Computer System in ict project

8/9/2019 Computer System in ict project

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COMPUTER SYSTEM

CURRENT AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF

OPEN SOURCE AND LATESTDEVELOPMENT IN ICT

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Open source operating system is a set of programs that coordinates all theactivities.Among the

2.0 THE LATEST OPEN SOURCE OPERATING SYSTEM

(OS)

2.1 Meaning of open source OS

Open source software (OSS) is computer software for which the source code and certainother rights normally reserved forcopyright holders are provided under a software licensethat meets the Open Source Definition or that is in thepublic domain. This permits users

to use, change, and improve the software, and to redistribute it in modified or unmodifiedforms. It is very often developed in a public, collaborative manner. Open source softwareis the most prominent example ofopen source development and often compared to user-generated content.The term open source software originated as part of a marketingcampaign forfree software.A report by Standish Group states that adoption ofopensource software models has resulted in savings of about $60 billion per year toconsumers.

2.2 Examples of open source OS

2.2.1 Windows 7

Windows 7 is the most recent publicly available version ofMicrosoft Windows, a seriesofoperating systemsproduced by Microsoft for use onpersonal computers, includinghome and business desktops, laptops,netbooks, tablet PCs and media centerPCs.wndows7 was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009,and general retail availability onOctober 22, 2009,less than three years after the release of its predecessor, WindowsVista. Windows 7's server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 R2, was released at thesame time.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Definitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User-generated_contenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User-generated_contenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netbookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_PChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vistahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vistahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyrighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Definitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User-generated_contenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User-generated_contenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netbookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_PChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vistahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vistahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2


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Screenshot of Windows 7 Ultimate

2.2.2 Windows Vista

Windows Vista is a line ofoperating systems developed by Microsoft for use onpersonal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops,tablet PCs, andmedia centerPCs. Prior to its announcement on July 22, 2005, Windows Vista wasknown by its codename "Longhorn."Development was completed on November 8, 2006;over the following three months it was released in stages to computer hardware andsoftware manufacturers, business customers, and retail channels. On January 30, 2007, itwas released worldwide,and was made available for purchase and download fromMicrosoft's website.The release of Windows Vista came more than five years after theintroduction of its predecessor, Windows XP, the longest time span between successivereleases ofMicrosoft Windows desktop operating systems. It was succeeded by Windows

7 which was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009, and for the general public onOctober 22, 2009.

3.0 THE LATEST OPEN

SOURCE APPLICATION

SOFTWARE

3.1 MEANING OF OPEN SOURCEAPPLICATION SOFTWARE

Open source software is widely used forprivate and non-commercial applications. In addition, many commercial organizationsuse open source frameworks, modules, and libraries inside their proprietary, for-profit
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products and services. Since GNU and some other open source licenses stipulate thatderived works must distribute their intellectual property under an open source (copyleft)license, legal and technical mechanisms have been developed to foster vendors'commercial goals:

3.2 EXAMPLES OF OPEN SOURCE APPLICATION SOFTWARE

3.2.1 Virus Blocking

computer virus is a computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer. Theterm "virus" is also commonly but erroneously used to refer to other types ofmalware,adware, and spyware programs that do not have the reproductive ability. A true virus canonly spread from one computer to another (in some form of executable code) when itshost is taken to the target computer; for instance because a user sent it over a network orthe Internet, or carried it on a removable medium such as a floppy disk, CD, DVD, orUSB drive. Viruses can increase their chances of spreading to other computers by

infecting files on a network file system or a file system that is accessed by anothercomputer.

3.2.2 Antivirus

Antivirus (oranti-virus) software is used to prevent, detect, and remove malware,including computer viruses, worms, and trojan horses. Such programs may also preventand remove adware, spyware, and other forms of malware.

A variety of strategies are typically employed. Signature-based detection involvessearching for known malicious patterns in executable code. However, it is possible for auser to be infected with new malware in which no signature exists yet. To counter such socalled zero-day threats, heuristics can be used. One type of heuristic approach, genericsignatures, can identify new viruses or variants of existing viruses for looking for known
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copylefthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spywarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_diskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_flash_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_file_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_wormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spywarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-day_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copylefthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spywarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_diskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_flash_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_file_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_wormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spywarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-day_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristics


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malicious code (or slight variations of such code) in files. Some antivirus software canalso predict what a file will do if opened/run by emulating it in a sandbox and analyzingwhat it does to see if it performs any malicious actions. If it does, this could mean the fileis malicious.

