1

COMPUTER

UPCI COMPUTER EDUCATION

Lakhimpur-Kheri.

-www.upciss.com –www.youtube.com/upciss

Inside The Course

1. Introducation to Computer.

2. History of Computer.

3. Computer Hardware.

4. Computer Software.

5. Computer Memory.

6. Computer Network.

Complete Soulution To All Courses

ADCA, DICPA, DCA, CTTC

DOEACC ‘O’ LEVEL & ‘CCC’.

2

Syllabus

Introduction to computer ……..3

Generation of computer ……..8

Classification of computer ……..11

Computer Hardware ……..16

Input device ……..17

Output device ……..24

Introduction to Memory ……..29

Introduction to Software ……..37

Introduction to Network ……..45

Internet ……..48

Virus (Malware) ……..49

Full form ……..52

Glossary ……..57

3

dEI;wVj dk ifjp; %& dEI;wVj ,d Electronic Machine gS] tks gekjs fn, x;s funsZ'kksa ij dk;Z djrh

gSA dEI;wVj gkMZfo;j vkSj lk¶Vfo;j ls feydj cuk gSA ;g ,d loZHkkSfed e”khu gSA

dEI;wVj “kCn dh mRifÙk dEI;wV (Comput) “kCn ls gqbZ gS ftldk vFkZ gS x.kuk djuk] dEI;wVj dks fgUnh

esa lax.kd dgrs gSaA

tc ge dEI;wVj dks Input Device ds ek/;e ls Instruction nsrs gSa rc og gekjs fn;s x;s Instruction

dks Process djrk gS] rFkk Output Device ds ek/;e ls gesa Information nsrk gSA

dEI;wVj dh fo”ks’krk,¡ %&

1. Speed¼xfr½%& dEI;wVj cgqr rhoz xfr ls dk;Z djrk gSA bldh xfr dks gV`Zl esa ukik tkrk gSA

2. Accuracy ('kq)rk):- dEI;wVj vius dk;Z dks cgqr “kq)rk ds lkFk djrk gSA ;fn ogh dk;Z ekuo

ds }kjk fd;k tk; rks mlesa error gks ldrh gSA ysfdu ogh dk;Z dEI;wVj ds }kjk fd;k tk; rks

cgqr rhozxfr ls “kq} dsydqys”ku dj nsxk A

3. Multitalented (loZHkkSfedrk) :- dEI;wVj ,d Multifunctional Machine gSA ftlls nqfu;k ds

fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks dj ldrs gSA vFkkZr~ ;g ,d loZHkkSfed e”khu gSA

4. Mamory :- dEI;wVj dh ;kn j[kus dh {kerk cgqr T;knk gSA dEI;wVj dh eseksjh dks vko”;drk

ds vuqlkj de ;k T;knk dj ldrs gSA tcfd ekuo dh eseksjh esa ;g fo”ks’krk ugha gSA ekuo dsoy

egRoiw.kZ ckrksa dks gh ;kn j[krk gSA vuko”;d ckrksa dks ;kn ugh j[krk gSA

5. Diligence ¼ifjJe”khyrk½ %& dEI;wVj fcuk Fkds dbZ fnuksa rd dk;Z djus dh {kerk j[krk gSA

tksfd ekuo ds vanj ugh gSA ;g dHkh Fkdrk ugh gSA tcfd ekuo dqN le; dk;Z djus ds ckn

Fkd tkrk gSA vkSj mldks vkjke dh t:jr gksrh gSA

Input (Instruction)

Process Output (Information)

Storage

4

6. Honest (bZekunkjh):- dEI;wVj vius dk;Z dks bZekunkjh ds lkFk djrk gSA tcfd ekuo vius dk;Z

dks bZekunkjh ls ugh djrk gSA

7. UserFriendly :- dEI;wVj ;wtjÝUMyh gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ bls pykuk ljy gksrk gSA

Weakness (dfe;kW) :-

1. NO IQ :- dEI;wVj ds vUnj lkspus le>us dh {kerk ugh gksrh gSA tksfd ekuo ds vUnj gksrh gSA

;gh otg gS fd dEI;wVj ekuo dk xqyke gSA

2. No Feeling :- dEI;wVj ds vUnj Qhfyax ugh gksrh gSA tksfd ekuo ds vUnj gksrh gSA

Brief History of Development of Computer(dEI;wVj dk laf{kIr fodkl Øe):- dEI;wVj dk

fodkl Øe yxHkx 3000 o’kZ iqjkuk gSA lcls igys x.kuk ;a= vcsdl ¼fxurkjk½ dk vfo’dkj gqvk FkkA

bldk iz;ksx vadxf.krh; ifjpkyuksa dh O;ofLFkr x.kuk ds fy, fd;k x;k FkkA ftldk mi;ksx vkt Hkh

phu tkiku lfgr vU; ns”kksa esa fd;k tk jgk gSA vcsdl rkjksa dk ,d Ýse gksrk gSA bu rkjksa esa IykfLVd

;k /kkrq ds xksys fijks;s jgrs gSA blds ckn vU; e”khusa v adks dh x.kuk ds fy;s fodflr dh xbZA

17oha “krkCnh esa teZu xf.krK foYgse “khdkMZ us izFke ;kaf=d Calculator lu~ 1623 esa fodflr fd;k]

;g Calculator tksM+us] ?kVkus] xq.kk] o Hkkx esa l{ke FkkA

Ýka”k ds xf.krK Cyst ikLdy us ,d ;kaf=d v adh; x.kuk ;a= lu~ 1642 esa fodflr fd;k A bl e”khu

dks ,fMax e”khu ;k ikLdykbu dgrs gSA ;g e”khu dsoy tksM ;k ?kVk ldrh FkhA

Abacus Paskline

tsdkM~Zl ywe (Jacquard Loom):- lu~ 1801 esa Ýkalhlh cqudj tkslsQ tsdkMZ us diM+s cquus ds ,sls

ywe dk vkfo’dkj fd;k tks diM+ks es Lor% gh fMtkbu ;k iSVuZ nsrk FkkA bl ywe dh fo”ks’krk ;g Fkh fd

;g diM+s ds fMtkbu dks dkMZcksMZ ds fNnz;qDr iapdMksZ ls fu;fU;= djrk Fkk A iapdkMZ ij fNnzksa dh

mifLFkfr vFkok vuqifLFkfr }kjk /kkxksa dks funZsf”kr fd;k tkrk Fkk A tsdkMZ ds bl ywe us nks fopkj/kkjk;sa

nha tks vkxs dEI;wVj ds fodkl esa mi;ksxh fl} gqbZA igyh ;g dh lwpukvksa dks iapdkMZ ij dksfMM fd;k

x;k A nwljh ;g dh iapdkMZ ij lax`ghr lwpuk funsZ’kksa dk lweg gSA ftlls iapdkMZ dks tc Hkh dke esa

fy;k tk;sxk rks funsZ’kksadk ;g lewg ,d iksxzke ds :Ik esa dk;Z djsXkkA

5

Jacquard Loom

Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine:-

dEI;wVj ds bfrgkl esa mUuhloha “kkrkCnh dk izkjfEHkd le; Lof.kZe ;qx ekuk tkrk gSA vaxzst xf.krK

pkYlZ cScst us ,d ;kaf=d x.kuk e”khu fodflr djus dh vko”;drk rc eglwl dh tc x.kuk ds fy,

cuh gqbZ lkj.kh;ksa esa =qfV vkrh Fkh A pwafd ;s Vsfcy gLr fufeZr FkhaA blfy;s blesa =qfV vkrh FkhA pkYlZ

cScst us lu~ 1822 esa ,d e”khudk fuekZ.k fd;k ftldk O;; fczfV”k ljdkj us ogu fd;k A ml e”khu

dk uke fMQjsUl baftu j[kk x;kA bl e”khu esa fx;j vkSj “kk¶V yxs FksA vkSj ;g Hkki ls pyrh Fkh A

blds ckn lu~ 1833 esa pkYlZ cScst us fMQjsal baftu dk fodflr :Ik ,d ,ukfyfVdy baftu rS;kj fd;k

A ;g e”khu dbZ izdkj ds x.kuk dk;Z djus esa l{ke Fkh A blesa fuuZs”kksa dks laxzfgr djus dh {kerk Fkh A

vkSj blds }kjk Lopfyr :Ik esa ifj.kke Hkh Nkis tk ldrs FksA

CkScst dk dEI;wVj ds {kS= esa cgqr ;ksxnku jgk A cScst dk ,sukfyfVdy baftu vk/kqfud dEI;wVj dk vk/kkj

cuk vkSj ;gh dj.k jgk gS fd pkYlZ cScst dks dEI;wVj dk firkeg dgk tkrk gSA cScst ds ,sukfyfVyd

baftu dks igys csdkj le>k x;k A ysfdu ckn esa ,Mk vkWxLVk us ,sukfyfVdy baftu esa esa x.kuk ds

funsZ”kksa dks fodflr djus esa enn dh A blh dj.k ,Mk vkWxLVk dks igys izksxzkej dk Js; tkrk gSA vkWxLVk

dks lEekfur djus ds fy;s dEI;wVj dh ,d Hkk’kk dk uke ,Mk (ADA) j[kk x;kA

Charles Babbage ADA Augusta

6

gksysfjFk lsall VscqysVj (Hollerith Census Taulator)

lu~ 1889 esa dEI;wVj ds bfrgkl esa ,d vkSj egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk gqbZ ] og Fkh vesfjdk dh tux.kuk dk dk;Z

A lu~ 1890 ls iwoZ tux.kuk dk dk;Z ikjEifjd rjhdksa ls fd;k tkrk FkkA lu~ 1880 esa “kq: dh xbZ

tux.kuk esa lkr o’kZ dk le; yxkA de le; esa tux.kuk ds dk;Z dks djus ds fy;s gksysfjFk us ,d

e”khu cukbZ ftlesa iapdkMZ dks fo|rq ds }kjk lapkfyr fd;k tkrk FkkA ml e”khu dh lgk;rk ls tux.kuk

djus esa dsoy rhu o’kZ dk le; yxkA tks fd cgqr gh de FkkA lu~ 1886 esa gksysfjFk us iapdkMZ ;a=

cukus VscqysfVax e”khu dEIkuh cukbZ A lu~ 1911 esa bl dEiuh dk uke cnydj dEI;wVj VscqysfVax

fjdkWMhZx dEiuh gks x;kA lu~ 1924 esa bl dEiuh dk uke cnydj vkbZ ch ,e gks x;k A ftldk iwjk

uke baVjus”kyu fctusl e”khu gks x;kA tks dh vkt fo”o dh dEI;wVj fuekZ.k djus ckyh lcls cMh

dEIkuh gks x;h gSA

Hollerith Census Taulator Vacuum tube

1. Aiken and Mark-1 (vkbdsu vkSj ekdZ & 1):- Lku~ 1940 esa Electromechanical

Computing vius f”k[kj ij igqWp pqdh Fkh A vkbZ ch ,e ds pkj “kh”kZ bathfu;jksa o gkWoMZ vkbZdsu

us lu~ 1944 esa ,d e”khu dks fodflr fd;k vkSj bldk vkf/kdkfjd uke Automatic Sequence

Controlled Calculator j[kkA ckn esa bl e”khu dk uke ekdZ &1 j[kk x;kA ;g fo”o dk lcl s

igyk Electromechanical Computer FkkA blesa 500 ehy yackbZ ds rkj o 30 yk[k Electronic

Connection Fks ;g e”khu 55 QhV yEch o 8 QhV Å¡ph FkhA ;g 6 lsd.M esa ,d xq.kk vkSj 12

lsd.M esa ,d Hkkx dh fØ;k dj ldrk FkkA

2. The ENIAC (1946):- bl dEI;wVj dk iwjk uke Electronic Numerical Integrator and

Computer gSA bldk fodkl vkehZ ds fy;s fd;k x;k Fkk A bldh lkbZt 20 ok; 40 square

feet room ds cjkcj rFkk out 30 Vu Fkk] blesa 18000 fuokZr uyh;ksa (Vacuum tube) dk

iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA ;g dEI;wVj ,d tksM 200 micro seconds esa vkSj Hkkx 2000 Micro

Sceconds esa djrk FkkA ENIAC izFke Electronic Computer gSA

3. The UNIVAC-I(1951):- bldk iwjk uke Universal Automatic Computer FkkA ;g

O;kikj esa iz;ksx gksus ckyk izFke dEI;wVj FkkA blds ckn IBM us 701 Commercial

Computer rS;kj fd;k FkkA

7

Aiken and Mark-1 UNIVAC

Z3 Charles Babbage

Edvac ENIAC

8

Computer fodkl ds bfrgkl dh ;g ;k=k (Vacuum tube) ds lkFk 1940 esa “kq# gqbZ]

vkSj rc ls pyh vk jgh gSA orZeku esa ;g d`f=e cqf) (Artificial Intelligence) dk iz;ksx

dj rjDdh dj jgh gSA T;knkrj fodkl ds ifj.kkeLo:I rsth ls NksVs]lLrs vkSj avf/kd

“kfä”kkyh dq”ky dEI;wfVax midj.kksa dk vfo”dkj gks ik;k gSA

dEI;wVj dks rduhdh (Technology) ds vk/kkj ij ik¡p ih<+h;ksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA

1. First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum tube

2. Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistor

3. Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuit

4. Fourth Generation (1971- Present) VLSI

5. Fifth Generation (Present To Next) Artificial Intelligence

First Generation :- dEI;wVj dh izFke ih<+h dh 'kq#vkr 1940 ls ekuh tkrh gSA bl tujs”ku esa

Vacuum Tube Technology dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA

1. bl ih<h esa fuokZr uyh;ksa (Vacuum Tube) Technology dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA

