Comprehensive Examinationste.kmutnb.ac.th/~msn/comprenk.pdfD.Eng. April 8th, 2009 Wangree Resort, Nakon Nayok Assoc. Prof. Montree Siripruchyanun, D.Eng 1 Examinations zMultiple choices

Comprehensive Examinations

for Nakon Sawan Graduating

CenterLi N t k A l iLinear Network Analysis

&Linear Integrated Circuit Analysis and

DesignAssoc. Prof. Montree Siripruchyanun,

D.Eng.gApril 8th, 2009

Wangree Resort, Nakon NayokAssoc. Prof. Montree Siripruchyanun, D.Eng 1

Wangree Resort, Nakon Nayok

Examinations

Multiple choicesLinear Network Analysis 10+5 items

Linear Integrated Circuit Analysis and DesignLinear Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design 10+5 items

P i l tiProving solutionsLinear Network Analysis 2 items

Linear Integrated Circuit Analysis and Design 2 itemsitems

Assoc. Prof. Montree Siripruchyanun, D.Eng 2

Course outline for Linear NetworkCourse outline for Linear Network

F d t l t (M lti l h i )Fundamental concepts (Multiple choice)Network elements and Network classifications (Multiple choice)choice)Network Analysis (Solution)Network Functions and their realizability (MultipleNetwork Functions and their realizability (Multiple choice)Introductory to filters (Multiple choice)y ( p )Approximation problemsSensitivityyPassive Network SynthesisBasic of active network synthesis (Solution)Positive feedback biquad circuitsEtc.


Course outline for Linear ICCourse outline for Linear ICIntroduction (Multiple choice)Devices (Multiple choice)

DiodeBipolar Junction TransistorBipolar Junction TransistorField Effect TransistorOperational Amplifier (Op-Amp)O f (O )Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA)

Amplifiers (Solution)Differential and Multistage amplifiersDifferential and Multistage amplifiersOscillator (Solution)Tuned amplifiersPractical Op-amp considerationsNon-linear Op-amp application

ComparatorComparatorSchmitt triggerPrecision rectifier


Linear Network Analysis

Network definitionNetwork classificationNetwork classification

Linear/nonlinearCasual /non-casualCasual /non casualLumped and Distributed parametersEtc.

Network elementsDiodeFETOp-AmpEtEtc.

Transfer functions


Linear Network Analysis (cont.)

Network synthesisFrequency scaling

Impedance scailngImpedance scailng

Attenuator


Linear IC Analysis and Design

Technology Trends in IC designLow-voltageLow-voltageLow-powerSmaller chippEtc.

Circuit elements for designgOp-ampOTAEtEtc.

AmplifiersBi lBipolarMOS


Linear IC Analysis and Design y g(cont.)

OscillatorsWien-bridge

Phase-shift

Quadrature

LC

OTA

CrystalCrystal

Etc.

S h itt t iSchmitt trigger


Proving solutions

Proving Network Functions

Network synthesis

AmplifierAmplifierAv

Zin

ZoutZout

Oscillator design


Systems and their classificationsThe system model is a diagrammatic grelationship between the outputs and inputsthe outputs and inputs

For a single input-output systemsystem

Example: for anAssoc. Prof. Montree Siripruchyanun, D.Eng 10

Example: for an amplifier

LinearityA system is said to be homogeneous if y g

A system is said to be additive ifA system is said to be additive if


The additive property>> Superposition property

The response of a system to the sum of two p yarbitrary signals equals the sum of the response of the system to the individual signal p y g

A t i li if it i b th hA system is linear if it is both homogeneous and additive

Assoc. Prof. Montree Siripruchyanun, D.Eng 12A system is nonlinear if it is not linear

ExampleExample

From circuit

Thus This system is nonlinear


is nonlinear

ExampleExampleFrom circuit

Thi t i li if d l if VAssoc. Prof. Montree Siripruchyanun, D.Eng 14

This system is linear if and only if Vo=0

ContinuityA t i id t b ti if it i bl fA system is said to be continuous if it is capable of accepting continuous-time signals as inputs and generating continuous-time signals as output. For instance, the previous circuits, p

A system is said to be discrete if it accepts signalsA system is said to be discrete if it accepts signals only at discrete times and generate signals only at discrete times For instance Digital Computerdiscrete times. For instance, Digital Computer

