storing data or

programs on magnetic tape.


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SIMPLE DISPLAY

ALL CARTOGRAPHIC OPTIONS

GIS OUTPUT CAPABILITIES

ALE, TYLE & L R HAN E INCLUDE GRAPHS, PHOTOS, ETC.

3D DISPLAY

OVERLAY OF MANY THEMES

PLOTTER / PRINTER O/P, WEB DISPLAY


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GIS can display in the form of Charts, Histograms,

3D visualized output, DEM, etc,.

Histograms

DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL(DEM)3D IMAGE


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GIS technology has limited value without the people who manage

and develop plans for applying it to real world problems.

GIS user range from technical specialists who design andmaintain the system to those who use it to help them perform

their everyday work.

PEOPLE

The identification of GIS specialist's vs. end users is often critical

to the proper implementation of GIS technology.

This is what called 'brain ware' which is equally important as theHardware and software.

Brain ware refers to the purpose and objectives, and provides the

reason and justification, for using GIS.


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A successful GIS operates according to a well designed

implementation plan and business rules, which are the models and

operating practices unique to each organization.

METHOD

or many years, oug as een cons ere o e oo cu ,

expensive, and proprietary.

The advent of graphical user interface (GUI), powerful and

affordable hardware and software, and public digital data hasbroadened the range of GIS application and brought GIS to

mainstream use.


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GIS Is Being Deployed In Many WaysGIS Is Being Deployed In Many Ways

1919


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History of GISHistory of GIS

Decade Milestones for computer-based GIS

1960s - Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS) developed:national land inventory pioneered many aspects of GIS

- Harvard Lab for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis:pioneered software for spatial data handling

- US Bureau of Census developed DIME data format

- ESRI founded

1970s - CGIS fully operational (and still operational today)

- First Landsat satellite launched (USA)

- USGS begins Geographical Information Retrieval and AnalysisSystem (GIRAS) to manage and analyze large land resourcedatabases and Digital Line Graph (DLG) data format

- ERDAS founded

- ODYSSEY GIS launched (first vector GIS)


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1980s - ESRI launches ARC/INFO (vector GIS)- GPS became operational

- US Army Corp of Engineers develop GRASS (raster GIS)

- MapInfo founded

- First SPOT satellite launched (Europe)

- IDRISI Project started (GIS program)

- SPANS GIS produced

- National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA)established in USA

-TIGER/Line digital data- First GIS textbooks


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1990s - MapInfo for Windows, Intergraph, Autodesk, others

- ESRI produces ArcView and ARCGIS

- $7+ billion industry

2000s - Internet becomes major delivery vehicle- More than 1 million active users


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Evolution of GIS SoftwareEvolution of GIS Software

SubSub--routine libraries (60s/70s)routine libraries (60s/70s)

Libraries of small programs (subLibraries of small programs (sub--routines)routines)Required advanced programming skillsRequired advanced programming skills

Tool box with CLI (70s/80s)Tool box with CLI (70s/80s) as c pac age w omman ne n er aceas c pac age w omman ne n er ace

Required advanced technical skillsRequired advanced technical skills

TaskTask--oriented system (90s/00s)oriented system (90s/00s)Graphical User Interface (GUI)Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Customization capabilities to create specificCustomization capabilities to create specific--purpose applicationspurpose applications


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User Interface Applications

Output AnalysisTranslation

Functionality ArchitectureFunctionality Architecture

Data AccessSpatial

ReferenceVector

DataManagerRaster

Editing CustomizationDisplay


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Number of

Users

CostInternetViewer

Component

GIS Software ClassificationGIS Software Classification

Hand-heldDesktop

Professional

Functionality


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ArcGIS

Platform

ArcGIS

Platform

Extension Products

Server Products

Spatial Analyst

3D Analyst

GeostatisticalAnalyst

MrSID Encoder

ArcPress

StreetMap USA

ArcSDE

DBMS

DBMS

Desktop Products

ArcEditor

ArcView

The ArcGISDesktop

Files

GatewayCoverages

ArcIMS

Internet

Services

ArcInfo

ArcGIS Server


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-

Desktop

Professional

Type of Software System

GIS MarketGIS Market

0 1000000 2000000 3000000

Users

Internet

Viewer

Component

S f f GISS f f GIS


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Software for GIS:Software for GIS: The Main PlayersThe Main Players ESRI, Inc.,ESRI, Inc., Redlands, CARedlands, CA