2. ;g dEI;wVj ml le; ds vuqlkj cgqr vf/kd xfr ls dsydqys”ku djrs FksA

3. ;g lkbt esa cgqr cMs gksrs Fks] rFkk fo/kqr dk vf/kd iz;ksx djrs Fks A

4. budks pykuk o budk j[k[kko dfBu gksrk FkkA

5. blesa e’khu Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA

6. blesa eseksjh ds rkSj ij pqEcdh; Vsi ,oa iapdkMZ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA

7. ENIAC vkSj UNIVAC izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVj gSaA

9

Second Generation %& bl ih<+h esa Transistor dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA ftldk fodkl Willom

Shockly us 1947 esa fd;k FkkA

1. bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVj ds dk;Z djus dh {kerk izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVj ls cgqr vf/kd Fkh A

2. budh lkbt NksVh gks xbZ Fkh D;ksafd bles Transistor Technology dk iz;ksx fd;k Xk;k FkkA

3. bles vLksEcyh ,oa gkbZ ysfcy Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA (COBOL, FORTRAN)

4. blesa eseksjh ds rkSj ij pqEcdh; Vsi dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk FkkA

Third Generation:- dEI;wVj dh rhljh ih<+h dh 'kq:vkr 1964 ls ekuh tkrh gSA bl tujs”ku esa vkbZ

lh dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk FkkA IC dk iwjk uke Integrated Circuit gSA IC dk fodkl 1958 esa Jack

Kilby us fd;k FkkA

1. blesa IC Technology(SSI) dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA SSI dk iwjk uke Small Scale

Integration gSA bl fpi ij 10 ls 20 rRo LFkkfir gksrs FksA

2. blesa gkbZ ysfoy Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx izksxzkfeax ds fy;s fd;k tkrk FkkA

3. bUgsa ge ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij vklkuh ls ys tk ldrs FksA

4. blesa eseksjh ds rkSj ij pqEcdh; fMLd dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk FkkA

5. lcls igys vkWijsfVax flLVe dk iz;ksx blh ih<+h esa gqvk]tks dh ,d CUI O/S FkkA

Fourth Generation:- dEI;wVj dh pkSFkh ih<+h dh dh 'kq:vkr ekbØksizkslslj ls gqbZ] tks dh flfydksu

ls cuh ,d fpi gksrh gS]ftl ij gtkjksa IC ,d lkFk yxh gksrh gSaA bl ih<+h esa GUI O/S dk iz;ksx

fd;k x;kA

1. blesa IC Technology(VLSI) dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA Very Large Scale Integration

gSA bl fpi ij 10000 ls 20000 Elements LFkkfir gksrs FksA

2. blesa gkbZ ysfoy Hkk"kk (C & C++) dk iz;ksx izksxzkfeax ds fy;s fd;k tkrk FkkA

3. bUgsa ge ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij vklkuh ls ys tk ldrs FksA

4. blesa eseksjh ds rkSj ij pqEcdh; fMLd dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk FkkA

5. ;g fo/kqr dk cgqr de iz;ksx djrs gSA

Fifth Generation:- dEI;wVj dh ikapoh ih<+h Artificial Intelligence ds lkFk fodflr gqbZ] AI dk

rkRi;Z ;g gS fd tks ekuoh; xq.kksa dks le> ldsA ;s ih<+h vHkh fodkl dh izfØ;k esa gS] bl ih<+h ds dqN

xq.k ge vktdy midj.kksa esa dke ysrs gS tSls&fQaxj fizaV] jkscksV] vkokt }kjk buiqV nsuk vkfnA

10

First generation

(mechanical/electromechanical)

Calculators

Pascal's calculator, Arithmometer,

Difference engine, Quevedo's analytical

machine s

Programmable devices

Jacquard loom, Analytical engine, IBM

ASCC/Harvard Mark I, Harvard Mark II, IBM

SSEC, Z1, Z2, Z3

Second generation (vacuum

tubes)

Calculators Atanasoff–Berry Computer, IBM 604,

UNIVAC 60, UNIVAC 120

Programmable devices

Colossus, ENIAC, Manchester Small-Scal e Experimental Machine, EDSAC, Manchester Mark 1, Ferranti Pegasus, Ferranti Mercury, CSIRAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC I, IBM 701, IBM 702, IBM

650, Z22

Third generation (discrete

transistors and SSI, MSI, LSI

integrated circuits)

Mainframes IBM 7090, IBM 7080, IBM System/360,

BUNCH

Minicomputer HP 2116A, IBM System/32, IBM System/36,

LINC, PDP-8, PDP-11

Desktop Computer Programma 101, HP 9100

Fourth generation (VLSI

integrated circuits)

Minicomputer VAX, IBM System i

4-bit microcomputer Intel 4004, Intel 4040

8-bit microcomputer

Intel 8008, Intel 8080, Motorola 6800,

Motorola 6809, MOS Technology 6502,

Zilog Z80

16-bit microcomputer Intel 8088, Zilog Z8000, WDC 65816/65802

32-bit microcomputer Intel 80386, Pentium, Motorola 68000,

ARM

64-bit

microcomputer[56]

Alpha, MIPS, PA-RISC, PowerPC, SPARC,

x86-64, ARMv8-A

Embedded computer Intel 8048, Intel 8051

Personal computer

Desktop computer, Home computer,

Laptop computer, Personal digital

assistant (PDA), Portable computer, Tablet

PC, Wearable compute r

Theoretical/experimental

Quantum computer, Chemical computer, DNA computing, Optical

computer,

11

dEI;wVj dks nks rjhds ls Classified fd;k x;k gSA

1. dk;Z djus ds vk/kkj ijA (On the basis of work).

2. vkdkj ds vk/kkj ijA (On the basis of Size).

Type of Computer Basis on Work: - dk;Z djus ds vk/kkj ij] dEI;wVj rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSA

1. Analog Computer

2. Digital Computer

3. Hybrid Computer

1. Analog Computer :- ,ukykWx dEI;wVj os dEI;wVj gksrs gS A tks HkkSfrd ek=kvksa dks ukius dk

dk;Z djrs gSA tSls rki ] nkc] yackbZ] pkSM+kbZ vkfn eki dj muds ifj.kke vadks esa O;Dr djrs gSA

;g dEI;wVj nks ifjekiksa ds chp rqyuk Hkh dj ldrs gSA ,ukykWx dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx foKku ,oa

Engineering ds {kS= esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;s dEI;wVj ,ukykWx flxauy ij dke djrs gSA

2. Digital Computer :& ;g dEI;wVj Calculations and Logical Operations djrs gSA

fMftVy dEI;wVj MkVk ,oa izksxzke dks 0]1 esa ifjoZfrr djds mudks elelctronic :Ik esa ysrk gSA

;g dEI;wVj fMftVy flxauy ij dke djrs gSa] vf/kdk”kar% dEI;wVj fMftVy dEI;wVj gh gksrs gSA

12

3. Hybrid Computer :- os dEI;wVj tks ,ukykWx ,oa fMftVy dEI;wVj nksuka dk dk;Z djrs gSA

hybrid computer dgykrs gSA mnkgj.k Petrol Pump ;g petrol vkfn dks ukirk gS vkSj

mlds ewY; dh x.kuk Hkh djrk gSA

Type of Computer Base on Size :- vkdkj ds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVj fuEUk izdkj ds gksrs gSA

1. Micro Computer

2. Mini Computer

3. Mainframe Computer

4. Super Computer

1. Micro Computer :- ;g dEI;wVj vkdkj esa NksVs gksrs gSA bu dEI;wVj esa ekbØks izkslslj dk iz;ksx

fd;k tkrk Fkk A blfy, bUgsa ekbZØks dEI;wVj dgrs gSA ;g out esa gYds ,oa lLrs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA

bu dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx ?kjksa ,oa NksVs O;olk;ksa esa fd;k tk jgk gSA bu dEI;wVjl dks PC Hkh dgk tkrk

gSA

PC dks fuEu Hkkxksa esa ckWVk x;k gSA

a. Desktop Computer

b. Laptop Computer

c. Palmtop Computer

d. Notebook Computer

e. Tablet Computer

13

Desktop Computer:- Desktop Computer os dEI;wVj gksrs gSA ftudks Vsfcy ij j[kdj

pyk;k tkrk gSA ;g lkbZt esa FkksMs cMs gksrs gSA blesa lhih;w ekWfuVj dhcksMZ ekml vkfn gksrs gSA

Laptop Computer :- Laptop Computer os gksrs gSA ftudks xksnh esa j[kdj pyk;k tkrk

gSA ;g lkbZt esa cgqr NksVs gksrs gSA ;g Desktop Computer ls eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA blesa

lhih;w ]dhoksMZ ] ekml ,d lkFk gksrs gSA buesa ikoj ds fy;s cSVjh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

Palmtop Computer:- ;g dEI;wVj Laptop Computer ls NksVs gksrs gSA ftudks gFksyh esa

j[kdj pyk;k tkrk gSA blesa lhih;w ]dhoksMZ ] ekml ,d lkFk gksrs gSA buesa ikoj ds fy;s cSVjh

dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA budh dk;Z djus dh {kerk ysiVkWi ls FkksMh de gksrh gSA

14

Notebook Computer :- Notebook Computer Laptop Computer ds leku gh gksrs

gSA ftudks xksnh esa j[kdj pyk;k tkrk gSA blesa lhih;w ]dhoksMZ ] ekml ,d lkFk gksrs gSA buesa

ikoj ds fy;s cSVjh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

Tablet Computer :- ;g dEI;wVj cgqr gh NksVs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA ;g eksckbZy ls FkksMs cMs gksrs

gSA ;g VpLdzhu gksrs gSA

2. Mini Computer :- ;g oks dEI;wVj tks dEIkuh;ksa ,oa ljdkjh vkWfQl esa loZj dEI;wVj ds dk;Z

ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA budh dk;Z {kerk Micro Computer ls vf/kd gksrh gSA bl dEI;wVj ij

,d lkFk dbZ ;wtj ykWxbu dj dlrs gSA budh eseksjh {kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA budk gkMZos;j lekU;

dEI;wVj ls cMk gksrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj ?kjksa esa iz;ksx gksus okys dEI;wVj ugh gksrs gSA ;g eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs

gSA

budk iz;ksx dEiuh ds MkVkcsl dks j[kus ds fy;s ,oa dEiuh ds vU; egRoiw.kZ dk;Z dks djus ds fy;s bl

dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA PDP-8 First Mini Computer ftldk fodkl 1965 esa fd;k x;k

Fkk A bldk vkdkj fÝt ds cjkcj FkkA bldh dher 18000 Mkyj FkhA ftls DEC Company us cuk;k

FkkA DEC dk iwjk uke Digital Equipment Corporation gSA

15

3. Mainframe Computer :- ;g oks dEI;wVj tks cMh cMh dEIkuh;ksa ,oa ljdkjh vkWfQl esa loZj

dEI;wVj ds dk;Z ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA bl dEI;wVj ij ,d lkFk dbZ ;wtj ykWxbu dj dlrs gSA

budh eseksjh {kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA ;g eagxs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA bu dEI;wVjl esa ekbZdzks dEI;wVj dk

iz;ksx Clinent ds rkSj ij fd;k tkrk gSA dN Mainframe Computer fuEu gSA

zEnterprise EC12 Design By IBM, ICL 39, CDC Cyber etc.

4. Super Computer:- lqij dEI;wVj fo’ks”k izdkj ds dEI;wVj gksrs gSA budk fuekZ.k fo’ks”k dk;Z ds

fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;g nqfu;k ds lcls rst vkSj cMs dEI;wVj gksrs gSA bu dEI;wVj esa vusd lhih;w

dks ,d lekUrj Øe esa yxs jgrs gSA ftl ds dkj.k budh dk;Z djus dh {kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA

fo'o dk lcls rst lqij dEI;wVj Sunway TaihuLight gS] ftldh Speed 93PFlop/s gSA

Hkkjr dk lcls rst lqij dEI;wVj PARAM ,ISHAN gS] ftldh Speed 5.39 PFlop/s (Peta Flop)

gSA

lqij dEI;wVj ds dk;Z %&

1 varfj{k ;k=k ds fy;s ] ;q} ds fy;s

2 ekSle foKku dh tkudkjh Kkr djus ds fy;s

3 High resolution and action Movies cukus ds fy;sA

16

Computer ds os ikVZ ftUgs ge Vp dj ldrs gSa] os lHkh Hardware ikVZ dgykrs gSaA Computer ds

Hardware ikVZ dks pkj Hkkxksa esa ckVk x;k gSA tks uhps IPOS ds pkVZ esa crk;k x;k gSA

17

Input Device

fdlh Hkh funsZ”k ,oa MkVk dks dEI;wVj esa Input Device ds ek/;e ls gh ,aVj fd;k tk ldrk gS] fQj

dEI;wVj ml ij izkslsl djrk gS] vkSj gesa Output nsrk gSA

Key board :- ;g ,d lcls T;knk iz;ksx dh tkus okyh buiqV fMokbl gSA ;g VkbijkbZVj ds

fl)kar ij dk;Z djrk gSA blls text ,number, symbol vkfn dks dEI;wVj ds vanj buiqV fd;k tkrk

gSA ,d LVsaMZ dhcksMZ esa 101-105 dh gksrh gS Multimedia key board esa blls vf/kd dh gksrh gSaA

Technology ds vk/kkj ij Keybord dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSA

Wired (PS2, USB), Wireless , Bee Raider , Hologram , Key mouse Keybord.

Mouse :- ;g GUI interface esa lcls T;knk iz;ksx gksus okyh Pointer input device gSA blesa dqy

rhu cVu gksrs gSA Left and Right Button vkSj chp esa ,d Scroll button gksrk gSA

Technology ds vk/kkj ij Mouse dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSA

Optical , Wired (PS2, USB), Wireless , Touchpad , Mechanical.

