COMPOUNDING

� Definition: two or more words joined together

to form a new word.

� Examples:

� Home + work � homework

� Pick + pocket � pickpocket� Pick + pocket � pickpocket

� The meaning of a compound is not always the

sum of the meanings of its parts.

� Types of compounds:

� Compound nouns

� Compound verbs

� Compound adjectives

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COMPOUND WORDS:ENDOCENTRIC COMPOUNDS

� Compounds in which the head is easy to identify :

� Blackbird;

� Rawmeat;

� Headmaster;

� Armchair� Armchair

� In all the compounds above the compound forms

a hyponym of the head, that is to say a specific

case of the head:

� Blackbird is a particular type of bird.

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COMPOUND WORDS:EXOCENTRIC COMPOUNDS

� Compounds in which the head is not easy toidentify : e.g. highbrow; redskin;

� These are difficult to identify because the meaning of the compound is the hyponym ofsome ‘unexpressed’ semantic head: in the some ‘unexpressed’ semantic head: in the cases above the unexpressed semantichead is ‘person’;

� This kind of compounds is also calledbahuvrihi

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COMPOUND WORDS:DVANDVA AND APPOSITIONAL COMPOUNDS

� Dvandva: type of compound in which there is a

simple conjunction of two words, without any

further dependency holding between them. The

compound is not a hyponym of either element but

they combine to form the entity denoted by the they combine to form the entity denoted by the

compound: Bosnia-Herzegovina; Alsace-Lorraine;

� Appositional Compound: when the compound

is the hyponym of both the units forming it: e.g.

maidservant is both a ‘maid’ and a ‘servant’.

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EXERCISES

Word Morpheme

s

Free Bound

Addresser

Wicked

Invalid (A)

Invalid (N)

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Invalid (N)

Jack’s

representation

Walked

Word Morpheme

s

Free Bound

Addresser 2 address er

Wicked 1 wicked

Invalid (A) 2 valid -in

Invalid (N) 1 invalid

EXERCISES

Invalid (N) 1 invalid

Jack’s 2 jack -s

Representation 3 present re, ation;

Walked 2 walk -ed

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EXERCISES

Word Morpheme

s

Free Bound

Kindness 2 kind -ness

Amazement 2 amaze -ment

Dishonest 2 honest Dis-

Lovelier 3 love -ly; -er

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Lovelier 3 love -ly; -er

Trees 2 tree -s

Rereads 3 read Re-; -s;

Impersonal 3 person Im-; -al

Word Word Class Root Base

Addresser

Wicked

Invalid (A)

Invalid (N)

Jack’s

EXERCISES

Jack’s

Representation

Walked

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Word Word Class Root Base

Addresser N Address (N)

Invalid (A) A Valid (A)

Proliferations N Proliferate (V) proliferation

Representations N Represent (V) representation

Walks V Walk (V) walk

EXERCISES

Walks V Walk (V) walk

Impersonal A Person (N) impersonal

Untouchables N touch (v) untouchable

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Word Simple/Complex Infl/Der

Prettier

Delight

Stingy

Stinky

Reuse

EXERCISES

Reuse

Triumphed

Problem

-

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0

Word Simple/Complex Infl/Der

Prettier Complex Infl.

Delight Simple

Deconstruct Complex Der

Stingy Simple

Stinky Complex Der

EXERCISES

Stinky Complex Der

Reuse Complex Der

Triumphed Complex Infl

Problem Simple Infl

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Word Process

(to) Ship

Headline

Chirp

Healty

EXERCISES

IDENTIFY THE WORD FORMATION PROCESS

Healty

Bit

Demo

Better

She’s

Enthuse

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Word Process

(to) Ship Conversion

Headline Compounding

Chirp Onomatopoeia

Healty Derivation

EXERCISES

IDENTIFY THE WORD FORMATION PROCESS

Healty Derivation

Bit Blending

Demo Clipping

Better Suppletion

She’s Cliticization

Enthuse Backformation

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TREE DIAGRAMS

LABEL THE BOXES IN THE DIAGRAM

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TREE DIAGRAMS

LABEL THE BOXES IN THE DIAGRAM

Greed >

Greedy >

Greediness

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Tree diagramsLabel the boxes in the diagram

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Tree diagramsLabel the boxes in the diagram

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Tree diagramsLabel the boxes in the diagram

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Tree diagramsLabel the boxes in the diagram

N.b. Specif- is a bound root cfr. Specif-y19

Tree diagramsLabel the boxes in the diagram

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� The study of relations of sequencesamong morphemes.

� For example, in English the prefix –ercomes before the form to which it is

MORPHOTACTICS

comes before the form to which it isadded;

� The arrangement of morphemes withinwords but also of their relations withinsentences.

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� Semantic Constraints:

� In English the prefix un- cannot be attached to an adjective which already has a negative connotation:

� Unkind vs. *unbad

� Unhappy vs. *unweak

MORPHOTACTICS

� Unhappy vs. *unweak

� Phonological Constraints

� In English, the prefix-er cannot be attached to words consisting of more than two syllables

� pretty, prettier

� sad, sadder

� Expensive, *expensiver

� miserable, *miserabler

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MORE ABOUT PREFIXATION

� Class-changing prefixes:

� a- � asleep � V to Adj

� be- � bewitch � N to V

� en- � enslave � N to V

� Class-maintaining prefixes:� Class-maintaining prefixes:

� in- � indefinite � Adj to Adj

� fore- � foreman � N to N

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MORE ABOUT SUFFIXATION

� Suffixes forming Nouns

� N from N: -dom � kingdom

� N from V: -ee � employee

� N from Adj: -ce � dependence

� Suffixes forming Verbs

� V from N: -ify � beautify� V from N: -ify � beautify

� V from Adj: -en � shorten

� Suffixes forming adjectives

� Adj from N: -al � educational

� Adj from V: -able � understandable

� Adj from Adj: -ish � greenish

� Suffixes forming Adverbs: -ly, -ward, and –wise.

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INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY

� Compare the twp inflectional paradigms below:

� Italian

� [Root am] [-ø m] [-ø t] –oAgr]

� [Root am] [-ø m] [-ø t] –iAgr]

� [Root am] [-ø m] [-ø t] –aAgr]Root m t Agr

� [Root am] [-er m] [-øt] –òAgr]; [Root am] [-er m] [-øt] –aiAgr] …

� [Root am] [-er m] [-et] –iAgr]; [Root am] [-er m] [-et] –stigr] …

� English

� [Root speak] [-ø m] [-ø t] –øAgr]

� [Root speak ] [-ø m] [-ø t] –sAgr

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