4.0 THE LATEST DEVELOPMENT IN ICT

4.1 HARDWARE

4.1.1 Processors

Intel Core 2 Duo

Core 2 is a brand encompassing a range ofIntel's consumer64-bitx86-64 single-, dual-,and quad-core CPUsbased on the Intel Core microarchitecture. The single- and dual-core
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models are single-die, whereas the quad-core models comprise two dies, each containingtwo cores, packaged in a multi-chip module.[1] The introduction of Core 2 relegated thePentium brand to the mid-range market, and reunified laptop and desktop CPU lines,which previously had been divided into the Pentium 4,Pentium D, and Pentium Mbrands.

Intel Core2 Duo Processor

Intel Core i7

Intel Core i7 is a family of several Intel desktop and laptop 64-bit x86-64 processors, thefirst processors released using the Intel Nehalem microarchitecture and the successor tothe Intel Core 2 family. All three current models and two upcoming models are quad-coreprocessors.The Core i7identifier applies to the initial family of processors codenamedBloomfield.Intel representatives state that the monikerCore i7is meant to helpconsumers decide which processor to purchase as the newer Nehalem-based products arereleased in the future.The name continues the use of the Core brand.Core i7, firstassembled in Costa Rica,was officially launched on November 17, 2008and ismanufactured in Arizona,New Mexico and Oregon, though the Oregon (PTD, Fab D1D)plant has already moved to the next generation 32 nm process.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_(integrated_circuit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-chip_modulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core_2#cite_note-TG_Daily-0%23cite_note-TG_Daily-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_(brand)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Pentium_Dual-Corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Mhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/64-bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Nehalem_(microarchitecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_codenameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monikerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Ricahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabricationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32_nmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_(integrated_circuit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-chip_modulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core_2#cite_note-TG_Daily-0%23cite_note-TG_Daily-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_(brand)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Pentium_Dual-Corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_Mhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/64-bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Nehalem_(microarchitecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_codenameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monikerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Ricahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabricationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32_nm


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(Intel Core i7 Processor)

4.2 software

Compare windows vista to windows 7

Battery Life

Our next test is battery life, which plays a major role in day-to-day use and also gives us

an indication of how stressful background activities are on a notebook. In this test we

installed FireFox on both systems with theReloadEvery plug-in set to refresh the same

webpage on each system every minute. This was to duplicate slow but steady usage

which might be duplicated inside a classroom or reducing the boredom in a lengthymeeting. For this test both systems were configured with the same power profile inside

the Lenovo Power Manager. The primary settings included the processor set to adaptive

mode, screen brightness to 10/15, and all idle timers disabled. Inside BatteryMon, both

systems reported a battery capacity within .6kWh of each other.

Out of all the tests we ran, I think this was the most interesting. I say that because of the

sheer fact each system shutdown after 5 hours and 56 minutes, within 15 seconds of each

other. Technically one system shut down with 5:56 on the counter while one showed

5:57, but for us it was close enough to be called equal. Both systems stayed at about 6.5

watts of power consumption during the test, without many background tasks coming up

to stress the notebooks.

Software Performance

Application performance was a toss up with some software taking longer to load in theVista environment and another taking longer inside Windows 7. We used AppTimer tomeasure the length of times GIMP and iTunes took to start up on each computer. Afterrunning the test multiple times on each system to find the average, we found that iTunestakes a bit less time to load in Vista and GIMP takes less time in Windows 7.


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iTunes load time

GIMP load time

Video Playback Performance

Video playback and its stress to the processor was another area we checked, and in thisscenario we used the latest CCCP codec pack with Media Player Classic HomeCinema,with Divx 7 installed x264 decoding. The test file was the 1080P trailer for the movieUp!. CPU utilization seemed to be better in Windows 7 (if only slightly), as shown by amore stable readout in the Task Manager. In Windows 7 if you go with Windows MediaPlayer 12, which supports hardware decoding with the Intel X4500 chipset, theperformance difference is huge. Instead of 15-25% CPU utilization, it is between 0-4%on average.

