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Computer Software
4-2
Learning Objectives
• Describe several important trends occurring in computer software.
• Give examples of several major types of application and system software.
• Explain the purpose of several popular software packages for end user productivity and collaborative computing.
4-3
• Define and describe the functions of an operating system.
• Describe the main uses of computer programming software, tools, and languages.
• Describe the issues associated with open-source software.
Learning Objectives
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Information System Resources
4-5
Application Software
• General Purpose– Perform common information processing
– Productivity packages
• Custom Software– In-house development and maintenance
• Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS)– Third party vendor
• Open-source Software– Application code available and free
4-6
Types of Application & System Software
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Types of Application & System Software
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Components of Top Software Suites
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Integrated Packages• Combine functions of several programs
– Examples: Microsoft Works, AppleWorks
• Advantages– Lower price– Less disk space– Pre-installed on microcomputers
• Disadvantages– Limited functionality
4-10
Web Browsers• Support navigation
– Internet and World-Wide Web– Intranets– Extranets
• Universal platform– Information searches– E-mail– Multimedia file transfer– Discussion groups– Other Internet-based applications
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Search Engines• Indispensable for finding information• Popular engines
– Google, Ask Jeeves, Look Smart, Lycos, Overture, Yahoo!
• Universal client
– On all computers of an enterprise
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E-mail, Instant Messaging, and Weblogs
• E-mail• Instant messaging (IM)• Weblog or blog
– Personal website in dated log format– Updated with new information
• Owner
• Gleaned from other sites
• Moderated discussion
4-13
Word Processing/Desktop Publishing
• Popular Word Processors– Create, edit, revise, and print documents
– Microsoft Word, Lotus WordPro, Corel WordPerfect, OpenOffice Writer
• Desktop Publishing– Produce printed materials that look
professionally published
– Adobe InDesign, Microsoft Publisher, QuarkXPress
4-14
Electronic Spreadsheets
• Used by most businesses
– Analysis, planning, modeling– Microsoft Excel, Open Office Calc,
Corel QuattroPro
• Electronic Spreadsheet
– Worksheet of rows and columns
– Local computer or on network
– Formulas and functions
– Charts and graphs
– What-if questions
4-15
Presentation Graphics
• Emphasize key points
• Convert numeric data into graphics displays
• Create multimedia presentations
– Microsoft PowerPoint, OpenOffice Impress, Lotus Freelance, Corel Presentations
• Use predesigned templates • Tailor files for HTML format in Web sites
4-16
Database Managers
• Manage databases
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Personal Information Managers
• End user productivity and collaboration
– Used in PDAs
– Information about clients
– Schedules, appointments, tasks
– Access the Web and e-mail
– Team collaboration
• Lotus Organizer, Microsoft Outlook
4-18
Groupware• Collaborate on group assignments
– E-mail, discussion groups, databases, video conferencing
• Lotus Notes
• Novell GroupWise
• Microsoft Exchange
– Some allow teams to create websites• Windows SharePoint Services, WebSphere
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Software Alternatives
• Outsourcing
– Domestic
– Offshore
• Application service providers (ASPs)
– Companies that own, operate, and maintain application software and computer system resources
– Use the application for a fee over the Internet
– Pay-as-you-go
– Use expected to accelerate
4-20
Software Alternatives (Cont.)
• Cloud computing – services over the internet– Natural step from grid computing (Chapter 3)– Applications– Virtualized hardware resources
• Vendors of cloud services– SAP Business ByDesign, Salesforce.com,
Google Apps, MidlandHR’s “iTrent as a Service”
• Advantages– Low barrier to entry– Cost Savings– More powerful software
4-21
Software Licensing
• All COTS and ASP software is licensed– Intellectual property rights– Copyright– Trademark– Trade secrets– Traditional contract law
• Uniform Commercial Code (UCC)
• You buy license, not software– Protect the vendor’s property rights
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Software Licensing (Cont.)
• Can do– Sell software– Dispose of rights
• Can’t do– Duplicate– Resell multiple copies– Reverse engineer– Modifying– Disclosing– Transferring software
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Categories of Group Software
• System Management Programs– Manage the resources of a computer system– Examples:
• Operating systems
• Network management programs
• Database management systems
• System utilities
• System Development Programs– Helps develop IS programs and procedures and
then prepare them for processing• Language translators and editors
• CASE and programming tools
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Types of Application & System Software
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Applications-specific programs
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Types of Application & System Software
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Operating Systems
• Integrated system of programs that…
– Provides interface between user and computer
– Manages the operations of the CPU
– Controls the input/output, storage resources, and activities of the computer system
– Provides support for application programs
• Loaded first before other tasks
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Interface Between End Users and Computer
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Operating System Basic Functions
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Popular Operating Systems
• Windows– GUI, multitasking, networking, multimedia– Microsoft’s operating system
• NT, XP, 2003, Vista, Windows 7
– Different versions manage servers
• Windows Server 2008– Based on Vista– Release 2 to correct performance and
security issues
4-31
Popular Operating Systems
• Unix– AT&T– Multitasking, multi-user, network-managing– Portable across computer sizes
• Linux– Low-cost, powerful, reliable – Similar to Unix-like– Open-source– Flexible– Multiple machines
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Open-Source Licensing Characteristics
• The Program – Must allow distribution of
• Source code
• Compiled form
• The License– Shall not restrict selling or giving away– Must allow modifications– Must allow distribution – May restrict modified source code – Must not discriminate– Must not restrict other software distributed
along with the licensed software
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Open-Source programs
• OpenOffice.org 2
– Sun Microsystems
– Integrated office suite
• File formats compatible with other major suites
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Popular Operating Systems
• MAC OS X– Apple operating system for the iMac– Based on UNIX– GUI– Multitasking– Multimedia
4-35
Application virtualization
• Allows software to run on a different operating system.
• Advantages– One machine acts like multiple machines
• Reduces the number of computers needed
• Energy savings
• Use software from multiple vendors
4-36
Other System Software
• Utilities– Miscellaneous housekeeping functions– Example: Norton Utilities includes data
backup, virus protection, data compression, etc.
• Performance Monitors– Keep computer running efficiently
• Security Monitors– Prevent unauthorized use of resources
• Middleware– Interface between an operating system and
the application programs of users
4-37
Types of Application & System Software
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Programming Languages
4-39
Programming Languages
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Object-Oriented Languages
• Combines data elements and the procedures that will be performed upon them into objects
– Data about a bank account and the procedures performed
• Interest calculations
4-41
Web Languages
• HTML– Hypertext documents for the Web
• XML– Identifying tags or contextual labels– Digital publishing
• Cheaper, faster
• Java– Object-oriented – Simple, secure, and platform independent– Java applets on any computer
• JEE6 – Java Enterprise Edition 6• Microsoft .NET
4-42
How Web Services Work
4-43
Language Translator Programs
• Convert human instructions into computer instructions.
• Assembler– Translates assembler language statement
• Compiler– Translates high-level language statements
• Interpreter– Translates and executes one statement at a time
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Programming Tools
• Help identify and minimize errors– Graphical programming interfaces
– Programming editors
– Debuggers
• CASE Tools– Help in the software development process.
• Combine many programming tools into a single application with a common interface
• Used in different stages of the systems development process
4-45