COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

Lecture 3Evolution of Computers

Intel Family ArchitectureCourse Instructor: Aisha Danish

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What are microprocessors?

A microprocessor is a processor (or Central Processing Unit, CPU) fabricated on a single integrated circuit.

X

Y

Controlunit

IR

PC

ALU ACC

MAR

Data bus

Control bus

Address bus

A simple microprocessor architecture

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Evolution of Computers

First generation (1939-1954) - vacuum tube

Second generation (1954-1959) - transistor

Third generation (1959-1971) - IC

Fourth generation (1971-present) - microprocessor

Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.html

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Evolution of Computers

Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.htmlhttp://www.cs.virginia.edu/brochure/museum.htmlhttp://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/650.html

First generation (1939-1954) - vacuum tube

IBM 650, 1954

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Evolution of Computers

Second generation (1954-1959) - transistor

Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.htmlhttp://www.computer50.org/kgill/transistor/trans.html

Manchester University Experimental Transistor Computer

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Evolution of Computers

Third generation (1959-1971) - IC

Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.htmlhttp://www.piercefuller.com/collect/pdp8.html

PDP-8, Digital Equipment Corporation

¾ Thanks to the use of ICs, the DEC PDP-8 is the least expensive general purpose small computer in 1960s

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Evolution of Computers

Fourth generation (1971-present) - microprocessor ¾ In 1971, Intel developed 4-bit 4004 chip for calculator applications.

ALU

Instructiondecoder

Reg.

Programcounter

I/ORefreshlogic

System bus

Control logic

ROM/RAM buffer Timing Reset

http://www.intel.com

A good review article: The History of The Microprocessor, Bell Labs Technical Journal, Autumn, 1997

Block diagram of Intel 4004 4004 chip layout

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Evolution of Intel Microprocessors

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10000

1974 1979 1982 1985 1989 1993 1997 1999 2000

80808088

80286

80386

80486

PentiumP II

P III

P 4

0

1

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1974 1979 1982 1985 1989 1993 1997 1999 2000

8080

8088

80286

80386

80486

PentiumP II P III P 4

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10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

10,000,000

100,000,000

1974 1979 1982 1985 1989 1993 1997 1999 2000

8080

808880286

8038680486

Pentium

P II

P IIIP 4

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

1974 1979 1982 1985 1989 1993 1997 1999 2000

8080808880286

80386 80486

PentiumP II

P III P 4

Number of transistors Minimum transistor sizes (µm)

Clock frequencies (MHz) MIPS

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Other Commercial Microprocessors

PowerPC (IBM, Motorola)

Athlon, Dulon, Hammer (AMD)

Crusoe (Transmeta)

SPARC, UltraSPARC (Sun Microsystems)

ARM cores (Advanced RISC Machines)

MIPS cores (MIPS Technologies)

TI’s TMS DSP chips (Texas Instruments)

StarCore (Motorola, Agere)

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Applications of Microprocessors

Computers

Block diagram of a computer

MemoryTiming &control

Keyboard

Interruptcontrol

... ...Monitor

Micro-processor

DiskOther

peripherals

Bus

¾ System performance is normally the most important design concern

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CPU

RAM ROM

Timer

Interrupt

I/O port

USART

A/D, D/A

OSC.

Applications of Microprocessors

Microcontrollers

Block diagram of a microcontroller

¾ In general, microcontrollers are cheap and have low performance

¾ A microcontroller is a simple computer implemented in a single VLSI chip.

¾ Microcontrollers are widely used in industrial control, automobile and home applications

What is a microprocessor?

Criteria number of chips data path address space CPU performance Price

Types of micrprocessor Application

Reprogrammable microprocessors embedded microprocessors and microcontrollers

Instruction complexity CISC RISC

The 8086 Family

The 8086 Microprocessor (1978):−20-bit address bus.−16-bit internal data bus.−16-bit external data bus.−Separate bus interface unit (BIU) and execution unit(EU).−16-bit registers (with the ability to access the high orlow 8 bits separately).−Built in hardware multiply and divide instructions.−Support for an external floating-point mathcoprocessor.

The 8086 Family

The 8088 Microprocessor (1979):−20-bit address bus.−16-bit internal data bus.−8-bit external data bus.−Separate bus interface unit (BIU) and execution unit(EU).−16-bit registers (with the ability to access the high orlow 8 bits separately).−Built in hardware multiply and divide instructions.−Support for an external floating-point mathcoprocessor.

The 8086 Family

The 80186 & 80188 Microprocessors (1982):−A personal computer (PC) based on the 8086/8088microprocessors requires several additional chips suchas: a clock generator, a programmable timer, a

programmable interrupt controller, a direct memory access controller and a circuitry to select the I/O devices.

−To simplify the design, Intel introduced the 80186 &80188 microprocessors.−The 80186/80188 integrates on a single chip an8086/8088 microprocessor and all the chips mentionedabove.−The 80186 & 80188 are often referred to as

highintegrationprocessors

The 8086 Family

The 80286 Microprocessor (1982):−24-bit address bus.−16-bit internal data bus.−16-bit external data bus.−Designed to be software compatible with 8086 &80186 microprocessors.−Provides two programming modes:Real ModeProtected Mode

The 8086 Family

The 80286 Microprocessor (Real Mode):−The processor function exactly like the

8086 processor.−That is, any 8086 program can be run on a

Real Mode 80286 processor without any change.

−The 80286 processor uses only its 20 least significant address lines.

−So, the memory space is limited to 1 MB

The 8086 Family

The 80286 Microprocessor (Protected Mode):−In this mode, the processor supports a

multiprogramenvironment.−It gives each program a predetermined amount ofmemory.−This uses the full memory space which is 16MB.−This mode is called Protected Mode because severalprograms can be loaded into memory at once (each in

itsown segment), but are protected from each other

The 8086 Family

The 80386 Microprocessor (1984):−32-bit address bus.−32-bit internal data bus.−32-bit external data bus.−32-bit registers.−Provides three modes: Real Mode (identical to that of 80286) Protected Mode (manages 4 GB of memory in

a way similar to that of the 80286). Virtual Mode (similar to Real Mode, except

that multiple 8086 processors can run simultaneously

The 8086 Family

The 80486 Microprocessor (1989):−32-bit address bus.−32-bit internal and external data bus.−32-bit registers.−On-chip cache (stores the most recently usedinstructions and data )−Integrated Floating-Point Unit (FPU)−Real & Protected Modes as in 80386−Pipelined design

The 8086 Family

The Pentium Microprocessor (1993):−32-bit address bus.−32-bit internal−64-bit external data bus.−32-bit registers.−Two instructions pipelines−On-chip cache−Integrated FPU