INTRODUCTION

Introduction

First and opening passage in a proposal that provides background information and established a frame work for the research

Deficiencies Model Research problem Studies that have addressed the problem Deficiencies in the studies Importance of the studies The purpose statement

Deficiencies Model cont’

Research problem An issue that exist in the literature or in the theory that

leads to a need for the study Write narrative hooks Use quotations Avoid idioms justify the research problem

Studies that have addressed the problem Previous studies

Deficiencies in the study Importance of the study Purpose statement

End introduction with purpose statement

Introduction to

Qualitative research Exploring a concept or phenomenon (personal

statement of experience) Quantitative research

Understanding factors or variables ( impersonal statement )

Mixed method Both exploring and understanding relationship

between variables

PURPOSE STATEMENT

Purpose statement

Defined as the intent of the research ; why we need to do research

Qualitative research Use words like

describe ,understand ,develop, explore, define in purpose statement

Use past or present tense Focus on single phenomenon Clearly identify the site like homes,

organizations or events.

Quantitative research

Use word determine, identify , relate , test , compare the relationship

Dependent ,independent, mediating variable use

Focus on relationships of variables (hypotheses)

Mixed method

Same Words used for qualitative and quantitative research purpose statement

Use words “sequential , concurrent or transformational “ for indication of mixed method

Use specific information for both research types

RESEARCH QUESTION AND HYPOTHESES

Research question and hypotheses

Qualitative research question Research question

Specific question to be answered

Qualitative research question begin with the words “what ,why , how “

Use exploratory word E.g. explore ,discover, seek to understand

Use non directional language don’t use the word which shows quantitative study

E.g. influence , impact

Use open ended questions

Quantitative research question and Hypotheses

In quantitative reach both question and hypotheses are used Use of variable is limited to three basic approaches

Compare Independent variable to se its impact on dependent variable Compare dependent variable to se its on independent variable Compare independent , meditating or dependent variable

Independent variable and dependent variable must be measured separately

To eliminate redundancy write only research question or hypotheses

Use non-demographic variable E.g. measuring attitude , behavior

use same pattern of words order in question or hypotheses

Mixed method research question and hypotheses

Mixed method have both qualitative and quantitative research question or hypotheses

In two phase research order to the research question or hypotheses should be given

Question should be introduced in the binging of each phase