Complete Literature Survey Report

8/12/2019 Complete Literature Survey Report

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University of Greenwich

Literature survey report

On

Solar-Powered digital thermometer with wireless interface

By

Ifeanyi Vincent Okafor 000802071

MSc Electronics and o!!unications En"ineerin"

Supervisor# Mr $nt%ony &easey

28'01'201(

University of GreenwichMedway School of Engineering

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MSc Electrical & Electronic EngineeringMSc Embedded Systems

MSc Electronics & Communications EngineeringMSc Electrical Power Engineering

Declaration of riginality

I t%e undersi"ned) declare t%at t%e *ork contained *it%in t%is report is co!pletely !y o*n+$ny !aterial t%at %as not ,een ori"inated ,y !e %as ,een clearly !arked and t%e creatorsidentified+

-a!e ...............................

Si"nature ...............................

/ate ...............................

$ssi"n!ent ...............................

ourse ...............................

C o n t e n t s

ontents++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2Solarpo*ered di"ital t%er!o!eter *it% *ireless interface++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++(

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%apter One++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++(

1+0 Introduction++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++(

1+1 /efinition of so!e ter!s++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++(

1+2 ro,le!s addressed++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

1+3 Benefits to t%e industry and society++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

1+( $i!+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

1+ O,4ectives+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

1+5 Scope++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++5

1+7 6ey delivera,les of t%e pro4ect+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++5

1+8 otential risks+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++5

%apter *o+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++7

2+0Literature survey++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++7

2+1 e!perature sensors+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++7

2+1+1 6inds of e!perature sensors+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++7

2+1+2 ypes of e!perature sensors+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++7

2+1+3 erfor!ance c%aracteristics+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++10

2+1+( /esi"nin" a di"ital t%er!o!eter++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++10

2+2 Ener"y arvestin"++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++11

2+2+1 ate"ories of ener"y %arvestin"++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++12

2+2+2 Solar Ener"y++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++12

2+3 Ener"y stora"e devices+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1(

2+3+1 Supercapacitors as ener"y stora"e devices++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1

2+3+2 $pplications of supercapacitors+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1

2+3+3 y,rid approac%# Solar po*er and Supercapacitors+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++15

2+( Lo* po*er tec%ni9ues and :i",ee *ireless+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++15

%apter %ree+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++173+0 ro4ect *ork plan+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++17

%apter &our+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++18

(+0 Su!!ary+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++18

;eferences+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1+ Solar ener"y is ,eco!in" a "ood option for t%e po*erin" of!ost devices ,ecause it is very environ!entfriendly) it doesn?t e!it car,on and it is 9uite costeffective=al! and eden et al+) 2001>+

oday solar po*er %as !any applications in t%e *orld like solarpo*er *ater %eatin")c%ar"in" ,atteries *it% solar po*er) po*erin" a %o!e *it% solar ener"y+ One application of

solarpo*er is in t%e c%ar"in" of supercapacitors for po*erin" a di"ital t%er!o!eter+ $t%er!o!eter c%ecks for t%e de"ree or intensity of %eat present in a su,stance or o,4ect inde"rees or &a%ren%eit+ %e easy and accuracy at *%ic% t%e te!perature results are read andcollected is very i!portant =Svelto and @alAerano et al+) 1 t%at converts li"%t ener"y directlyinto electricity =/> usin" p%otovoltaic effect+ $n electric field is setup in a solar cell due to

t%e !ove!ent of electrons and %oles =ersc% and :*ei,el) 1+ Solar cells are 9uite costeffective) and produce "reen ener"y+

Su$er-Ca$acitors# %ese are electronic devices t%at can provide %i"%er po*er outputs andcan store lots of ener"y+ %ey can also ,e called Dltracapacitors+ %is *ill ,e used to storeener"y fro! sunli"%t so t%at t%e di"ital t%er!o!eter operations continuously+

Digital thermometer# e!perature is not only a critical p%ysical para!eter in industry ,utalso in a"riculture) !odern scientific researc% and a variety of %i"%tec% develop!ent andresearc%+ $ t%er!o!eter !easures t%e te!perature per unit ti!e+ $ t%er!o!eter can ,e saidto ,e accurate if it can !easure a "iven te!perature *it% t%e !ini!al error possi,le =Svelto

and @alAerano et al+) 1


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%igee 'ireless# %is *ill provide a *ireless interface for !y circuit+ It %as lo* po*erconsu!ption and is very easy to use+

