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Computer System Management - Troubleshooting and Operating
System
Amarjeet Singh
August 11, 2011
Partly adopted from Computer System Management Slides by Navpreet Singh
Logistics
Lab sessions:
Did you find it useful?
BIOS will be done in the next lab session
Handout for the next lab session uploaded on the course website
Video for the next lab session uploaded on youtube channel
If you got your new laptop, please bring it to the next lab session so that you can install Ubuntu on your laptop itself rather than on the lab machine
Course webpage updated:
Last lecture slides
Notes on PCI, CD RW
Logistics
Learn-it-yourself:
Topics will be put on the course website by next week
If you want to do something outside the list, make sure that it involves using some hardware/software utility and is not purely a reading topic
For each topic, I will also provide a list of expectations from each topic in due course of time as well
To be done in groups of 3
You have to create a video, preferably less than 10 minutes, but surely not more than 15 minutes
Make sure to create a proper script and then make a proper video for that topic – should be good enough for students outside to also watch and learn
Honor code!
Any exam or submission, I will be checking for copying/cheating
We have software that can with a high degree of accuracy provide us with sources from where the text is copied
Make sure you don’t copy/cheat
First act - reduction in one letter grade
Second act - F in the course
Revision - I
Computer Model - What are the 4 building blocks?
What are the 4 Primary CPU operations?
How is memory in a computer structured hierarchically?
What different parameters does the speed of computer depend on?
How is information stored on a HDD?
How does DVD store more data than a CD?
What are the typical DC output values of the computer power supply?
What is the difference between mechanical and optical mouse?
What is the maximum number of connected devices allowed by the USB standard?
Quiz - I
In the feedback sheet you are going to provide, also add the answers to the following questions:
1. When I specify the serial port configuration as 19200-8-N-1, what does each field signify?
2. Write the one bit parity (even parity) for the following sequence:
2.a 10010111
2.b 01011010
3. Write two factors that lead to PCI-e being faster than PCI
4. How are CD/DVD drives different from HDD in terms of rotational velocity?
Troubleshooting - POST
Power On Self Test (POST) - Tests the computer to make sure all the hardware is working properly
Errors found during the test are stored/reported through visual/auditory means
Successful completion usually reported using a single beep
Typical components tested - Power supply, CPU, CMOS, Memory interface, I/O bus interface
Failure of any test returns irregular POST through a beep code (specific to the BIOS)
Error also used to be published to a fixed I/O port address and read by POST card
Troubleshooting - Free Diagnostic Tools
Memory Interface
Windows memory test - part of Vista and Windows 7
Memtest86 - http://www.memtest86.com
Motherboard and CPU:
Hot CPU Tester - http://www.memtest86.com
CPU temperature monitor utilities
HWMonitor - http://www.cpuid.com/hwmonitor.php
Core Temp - http://www. alcpu.com/CoreTemp
SpeedFan - http://www.almico.com/sfdownload.php
Hard Disk Drive: Scandisk, Chkdsk - Pre-installed in windows
TestDisk - http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk
HDD health - http://www.panterasoft.com
CD/DVD: CD Roller - http://www.cdroller.com
CD Check - http://www.kvipu.com/CDCheck
Booting up
So far we have come across BIOS which is the first piece of software that gets executed when you start the computer
Lets move on…
We need to start the Operating System stored in hard disk drive
Computer executes BIOS stored in ROM that performs the POST and initiates the Operating System - Boot loader
Often multi-stage: BIOS executes a small program in the boot device
Also called Master Boot Record (MBR): Space constrained (446 bytes)
MBR being limited size points to another location where detailed boot information is stored (can be located anywhere on the disk)
Stage architecture allows boot loader to be larger in size
Second stage loads OS and transfers execution to it
Boot Loader
Different types of second stage boot loader - Grand Unified Bootloader (GRUB), BOOTMGR, Linux Loader (LILO), NT Loader (NTLDR)
For a multi-boot system, always install Windows first, on the first hard disk, in the first partition (Three firsts)
Windows assumes it is the only operating system in the world, and does not try to live with existing information present in the MBR - overwrites it
Learn-it-yourself activity
Remember that if you spoil your boot loader, you are risking your complete system since the address from where the OS should start is spoiled in that case
Be careful!
