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Concentrated solar power
(CSP): the general context and
the particle option Gilles Flamant,
Inma Perez
&
Benjamin Grange
CNRS
Overview
➢What is Concentrated Solar Energy (or CSP)?
➢State-of-the-art of concentrating solar
technology for power production
➢The future of concentrating solar power plants
➢The particle option for the next generation of
concentrating solar power plants
➢The Next-CSP, H2020 European Project
What is Concentrated
Solar Energy (or CSP)?
A set of mirrors concentrates the sun light to a solar absorber
that heats a heat transfer fluid or a reactive medium,
Concentrating
system
Electricity (CPV)
Electricity (Thermal conversion)
Solar fuels
Process heat
What is concentrated
Solar Energy (or CSP)?
300°C-500°C 500°C-1500°C
Concentrator
Focus
Linear (100 suns)
400-500°C
Point (1000-10 000 suns)
500-2000°C
Fixe
Mobile
Useful Solar Resource
DNI not GHI !
Useful Solar Resource
The useful solar resource for CSP is the Direct Normal Irradiation (DNI).
DNI above 1800-2000 kWh/m2.a is considered as favorable for CSP deployment
State-of-the-art of
concentrating solar
technology for power
production
State of the Art of CSP
technology
✓ The main asset of CSP technology is the massive storage
capacity of heat (industrially up to 3 GWh) that unables up to
14h electricity production at full power after sunset.
✓ Today molten salt thermal energy storage (TES) is the only
industrial option with operating temperature in the range 290-
550°C.
✓ Installed solar plants power ranges from 10 MWe to 250 MWe
NOOR 1, 160 MW,
3h storage full capacity
(Morrocco)
Crescent Dunes, 110 MW,
10h storage full capacity
(USA)
State of the Art of CSP
technology,
Cost of electricity
Decrease of electricity cost
Source: IRENA, Renewable power generation costs (2018)
➢ Decrease of electricity cost similar to
PV 5 years ago
➢ Doubling the installed power capacity
reults in about 30% solar thermal
electricity cost
➢ Cost divided by 2 in 4 years
➢ Last offer at 7.3 c$/kWh with 10h
storage in MENA region
State of the Art of CSP
technology,
Capacity Factor
By comparison, mean capacity factor
of wind and PV without storage are,
Wind: 27%
PV: 18%
(IRENA 2016)
To produce electricity when needed
State of the Art of CSP
technology,
Molten salt TESMolten salt TES and HTF in solar tower
State of the Art of CSP
technology,
Cycle efficiencyCurrent cycle efficiency 38-43%
State of the Art of CSP
technology,
Heat transfer fluidsLimited working temperature range of current liquid HTF
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Thermal Oil
Solar Salt
HITEC
HITEC XL
Na
LBE
T (K)T (°C)
The future of concentrating
solar power plants
The future of CSP
technology
Bottlenecks
Main issues
Source: W Stein & R Buck, Solar Energy (2017), 152, 91
• Cost and efficiency of the
concentrating system
• Working temperature of
the solar receiver / heat
transfer fluid
• Capacity and power of the
TES
• Thermodynamic cycle
efficiency
• Environmental impact
The future of CSP
technology
Thermodynamic cycles
Combined Cycles (hybrid)
Supercritical Cycles
Options to increase cycle efficiency by 25%
The future of CSP
technology
HTF & TES
➢ Heat transfer fluids (HTF)
✓ New high temperature molten salt
✓ High pressure gas
✓ Particles
➢ Thermal energy storage (TES) medium
✓ Liquid
✓ Solid
✓ Phase change
✓ Thermochemical
➢ Thermal energy storage (TES) system
✓ Two-tank
✓ Single tank thermocline
Options
The particle option for the
next generation of
concentrating solar power
plants
The Particle CSP
technology
Principle
The Particle CSP
technology
Particle CSP with combined cycle
Hot Storage
Rotary Valve
Solar Receiver
aeration
FluidizationDispenser
Bucket Elevator
Fluidization
aeration Air Heater/Exchanger
« On Sun » operation
Cold Storage
aeration
