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CONCEPT 1.1 Biology explores life from the global to the microscopic scale. Objectives Identify the major organizational levels of life. Key Terms biosphere ecosystem organism cell. DNA gene. CONCEPT 1.1 Biology explores life from the global to the microscopic scale. Biosphere. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Created by Roxanne LeitnerNeil A. Campbell • Brad Williamson • Robin J. Heyden
CONCEPT 1.1 Biology explores life from the global to the microscopic scale.
Objectives
• Identify the major organizational levels of life.
CONCEPT 1.1 Biology explores life from the global to the microscopic scale.
Key Terms
• biosphere
• ecosystem
• organism
• cell
• DNA
• gene
Biosphere
• all parts of the planet that are inhabited by living things• atmosphere
• lithosphere
• hydrosphere
• Flying foxes are becoming an endangered species, partly because of habitat destruction
• The lives of gray-headed flying foxes are closely entwined with the lives of the eucalyptus trees that form their habitat
• Eucalyptus trees provide food and roosting sites for the flying foxes
• Flying foxes aid in eucalyptus pollinationand help disperse the resulting seeds
Life in the Trees
• Biology is the scientific study of life
• Interactions between different kinds of organisms affect the lives of all
The Scope of Biology
• A structural hierarchy of life, from molecules to ecosystems, defines the scope of biology
• An ecosystem consists of:
• all organisms living in a particular area
• all nonliving physical components of the environment that affect the organisms (soil, water)
Life’s levels of organization define the scope of biology
Ecosystem
• Ecosystems include:
• all the organisms in an area, which make up a community
• interbreeding organisms of the same species, a population
ECOSYSTEM LEVELEucalyptus forest
COMMUNITY LEVELAll organisms ineucalyptus forest
POPULATION LEVELGroup of flying foxes
ORGANISM LEVELFlying fox
ORGAN SYSTEM LEVELNervous system
ORGAN LEVELBrain
Brain Spinal cord
Nerve
TISSUE LEVELNervous
tissue
CELLULAR LEVELNerve cell
MOLECULAR LEVELMolecule of DNA
Figure 1.1
Organism
• Organisms are made up of:
• organ systems
• organs
• tissues
• cells
• molecules
• atoms
ECOSYSTEM LEVELEucalyptus forest
COMMUNITY LEVELAll organisms ineucalyptus forest
POPULATION LEVELGroup of flying foxes
ORGANISM LEVELFlying fox
ORGAN SYSTEM LEVELNervous system
ORGAN LEVELBrain
Brain Spinal cord
Nerve
TISSUE LEVELNervous
tissue
CELLULAR LEVELNerve cell
MOLECULAR LEVELMolecule of DNA
Figure 1.1
Concept Check 1.1
1. Which level of life includes all of the other levels in this list: organisms, cells, biosphere, molecules, ecosystems? Explain your answer.
biosphere
2. Identify an ecosystem in the area where you live?
Concept Check 1.1
3. What are genes? How are they related to DNA?
genes – units of inherited information
part of DNA molecule
CONCEPT 1.2 Biology explores life in its diverse forms.
Objectives
• Use the term species in discussing life’s diversity.
• Explain the basic strategy biologists use in classifying organisms.
• Identify a characteristic that separates the domains Bacteria and Archaea from the domain Eukarya.
CONCEPT 1.2 Biology explores life in its diverse forms.
Key Terms
• species
• domain
• unicellular
• prokaryotic cell
• eukaryotic cell
• multicellular
Classifying Life: The Basic Idea
taxonomy
• study of classification
species
• organisms that look alike, can interbreed & produce fertile offspring
Levels of Classification
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
Three Domains
• unicellular
• prokaryotic cells – without nuclei or membrane-bound organelles
1. Domain Bacteria• Typical bacteria
Figure 1.4A, B
2. Domain Archaea• live in harsh environments
Figure 1.4C-F
3. Domain Eukarya
• unicellular or multicellular
• eukaryotic cells• nucleus
• membrane-bound organelles
• Kingdoms• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia
Concept Check 1.2
1. Explain the relationship between the terms species and organism.
2. Explain two different ways that you could classify the following items: banana, lemon, sandwich, milk, orange, meatball, salad.
Concept Check 1.2
3. Explain the main difference between organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea and organisms of the domain Eukarya.
Bacteria, Eukarya – prokaryotes
Eukarya - eukaryotes
CONCEPT 1.3 Ten Themes unify the study of life.
Objectives
• Identify the themes of biology.
CONCEPT 1.3 Ten Themes unify the study of life.
Key Terms
• systems
• photosystem
• producer
• consumer
• homeostasis
• adaptation
• population
• natural selection
• evolution
• All organisms share a set of common features, signs of unity in life’s vast diversity
• All are made of cells
• All have DNA as their genetic blueprint
• These orchids show the variety possible within one species
Unity in diversity: All forms of life have common features
Figure 1.5A
• DNA is made of chemical units called nucleotides
• Each species has its own nucleotide sequence
Figure 1.5B
• The genetic information in DNA underlies all of the features that distinguish life from nonlife
• Order and regulation
• Growth and development
• Use of energy from the environment
• Response to environmental stimuli
• Ability to reproduce
• Evolutionary change
• Charles Darwin is a central figure in biology
• He synthesized the theory of evolution by natural selection
• A theory in science is a comprehensive idea with broad explanatory power
• Evolution is the core theme of biology
Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life
Figure 1.6A
Natural Selection
• The theory of natural selection explains the main mechanism whereby all species of organisms change, or evolve
Figure 1.6B
(1) Population with varied inherited traits
(2) Elimination of individuals with certain traits
(3) Reproduction of survivors
• Evolution happens when populations of organisms with inherited variations are exposed to environmental factors that favor the success of some individuals over others
• Natural selection is the editing mechanism
• Evolution is based on adaptations
Concept Check 1.3
1. Using examples describe three biology themes.
2. Describe four ways you have interacted with your environment today.
Concept Check 1.3
3. In biological terms are you a producer or consumer? Explain your answer.