Bee Raider Hologram Keybord

Wired Keybord Key Mouse

18

Scanner :- blls ge lwpuk ,oa MkVk dks dEI;wVj ds vUnj lh/ks buiqV dj ldrs gSA blls fdlh Hkh

fdrkc QksVks ,oa vU; MkVk dks i<dj mls dEI;wVj esa QksVks ds :Ik esa lso djrk gSA blls ge gkMZdkWih

dks soft dkWih esa ifjofrZr dj nsrk gSA LdSuj ds iz;ksx dk lcls cMk ykHk ;g gS fd blesa ;wtj dks

lwpuk dks Vkbi djus dh vko”;drk ugha gksrh gSA LdSu fd, gq, MkVk dks Software dh en~n ls Edit

dj ldrs gSaA

Mechanical Optical Wired

Optical Wireless Touchpad

19

OMR:- bldk iwjk uke Optical Mark Reader gSA ;g ,d ,slh fMokbl gS tks OMR Sheet ij

isfUly ;k isu ds fpUg dh mifLFkfr vkSj vuqmifLFkfr dks tkWprh gSA ;g Machine dsoy OMR

sheet dks tkWprh gSA vktdy bldk iz;ksx Competitive examination dh answer book dks

Check fd;k tkrk gSA blds iz;ksx ls de le; esa lgh ifj.kke vk tkrs gSA

OCR:- bldk iwjk uke Optical Character Recognition gSA bldh lgk;rk ls igys ls Nis

dSjsDVjlZ ds ijLij QdZ ns[kdj OCR ekud dSjsDVjlZ ls igpku dh tkrh gSA blds }kjk VkbZijkbZVj ]

gkFk ls fy[ks iqjkus ys[k vkSj ØsfMV dkMZ ds dSjsDVj i<+ ysrk gSA

MICR:-MICR dk iwjk uke Magnetic Ink Character Recognition gSA bldk iz;ksx cSafdax esa

vf/kd fd;k tkrk gSA cSad esa vf/kd la[;k esa pSd tkapus esa budk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

MICR Technology esa pSd ij fo’ks”k pqEcdh; L;kgh }kjk dSjsDVj Nkis tkrs gSA MICR jhMj pSd ij

Nkis dSjsDVj dks pqEcdh; dkW;y ds laosnu ls i<+rk gSA vkSj ;g tkWprk gSA fd pSd lgh ;k ugha pSd ij

tks v{kj Nis jgrs gSaA og pqEcdh; L;kgh ls fy[ks j[krs gSA

20

Light Pen:- YkkbZV isu dk iz;ksx dEI;wVj Ldzhu ij dksbzZ fp= ;k dk vkd`fr dk fuek.kZ djus ds fy;s

fd;k tkrk gSA ;g Hkh ,d ikabVj fMokbl gSA ykbZV isu esa ,d QksVks lsy gksrk gSA tc ge ykbZVisu ls

dEI;wVj Ldzhu ij dksbZ fp= cukrs gSA rks bldh iYl Ldzhu ls transmit gksdj dEI;wVj esa lso gks

tkrh gSA ykbZVisu dk iz;ksx ehuw vkI”ku dks pquus Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA vktdy bldk iz;ksx CAD

ds dk;ksZ esa vf/kd gks jgk gSA

Joystick:- bldk iz;ksx dEI;wVj esa xsEl [ksyus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA tkW;fLVd ds ek/;e ls Ldhu

ij mifLFkr vkd`fr dks vklkuh ls ewo fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g cPpksa dks dEI;wVj fl[kkus dk vklku

rjhdk gSA blls xsEl [ksyuk lqfo/kktud gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx jkscksV dks daVksy djus ds fy;s fd;k

tkrk gSA

Trackball:- ;g ,d pointer device gSA ;g ekml ds leku dk;Z djrh gSA blesa ,d mHkjh gqbZ

xsan gksrh gSA vkSj nks ;k rhu cVu gksrs gS bldh xsan dks vaxqfy;ksa ;s ?kqek;k tkrk gSA ;g ysiVkWi esa

ekml dk dk;Z djrh gSA bldh lgk;rk ls xsEl Hkh [ksys tkrs gSA ;g de txg ?ksjrk gSA bles dsoy

xsan dks ?kqekuk iMrk gS] iwjh trackball device dks ugh A

21

Touch Screen:- Touch Screen dk iz;ksx vktdy cSafdax] jsyos ] ,;jiksV ,oa ykbczsjh esa dSVykWx

Qkby dks <w<us esa fd;k tk jgk gSA iwjs Vp LØhu ekWfuVj esa ,d lsulhfVo LØhu gksrh gSA tks cgqr

lkjs fcUnqvksa ls feydj curh gSA ftUgsa ge Vp IokWbUV dgrs gSA blesa ,d dhcksMZ Hkh gksrk gSAftlls

MkVk dks dEI;wVj ds vUnj buiqV fd;k tk ldrk gSA;g rduhdh ;wtj QzsUMyh gksrh gSA bldks pykuk

vklku gksrk gSA blesa ekml dk dk;Z vkWxqyh djrh gSA ftl vkWI”ku dks flfyDV djuk gksrk gSA mls

vkWxqyh ls Vp djrs gSA

Digitizing tablet or Graphic table:-

Digitizing tablet ,d drawing lrg gksrh gSA blds lkFk ,d isu ;k ekml gksrk gSA bl Vsfcy ij

irys rkjksa dk tky gksrk gSA ftl ij isu pykrs gh ladsr dEI;wVj esa pys tkrs gSA blds Åij ,d

LdSafuax gsM yxk jgrk gSA ftls id dgrs gSA bldk iz;ksx v{kj dks bfPNr xzkfQdy fLFkfr esa ikus ds

fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA bldh lgk;rk ls xzkQ dk fuek.kZ Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA blfy;s bls xzkQ Vsfcy

Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

22

Bar Code Reader (BCR):- BCR dk iz;ksx O;klkf;d {kS= esa fd;k tkrk gSA blls

mOikn(product ) ds iSdsV ds Åij Nis gq;s ckj dksM dsk i<us ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls mRikn

ds ckj esa lEiw.kZ tkudkjh dEI;wVj esa ,d gh ckj esa buiqV gks tkrh gSA vkSj fQj bl ij izkslsflax dh

tkrh gSA blesa ckjdksM dks jhM djus ds fy;s izdk’kh; fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA BCR nks izdkj

ds gksrs gSaA

1. Flatbed :- ;g Vsfcy ij lsV dj fn;k tkrk gSA vkSj mRikn ds ckj dksM bl ij j[kdj jhM

fd;k tkrk gSA

2. Handheld:- budks gkFk esa ysdj iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx NksVs ekdsZV ]dksfj;j vkSj

iksLV vkWQhl esa fd;k tkrk gSA

Processing Unit :- izkslsflax ;wfuV buiqV fd, x;s MsVk dks izkslsl djus dk dke dkjrh gS ] izkslsl

fd, x;s MsVk dks Output Device ds ek/;e ls ge izkIr dj ldrs gSaA izkslsflax fuEufyf[kr ;wfuV ls

feydj curh gSA Processor (CPU) , Motherbord.

Processor :- ALU vkSj CU ds dk¡fcus”ku dks gh izkslslj dgk tkrk gSA vkerkSj ij Processor dks

gh CPU dgk tkrk gSA Processor dh Speed dks MIPS (fefy;u baLVªD”kUl ij lsdsaM) esa ekik tkrk

gSA

CPU :- CPU dk iwjk uke Central Processing Unit gSA ;g Computer dk fnekx gksrk gSA lhih;w

dk dke funZs”kksa vFkok izksxzkeksa dks ,sXthD;wV djukA lhih;w fuEu ;wfuV ls feydj cuk gksrk gSA

CU

ALU

General Purpose Registers (MU)

1. CU :- bldk iwjk uke Control Unit gSA CU iwjs dEI;wVj flLVe ds lHkh dk;kZsa dks fu;af=r djus dk

dk;Z djrk gSA ;g ;wfuV lhih;w dh egRoiw.kZ ;wfuV gksrh gSA

2. ALU :- bldk iwjk uke Airthmetic Logical Unit gSA ;g dEI;wVj dh izeq[k ;qfuV gksrh gSA blds

}kjk dEI;wVj esa lHkh Airthmetic ,oa logical dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSA ;g Processor ds vUnj gksrh gSA

23

3. General Purpose Registers (MU) :- ;g CPUdk gh ,d fgLlk gksrh gS] tks izkslsflax ds le;

MsVk dks LVksj djus dk dke djrh gSA ;g Computer dh lcls Fast Memory gksrh gS] D;ksa dh ;g

CPU ds lcls utnhd gksrh gSA

Motherbord :- ,d flLVe esa lHkh bysDVªkWfud daiksusaVl~ ,d Qkbcj Xykl ds VqdMs+ ij yxs gkssrs gSa

ftls enj cksMZ dgk tkrk gSA Motherbord Computer ds lHkh Parts dks tksM+us dk dke djrk gSA

Microprocessor (CPU)

24

Output devices

Monitor ,d vkmViqV fMokbl gSA bldks fotqvy fMLIys ;wfuV Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g ns[kus esa Vhoh

dh rjg gksrk gSA EkkWuhVj ,d lcls egRoiw.kZ vkmViqV fMokbl gSA blds fcuk dEI;wVj v/kwjk gksrk gSA

;g vkmViqV dks viuh LØhu ij Soft Copy ds :Ik esa iznf”kZr djrk gSA

CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Monitor:- ;g rduhdh lLrh ,oa jaxhu vkmViqV nsus esa l{ke gSA blesa

fiDpj V;wc ,yhesaV gksrk gSA tks iwjkus Vhch lsV ds rjg gksrk gSA ;g Technology cUn gks pqdh gSA

Flat panel Monitor :- ;s iryh fMLIys fMokblst Flat Panel Display dgykrh gSA bldk iz;ksx

ysIkVkWi esa fd;k tk jgk gS ;g fo/kqr dh [kir de djrh gSA vkSj otu esa gYds gksrs gSaA blesa LCD

(Liquid Crystal Display )Technology dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

nks vU; Flat panel technology ds uke GPD(Gas Plasma Display), Electroluminescent

Display (EL) gSA budh fMLIys quality, LCD dh rqyuk esa vPNh gSA vkt dh ubZ rduhdh LED

gSA ftldk iwjk uke Light emitting diode gSA

Characteristics of a Monitor (ekWuhVj ds eq[; y{k.k):-

1. Resolution (jstksyw”ku):- Display device dk egRRoiw.kZ xq.k jstksyw’ku ;k Ldzhu ds fp=

dh Li"Vrk gksrk gSA ekWuhVj esa fp= dk fuek.kZ NksVs NksVs fcUnqvksa ls feydj gksrk gSA ftls

fiDlsy dgk tkrk gS tc ;g fcUnq pedrs gSA rks fp= dk fuek.kZ gksrk gSA bdkbZ {kS=Qy esa

mifLFkr fcUnqvksa dh la[;k jstksYkw’ku dks O;Dr djrh gSA ekWuhVj dh jstksyw’ku {kerk vf/kd

gksuh pkfg;sA jstksyw’ku vf/kd gksxk rks fp= dh Li"Vrk vf/kd gksxhA

2. Dot Pitch:- MkWV fip ,d izdkj dh ekiu rduhdh gSA tks ;g iznf’kZr djrh gSA

dh nks fiDlsy ds e/; horizontal vUrj ;k nwjh fdruh gSAbldk ekiu feyhehVj esa fd;k

tkrk gSA ;g ekWuhVj dh xq.koRrk dks iznf’kZr djrk gSA ekWuhVj esa MkWVfip de gksuk pkfg;sA

bldks QkWLQj fip Hkh dgk tkrk gSA dyj ekWuhVj dh MkWV fip 0.15 MM ls .30 MM

rd gksrh gSA

25

Printering Technology

Printer

Impact Printer Non - Impact Printer

Dot Matrix Printer Solid Printer Inkjet Printer Leaser Printer

Printer :- Printer ,d vkmViqV fMokbl gSA blls vkmViqV dks dkxt ij Nki dj izLrqr

fd;k tkrk gSA dkxt ij fy;s x;s vkmViqV dks hard copy dgk tkrk gSA

Impect Printer :- ;g os fizVaj gksrs gSA tks fizfVax djrs le; vkokt djrs gSA blfy;s budks

impact printer dgrs gSA Impact printer nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA

1. Dot Matrix printer

2. Solid printer

Dot Matrix printer:- ;g ,d bEiSDV fizVaj gksrs gSA buds fizVa gSM esa fiuksa dk ,d eSfVDl (matrix)

gksrk gSA bu fiuksa ds fjcu ls VDdjkus ls dkxt ij fizafVax gksrh gSA blesa NksVs NksVs fcUnvksa ls feydj

v{kjvksa dk fuek.kZ gksrk gSA buds fizafVx gSM esa 9,14,18 ;k 24 fiuksa dk horizontal Group gksrk gSA

,d ckj esa ,d dkye dh fiu gSM ls ckgj fudkydj MkWV~l dks Nkirh gSA ftlls ,d v{kj vusd pj.kksa

esa curk gSA bl izdkj fiafVax gSM ykbu dh fn’kk es a vkxs f[kdrk tkrk gSA blesa fizafVax gSM dks dEI;wVj

ds }kjk fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gSA budh fizfVax xfr 30 ls 600 v{kj izfr lSdsaM gksrh gSA

;g fizVaj fizfVax xq.koRkk ds vk/kkj ij nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA

