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Complex Issues of Indonesian International Labour Migration
Dr. Sukamdi, MSc
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
The structure of Presentation
• Issues of vulnerability
• Migration and social transformation
• Policy Issues
Issues of vulnerability
• Feminization of migrant workers
• Low educated
• Most of them working in “informal sector” (domestic worker/unskilled) with the gradual change to more skilled type of job
• Issues on irregular migration (issues of protection)
Feminization of labour migration
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Male Female
58 % of ILM is
female
ILM education
76.86
69.19 68.66
70.15
72.21
68.34
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Migrants with low education
About 70 % of
ILM is low
educated
• The feminization of migration as the part of a global process of internationalizing the gender division of reproductive labour
• Informal sector is the easiest opportunity for low educated women
• Working abroad at any risk !! Including to involve in undocumented migration
Migrants Vulnerabilities
education
Type of job
Legal status
gender
female, irregular, low
educated, and working in
informal sector
Migrants and social transformation
• Culture of migration : migration has become way of life
• Migration as vehicle of social transformation both in origin and destination area
• Social exclusion : problem of social integration
Pre departure • Lack of information • Lack of preparation • Manipulation
Host Community • Social exclusion • Lack of information
Travel • Travel condition and
mode • Duration of journey
Return • Social integration • Dependent on
migration
Issues o
n rep
rod
uctive h
ealth
Eon
om
ic mo
tives
Policy Issues (governance ?)
State
(political interest)
Private
(economic interest)
Civil Society
(Social interest)
Foreign
exchange
hero/labour
export
empowerment
Profit
oriented
• Problems of reproductive health have (always) been neglected in migration policies both in origin and destination countries
• Economy dominates both migrant and government motives
• As culture of migration emerged, integrated policy on migration is become very urgent
thank you