Continuous systems are usually modeled usingContinuous systems are usually modeled using differential equations, whereas the discrete systems are frequently described by the difference equations


are frequently described by the difference equations

Time invarianceA systems is said to be time invariant if a time-A systems is said to be time invariant if a timeshifted input signal will result in a correspondingly time-shifted output signaltime shifted output signalMathematically, time-invariance can be stated as follows:as follows:


A system is time variant if it is not time invariantAssoc. Prof. Montree Siripruchyanun, D.Eng 17

Causality

The term causality connotes the existance of a ff t l ti hi I t iti l lcause-effect relationship. Intuitively, a causal

system cannot yield any response until after the excitation is applied

A l i t ti i ti

A t i l if it i t l

A causal is not anticipative

A system is noncausal if it is not causal


Lumped and DistributedLumped and Distributed parameters

A lumped elements is an element in which the pdisturbance initiated at any point is propagated instantaneously at every point in the elementy y p

A lumped parameter system comprises only of p p y p ylumped elements.

In electrical systems this means that the l th f th i t i l i l dwavelength of the input signal is large compared

with the physical dimensions of the elements Assoc. Prof. Montree Siripruchyanun, D.Eng 19

Such elements are modeled by ordinary differentialSuch elements are modeled by ordinary differential equations. Electrical networks are examples of lumped parameter systemslumped parameter systems.

A di t ib t d t t i t•A distributed-parameter system is a system that is not a lumped-parameter system.

•It can be represented by a partial differential ti d ll h di i th tequation and generally has dimensions that are

not small compared with the wavelength of signals interest.

Transmission lines, antenna, and waveguides are examples of distributed-parameter systems


examples of distributed parameter systems

Example of a lumped-p pparameter system

Th th t i d ib d b d dThus, the system is described by a second-order ordinary differential equation


Example of a distributed-pparameter system



Thus, the system is described by a partialAssoc. Prof. Montree Siripruchyanun, D.Eng 24

Thus, the system is described by a partial differential equation

MemoryA t i id t b i t t lA system is said to be instantaneous or memorylessif its response at any time t depends only on the excitation at time t, not only any past or future values of the excitation.

A resistive network and voltage amplifier areA resistive network and voltage amplifier are typical examples of an instantaneous or

l tmemoryless systems

A t th t i t i t t i id t bA system that is not instantaneous is said to be dynamical and to have memory


What is a Network?

A network is an interconnectioninterconnection of electrical elements such aselements such as

• Resistors

• Capacitors

• Inductors

• Transformers• Transformers

• Transistors

• Operational Amplifiers

Assoc. Prof. Montree Siripruchyanun, D.Eng 26• Sources

Lumped circuit elements

A lumped element is a element in which its physical dimensions are small compared to thephysical dimensions are small compared to the wavelength corresponding to the highest f f ti f th t l tfrequency of operation of that element

F l d l t th i t t tFor a lumped element the instantaneous current entering one terminal is equal to the instantaneous current leaving the other terminal


Typical lumped circuit elements

Resistors

Inductors

CapacitorsCapacitors

Voltage sourcesg

Current sources


ResistorsResistorsAn element which can be characterized by a

i h I l i ll d i tcurve in the v-I plane is called a resistor

A i t i li if it i h t i d bA resistor is linear if it is characterized by a straight line passing through the origin of the v-I plane


Nonlinear resistors applications

Rectification

Frequency multiplication

Current and Voltage limitingCurrent and Voltage limiting

Many other electronic applicationsy pp


Semiconductor diodesSemiconductor diodes

The piece-wise linear model of a diode (broken line)

Assoc. Prof. Montree Siripruchyanun, D.Eng 31(broken line)

CapacitorsA l t hi h b h t i d bAn element which can be characterized by a curve in the v-q plane is called a capacitor

Linear capacitorp


A linear capacitor


InductorsAn element which can be characterized by aAn element which can be characterized by a curve in the I-φ plane is called an inductor

A linear inductor


A linear inductor


Circuit Elements -R i tResistor


Circuit Elements -C itCapacitor

1X =CX C s=


Circuit Elements -Inductor

X L s=LX L s=Assoc. Prof. Montree Siripruchyanun, D.Eng 38

RLC passive circuits

Principal analysis methods: Node and S-domain

Node 1:

( ) ( )1V V C V V I+( ) ( )1 2 1 3 1

1

V V sC V V IR

− + − =


Node 2:Node 2:

Node 3:


The nodal matrix representation of the above i iequations is

Using Cramer’s rule


Which simplifies to


Example


Observation


One solution to this set of equation is

• This transfer function is therefor realized using the circuit.