Operating System (OS)
Let us look at some of the definitions from the class:
Interface/link/intermediate-language/GUI between the machine/ hardware/system and the user/us
Platform/software for other program/application to run
Medium between user and software through which better use of hardware and software is possible
Operates the system
In which everything runs
Main part which performs the operations/calculations and processes the result
Manages files and folders
Helps us communicate with computer in a user friendly way
Operating System (OS)
OS is a set of system software programs that regulate how the application software controls the hardware and how the users control the program
Acts as an intermediary between application software and actual hardware to perform hardware functions such as input/output and memory space allocation
Primary OS
Windows (NT Family): First public Release 1993, Latest stable version Windows 8 (2012)
Linux: 1992, Linux Kernel 3.5.2 (2012)
MAC OS X: 2001, 10.8 (2012) - Latest version OS X Mountain Lion
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
OS components
User Interface: for human input
Command-line interface: commands are typed out line by line (eg. Terminal)
Graphical User Interface (GUI): visual environment (eg. Explorer)
GUI primary components
Windows: Information is organized in windows
Icons: Information represented by icons
Menu: Available commands are compiled together in menu
Pointing device: position of cursor controlled by a physical input device
Called WIMP paradigm
Are all GUI WIMP?
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
OS components
User Input to an application initiates interaction with the computer hardware devices (CPU, memory, I/O devices)
Since there will be multiple programs running in parallel - hardware resources need to be controlled (task of OS)
Executing a program results in a process in OS (ps in linux, Task Manager in Windows)
Memory and other resources, together with a priority are assigned to each process
Process continues interaction with user and other devices
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
OS components
All this is done by Kernel in OS
Bridge between applications and actual data processing done at the hardware level
Manages system’s resources
Provides lowest level abstraction for hardware resources
Resources consist of CPU, memory and I/O devices
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
How does kernel manage multiple resources?
Poll sources of inputs (programs/ hardware) for events that require action
Let the sources tell whenever an event occurs - interrupts
OS components
Kernel is specific to OS and allows interfacing with variety of hardware resources
Need a way for these resources to tell OS how to interface with them - job of a Device Driver
Since each hardware device interacts in a specified manner, device driver will be specific to a device and the OS
Communicates with the hardware through communication subsystem to which the hardware is connected (eg. ?)
Acts as a translator
Handles interrupts both from the application and hardware
Usually comes with the hardware (installation CD)
Either loaded at boot time or on request
MS-DOS
Microsoft Disk Operating System
Primary OS for personal computers until mid 90s
Command-line interface
Runs on machines with the Intel x86 or compatible CPUs, mainly the IBM PC and clones
Single-user, single-task OS with basic kernel functions that are non-reentrant: only one program at a time can use them
What does that mean in terms of interrupts?
All version of MS Windows have MS-DOS like command line interface
Accessed by typing “cmd” in “run”
Windows Operating System
Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows in November 1985
As an add-on to MS-DOS
16 Bit OS running on top of DOS providing Multitasking and GUI
Windows 3.0 (1990), Windows Workgroup 3.11 (1992)
Improved the design
16/32 Bit OS
Windows 3.1 had Internet Explorer browser as part of OS
Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME (2000)
32 Bit OS
Used FAT File System
Supported DOS as well
Windows Operating System
NTFS introduced in 1993 as the file system for Windows NT server
Later adopted as default File system for all later releases of Windows client and server OS
Windows NT 4.0 (1996) was the true Multi-User and Multi-Tasking OS based on NTFS File System; Later replaced by Windows 2000
Windows XP, Vista, 2003, 2008, Windows 7 and Windows 8 are all available in 32 bit and 64 bit versions
Mobile version - Windows mobile (renamed as Windows Phone with launch of Windows Phone 7)
Approx. 3% market share of smartphones
Linux Operating System
Free and open source software
Several versions - both commercial (Redhat server edition, Xandros) and free (Ubuntu, Fedora, Mint, openSUSE)
Modular, unix-like OS
Unix was first conceived and implemented in 1969 in Bell Labs
Was not free initially
GNU started in 1983 with the goal of complete Unix-compatible software system composed entirely of free software
MINIX - (Minimal Unix-like) OS designed for education in computer science
Limited use of MINIX prompted development of Linux in 1991
Linux Operating System
GUI for most distributions built over X Window System
WINE (free and open source) provides Windows compatibility layer to run unmodified Windows applications in Linux
Embedded Linux - used in a lot of embedded systems including smartphones
MAC OS X Operating System
Unix based OS and GUI developed, marketed and sold by Apple
First release in 2001
Initially restricted to run on PowerPC processors
Transition to Intel processor announced in 2005
In 2009, completely dropped support for PowerPC
Supports both 32 and 64 bit versions
iOS: Apple’s OS for mobile devices (iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad)
Released in 2007