1. Draft Quality Printering: - blesa lkekU; NikbZ gksrh gSA

2. Near Letter Quality Printering: - bl fizafVax esa ,d v{kj dks nks ckj Nkik tkrk gSA

bldh fizafVasx xfr /kheh gksrh gSA

26

Solid Printer

Daisy Wheel printer:- ;g ,d Bksl eqnzk & v{kj (Solid Font Printer) impact printer gSA

bldk uke Msth Oghy blfy;s iMk gS D;ksafd blds fizfVax gSM vkd`fr xqycgkj Qwy (Msth) ds leku gksrk

gSA Msth Oghy fizaVj /kheh xfr dk fizaVj gS ysfdu bldh fizafVax Quality vkSj Li"Vrk vPNh gksrh gSA

blfy;s bldk iz;ksx i= Nkius ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS blfy;s bldks letter Quality Printer Hkh dgrs

gSA

blds fizafVax gSM esa ,d pdz (Wheel) gksrk gS A ftlds izR;sd rkus ij ,d v{kj mHkjk jgrk gS bles

,d NksVk gSej gksrk gS tks rkus ls Vdjkrk gS vkSj rku fjcu ls fjcu ds ihNs dkxt gksrk gS ftl ij

v{kj Nki tkrk gSA Oghy /kweus ls fizafVax gksrh gSA vkSj Oghy fizafVax djrs gq;s viuh {kSfrt xfr esa vkxs

c<rk tkrk gSA

Non-Impect Printer

Non Impect Printer os fizaVj gksrs gSA tks fizafVax djrs le; vkokt ugha djrs gS A ukWu bEiSDV fizaVj

dgykrs gSA budh fizafVax xfr ,oa Li’Vrk bEiSDV fizaVj ls vf/kd gksrh gSA Non Impect Printer nks

izdkj ds gksrs gSA

1. Ink Jet Printer

2. Leaser Printer

Ink Jet Printer:- Ink jet printer ,d non impact printer gSA ftlesa ,d uksty ls dkxt

ij L;kgh dh cawnksa dh ckSNkj djds dSjsDVj vkSj fp=ksa dh NikbZ dh tkrh gSA fizsfVa gSM ds uksty esa

27

L;kgh dh cwanksa dks pktZ djds dkxt ij mfpr fn’kk esa NksMk tkrk gSA bl fizaVj dk fizaVvkmV vf/kd

Li"V gksrk gSA D;ksafd blesa v{kj dk fuekZ.k dbZ MkWVl ls feydj gksrk gSA

jaxhu badtSV fizaVj esa L;kgh ds pkj uksty gksrs gSA uhye] yky] ihyk] dkyk blfy;s bldks CYMK

fizaVj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bl fizaVj esa ,d eq[; leL;k gS fd blds fizaV gSM esa bad DykSfxax (ink

clogging)gks tkrh gS ;fn blls dqN le; rd fizafVax uk fd tk;s rksA blds uksty ds eqgkus ij L;kgh

te tkrh gSA ftlls blds fNnz can gks tkrs gSA bl leL;k dks bad fDyksafxx dgk tkrk gSA vktdy

bl leL;k dks gy dj fy;k x;k gSA blds vykok bl fizaVj dh fizafVax ij ;fn ueh vk tk;s rks bad

QSy tkrh gSA bldh fizafVax DokfyVh izk;% 300 DPI (Dot Per Inch) gksrh gSA

Leaser Printer:- ;g ukWu baEiSDV ist fizaVj gksrs gSA bldk iz;ksx dEI;wVj esa 1970 ds n’kd ls fd;k

tk jgk gSA igys ;s esuQzse dEI;wVj esa iz;ksx fd;s tkrs FksA 1980 n’kd esa budh dher 3000 MkWyj Fkh

A vkSj blh le; budk iz;ksx ekbdzks dEI;wVj esa fd;k tkus yxkA vktdy ;g lcls T;knk yksdfiz;

fizaVj gSA D;ksafd budh fizafVax xfr ,oa DokfyVh cgqr vPNh gksrh gSA ystj fizaVj tsjksxzkQh rduhdh ds

vk/kkj ij dk;Z djrk gSA tsjksxzkQh rduhdh dk fodkl tsjkWDl e’khu ds fy;s gqvk FkkA tsjksxzkQh ,d

QksVksxzkQh rduhdh gSA ftlesa fQYe] ,d vkosf’kr inkFkZ dk ysiu ;qDr Me gksrk gSA ;g Me QksVks

laosfnr gksrk gSA blds }kjk dkxt ij vkmViqV dks Nkik tkrk gSA dk;Zfof/k %& ystj fizaVj esa fizafVax

ystj fdj.k ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS blesa ystj fdj.k ysUlksa }kjk ,d /kwers gq;s cgqHkqtkdkj niZ.k ij Qksdl

dh tkrh gSA tgkW ls ijkofrZr gksdj vkmViqV dh ;g ystj fdj.k ysUlksa }kjk iqu% ,d vU; niZ.k ij

Qksdl dh tkrh gSA tgkW ls ijkfofRkZr gksdj ;g fdj.k Mªe ij fxjrh gSA ;g fdj.k Mªe ij Nkius ckyh

ykbZuksa ds :Ik esa Mkyrk gSA tc ;g Mªe /kwerk gSA rks vkosf’kr LFkkuksa ij Vksuj fpid tkrk gSA blds ckn

;g Vksuj dkxt ij LFkkukUrfjr gks tkrk gSA ftlls vkmViqV dkxt ij Ni tkrk gSA ;g vkmViqV

vLFkkbZ gksrk gS bldks LFkkbZ djus ds fy;s bldks xeZ jksyj ds chp ls xqtkjk tkrk gSA ftlls ;g fizafVax

LFkkbZ gks tkrh gSA

vf/kdrj ystj fizaVj esa microprocessor , RAM and ROM gksrs gSA ROM esa QkWUV ,oa ist dks

28

O;ofLFkr djus okys izksxzke gksrs gSA budh fizafVax DokfyVh 300 to 600 Dpi (Dots per inch) rd

gksrh gS tks loZJs"B gksrh gSA blds }kjk jaxhu Hkh fy;s tk ldrs gSA bldh fizafVax xfr vf/kd gksrh gSA

bldh xfr dks PPM (Pages per minute) esa ukik tkrk gSA vktdy budh dher de gks xbZ gSA

Plotter

;g ,d vkmViqV fMokbl gS blls fp= ,oa xzkQ dks fizaV fd;k tkrk gSA blds }kjk cSuj ]iksLVj vkfn

dks fizaV fd;k tkrk gSA ;g nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA

1. Drum pen plotter

2. Fletbed plottter

Drum pen plotter:- ;g ,d ,slk IykWVj gS ftlesa isu mi;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA tks xfr”khy gksdj

dkxt ij fp= ;k vkd`fr dk fuekZ.k djrk gA bles dkxt dks Me ij p<+;k tkrk gS tks /khjs /khjs

f[kldrk tkrk gS vkSj isu fizafVax djrk tkrk gSA ;g ,d eSdsfudy dykdkj dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA

buesa Technical Drafting Pen dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA isu dh xfr ,d ckj esa ,d bap ds gtkjosa

fgLls ds cjkcj gksrh gSA dbZ IykWVj esa pkj ;k blls vf/kd isu gksrs gSaA ;g bap izfr lSds.M ls fizasfVax

djrk gSA

Fletbed Plotter:- blesa dkxt dks ,d fLFkj voLFkk esa csM ;k Vs esa j[kk tkrk gSA blesa ,d Hkqtk ij

isu yxk jgrk gSA tks eksVj ls dkxt ij X v{k ,oa Y v{k ij /kwe dj fp= ;k vkd`fr dk fuekZ.k djrk

gSA blesa isu dEI;wVj ls fu;af=r gksrk gSA

29

Memory :- ;g Computer dh LVksjst ;wfuV gSA ;g dEI;wVj dk egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gksrh gSA blesa ge

MkVk ] izksxzke vkfn dks LVksj djds j[k ldrs gSA blesa MkVk dks ckbZujh QkeZV¼0]1½ esa LVksj fd;k tkrk

gSA bldks ukius dh lkbZt ds vk/kkj ij dbZ ;wfuV gSA tSls ckbZV] fdyksckbZV ]esxkckbZV] xhxkckbZV ,oa

VsjkckbZV blesa lcls NksVh ;wfuV ckbZV gksrh gSA Naturally Memory nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA

1. Temporary / Volatile ¼vLFkkbZ½

2. Permanent / Non-volatile ¼LFkkbZ½

30

Primary Memory :- bl eseksjh dks Main Memory Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSA

a. RAM b. ROM c. CACHE

RAM (Randam Access Memory)

bldk iwjk uke Randam Access Memory gSA bldh fuEu fo”ks"krk,¡ gksrh gSA

bldks dEI;wVj dh izeq[k eseksjh dgk tkrk gSA

;g vLFkkbZ eseksjh gksrh gSA vFkkZr~ blesa LVksj MkVk dEI;wVj can gksus ij fMfyV gks tkrk gSA

ftldk iqu% izkIr ugh fd;k tk ldrk gSA

;g Volatile Memory dgykrh gSA

blh ls gksdj MkVk Secondary Storage Device or Processor ds ikl tkrk gSA

;g ,d Semiconditor or Filp Flop ls feydj cuh Memory gksrh gSA

;g fuEu izdkj dh gksrh gSA tSls SRAM , DRAM , DDR SDRAM .

SRAM :- bldk iwjk uke Staic Randam Access Memory gSA ;g Flip Flop ls feydj cuh

gksrh gSA ;g Auto Refresh gksrh gSA blesa ge MkVk dks vf/kd le; rd j[k ldrs gSA ;g ,d eagxh

eseksjh gksrh gSA bldh data Accessing Speed vU; jse dh vis{kk vf/kd gksrh gSA

DRAM :- bldk iwjk uke Dyanamic Ramdam Access Memory gSA ;g eseksjh tYnh tYnh

fjQs”k gksrh gSA Refresh dk eryc Electronic Charge or Dischage ls gksrk gSA ;g ,d second

esa gtkjksa ckj Refresh gksrh gSA vr% bldh Speed slow gksrh gSA ;g lLrh gksrh gSA

31

DDR SDRAM :- bldk iwjk uke Double data rate Synchronous Dyanamic RAM gSA bldh

Speed DRAM dh vis{kk vf/kd gksrh gSA vkt dy ds dEI;wVj esa blh RAM dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

DDR1, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4.

ROM (Read Only Memory)

ROM dk iwjk uke Read Only Memory gSA ;g dEI;wVj dh Primary Memory gksrh gSA ;g LFkkbZ

eseksjh gksrh gSA blesa dEI;wVj dks LVkVZ djus okys izFkkfed izksxzke ,oa Setting (BIOS) gksrh gSA ;g

dEI;wVj ds enjcksMZ ij LFkkbZ :Ik ls yxh jgrh gSA ;g ,d eagxh eseksjh gksrh gSA ;g cktkj esa vyx ls

miyC/k ugh gksrh gSA ;g enjcksMZ ds LkkFk vkrh gSA ;g rhu izdkj dh gksrh gA

1. PROM 2. EPROM 3. EEPROM

1. PROM: - bldk iwjk uke Programble Read Only Memory gSA bl fpi esa ,d ckj izksxzke LVksj

fd;k tk ldrk FkkA ;fn izksxzke esa =qfV (Error) gksus ij mlesa dksbZ lq/kkj ugh fd;k tk ldrk FkkA

2. EPROM:- - bldk iwjk uke Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory gSA bl fpi us

PROM dh leL;k dks nwj fd;k FkkA bl fpi esa LVksj izksxzke esa lq/kkj fd;k tk ldrk FkkA fpi esa

lq/kkj djus ds fy;s fpi dks cksMZ ls fudky dj ijkcS axuh fdj.kksa (Ultra-violet Light ) ds lkeus

j[kk tkrk FkkA ftlls fpi esa LVksj izksxzke vkSj MkVk dks fMfyV fd;k tkrk FkkA blds ckn iqu% izksxzke

dks LVksj fd;k tkrk FkkA tks ,d dfBu ,oa eagxh izfØ;k FkhA

PROM

32

3. EEPROM: - bldk iwjk uke Electronic Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory gSA

bl fpi us EPROM dh leL;k dks nwj fd;k gSA bl fpi esa LVksj izksxzke ,oa MkVk esa lq/kkj djus ds

fy;s fo/kqr dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA blds fy;s fpi dks enjcksMZ ls fudkys dh vko”;drk ugh gksrh

gSA ;g ,d ljy ,oa lLrh izfdz;k gSA vktdy ds enjcksMZ esa blh jkse dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA

CACHE Memory

Cache Memory :- ;g Memory CPU And Ram ds chp esa gksrh gSA ;g CPU And Ram ds chp esa

,d fczt dk dk;Z djrh gSA Cache 3 izdkj dh gksrh gSa] L1- L2- L3.