Vista

Windows 7

5.0 PERVASIVE COMPUTING


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5.1 MEANING OF PERVASIVE COMPUTING

Pervasive computing provides convenient access to relevant information and applicationsthrough a new class of ubiquitous, intelligent appliances that have the ability to easilyfunction when and where needed. The namepervasive computingtells only part of the

story; a parallel revolution lies in network-enabling these pervasive computing devices byproviding transparent, ubiquitous access to e-business services. At last year'sinternational Telecom 99 conference in Geneva, the global telecommunications carrierindustry focused on the "information" industry. Concepts such as "wireless Internet" werehot. However, even the mighty telco carriers need partners in order to cover the breadthof disciplines necessary to provide pervasive computing services successfully.

The long-promised paradigm shift ofconvergence may finally be occurring. Virtually alltypes of information technology companies are targeting the same area: hardware (PCs,Palm, and other personal organizers; routers, switches, and consumer electronics);software (operating systems, application, middleware, and network management);

Internet, telcos, wireless, and other service providers; consultants, system integrators, andnetworking; along with broadcasters, cable TV, and content providers. Thus, cross-industry partnerships and other linkages combining respective expertise are becomingquite commonplace. But pervasive computing is a bit of a Rorschach ink blot -- differentviewers see different subjective opportunities in this emerging market space.

5.2 EXAMPLES OF PERVASIVE COMPUTING

Ubiquitous computing

Ubiquitous computing (ubicomp) is a post-desktop model ofhuman-computerinteraction in which information processing has been thoroughly integrated into everydayobjects and activities. In the course of ordinary activities, someone "using" ubiquitous

computing engages many computational devices and systems simultaneously, and maynot necessarily even be aware that they are doing so. This model is usually considered anadvancement from the desktop paradigm.

This paradigm is also described as pervasive computing, ambient intelligence, or, morerecently, everyware.When primarily concerning the objects involved, it is also physicalcomputing, theInternet of Things, haptic computingand things that think. Rather thanpropose a single definition for ubiquitous computing and for these related terms, a
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taxonomy of properties for ubiquitous computing has been proposed, from whichdifferent kinds or flavours of ubiquitous systems and applications can be described.

Lateral computing

Lateral-computing is a lateral thinking approach to solving computing problems. Lateralthinking has been made popular by Edward de Bono.This thinking technique is applied togenerate creative ideas and solve problems. Similarly, by applying lateral-computingtechniques to a problem, it can become much easier to arrive at a computationallyinexpensive, easy to implement, efficient, innovative or unconventional solution.

The traditional or conventional approach to solving computing problems is to either buildmathematical models or have an IF- THEN -ELSE structure. For example, abrute forcesearch is used in many chess engines, but this approach is computationally expensive andsometimes may arrive at poor solutions. It is for problems like this that lateral computingcan be useful to form a better solution.

A simple problem of truck backup can be used for illustrating lateral-computing. This isone of the difficult tasks for traditional computing techniques, and has been efficientlysolved by the use offuzzy logic (which is a lateral computing technique) .Lateral-computing sometimes arrives at a novel solution for particular computing problem byusing the model of how living beings, such as how humans, ants, and honeybees, solve aproblem; how pure crystals are formed by annealing, or evolution of living beings orquantum mechanics etc.

6.0 CONCLUSION

Alleviating poverty with ICTs is not as straightforward as merely installing thetechnology, but it is not conceptually complex either. Provided a few relativelysimple principles can be followed, it seems likely that widespread povertyalleviation can be achieved with ICTs. The main challenges are not actually in thetechnology; they lie in the coordination of a disparate set of local and nationalfactors, each of which can derail efforts if not taken into account. As a crosscutting

multidimensional approach to development, ICTs can stretch implementationenergies to the full. They also challenge traditional approaches to development.But they promise substantial improvements in the daily lives of millions of poorpeople. The framework for poverty alleviation is offered as a tool for guidingefforts towards achieving this potential. The framework allows for a fullconsideration of the range of relevant critical factors prior to embarking onimplementation as well as for post-hoc reflections on outcomes. It represents a
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first effort, and it is acknowledged that other, similar tools exist. Through acombination and further synthesis of experiences and observations, the frameworkcan become a practical tool for use by planners and policy-makers with generalapplicability in multiple contexts.

REFERENCE

httpen.wikibooks.orgwikiGender_and_ICTFinal_Analysis_and

_Conclusion

httpwww.isoc.orginet2000cdproceedings3a3a_1.htm

httpwww.notebookreview.comdefault.aspnewsID=5327

http://www.intel.com/products/processor/core2duo/index.htm


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Computer System in ict project