Hot pressurized air to Gas Turbine
Principle
Hot Storage
Rotary Valve
Solar Receiver
Dispenser
Bucket Elevator
Fluidization
aeration Air Heater/exchangerCold Storage
« Off Sun » operation
aeration
Hot pressurized air to Gas Turbine
Principle
The Particle CSP
technology
International developmentFalling curtain Centrifugal receiver Fluidized particles in
tubes
SANDIA (USA)KSU (Saudi Arabia)
Univ. Adelaïde (Autralia)
DLR (Germany) PROMES (France)
The Particle CSP
technology
International development
Falling curtain Centrifugal receiver Fluidized particles in
tubes
SANDIA
1 MWth solar receiver
tested (2016)
DLR
500 kWth SR + storage +
heat exchanger (2020)
Solar receiver esting
2018
CNRS-PROMES
3 MWth SR + storage +
heat exchanger + turbine
(2019)
The Next-CSP, H2020 European Project
2016-2020
High Temperature concentrated solar thermal
power plant with particle receiver and direct
thermal storage
The Next-CSP project
Partners
Participant No Participant organisation name Main contribution Country
1 Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique
Coordination, pilot
testing FR
2 Electricité de France Concept scaling up FR
3 Schlaich Bergermann & Partners Gmbh Heliostat field DE
4 Fundacion IMDEA Energia Integration of high
efficiency cycles SP
5 COnstructions MEcaniques de Schiltigheim-
Strasbourg SA Process design FR
6 Whittaker Engineering Limited Manufacturing and
integration UK
7 European Powder and Process Technology Particle flow behavior BE
8 Katholieke Univerisiteit Leuven Environmental impact BE
9 Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse Particle flow modeling FR
10 Euronovia Communication,
dissemination FR
The Next-CSP project
Objectives
To improve the reliability and performance of Concentrated
Solar Power (CSP) plants through the development and
integration of a new technology based on the use of high
temperature (750-800°C) particles as heat transfer fluid and
storage medium.
To test innovation for the next generation of CSP plants
with respect to: heat transfer fluids which can be used for
direct thermal energy storage; the solar field and high
temperature receivers allowing for new cycles.
To demonstrate the technology in a relevant environment
(TRL5) and at a significant size (3 MWth).
The Next-CSP project
Some key issues
➢ Solar receiver✓ Working temperature at the limit of alloys mechanical
resistance
✓ Particle flow stability
✓ Heat transfer between the wall and the fluidized particles
➢ Particle-pressurized air heat exchanger✓ Compactness due to low wall-to-air heat exchange
coefficient
➢ Process integration✓ Control of particle circulation in close loop
✓ Weight of the complete system
The Next-CSP project
Pilot loop integration
Concentrated solar beam
The Next-CSP project
Pilot loop integration
Gas turbine
Solar loop
Power cabinet
Solar receiver 3x3 m
Hot storage and
Particle heat exchanger
Cold storage
The Next-CSP project
Small-scale solar tests
Single-tube on-sun testingMean particle diameter: 50 μm
Absorber tube
The Next-CSP project
Small-scale solar tests
Single-tube on-sun testingParticle temperature increase with
1m irradiated length(solar flux density: about 270 kW/m2)
The Next-CSP projectControl of the solar flux
distribution on receiver tubes
To reduce the maximum temperature on metallic walls
No Aiming Strategy Aiming Strategy
Max flux density 650 kW/m²
Max power 3 MW
Max flux density 2.3 MW/m²
Max power 4.2 MW
The Next-CSP projectControl of the solar flux
distribution on receiver tubes
To reduce the maximum temperature on metallic walls
No Aiming Strategy Aiming Strategy
Thank you
Acknowledgements: “This project has received funding from the
European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme
under grant agreement No 727762, Next-CSP project."
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