Secondary Memory

Secondary Memory dks Storage Device Hkh dgk tkrk gSA vkerkSj ij ;g dEI;wVj dk Hkkx ugh

gksrh gSA bldks dEI;wVj esa vyx ls tksMk tkrk gSA blesa tks MkVk LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA og LFkkbZ gksrk

gSA vFkkZr~ dEI;wVj can gksus ij blesa LVksj MkVk fMfyV ugh gksrk gSA vko”;drk ds vuqlkj bldks Hkfo’;

esa blesa lso QkbZy ;k QksYMjksa dks [kksy dj ns[k ldrs gSA ;k blesa lq/kkj dj ldrs gSA ,oa bldks ;wtj

ds }kjk fMfyV Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA bldh Storage {kerk vf/kd gksrh gSA ,oa MkVk dks ,sDlsl djus

fd xfr Primary Memory ls /kheh gksrh gSA

MkVk dks ,sDlsl djus ds vk/kkj ij ;g nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA

33

1. Sequential Access:- bl fdz;k esa Storage Data dks mlh dze esa ,sDlsl fd;k tkrk gS ftl

dze esa LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA bl ,sDll fdz;k dks lhfj;y ,sDll fdz;k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA budk

iz;ksx mu laLFkkuksa esa gksrk gSA tgkW ij vf/kd ek=k esa MkVk dks LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA vkSj mldks

mlh dzekuqlkj dke es fy;k tkrk gSA iqjkus le; esa iz;ksx gksus okyh vkWfM;ks vkSj fofM;ks Vsi

dSflV esa blh esFM dk iz;ksx MkVk dks ,sDlsl djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk FkkA cMh cMh daiuh;ksa esa

MkVk dk cSdi ysus ds fy;s ,oa mldks ,sDlsl djus ds fy;s blh fdz;k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

pqEcdh; Vsi blh dk mnkgj.k gSA

2. Direct Access :- blesa MkVk dks fdlh Hkh dze esa ,sDlsl fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,oa fdlh Hkh dze

esa MkVk dks LVksj fd;k tk ldrk gS Abldh ,sDlsl xfr flfj;y ,sDlsl dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gksrh

gSA

Type of Storage device:-

Magnetic Tape:- Magnetic Tape ,d LFkkbZ f}rh;d LVksjst fMokbl gSA blesa ,d

IykfLVd ds Vsi ij pqEcdh; inkFkZ (Magnetic oxside) dk ysiu jgrk gSA LkHkh Vsi blh

izdkj ds gksrs gSA pkgs oks vkWfM;ks ]fofM;ks ;k dEI;wVj dh LVksjst Vsi gksA blesa LVksj MkVk dks

sequential access method ds }kjkLVksj ,oa ,sDlsl fd;k tkrk gSA budk iz;ksx dEI;wVj

esa MkVk ,oa mlds cSdi ysus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA

Magnetic Disk vktdy MkVk dks LVksj djus ds fy;s dEI;wVjksa esa pqEcdh; fMLd dk iz;ksx fd;k tk

jgk gSA bl fMLd esa Direct access ls MkVk dks ,sDlsl fd;k tk ldrk gSA tks pqEcdh; Vsi esa LkaHko

ugh gSA

Magnetic Disk.

1. Hard disk

2. Floppy Disk 3. Zip Disc

Hard disk :- Hard Disk dk fodkl dEI;wVj esa MkVk dks LVksj djus djus ds fy;s fd;k x;k Fkk vkt

dy bldk iz;ksx dEI;wVj ls vkxs c<dj dbZ {kS=ksa esa gks jgk gSA tSls fMftVy fofM;ksa fjdkMZj ] fMftVy

dSejk vkfn esa pqEcdh; fMLd esa MkVk dks LVksj djus {kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA lajpuk ,oa dk;Zfof/k%&

34

gkMZfMLd pqEcdh; fMLd ls feydj cuh gksrh gSA blesa MkVk dks i<+us ,oa fy[kus ds fy;s ,d gsM gksrk

gSA gkMZfMLd ,d central shaft gksrh gSA ftlesa pqEcdh; fMLd yxh jgrh gSA gkMZfMLd dh Åijh fMLd

ds Åijh lrg ,oa fupyh lrg ij MkVk dks LVksj ugha fd;k tkrk gSA ckfd LkHkh lrgksa ij MkVk dks LVksj

fd;k tkrk gSA

fMLd dh IysV esa Track and Sector gksrs gSA lsDVj esa MkVk LVksj gksrk gSA ,d LksDVj esa 512 ckbV MkVk

LVksj gksrk gSA

MkVk dks LVksj ,oa i<+us ds fy;s rhu rjg ds le; yxrs gSA tks fuEu gSA

1. Seek Time:- fMLd esa MkVk dks jh< ;k jkbZV djus okys Track rd igqp e yxk le; lhd

Vkbe dgykrk gSA

2. Letancy time:- Track ea MkVk ds Sector rd igqp es yxk le; ysVsalh VkbZe dgykrk gSA

3. Transfer Rate:- Sector esa MkVk dks fy[kus ,oa i<us esa tks le; yxrk gSA mls Transfer

Rate dgk tkrk gSA

Floppy Disk:- Floppy Disk dks fMDdsV ;k dsoy Floppy Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx ekbØks

dEI;wVj esa gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx lhMh dh rjg fd;k tkrk Fkk bldks ,d dEI;wVj ls nwljs dEI;wVj esa

iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk Fkk A blds fy;s ,d drive dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA ftls floppy drive dgk

tkrk gSA ;gk vkdkj ,oa lkbZt ds vk/kkj ij nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA

1. Mini Floppy :- ;g vkdkj esa 5.25inch dh gksrh gSA budh laxzg.k {kerk 1.2 MB gksrh gSA

budh Drive Hkh vkdkj esa blh ds vkdkj dh gksrh gSA

35

2. Micro Floppy:- ;g vkdkj esa 3.5inch bap dh gksrh gSA budh laxzg.k {kerk 1.44 MB

gksrh gSA budk vkoj.k vf/kd etcwr gksrk gS A

;g ?kuRo ds vk/kkj ij ;g nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA

Mcy MsaflVh ;g 768 KB data dks LVksj djds j[krh gSAblesa 1440 Sector gksrs

gSA gkbZ MsaflVh ;g 1.44 Mb MkVk dks LVksj djrh gSA rFkk blesa 1880 Sector

gksrs gSA

Floppy Disk ek;yj inkFkZ dh cuh gksrh gSA bldh lrg ij pqEcdh; inkFkZ (Magnetic Oxide ) dk

ysiu jgrk gSA blesa track and Sector gksrs ftlesa MkVk dsk LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA bldks IYkkfLVd ds

doj ds vUnj j[kk tkrk gS rkfd blds ?kweus ij [kjksap ls cpk;k tk ldsA bl vkoj.k dk ,d fgLlk

[kqyk jgrk gS tgkW ls MkVk dks jhM ,oa jkbZV fd;k tkrk gSA bl drive esa ,d gsM gksrk gSA ftlls MkVk

dks jhM jkbZV fd;k tkrk gSA

Zip Disc

Optical Disk :- Optical Disk os fMLd gksrh gSaA ftlesa MkVk dks jhM vkSj LVksj djus ds fy;s

ykbZV dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vkWifVdy fMLd dgykrh bu fMLd dh MªkbZo esa ,d ysal gksrk gSA

ftlls che fudyrh gSA vkWifVdy fMLd MsVk dks Pits and Lands esa LVksj djrh gSA vkWifVdy

fMLd pkj izdkj dh gksrh gSA

1. CD (Compact disc) 700 MB

2. DVD (Digital versatile disc) 4.7 GB to 16 GB

3. BRD (Blue ray disc) 100 GB

4. HVD (Holographic versatile disc) 6 TB

36

Memory Unit

Unit Sort Name Capacity

Bit Bit (Machine Language) 0,1 (Binary language)

Nibble Nibble 4 bits

Byte Byte 8 bits

Kilo Byte KB 1024 Bytes=1 KB

Mega Byte MB 1024 KB = 1 MB

Giga Byte GB 1024 MB= 1 GB

Tera Byte TB 1024 GB= 1 TB

Peta Byte PB 1024 TB= 1 PB

Exa Byte EB 1024 PB= 1 EB

Zetta Byte ZB 1024 EB= 1 ZB

Yotta Byte YB 1024 ZB= 1 YB

Bronto Byte BB 1024 YB= 1 BB

Geop Byte GB 1024 BB= 1GB

37

Software:- lkW¶Vos;j dEI;wVj MsVk vkSj funsZ”kksa dk ,d laxfBr laxzg gksrk gS] ftls ge Nw ugha ldrs lkW¶Vos;j

dgykrk gSA Computer Hardware ls dke djokus ds fy, gesa Software dh t#jr iM+rh gSA fcuk lkW¶Vos;j

ds Computer ,d eR̀;q e”khu gSA

Need of Software :- Computer Hardware and Software ls feydj curk gSA dEI;wVj esa gkMZos;j

dk iz;ksx djus ds fy;s dEI;wVj esa mlds dk;Z dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk iMrk gSA rkfd og vius dk;Z dks vPNh

rjg ls dj ldsA blds dk;Z dks Software ds ek/;e ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ dEI;wVj dk

iz;ksx djus ds fy, Software dh vko”;drk gksrh gS A dEI;wVj esa fdlh dk;Z dks djus ds fy;s ,d

software dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA dEI;wVj esa hardware and Software ,d nwljs ds iwjd gksrs gSA

Computer dksbZ Hkh dk;Z vius vki ugh djrk gSa mlls dk;Z djuk ds fy;s mls igys ifjHkkf’kr djuk

iMrk gSA ftlds fy;s Computer language dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA dEI;wVj esa dkekWMl ds lewg dks

izksxzke dgk tkrk gSA ftlesa dekWMl dks rkfdZd Øe esa tek;k tkrk gSA tls lk¶Vos;j dgk tkrk gSA

eq[; #i ls Software nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA

System Software:- ;g ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd izksxzke dk lewg gksrk gSA bl software ds }kjk dEI;wVj

mlds gkMZos;j dks fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj dk izeq[k izksxzke gksrk gSA blds fcuk dEI;wVj dks

LVkVZ ugh fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g Software System ds fy;s dk;Z djrs gSA blfy;s budks System

Software dgk tkrk gSA buds }kjk fuEufyf[kr dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSaA

38

1. ;g ;wtj ,oa gkMZos;j ds chp interface dk fuek.kZ djrs gSA

2. ;g Application Software dks execute djus ds fy;s IysVQkeZ miYkC/k djrs gSA

3. Uk;s gkMZos;j dk iz;ksx djus ds fy;s lg;ksx iznku djrs gSA

4. ;g dEI;wVj dks esUVsUl dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA 5. ;g dEI;wVj dks fu;af=r djrs gSA

System Software dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSaA

Operating System: - Operating System is a System Software ;g ,d daVªksy izksxzke gksrk

gSAbldk laf{kIr uke OS gSA tks ;wtj vkSj dEI;wVj e”khu ds chp laokn LFkkfir djrk gSA vkWijsfVax

flLVe vkSj dEI;wVj gkMZos;j ,d nwljs ds iwjd gksrs gSA fcuk vkWijsfVax flLVe ds dEI;wVj dh dYiuk

ugh fd;k tk ldrh gSA ;g ifjokj ds eqf[k;k dh rjg gksrk gSA ftl rjg ifjokj dk eqf[k;k iwjs ?kj ij

daVªksy djrk gSA mlh izdkj vkWijsfVax flLVe dEI;wVj dks fu;af=r djrk gSA vkWijsfVax flLVe dEI;wVj

gkMZos;j vkSj ;wtj ds chp dk izksxzke gksrk gSA ;g ;wtj ds funsZ’kksa dks dEI;wVj rd dEI;wVj dh Hkk"kk esa

igqpkrk gSA vkSj dEI;wVj ds ifj.kke dks ;wtj rd ;wtj dh Hkk"kk esa nsrk gSA vFkkZr~ ;g ,d ekLVj izksxzke

gksrk gSA dEI;wVj LVkVZ gksrs gh lcls igys ;gh izksxzke eseksjh esa yksM gksrk gSA fQj blds ckn nwljs vU;

izksxzke dEI;wVj esa yksM gksrs gSA vkWijsfVax fLkLVe ds ckn dEI;wVj esa nwljs vU; ,Iyhds”ku izksxzke baLVky

fd;s tkrs gSA

39

vkWijsfVax flLVe ds dk;Z (Function of Operating System) :-

Operating System dEI;wVj es dbZ dk;Z gSA ysfdu izeq[k dk;Z fu;a=.k (Control),oa izca/ku

(Management) gSA vkWijsfVax flLVe ds dqN izeq[k dk;Z fuEu gSA

1. os dk izeq[k dk;Z dEI;wVj esa gkMZos;j ,oa lk¶Vos;j dks fu;f=r ,ao mudk izca/ku djuk gksrk gSA

2 loZj dEI;wVj esa tgkW ,d ls vf/kd ;wtj gksrs gSA ogkW ij vkWijsfVax flLVe ;wtj dh oS/krk dh tkWp

djrk gSA fd ;wtj use vkSj ikloMZ lgh gS ;k ugh A

3 vkWijsfVax flLVe eSeksjh eSustesaV dk dk;Z djrk gSA blds vUrxZr flLVe izksxzke ];wtj izksxzke vkSj

MkVk izksxzke dks esu eseksjh esa LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA

4 buiqV vkmViqV eSustesaV blds vUrxZr buiqV vkmViqV fMokbl dk eSustesaV vkSj mu ij daVksy

vkWijsfVax flLVe ds }kjk gh fd;k tkrk gSA

5 vkWijsfVax flLVe dEI;wVj gkMZos;j vkSj ;wtj ds chp laokn LFkkfir djrk gSA

6 vkWijsfVax flLVe dEI;wVj esa u;s lkW¶Vos;j ,oa u;s gkMZos;j dks LFkkfir djus dh vuqekfr nsrk gSA

blds vykok dbZ vU; egRoiw.kZ dk;Z vkWijsfVax flLVe ds }kjk fd;s tkrs gSA

7 fofHkUu ,jj lans”kksa dk fuekZ.k djuk A

8 fofHkUu dekWMl vkSj funsZ”kksa ds chp vkilh le> LFkkfir djuk A

9 fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ksa dk lapkyu djuk A

10 bUVjuy VkbZe Dykd dk j[k j[kko djuk ,oa mldks eSust djuk A

Popular Operating System :- Windows, Android, Macintosh, Unix, Linux.

Windows Developed By Microsoft Corporation.