clear market leader with about a third of the marketclear market leader with about a third of the market

originated commercial GIS with their ArcInfo product in 1981originated commercial GIS with their ArcInfo product in 1981

privately owned by Jack Dangermond, a legend in the fieldprivately owned by Jack Dangermond, a legend in the field

Strong in gov., education, utilities and business logisticsStrong in gov., education, utilities and business logistics

MapInfo, Troy N.Y.MapInfo, Troy N.Y.Aggressive newcomer in early 1990s, but now wellAggressive newcomer in early 1990s, but now well--established.established.

Strong presence in business, especially site selection & marketing, and telecomStrong presence in business, especially site selection & marketing, and telecom

IntergraphIntergraph (Huntsville, AL)(Huntsville, AL)ori ins in ro rietar CAD hardware/softwareori ins in ro rietar CAD hardware/software

The maintwo pureGIS

companies.

Older UNIXOlder UNIX--basedbased MGEMGE (Modular GIS Environment) evolved from CAD(Modular GIS Environment) evolved from CADCurrentCurrent GeoMediaGeoMedia was the first true MS Windowswas the first true MS Windows--based GISbased GIS

strong in design, public works, and FM (facilities management), but weakeningstrong in design, public works, and FM (facilities management), but weakening

Bentley SystemsBentley Systems (Exton, PA)(Exton, PA)MicroStation GeoGraphics,MicroStation GeoGraphics, originally developed with Intergraph, is now their exclusiveoriginally developed with Intergraph, is now their exclusive

and main product..and main product..Strong in engineering; advertises itself as geoengineeringStrong in engineering; advertises itself as geoengineering

AutodeskAutodesk (San Rafael, CA)(San Rafael, CA)

Began as PCBegan as PC--based CAD, but now the dominant CAD supplierbased CAD, but now the dominant CAD supplier

First GIS productFirst GIS product AutoCADAutoCAD MapMapintroduced in 1996introduced in 1996

Primarily small business/small city customer basePrimarily small business/small city customer base


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Clients

ESRI ArcGIS SystemESRI ArcGIS System

ArcInfo ArcEditor ArcView ArcExplorer Browser

c:\ ArcGIS WorkstationConsistent interfaceIncreasing capability

ArcMapArcCatalogArcToolbox



$

FilesFiles(Personal Geodatabase,(Personal Geodatabase,Shapefiles, Coverages,Shapefiles, Coverages,Grids, tins, etc)Grids, tins, etc)

ArcSDE ServicesDatabase storage/access

DatabasesDatabasesMultiMulti--user Geodatabasesuser Geodatabases(in Oracle, SQL Server,(in Oracle, SQL Server,

IBM DBII, etc)IBM DBII, etc)

ArcIMS ServicesMap display & query

InternetArcPad

ArcEngine/ArcObjectsApplication

Development &

Customization

Source: ESRI with mods.Handheld/Wireless

ArcServer ServicesFull GIS analysis


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Future Generic GIS InternetFuture Generic GIS InternetEnterpriseEnterprise

BrowsersBrowsers

Web

ApplicationsApplications

Web Server

DatabasesDatabases

BrokerBroker

ServicesServices( built on( built on.Net, SOAP/XML, Java API).Net, SOAP/XML, Java API)

Source: Reza Wahadj, CSIG04, with mods.Dallas DurbanDelhi

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Concept and Component of Gis