• The technique used for the above synthesis is ll d th ffi i t t hi t h i

Assoc. Prof. Montree Siripruchyanun, D.Eng 45called the coefficient matching technique

The transfer functionsThe possible forms of transfer functions are:

Th lt t f f ti ti f• The voltage transfer function: a ratio of one voltage to another voltage

• The current transfer function: a ratio of one current to another currentcurrent to another current

• The transfer impedance function: a ratio of aThe transfer impedance function: a ratio of a voltage to a current

• The transfer admittance function: a ratio of a current to a voltage


g

The voltage transfer functions


The general form of aThe general form of a network function

WhereWhere

If the numerator and denominatorIf the numerator and denominator polynomials are factored, an alternate form



Properties of all network functionsNetwork functions are ratios of polynomials in s with real coefficients

The product of a complex factor and its conjugate p p j gis

Which can be seen to have real coefficients

Further important properties of network p p pfunctions are obtained restricting the networks to be stablestable


• Passive networks are stable by their very• Passive networks are stable by their very nature, since they do not contain energy sources that might inject additional energy into thethat might inject additional energy into the network

• Some active networks contain energy sources that could join forces with the input excitation tothat could join forces with the input excitation to make the output increase indefinitely

• A convenient way of determining the stability of the general network function is by considering itsthe general network function is by considering its response to an impulse function, which is

bt i d b t ki th i L l t fobtained by taking the inverse Laplace transform of the partial fraction expansion of the function


If the network has a simple pole on the real axis, p pthe impulse response due to it will have the form

F iti th i l i t iFor p1 positive, the impulse is seen to increase exponentially with time

Network function cannot have poles on theAssoc. Prof. Montree Siripruchyanun, D.Eng 52

Network function cannot have poles on the positive real axis

If the network has a pair of complex conjugate poles at The contribution to the impulseat The contribution to the impulse response due to this pair of poles is

Network function cannot have poles in the rightAssoc. Prof. Montree Siripruchyanun, D.Eng 53

Network function cannot have poles in the right half s plane


The network function H(s) has the following f d ffactored form

Where N(s) is the numerator polynomial and the ( ) p yconstants associated with the denominator

• S+ai terms represent poles on the negative real axis

• The second terms represent complex conjugate l i h l f h lf lpoles in the left half plane


Summary in the network functionsThe network functions of all passive networks and all stable active networks

• must be rational functions in s with real ffi i ( )coefficient (a)

• may not have poles in the right half s plane• may not have poles in the right half s plane

• may not have multiple poles on the jw axismay not have multiple poles on the jw axis


Examplep


The approximation problemThe approximation problem

i t f fi di f ti h lconsists of finding a function whose loss characteristic lies within the permitted region

It is also desirable to keep the order of the function as low as possible in order tofunction as low as possible in order to minimize the number of components required i th d iin the design


The most popular approximationsThe most popular approximations

ButterworthButterworth

Chebyshev

Bessel

The elliptic (Ca er)The elliptic (Cauer)


Filter Response pCharacteristics

Avv Chebyshev

Bessel

Butterworth

Bessel

Butterworth

f


Categorization of Filters

Low-pass

High-pass

Band passBand-pass

Band-rejectj

Amplitude equalizers

D l liDelay equalizers


LLow-pass


LLow-pass


LLow-pass


High-pass


High-pass


Band-pass


Band-pass


Other advantages of active RC filters include:Other advantages of active RC filters include:

d d i d i ht d th f• reduced size and weight, and therefore parasitics increased reliability and improved performance• simpler design than for passive filters and can p g prealise a wider range of functions as well as providing voltage gainproviding voltage gain• in large quantities, the cost of an IC is less than its passive counterpartits passive counterpart