Version Release Date Windows ME 14-Sep-2000

Windows 1.01 20-Nov-1985 Windows XP 25-Oct-2001

Windows 3.1 April-1992 Windows Vista 30-Jan-2007

Windows NT 3.1 27-July-1993 Windows 7 22-Oct-2009

Windows 95 24-Aug-1995 Windows 8 26-Oct-2012

Windows 98 25-June-1998 Windows 8.1 18-Oct-2013

Windows 2000 17-Feb-2000 Windows 10 29-July-2015

40

Types of Operating System (Based On Technology)

I Single User Operating System (CUI Based)

tks Operating System ,d ckj esa Computer ij ,d gh User dks dk;Z djus dh vuqefr nsrk gS] mls

Single User Operating System dgk tkrk gSA Example- MS.Dos, Windows Etc.

II Multiuser Operating System (GUI Based)

,d Multiuser Operating System, ,d gh Computer ij dbZ Users dks ,d lkFk dk;Z djus dh

lqfo/kk nsrk gSA izR;sd User dks Computer ls tqM+k ,d Terminal ns fn;k tkrk gSA Example- Unix,

Linux Etc.

III Single Tasking Operating System

tks Operating System ,d ckj esa ,d Single Task gh Execute dj ldrk gS ¼,d le; esa ,d gh

dke dj ikuk½ ]mls Single Task Operating System dgk tkrk gSA Example- MS.Dos.

IV Multi Tasking Operating System

tks Operating System ,d ckj esa dbZ Task Execute dj ldrk gS ]mls Multitasking Operating

System dgk tkrk gSA vktdy ds Operating System Multitasking Operating System gSA

Example- Windows, Unix, Linux Etc.

V Real Time Operating System

tks Operating System fdlh vU; Machine ;k Device ls pyrk gSA tSls&ATM Machine

41

Language :- ftl ds ek/;e ls ge vius fopkj O;Dr djrs gSA 'kCnksa ds , sls lewg dks Hkk’kk dgk tkrk

gSA ftldk dksbZ vFkZ gksrk gSA dEI;wVj ls dk;Z djkus ds fy;s ftl Hkk"kk esa vius fopkjksa dks O;Dr djrs gS

og ;wtj Hkk"kk gksrh gSA vkSj dEI;wVj ftl Hkk"kk dks le>rk gS og e”khu Hkk"kk ;k ckbZujh ¼0&1½ dgykrh

gSA ;wtj Hkk"kk dks e”khu Hkk"kk esa cnyus ds fy;s ,d flLVe lk¶Vos;j dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA ftls

Translator dgk tkrk gSA ;g ;wtj Hkk"kk dks e”khu Hkk"kk vkSj e'khu Hkk"kk dks ;wtj Hkk"kk esa cnyrk gSA

dEI;wVj ds fodkl ds vk/kkj ij Language rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSA

1. Machine Level Language:- ;g og Hkk"kk gksrh gSA tks dEI;wVj le>rk gSA bls ckbujh

Hkk"kk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx izFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVjl esa fd;k x;k Fkk A blesa izksxzkfeax

djuk dfBu gksrk gSA blesa fy[ks x;s izksxzke rhoz xfr ls ju gksrs gSA D;ksa fd bl ij lh/ks izkslsaflax

dh tkrh gSA blesa dksbZ Hkh Translator lk¶Vos;j dh vko”;drk ugha gksrh FkhA bldk dk

vkmViqV Hkh blh Hkk"kk esa vkrk gSA blesa izksxzkfeax djuk dfBu gksrk gSA blesa error Finding

dfBu gksrk gSA ;g e”khu ij vk/kkfjr Hkk"kk gksrh gSA

01010101010101010111100000

2. Assembly Language :- Machine language dh deh;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy;s vklsEcyh

Hkk"kk dk fodkl fd;k x;k A blesa ckbZujh Hkk"kk ds LFkku ij mnumanic code dk iz;ksx fd;k

x;k FkkA ftudks ;kn j[kuk vklku Fkk A bu dksM dks ek”khu Hkk"kk es cnyus ds fy;s vklsEcyj

dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk tks ,d flLVe Software gSA bl Hkk"kk esa izksxzkfeax djuk ljy gksrk

gSA e’khu Hkk"kk dh vis{kkA blesa error Finding ljy gksrk gSA ,oa izksxzke esa lq/kkj djuk ljy

gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx f}rh; ih<+h ds dEI;wVj esa fd;k x;k FkkA

buds izksxzke dks igys e”khu Hkk"kk esa cnyk tkrk FkkA ftlls budh xfr e”khu Hkk"kk ls de gksrh gSA

blds fy;s nwljs software dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA

Code :- HLT, ADD , CLA , SUB, STA vkfnA

3. High Level Lanuage:- Assembley Language dh deh;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy;s gkbZ ysfoy

Hkk"kk dk fodkl fd;k x;k A blesa dksM ds LFkku ij dEI;wVj esa vaxzth Hkk"kk esa funsZ’k fn;s tkus

yxsA ftl ls izksxzke dks le>uk ,oa fy[kuk vklku gks x;k gSA ;g e’khu ij vk/kkfjr Hkk"kk ugh

gksrh gSA blesa izksxzke dks e’khu Hkk"kk e sa cnyus ds fy;s compiler and Interperter dk iz;ksx

fd;k tkrk gSA vktdy dEI;wVj esa izksxzkfeax djus ds fy;s blh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA

bl Hkk"kk dks dk;Z ds vk/kkj ij nks oxksZ esa ckaVk x;k gSA

1. Prosesser oriented language 2. Object oriented language

42

Some High level Languages:-

1. ForTran:- bldk iwjk uke Formula Translation Lanuage gSA bldk fodkl IBM

Company ds Engineer John Backus ds }kjk QkewZyk dks Translate djus ds fy;s lu~

1957 fd;k x;k FkkA

2. COBOL:- bldk iwjk uke Common Busssinus oriented language gSA bldk fodkl

1959 esa O;kikfjd dk;Z ds fy;s fd;k x;k FkkA

3. BASIC :- bldk iwjk uke Beginers all purposes symbolic instruction code gSA

bldk fodkl lu~ 1964 esa fd;k x;k FkkA

4G Languages :- os Hkk"kk;sa ftudk iz;ksx pkSFkh ih<+h ds dEI;wVjl esa fd;k x;k mUgsa 4G Language

dgk tkrk gSA tSls Pascal , C, C++, java etc. ;g Hkk"kk,sa e’khu ij fuHkZj ugha gksrh gSA ;g vkWCtsDV

vksfj;UVfMM gksrh gSA buesa izksxzkfeax djuk ljy gksrk gSA

Compiler:-Compiler ,d System Software gksrk gSA;g ,d translator gksrk gSA tks gkbZ ysfoy

Hkk"kk ds izksxzke dks e”khu Hkk"kk esa cnyrk gSA vkSj blds ckn e”khu Hkk"kk ds dksM dks izkslsflax ds fy;s

Hkstk tkrk gSA izkslsflax ds ckn tks ifj.kke vkrk gS mls ;wtj Hkk"kk esa cnyk tkrk gSA ;g iwjs izksxzke dks

,d LkkFk e”khu dksM esa cnyk tkrk gSA

Interpreter :- Interpreter ,d System Software gksrk gSA;g ,d translator gksrk gSA tks gkbZ

ysfoy Hkk"kk ds izksxzke dks e’khu Hkk"kk esa cnyrk gSA ;g Code dks Line by Line e’khu Hkk"kk esa cnyrk

gSA ,oa mldks ju djds mlds ifj.kke dks rqjar izfnsZ’kr djrk gSA ;g Compiler ls /khek gksrk gSA ;g

eseksjh esa de txg dks ?ksjrk gSA blesa dksM dks repeat djus ds vko”drk ugh gksrh gSA

Assembler :- Assembler ,d System Software gksrk gSA;g ,d translator gksrk gSA tks

assembley Hkk"kk ds izksxzke dks e”khu Hkk"kk esa cnyrk gSA vkSj e”khu Hkk"kk dks Assembley language

esa cnyrk gSA

Debugger :- Computer program , Code , Hardware Device esa BUG ¼xyfr;ksa½ dks [kkstus

dk dke ,d Debugger Software djrk gSA

43

Loader :- Loder ,d Program dks Secondary Memory ls mBkdj Primary Memory esa

Load djus dk dke djrk gSA

Linker :- Linker ,d Computer Program gS] tks ,d daikbyj }kjk mRiUu ,d ;k vf/kd

Program Files dks tksM+us dk dke djrk gSA

Device Driver :- Device Driver fdlh fo”ks’k izdkj dh Device dks lapkfyr ;k fu;af=r djrk

gSA Example :- Audio Driver, WiFi , Web Cam , VGA , Lan , etc.

Utility Software :-;g ,d System Software gksrk gSA ;g Software User ds fy, gksrs gaSA

ftudk iz;ksx ge yksx djrs gSaA Example :- Notepad, Disk Cleaners, Calculator etc.

Application Software:- Application os Software gksrs gSA ftudk mi;ksx ;wtj vius Msyh

:Vhu ds dk;Z djus ds fy;s djrk gSA tSls i= fy[kuk] MkVkcsl rS;kj djuk] xkuk lquuk ]fQYe ns[kuk

vkfn A ,sIyhds”ku lkW¶Vos;j dks fcuk flLVe lkW¶Vos;j ds ugh pyk;k tk ldrk gSA vktdy cktkj esa

vf/kdk”ka lkW¶Vos;j ,Iyhds”ku lkW¶Vos;j gSA ftudk ;wt ihlh esa fd;k tkrk gSA ,Iyhds”ku lkW¶Vos;j dk

fuekZ.k ;wtj vius dk;Z ds vuqlkj dj ldrk gSA

Application Software (Based On Work)

44

Horizontal Software:- ;s os lkW¶Vos;j gksrs gSa] ftudk mi;ksx lHkh Computer User djrs gSaA

Example:-Ms.Office, Photoshop, Tally etc.

Vertical Software:- ;s os lkW¶Vos;j gksrs gSa] ftudks fdlh fo”ks’k laxBu ds fy, cuk;k tkrk gS]

Example:-Finacle, MIBS etc.

Shareware:- bu lkW¶Vos;j dks gesa iz;ksx djus ds fy, [kjhnuk iMrk gS] ysfdu [kjhnus ls igys ;s

gesa dqN fnuksa ds fy, ;s gesa budk Trial version ns fn;k tkrk gSA Example:-CorelDRAW etc.

Freeware:- ;ss lkW¶Vos;j Ýh gksrs gSa] Example:-VLC , Nero etc.

Open Source Software:- ;ss lkW¶Vos;j vius lkFk viuk Source Code Hkh gesa nsrs gSa] ftlls ge

viuh vko”;drk ds vuqlkj mlesa cnyko dj ldrs gSaA Example:-Linux, Wordpress etc.

Commercial Software:- bu Software dks ;k rks [kjhnuk iMrk gS] ;k fQj ykblsal ysuk iMrk

gSA Example:-Ms. Office , Adobe Photoshop etc.

Nagware:- ;s Software Shareware ds varjxr vkrss gSa] bu Software dk tc Trial Time

lekIr gksus okyk gksrk gS] rc ;s Notice nsrs gSa] fd vc vki bl Software dks Purchase dj fyft,A

Example:-WinRAR etc.

Example of Application Software

Word Processing Software MS-Word

Presentation Software MS PowerPoint

Spreadsheet Software MS Excel

Database Software MS Access

Desktop Publishing Software Adobe Photoshop

Internet Browsing Software Google Chrome

Graphics Software CorelDRAW

Multimedia Software VLC

Language Software Turbo C, Code Block, JDK

Accounting Software Tally, Busy

45

Network :- ,d dEI;wVj ls nwljs dEI;wVj esa data dks share djus ds fy;s gesa fdlh u fdlh

Network dh t#jr iMrh gSA dEI;wVj esa communiation djus ds fy;s muds chp networking

gksuk pkfg;s vFkkZr~ mudks vkil esa fdlh uk fdlh ek/;e ls tqMk gksuk pkfg;sA nks ;k nks ls vf/kd

Nodes dk vkil esa tqM+uk gh Network dgykrk gSA

nks dEI;wVjl dks vkil esa tksMus ds fy;s fuEufyf[kr component gksuk vko”;d gSA

1. Two pc with Networking Operating System

2. Protocol (Rule of Networking)

3. Media (Wired , Wireless)

blds ckn lHkh midj.k vkil esa tksMdj mu dEI;wVjl ds chp communication djk ldrs gSaA

Flow of Data Transmission ( 3 Types of Data Transmission Mode)

1. Simplex Commuication :- bl communication esa ,d rjQ ls dsoy data(Signal)

Hkstk tkrk gSA vkSj nwljh rjQ only singnal receive fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& TV, Radio.

2. Half Duplex Communication:- bl Commuication esa nksauksa rjQ ls

Singnal dks Hkst ldrs gSA vkSj signal dks izkIr dj ldrs gSaA nksuks rjQ ls ,d gh le;

( ,d LkkFk) uk Signal send dj ldrs gSA vkSj uk flaXuy dks izkIr dj ldrs gSA tc ,d

rjQ ls flaXuy Hkstk tkrk gSA rks ml le; nwljk flaXuy dks fjlho djrk gSA ;fn nksuks

rjQ ls ,d LkkFk flaxuy Hkst nsrs gSa] rks muds chp VDdj gks tkrh gSA vkSj flxuy u"V

gks tkrs gSaA tSls&walky talky.

