TEE MEI JUANNGUI WAN ZOOLIM HUI HUAN

CONJUNCTIONS PREPOSITIONS INTERJECTIONS

TEE MEI JUAN

Words used as joiners. Different kinds of conjunctions join

different kinds of grammatical structures.

Conjunctions

A. Coordinating Conjunctions ( FANBOYS)

For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

Join equals to one another words to words

Phrases to phrasesClauses to clauses

Examples:Word to word : Most children like cookies and

milk.Phrase to phrase : The gold is hidden at the

beach or by the lakeside.Clause to clause : What you say and what you do

are two different things.

A coordinating conjunction joining two independent clauses creates a

compound sentence and requires a comma before the coordinating

conjunction.

Examples : Tom ate all the peanuts, so Phil

ate the cookies. I don’t care for the beach, but I

enjoy a good vacation in the mountains.

B. Correlative

Conjunctions

either. . .orboth. . . andneither. . . nornot only. . . but also

These pairs of conjunctions require equal (parallel) structures after each one.

C.Conjunctive

Adverbs

These conjunctions join

independent clauses together.

After allAlsoAs a result BesidesConsequentlyFinallyFor exampleFurthermoreIn additionIncidentally

Examples :

The tire was flat; therefore, we called a service station.

It was a hot day; nevertheless, the roofers worked on the project all day.

D.Subordinating Conjunctions

AfterAlthoughAsAs far as As soon asAs if As though BecauseBeforeEven if

When the dependent clause is placed first in a sentence, use a comma between the two clauses.

When the independent clause is placed first and the dependent clause second, do not separate the two clauses with a comma.

PREPOSITION

NGUI WAN ZOO

What are preposition?

Preposition are used to show the relationship or connection of a word with other words. In this chapter, you will learn to recognise and use the common preposition for position, movement and time.

Examples:

1. Do not lean against the wall .

preposition noun

2. Dahlia leaned on him for support.

preposition pronoun

Preposition of position:

We use preposition of position to indicate or show the location of a person, a place, or an object in relation to another person, place, or object in a sentence.

Examples:

above across along against behind below beside between down from in inside into near off over round through under to

AT, IN, ON – Used as preposition of position.

• The preposition at, in and on can be used to show position and time.

• At, in and on can be used to indicate specific-to-general or general-to-specific sequences, especially for addresses.

On

Kuala Lipis Road

In Pahang

At 520, Kuala Lipis Road

Examples:

1. The lecturer lives at 520, Batu Pahat Road, Pahang.

2. The lecturer lives on .

3. The lecturer lives in Pahang.

Preposition Use Exmples

at ~ specific street addresses

~ places

~ events and specific locations

~Janet lives at 37, Apartment Ria, Jalan Bunga Raya, Miri.~Please meet me at the post office.~I saw John at the wedding.

in ~ before buildings, towns, cities, and countries.

~ 3-dimensional spaces like cupboards and classrooms

~Vincent is studying Engineering in Germany.

The box is in the storeroom.

on ~ before streets, roads, rivers and floors ( 1st, 2nd floor)

~ 2-dimensional spaces like walls, ceilings and floors.

~The clinic is on the third floor of this building.~I am sure IPTHO is on this street.~The picture was hanging on the wall.

Remember:

Sometimes “in” and “at” can be used interchangeably. “At” is often used when we are thinking about the activity that is done in the place while we use in when we think about the place itself.

Examples:

2. He left for Singapore in a car.

3. She met her childhood friend on the train to Johor Bahru.

4. We stay in a car but on a train/ship/plane.

Preposition of time:

• We use preposition of time to indicate the concept of time or the duration of time. The following are some examples of preposition of time:

from…to for since until/tillduring before by while after

We use the preposition in the following ways:

Preposition Use examplesuntil To show when an

action or a situation endsNote: “till” is used in an informal context.

~ The boys played basketball until six o’clock.~ Alex said he will be home until lunchtime.~ Nicky is on leave until Friday.

from…to To indicate the beginning and the ending of an action or a situation.

