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Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty: Contributing towards a
World Free of Nuclear Weapons by Jean du Preez
2016-2017 Critical Issues Forum (CIF)
1. History of Nuclear Testing, Nuclear Testing and the Arms Race
2. CTBT Negotiating History, and the creation of the CTBTO
5. Educational resources to train the next generation of CTBT experts
CTBT opened for signature
1954
Cuban missile crisis
1963
PTBT - Ban in atmosphere
and under water - No verification
Conference on Disarmament- CTBT
negotiations
1968 1993-1996
NPT - Preamble expresses desire for CTBT
Historic timeline: Nuclear Test Ban and the Development of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime
1996
1997
CTBT PrepCom Established
1958-60
1995
1962
Trilateral Initiative
1977
Threshold Treaty
Indefinite Extension of NPT
1976
PNE Treaty
Nuclear testing 1945 - 2016
The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Partial Test Ban Treaty
In 1962, the world was at the brink of a nuclear war, prevented by:
1. Statesmanship
2. Sheer luck
3. The involvement of bodies such as the OAS and the UNSC increasing global awareness of situation
The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Partial Test Ban Treaty (continued)
predicted
President Kennedy ratifying the PTBT on 7 October 1963.
Prime Minister Nehru
McNamara’s 1963 memo to Pres. Kennedy: “The Diffusion of Nuclear Weapons with and
without a Test Ban Agreement.”
Atmospheric and Underground Nuclear Testing
•
• Rising influence of civil society and public opinion
• Most diplomats in the CD were experienced arms control and disarmament negotiators (following CWC)
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test Ban Treaty negotiations
Group of Scientific Experts
CTBT: Challenges and an Australian Leapfrog
• UNGA adopts CTBT resolution - signed on 24/9/96
The provisions of the Treaty and the Organization
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•
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The provisions of the Treaty and the Organization
What is the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)?
The CTBT is an international treaty that bans all nuclear explosions, by anyone, anywhere
Effective nuclear non-proliferation and
disarmament measure: horizontal
and vertical
Intrusive, non-discriminatory
verification system: IMS & IDC
Important first step to a world without nuclear weapons
183 States have signed, 166 ratified; Not yet in force – needs action!
Verification compliance through On-Site Inspections
Consultation/Clarification and Confidence Building Measures
Since 1997
Meets twice a year
Promotes the Treaty
Establishes the global verification
regime
Prepares for effective CTBT
implementation & first Conference
of the CTBTO
Mandate:
Preparatory Commission for the CTBTO
Executive Secretary Dr Lassina Zerbo
Fully operational international organization – will become “CTBTO Technical Secretariat”
Membership: A treaty approaching universality
Entry-into-force problematic
8 Annex 2 States
required to ratify
44 remain
According to Art. XIV
Neither signed nor ratified DPRK India Pakistan
Signed but not ratified China Egypt Iran Israel USA