46

3. Full Duplex Communication:- bl Commuication esa nksauksa rjQ ls Singnal ,d

gh le; esa Signal send ,oa Receive dj ldrs gSA Full duplex Commuication dgykrk

gSA tSls&ekscby] baVjusV] pSfVax vkfn A

Data Communication Technique:- ;g rduhdh rhu izdkj dh gksrh gSA

• Unicaste:- ;g ou Vw ou communication gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ ,d le; esa ,d gh dEI;wVj ls

communication fd;k tkrk gSA unicaste Communication dgykrk gSA

• Multicaste:- ;g ou Vw esuh (group) communication gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ ,d le; esa ,d lewg

ls communication fd;k tkrk gSA malticaste Communication dgykrk gSA

• Broadcaste :- ;g ou Vw vky communication gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ ,d le; esa lHkh dEI;wVjl ls

communication fd;k tkrk gSA Broadcaste Communication dgykrk gSA

Types of Communication Medium

1 Guided Medium 2 Un-guided Medium

Guided Media :-Guided media MsVk ds izlkj.k dh fof/k ds laca/k esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftl ij

ls fdlh usVodZ esa flXuy tkrs gSaA Example-Wired, Twisted-Pair cable, Coaxial cable, Fibre-

optic.

Un-guided Media :-Un-guided media og ek/;e gS ftlesa fdlh Bksl ek/;e ds tfj, ladsr

funsZf”kr ugha gksrs gSa] gok gh og ek/;e gS ftlds tfj, fo|qr&pqacdh; ÅtkZ dks vklkuh ls izokfgr fd;k

tk ldrk gSA Example- Wireless, RadioWaves, Microwave, satellite.

Network Architecture (1- Peer to Peer) (2- Client Server)

47

Physical ,oa HkkSxksfyd {kS= ds vk/kkj ij usVodZ rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSA

• LAN

• MAN

• WAN

LAN Network:- bldk iwjk uke Local Area Network gSA blls nks ;k nks ls vf/kd dEI;wVjl

,oa vU; fMokbl dks vkil esa tksMk tkrk gSA ;g ,d dejs ;k ,d fcfYMax rd lhfer jgrk gSA

;g ,d dejs ;k ,d fcfYMax rd lhfer jgrk gSA bldh MkVk transfer speed rst gksrh gSA blesa MkVk

lqjf{kr jgrk gSA bldks Maintane djuk vklku gksrk gSA Technologies :- Wireless Lan

(PAN,CAN) , Ethernet.

MAN Network:- bldk iwjk uke Metropolitan Area Network gSA ;g {kS=Qy dh n`f"V ls cMk

usVodZ gksrk gSA ;g usVodZ ,d fcfYMax rd lhfer ugh gksrk gSA gSA ;g eagxk usVodZ gksrk gSA ;g ysu

usVodZ ls feydj curk gSA blds }kjk nks vyx vyx vkWfQl dks vkil esa tksMk tkrk blesa MkVk dks

lqjf{kr Hkstk ,oa izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA

WAN Network:- bldk iwjk uke Wide Area Network gSA bl usVodZ ls ,d 'kgj dks nwljs 'kgj

;k ,d ns”k ls nwljs ns”k dks vkil esa tksMk tkrk gS A ;g mPp xfr okyk usVodZ gksrk gSA ;g ysu ,oa

esu usVodZ ls feydj cuk gksrk gS bles lSVsykbV ,oa Qkboj vkiVhdy dsfoy dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSa

blesa usVodZ dks vkil esa tksMus ds fy;s fofHkUu izdkj dh usVodZ fMokbl dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

bldk j[k&j[kko dfBu gksrk gSA tks fofHkUUk daiuh;ksa ds lg;ksx ls gksrk gSA

;g VPN connection ds }kjk vkil esa tqMs jgrs gSA bldk iwjk uke Virtual Private Network

gksrk gSA

Topology

Computers dks vkil esa tksMus ,oa mlesa MkVk Flow dh fof/k dks VksiksykWth dgykrh gSA

Mesh Topology, Bus Topology, Star Topology, Ring Topology, Tree Topology.

48

Internet

Internet :- Internet ,d lcls cM+k Computer Network gS ] tks Internet Protocol dk

bLrseky djrs gq, Data vkSj Information dks Share djrk gSA tSls & Email , Web Portals ,

Chat Blogging , Online Transactions , Web Site Etc.

History Of Internet :- Internet dh 'kq:vkr 1970 ,oa 1980 ds n’kd esa gqvk FkkA Internet

ARPANET ( Advance Research Projects Agency Network ) ds uke ls Defense

Department }kjk 'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA 1974 esa dbZ Local Area Network ARPANET ls

TCP / IP dh enn ls connect fd, tkrs FksA lwpukvksa ds vknku & iznku ds fy, ftl fu;e dk

iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS mls Transmission Control Protocol ;k Internet Protocol dgrs gSaA

fdlh Hkh Computer dks Internet ls tksM+us ds fy, Telephone Line dks Internet Service

Provider ls tksM+uk iM+rk gSA Hkkjr esa Internet lsok dk loZizFke mi;ksx 15 vxLr 1995 dks

fons”k lapkj fuxe fyfeVsM }kjk fd;k x;k Fkk mlds ckn vU; dEifu;ksa }kjk Hkh Internet dk

mi;ksx eq[; :i ls fd;k tkus yxkkA

Web Browsers :-Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox ,etc.

Web Addresses

Domain Name System :- Domain Name ,d laHkkfor Value ;k Identifier dk lsV gksrk

gS tks fdlh Website dks n”kkZrk gS tSls & upciss.com , google.com Etc.

Domain Type:-

.com – Commercial .net – Networking .au – Australia .nz – New Zealand

.edu – Education .org – Organizational .ca – Canada .uk – United Kingdom

.gov – Government .co – Company .in – India .pk – Pakistan

.mil – Military .fr – France

49

Virus (Malware)

VIRUS dk iwjk uke Vital Information Resource Under Seize gSA ok;jl dEI;wVj esa NksVs &

NksVs izksxzke gksrs gSA tks autoexecute program gksrs tks dEI;wVj esa izos”k djds dEI;wVj dh dk;Z iz.kkyh

dks izHkkfor djrs gSA ok;jl dgykrs gSA ekuo 'kjhj esa ok;jl izos”k djds ftl rjg ekuo 'kjhj dks

izHkkfor djrs gSA mlh rjg dEI;wVj ok;jl dEI;wVj esa izos”k djds dEI;wVj dh dk;Z iz.kkyh dks izHkkfor

djrs gSA ysfdu ;g ekuo 'kjhj ok;jl ls fcYdqy fHkUu gksrs gSA

y{k.k%&

1. Computer dh xfr /kheh gks tkrh gSA

2. dh cksMZ dh dk;Z iz.kkyh cny tkuk A

3. blesa QkbZy dh lkbTk de ;k T;knk gks tkrh gSA

4. Ldzhu ij csdkj dh lwpuk;sa vkus yxrh gSA

5. fMLd dks QkWesZV dj nsrk gSA

6. QkbZYk ,oa QksYMj dk fuek.kZ djrk gSA vkSj mlds 'kkVZdV dk fuek.kZ djrs gSA

7. dEI;wVj esa lwpukvksa dks u"V dj nsrk gSA

8. dEI;wVj jhLVkVZ gksus yxrk gSA

9. dEI;wVj dh eseksjh dks de dj nsrk gSA

10. izksxzke ju gksus ls jksdrk gSA ok;jl QSyus ds dkj.k %&

1. pksjh ;k udyh software dk iz;ksx djus ls%& tks Software xSj dkuwuh rjhds ls izkIr gksrs gSA

Pirated Software dgykrs gSA;g software virus gks ldrs gSA

2. Network ls%& dEI;wVj usVodZ esa ,d dEI;wVj esa ok;jl vkus ls iwjs usVodZ ds iwjs dEI;wVjl esa

ok;jl QSy tkrk gSA

50

3. CD and Pen Drive ls%& ,d dEI;wVj ls nwljs dEI;wVj esa MkVk dkWih djus ds fy;s lhMh ;k isu

drive dk iz;ksx djrs gSA ftlls ok;jl QSyus dk Mj cuk jgrk gSA ftl dEI;wVj ls MkVk dks dkWih fd;k

tk jgk gSA vkSj ;fn mlesa ok;jl gS nwljs dEI;wVj esa Hkh ok;jl QSy tkrk gSA

4. Internet ls%& vktdy baVjusV dks ok;jl dk eq[; okgd ekuk tkrk gSA ok;jl fuekZrk ok;jl dks

QSykus ds fy;s baVjusV dk iz;ksx djrs gSA tks ,d ljy ,oa lLrk ek/;e gksrk gsA

Okk;jl ds izdkj (Type of virus):-

Okk;jl dks muds dk;Z ,oa fl}kar ds vk/kkj ij dbZ oxksZ esa ckWVk x;k gSA tks fuEu gSA

• Boot Sector Virus:- ;g ok;jl fMLd ds cwV lsDVj ,sfj;k esa lso jgrs gSA vkSj tc dEI;wVj

dks LVkVZ fd;k tkrk gSA rks ;g dEI;wVj dks LVkVZ gksus ls jksdrs gSA vkSj dEI;wVj dk;Z esa ck/kk

mRiUu djrs gSA ;g ogqr [krjukd ok;jl gksrs gSA

• Partition table virus:- ;g ok;jl fMLd dh partition table dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSA blls

MkVk dks dksbZ uqdlku ugh gksrk gSA ;g jse dh {kerk dks de dj nsrs gSA ,oa buiqV ,oa vkmViqV

fMokbl e problem djrs gSA

• File Virus:- ;g ok;jl fdz;kafor gksus okyh QkbZyksa ds lkFk tqMdj dEI;wVj dh dk;Z iz.kyh dks

izHkkfor djrs gSA

• Stealth Virus (xqIr ok;jl ):- ;g ok;jl vius uke ds vuqlkj viuh igpku Nqikus dh dksf’k’k

djrs jgrs gSA vkSj dEI;wVj dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSA

• Polymorphic Virus:- ;g ok;jl vius vki esa ckj ckj cnys dh {kerk j[krs gSA rkfd ;g

vius vkidks dEI;wVj esa dkQh fnuksa rd lqjf{kr j[krs gSA vkSj dEI;wVj dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSA

vkSj budk irk yxk ikuk dfBu gksrk gSA D;ksafd ;g gj ckj fcYdqy u;s :Ik esa gksrs gSA

• Macro Virus:- ;g fo’ks"k izdkj dh QkbZyksa dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSA ;g MS Office Files ds

MkVk

dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSA vkSj ;g esdzks izksxzke ds :Ik esa fNis jgrs

gSA dqN egRoiw.kZ ok;jl dk ifjp; fuEu gSA

• Ekkbdy ,saftyks ok;jl %& ;g ok;jl ekbdy ,saftyks ds tUe fnol 5 March dks dEI;wVj dks

uqdlku igqpkrk gSA bl fnu nqfu;k esa vf/kdka’k dEI;wVj can jgrs gSA ;g ok;jl dsoy ,d fnu

gh dk;Z djrk gSA vkSj dEI;wVj dks Hkkjh uqdlku igqpkrk gSA

51

• Disk washer :- ;g ok;jl fMLd dks Format djds MkVk dks gVkrk gSA vkSj ckn esa ,d eSlst

NksMrk gSA Disk washer with Love blds bl eSlst ds vk/kkj ij bldk ;g uke iMkA

• Bomb :- ce lkekU; izksxzke esa fNik gqvk ,d dk;Zdze gksrk gSA ce fdlh dzksf/kr deZpkjh ds

}kjk dk;ZfUor fd;k tkrk gSA lkQVos;j esa ce Hkh Mkyus ds mnkgj.k feyrs gSA rkfd ;fn pksjh

dh gqbZ software dk iz;ksx fd;k tk; rks ce ml izfr dks gkMZ fMLd ls feVk nsA ;g ok;jl

rFkk Trojans dh rjg gh ;wtj ce dh mis{kk djrs gSA

• Trojans:- ;g ,slk izksxzke gSA tks dqN mi;ksxh rFkk ykHkdkjh dk;Z djus dk nkok djrs gSA rFkk

oLrq% fdz;kfUor fd;s tkus ij flLVe dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSA dqN bl izdkj ds ok;jl ladzfer

gksrs dh viuk dk;Z ugha djrs cfYd ,d fo’ks"k fnukad vkus ds ckn lfdz; gksrs gSA rFkk dEI;wVj

dks uqdlku igqpkrs gSA tSls gkMZfMLd dks QkWjesV djuk A

• Worms(okWe)%& okWe ,d izdkj ls ok;jl ls lekurk j[krk gSA D;ksafd ;g Hkh ok;jl dh rjg

vius vki dks nqxuk djus dh {kerk j[krk gSA ijUrq ;g fdz;kUo;u ;ksX; Qkbyksa dks ladzfer ugha

djrk gSA ;g vius dksM dks rsth ls nqgjkrs gq;s gkMZfMLd dks Qqy djus dh dksf’k’k djrk gSA

• Email Hoaxes(besy gksDl)%& ;g ok;jl bZ esy dh lgk;rk ls Hkstk x;k ok;jl gksrk ;g

;wtj dks ok;jl gksus dh lwpuk nsrk gSA vkSj ;g vius fe=ksa dks lwfpr djus dks dgrk gSA tcfd

okLro esa ,slk dqN Hkh ugh gksrk gSa ;g ok;jl ;wtj dk le; u"V djrk gSA vkSj ekfuld :Ik

ls ijs’kku djrk gSA

• Companions:- ;g ok;jl fdz;kUo;u ;ksX; QkbZyksa ds lkFk tqM tkrk gSA vkSj Qkbyksa ds LFkku

ij vius vki dks ju djrk gS ftlls [krjukd ifj.kke vkrs gSA

Okk;jl ls Ckpko ,oa tk¡p (Virus Prevention and Detection)%&

Okk;jl ls cpko djuk dksbZ dfBu dk;Z ugh gSA blds fy;s gesa FkksM+h ls tkudkjh ,oa dqN utility

software dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg;sA dEI;wVj esa orginal antivirus dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg;s A ;g

oftware vius vki fØ;kfUor gksdj ok;jl dk irk yxkrs gSA vkSj mldks dEI;wVj ls gVk nsrs gSA le;

le; ij antivirus dks vkiMsV djrs jguk pkfg;s rkfd ;g u;s ok;jl dk Hkh irk yxk lds A vktdy

cktkj es dbZ daiuh;sa antivirus dk fuek.kZ djrh gSA ftles ls viuh vko”;rk ds vuqlkj antivirus