~ The officer is on standby duty from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m..~ Ann will be at the camp from May 15 to May 30,2007.

By To show that something takes place at or before a certain time or moment.Note: ”by” also means not later than.

~ You have to return my book by 4 p.m. tomorrow.~ If you are not at home by 11 p.m., I will lock all the doors.~ By the time you read this letter, I shall be on plane to England.

for With time expressions or specific periods to show how long something / an event takes place.

~ The food that we have now can last for two days only.~ I have not seen Danny for the past two weeks.

while To show that two things are happening at the same time and it can be expressed in the following way: while + subject + verb ( usually in the continuous form )

~ My brother was packing his bag while watching his favourite programme on the television.~ Madam Chan was reading the newspaper while waiting for her son.

since Tells us the starting time of an event or incident.

~ The Wong family has lived in this village since 1970.~ Rizal has been away since last week.

before Refers to an earlier time.

~ I arrived before you.~ Laila wakes up before 6 a.m every morning.

after Means at a later time. ~ The lecturer said to the student, “Please see me after this class”.~ David arrived at the party after everyone had left.

At, In, On – Used as preposition of time:

The preposition at, in and on can also used to show time.

Preposition

Use Examples

at ~ at + clock time / meal-time~ at with expressions like at present, at the moment, at the same time, at that time, at night.

~The meeting is at three o’clock.~ I will see you at lunch.~ At the moment, there are two students waiting to see the principal.

in ~ in + a month/a year/a season~ in + a week~ in + part of the day

~ Billy was born in April.~ Billy was born in 1999.~ Billy will be here in one week’s time.~ Billy was born in the morning.

on ~ on + day/date/a weekday~ on + day + part of day~ on + special day/occasion

~ Ann was born on the first of April,1999.~ I am going to a party on Saturday evening.~ Mother will serve roast turkey on Christmas day.

Prepositions of movement – into, around:

The prepositions into and around are used to show movement .

Examples:

1. The cat jumped into the box.

2. The cat ran around the stool chasing the mouse.

3. The policeman chased the robber around Kampung Baru.

4. The robber panicked and ran into an abandoned building. Remember:

“in” used to show position and “into” is used to show movement.

INTERJECTIONS

LIM HUI HUAN

An interjection is a word added to a sentence to convey emotion. It is not grammatically related to any other part of the sentence.

We usually follow an interjection with an exclamation mark. Interjections are uncommon in formal academic prose, except in direct quotations.

examples of interjections &

their definitions:

Ahem The sound of someone clearing their throat and means “attention” or “listen”

Eww Ahows dislike or disgust

Oops - An exclamation people use when they accidentally do something

Hmm This can mean you are thinking or hesitating

Yoo-hoo This is used to get someone’s attention and is usually used by women

Whoa This can show surprise or amazement

Aah This is used as a call for help or when someone is scared

Yahoo Expresses joy or happiness

Ahh, that feels wonderful. Congrats! You finally got your Master’s degree Oh dear! I don’t know what to do about this mess. Pip pip! Let’s get moving.It’s time for me to go. Cheerio!Shoot! I forgot my brother’s birthday.Hurray! It is a snow day and school is cancelled Joe was late to school and yikes, the teacher was mad Grrr! I’m going to get back at him for that.

Uses of Interjections

Beginning of Sentences

Interjections can and do appear in the beginning of sentences.

example:“Yikes, I didn’t realize that there was a test on grammar today!”“Oh no, I can’t believe that it is snowing here again!”

Middle or End of Sentences

They can appear in the middle, at the end, or anyplace else where the author wants to interject a bit of feeling and emotion.

example“So, it’s snowing again, huh?”

“In my opinion, my gosh, this is just the smartest thing you have ever said”

Stand-alone Sentence

An interjection can also be used by itself as a stand-alone sentence.

example “Oh gosh! I can’t believe how late it is.”