Active RC filters also have some disadvantagesli it d b d idth f ti d i li it th hi h t• limited bandwidth of active devices limits the highest

attainable pole frequency and therefore applications above 100 kHz (passive RLC filters can be used up to 500above 100 kHz (passive RLC filters can be used up to 500 MHz)• the achievable quality factor is also limited• the achievable quality factor is also limited• require power supplies (unlike passive filters)• increased sensitivity to variations in circuit parameters• increased sensitivity to variations in circuit parameters caused by environmental changes compared to passive filtersfilters• For many applications, particularly in voice and data communications the economic and performancecommunications, the economic and performance advantages of active RC filters far outweigh their disadvantages.


g


E lExample 7.1






Coefficient Matching Technique for Obtaining Element ValuesObtaining Element Values




For example, consider the synthesis of the p yfunction



Gain Enhancement



Impedance ScalingImpedance scaling is used to change theImpedance scaling is used to change the element values of the circuit in order to make th i it ti ll li blthe circuit practically realizable

ExampleExample



S ll d K B d i itSallen and Key Band-pass circuit


Node 1

Node 2Node 2



E lExample 8.5




Synthesis procedure

Find Order (n)

Determine normalized transfer function

Determine normalized block diagramDetermine normalized block diagram

Write Normalized circuit

Frequency scaling

Impedance scaling

Completed circuitCompleted circuit




BP Synthesis


BP Synthesis


BP Synthesis


BP Synthesis


BP Synthesis


BP SynthesisBP Synthesis


BP SynthesisBP Synthesis


223410 Linear Integrated223410 Linear Integrated Circuit Analysis andCircuit Analysis and

Designg

IntroductionIntroduction

Asst Prof Dr MONTREE SIRIPRUCHYANUNAsst. Prof. Dr. MONTREE SIRIPRUCHYANUNDept. of Teacher Training in Electrical Engineering

Assoc. Prof. Montree Siripruchyanun, D.Eng 102King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology North Bangkok

Evolution of the TransceiverEvolution of the Transceiver

1929

B lk i d i d hi h l ltAssoc. Prof. Montree Siripruchyanun, D.Eng 103

www.maxim-ic.com/an1768

Bulky, expensive and required high supply voltages.

Evolution of the Transceiver


IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 32, 12, pp. 2071-2088, 1997

Bluetooth Wireless Technology



Introduction

1906 19471906 1947

First point contact transistor (germanium), 1947John Bardeen and Walter Brattain

Bell Laboratories

Audion (Triode), 1906Lee De Forest


Introduction1958 1997

First integrated circuit (germanium), 1958Jack S. Kilby, Texas Instruments

Intel Pentium II, 1997Clock: 233MHz

Number of transistors: 7.5 MG t L th 0 35

Jack S. Kilby, Texas Instruments

Contained five components, three types:transistors resistors and capacitors

Assoc. Prof. Montree Siripruchyanun, D.Eng 108Gate Length: 0.35

p

Trends in transistor count

Number of transistors doubles every 2.3 years( l ti th l t 4 1 5 )

42 M transistors

(acceleration over the last 4 years: 1.5 years)

Increase: ~20K

2.25 K transistors

(From: http://www.intel.com)


Package Trends


IEEE Spectrum, July 2003

Technology Directions: SIA R dRoadmap

Year 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014

Feature size (nm) 180 130 100 70 50 352Mtrans/cm2 7 14-26 47 115 284 701

Chip size (mm2) 170 170-214 235 269 308 354

Si l i / hi 768 1024 1024 1280 1408 1472Signal pins/chip 768 1024 1024 1280 1408 1472

Clock rate (MHz) 600 800 1100 1400 1800 2200

Wiring levels 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 10 10Wiring levels 6-7 7-8 8-9 9 9-10 10

Power supply (V) 1.8 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.6

High perf power (W) 90 130 160 170 174 183High-perf power (W) 90 130 160 170 174 183

Battery power (W) 1.4 2.0 2.4 2.0 2.2 2.4

For Cost-Performance MPU (L1 on-chip SRAM cache; 32KB/1999 doubling every two years)


http://www.itrs.net/ntrs/publntrs.nsf

Today!!!!Today!!!!


Good luck!!!!


Documents

Comprehensive Examinationste.kmutnb.ac.th/~msn/comprenk.pdfD.Eng. April 8th, 2009 Wangree Resort, Nakon Nayok Assoc. Prof. Montree Siripruchyanun, D.Eng 1 Examinations zMultiple choices