[kjhn dj iz;ksx djuk pkfg;s dqN yksdfiz; ok;jl izfrjks/kd fuEu gSa

McAfee Virus Scan, K7 Total Securirty, Nortron Anti Virus, Etc. vyx vyx antivius esa

vyx vyx fo’ks”krk,sa gksrh gSA

52

Full Form

AAC : Advanced Audio Coding

ADC : Analog-To-Digital Converter

ALGOL : Algorithmic Language

AJAX : Asynchronous JavaScript and XML

ALU : Arithmetic Logical Unit

AMD : Advance Micro Devices

ARPANET : Advance Research Project Agency Network

ASCII : American Standard Code For Information Interchange

ASP : Application Service Provider

ATA : Advanced Technology Attachment

ATM : Asynchronous Transfer Mode

BAL : Basic Assembly Language

BASIC : Beginner All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code

BCD : Binary Coded Decimal

BIOS : Basic Input Output System

CAD : Computer-Aided Design

CD : Compact Disk

CDMA : Code Division Multiple Access

CD-R : CD-Recordable

CD-ROM : CD Read-Only Memory

CD-RW : CD-Rewritable

CG : Computer Graphic

CGA : Colour Graphic Array

CGI : Computer-Generated Imaginary

CMOS : Complimentary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor

CLI : Command Line Interface

COBOL : Common Business-Oriented Language

CPU : Central Processing Unit

CRT : Cathode Ray Tube

CTCP : Clint-To-Clint Protocol

CUA : Common User Access

DAO : Date Access Objects

DB : Database

53

DBA : Database Administrator

DBMS : Database Management System

DDR : Double Data Rate DHTML : Dynamic Hyper Text Markup Language

DNS : Doman Name System

DOS : Disk Operating System

DPI : Dots Per Inch

DSL : Digital Subscriber Line

DSL : Domain-Specific Language

DVD : Digital Video Disk

DVR : Digital Video Recorder EBCDIC : Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code

EEPROM : Electronically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory

ELD : Electronic ID Card

ELM : Electronic Mail

ENIAC : Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

EPROM : Erasable Progammable Read-Only Memory

FAT : File Allocation Table

FAQ : Frequently Asked Question

FDD : Floppy Disk Drive

FS : File System

FSB : Front Side Bus

FTP : File Transfer Protocol

GB : Gigabyte

GIF : Graphics Interchange Format

GPRS : General Packet Radio Service

GUI : Graphical User Interface

HAL : Hardware Abstraction Layer

HD : High Density

HDD : Hard Disk Drive

HD DVD : High Definition DVD

HTML : Hypertext Markup Language

HTTP : Hypertext Transfer Protocol

HVD : Holographic Versatile Disk

IBM : International Business Machines

IC : Integrated Circuit

54

ICMP : Internet Control Message Protocol

ICP : Internet Cache Protocol

ICT : Information and Communication Technology

IM : Instant Messaging

I/O : Input / Output

IP : Internet Protocol

ISO : International Organisation For Standardization

ISOC : Internet Society

ISP : Internet Service Routing

ISR : Interrupt Service Routing

ISV : Independent Software Vendor

IT : Information Technology

ITU : International Telecommunication Union

J2EE : Java 2 Enterprise Edition

JDK : Java Development Kit

JPEG : Joint Photographic Experts Group

JS : Java Script

KB : Kilobyte

KBPS : Kilobit Per Second

LAN : Local Area Network

LED : Light-Emitting Diode

MAN : Metropolitan Area Network

MB : Megabyte

MBR : Master Boot Record

MICR : Magnetic Ink Character Recognition

MIDI : Musical Instrument Digital Interface

MIMO : Multiple-Input Multiple-Output

MIPS : Million Instructions Per Second

MHZ : Megahertz

MMX : Multi-Media Extensions

MPEG : Motion Picture (coding) Experts Group

NFS : Network File System

NIC : Network Interface Controller

NNTP : Network News Transfer Protocol

NTFS : NT File System

55

NVRAM : Non-Volatile Random Access Memory

OOP : Object-Oriented Programming

OS : Operating System

OSS : Open Source Software

OCR : Optical Character Reader

P2P : Peer-To-Peer

PAN : Personal Area Network

PAP : Password Authentication Protocol

PATA : Parallel ATA

PC : Personal Computer

PCB : Printed Circuit Board

PCI : Peripheral Component Interconnect

PIC : Peripheral Interface Controller

POST : Power-On Self Test

PPI : Pixels Per Inch

PPP : Point-to-Point Protocol

QDR : Quad Data Rate

QFP : Quad Flat Package

QOS : Quality of Service

QFP : Quick File Access

RAD : Rapid Application Development

RAM : Random Access Memory

RDBMS : Relational Database Management System

RF : Radio Frequency

RGB : Red, Green, Blue

ROM : Read Only Memory

RTOS : Real Time Operating System

SAN : Storage Area Network

SATA : Serial ATA

SDN : Service Delivery Network

SDR : Software –Defined Radio

SFTP : Secure FTP/Simple File Transfer Protocol

SMTP : Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

SP : Service Pack

SQL : Structured Query Language

56

TB : Tera Byte

TCP : Transmission Control Protocol

TDMA : Time Division Multiple Access

TTF : True Type Font

UAC : User Account Control

URI : Uniform Resource Identifier

URL : Uniform Resource Locator

USB : Universal Serial Bus

UTF : Unicode Transformation Format

UTP : Unshielded Twisted Pair

VAR : Variable

VB : Visual Basic

VGA : Video Graphics Array

VLAN : Virtual Local Area-Network

VM : Virtual Memory

VPN : Virtual Private Network

WAN : Wide Area Network

WI-FI : Wireless Fidelity

WLAN : Wireless Local Area Network

WWW : World Wide Web

XAML : Extensible Application Markup Language

XML : Extensible Markup Language

ZIFS : Zero Insertion Force Socket

ZISC : Zero Instruction Set Computer

ZMA : Zone Multicast Address

57

Glossary

Absolute cell Address :- ,d QkWewZyk esa lsy ,sMªsl ;k jsat use tks ges’kk mlh lsy vFkok lsy

jsat dks jsQj djrk gSA lsy ,sMªsl dks ,sClksY;wB cukus ds fy, jks vkSj dkWye ds vkxs $ lkbu yxk;k

tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, $AX$2.

Access Time :- MkVk dks LVksjst fMokbl ls izkIr djus rFkk dke 'kq: djus ds chp ds le;

varjky dks ,sDlsl Vkbe dgk tkrk gSA

Architecture :- ,d dEI;wVj flLVe ds fofHkUu dEiksusaV~l dh vksoj vkWy fMtkbuj ] cukoV ]

vkWxZukbts’ku rFkk mudh baVj dusfDVfoVh A ;g [kkl rkSj ls izkslslj gkMZos;j vk Sj mudh ckbV~l dh

lkbt vkSj vkWMZfjax lhDosal dks jsQj djrk gSA

Artificial Intelligence :- dEI;wVj lkbal dh ,d czkap tks ,sls dEI;wVj ds ckjs esa crkrh gS

ftlesa lkspus ] lh[kus vkSj rdZ djus dh {kerk ds lkFk & lkFk yksxksa dks igpkuus dh Hkh {kerk gksA

Backup :- izksxzkEl ] MkVk QkbYl ] gkMZos;j midj.k vkfn dh oSdfYid lqfo/kk tks ewy izksxzke ds

u"V gksus ] xqe gksus ;k [kjkc gksus ;k [kjkc gksus dh n’kk esa iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA

BIOS :- ck;ksl foLr`r :i ls buiqV@ vkmViqV dk;ksZa dks lapkfyr djus ds fy, ftEesnkj gksrk

gSA blesa izksxzke ds ykWftdy fjdkMZl dks ,d isjhQsjy fMokbl ds fQftdy fjdkWM~l ls fjysV djuk

Hkh 'kkfey gksrk gSA

Boot :- ;g izkslsflax dks 'kq: djus ds fy, vkWijsfVax flLVe dks dEI;wVj dh eseksjh esa ykrk gSA

jhcwV djus dk eryc gS ] ml izksxzke dks okil ykuk tks vkids vkWijsfVax flLVe dks 'kq: djrk gSA

,d cwV izksxzke funsZ’kksa dk ,d NksVk lSV gS tks cM+s izksxzke dks yksM djus ds fy, izLrqr gksrk gSA ;g

cwV LVªSi 'kCn dk NksVk :i gSA cwV 'kCn vkerkSj ij ,d vkWijsfVax flLVe ;k dqN vU; izksxzke dh

dEI;wVj esa 'kq:vkrh yksfMax ds fy, bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA

Buffer :- ;g ,d fMokbl ;k LVksjst ,fj;k gksrk gS ftlesa MkVk dks vLFkkbZ :i ls LVksj fd;k

tkrk gSA

Bug :- ;g dEI;wVj izksxzke dk ,d ,sjj gksrk gSA

Chip :- flfydkWu dh iryh osQj ftl ij bysDVªkWfud dEiksusaV~l yxs jgrs gSa

Code :- :Yl dk ,d lSV ] ftlds varxZr gh MkVk dks dEI;wVj flLVe esa Mkyk tkrk gSA ;g

MkVk dks ,d fjiztsUVs’ku ls nwljs esa cnyus dk :y Hkh crkrk gSA

Computer :- ,d bysDVªkWfud e’khu gS tks vkWVkseSfVd :i ls buiqV MkVk dks ,sDlsIV djrh gSa ]

LVksj djrh gSa ] mUgs eSuhiqysV djrh gSa rFkk fn, x, izksxzke ,oa funsZ’k ds vk/kkj ij dke djds

vkmViqV Hkh nsrh gSA

Computer Network :- ,d fMLVªhC;wVsM MkVk izkslsflax flLVe ftlesa dbZ dEI;wVlZ ,d nwljs ls

tqM+s gksrs gSaA MkVk dE;wfuds’ku rFkk fjlkslZ 'ks;fjax ds fy,A

Cursor :- LØhu ij NksVh ykbu ;k jsDVSaxqyj ikWbaVj tks VsDLV esa vki dks LFkku fn[kkrk jgrk gSA

dlZj dk vkdkj vkWijsfVax flLVe ds vuqlkj gksrk gSA

Data :- dEI;wVj }kjk LVksj vFkok izkslsl dh tkus okyh lwpuk @rF;ksa dk ,d laxzg ftls

vkWxZukbt vFkok izkslsl djds lwpuk dk :i fn;k tkrk gSA

58

File :- lacaf/kr fjdkWMZ~l dk ,d dysD’kuA

File Management System :- ,d lkW¶Vos;j iSdst dks bl MkVk vkbVe dks fMQkbu djus dh

vuqefr ;wtj dks nsrk gS ] bu vkbVEl dks fuf’pr LFkku ij j[krk gS ] fuf’pr QkbYl ls fjdkWMZ~l

tksM+rk gS vkSj blds ckn ;wtj ds mn~ns’; ds vuqlkj LVksMZ MkVk dks eSuhiqysV vkSj fjVªho Hkh djrk

gSA

Graphic :- xzkfQd best lHkh vkdkj vkSj lkbt esa vkrh gSaA fDyi vkVZ best ] MªkWbax ] QksVksxzkQ

] LdSUM best ] flXuspj QkbYl vkfn fo’ks"k xzkfQd ds mnkgj.k gSaA

Object :- vki dh MªkWbax dk ,d flaxy dEiksusaVA vki MªkWbax vkSj vkWVks’ksi Vwyckj ij vkWCtsDV dks

VsDLV vkSj MªkWbax VwYl }kjk MªkW dj ldrs gSaA vkWCtsDV fdlh Hkh izdkj ds gks ldrs gSa tSls jsDVSaxy ]

LDoS;j ] ldZy ] vksoy ] jkmaMsM dkWuZj okys jsDVSaxy ] Mk;eaM ] VªkfitkW,M ] LVklZ ] ÝhQkWeZ ] xzkQ

vkfnA

User :- dksbZ Hkh O;fDr tks ,d dEI;wVj vk/kkfjr flLVe dks MkVk lIykbZ djrk gS ;k blesa ls

tujsV dh xbZ lwpuk dk iz;ksx djrk gSA

Virtual Memory :- fMLdLisl dk iz;ksx djus dh rduhd rkfd izksxzkEl dks ;g fo’okl fnyk;k

tk lds fd ftruh jSaMe ,sDlsl eseksjh (RAM) okLro esa miyC/k gS mlls vf/kd flLVe esa gSA bls

I;ksj lsxesaVs’ku ] I;ksj isftax ;k nksuksa ds dk¡fcus’ku ls baIyhesaV fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Client :- og uksM ;k lkW¶Vos;j izksxzke gksrk gS tks loZj ls lsokvksa dh ek¡x djrk gSA

Download :- baVjusV ls ( vU; usVoDlZ ls ;k esuÝse ls ihlh ij Qkby VªkalQj djukA

Web Server :- osc i`"Bksa dks LVksj djus o czkmtj ls izkIr Request dk tokc nsus okyk

dEI;wVjA