$ si!ple ,lock dia"ra! of t%e pro4ect is s%o*n ,elo*#

(igure ") * Sim$le System loc+ Diagram of the $ro,ect

1+2 Problems addressed

Most po*er sources are not environ!entfriendly like t%e ,attery and t%e "rid syste!+ %edi"ital t%er!o!eter is solarpo*ered) *%ic% is environ!entfriendly %o*ever *%en t%ere isno sun) t%e di"ital t%er!o!eter can?t !easure t%e te!perature+ %is pro,le! *as resolved ,y

introducin" supercapacitors *%ic% stores so!e of t%e ener"y fro! t%e sun t%ere,y ena,lin"t%e di"ital t%er!o!eter to *ork continuously even *it%out sunli"%t+ %e pro,le! of ,ulkycircuitry siAe) po*erefficiency and ease of accessin" te!perature readin"s on de!and *illalso ,e addressed+

1+3 enefits to the industry and society

%e ,enefit of t%is pro4ect to t%e industry and society is t%at it provides an en%anced and easier*ay of takin" accurate te!perature readin"s+ It also provides a continuously runnin"t%er!o!eter one t%at can run in t%e a,sence of sunli"%t+ %e *eat%erforecaster *ill ,enefit"reatly fro! t%is) also *%en t%is circuitry is connected to a %eater) it can ,enefit t%e fa!ilydurin" t%e *inter period) ,ecause durin" t%is period) t%e sun is not out) ,ut t%e ener"y stored

*ill keep t%e te!perature sensor runnin") and *%en t%e te!perature is too cold) t%e %eater isturned on+

1+( *im

o desi"n a po*erefficient) co!pact) functional and relia,le circuit t%at can operatecontinuously in an outdoor environ!ent+

1+ b,ectives

1> o !ake a te!perature sensor t%at is accurate to 0+

2> o !ake a solar c%ar"er for supercapacitors+3> o trans!it t%e te!perature t%rou"% :i"Bee *ireless at re"ular intervals+

:i"Bee Cireless

/i"ital %er!o!eter

=e!perature Sensor>

Solar

ells

Superapacitor c%ar"ercontrol


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1+5 Sco$e

%ere are several !et%ods t%at could ,e used to po*er t%is circuitry like a ,attery and a fuelcell %o*ever t%e circuit is to ,e Solarpo*ered only) and t%e type of *ireless circuitry to ,eused is :i"Bee+

1+7 ey deliverables of the $ro,ect

1> $nalysis of t%e po*er availa,ility and t%e syste! po*er re9uire!ents

2> $ syste! desi"n3> $ prototype syste! *it% a test receiver and e!,edded soft*are for t%e sensor unit+

1+8 Potential ris+s

So!e of t%e potential risks involved in t%is pro4ect include#

1> %e circuit !i"%t take lon"er t%an t%e re9uired duration to desi"n if care ,ecause ofunforeseen contin"encies and also ,ecause t%e pro4ect is a ,i" and ti!ede!andin"one+

2> %e circuit !i"%t not function as epected+3> %ere !i"%t ,e risk of co!ponent da!a"e or unavaila,ility+

+

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%apter wo

.#/ Literature survey

.#" 0em$erature sensors

e!perature sensors are vital to al!ost every aspect of people?s everyday life+ e!peraturesensors are devices used to !easure t%e te!perature of a !ediu!+ %ere are 2 kinds onte!perature sensors# contact sensors and noncontact sensors+ o*ever) t%e 3 !ain types aret%er!o!eters) resistance te!perature detectors) and t%er!ocouples+ $ll t%ree of t%ese sensors!easure a p%ysical property =i+e+ volu!e of a li9uid) current t%rou"% a *ire>) *%ic% c%an"es asa function of te!perature+ In addition to t%e 3 !ain types of te!perature sensors) t%ere arenu!erous ot%er te!perature sensors availa,le for use =Bo"%ossian and Bro*n et al+) 2005>+

.#"#" inds of 0em$erature sensors

i1 Contact Sensors

ontact te!perature sensors !easure t%e te!perature of t%e o,4ect to *%ic% t%e sensor is incontact ,y assu!in" or kno*in" t%at t%e t*o =sensor and t%e o,4ect> are in t%er!ale9uili,riu!) in ot%er *ords) t%ere is no %eat flo* ,et*een t%e!+ Ea!ples include#%er!ocouples) ;esistance e!perature /etectors =;/s>) &ull Syste! t%er!o!eters)Bi!etallic %er!o!eters =Bo"%ossian and Bro*n et al+) 2005>+

ii1 2on-contact Sensors

Most co!!ercial and scientific noncontact te!perature sensors !easure t%e t%er!al radiantpo*er of t%e Infrared or Optical radiation received fro! a kno*n or calculated area on itssurface or volu!e *it%in it+ $n ea!ple of noncontact te!perature sensors is a pyro!eter

Bo"%ossian and Bro*n et al+) 2005>+

.#"#. 0y$es of 0em$erature sensors

i1 0hermocou$le

It is !ade fro! t*o dissi!ilar !etals t%at "enerate electrical volta"e in direct proportion to

c%an"es in te!perature+ %ese t*o dissi!ilar !etals are 4oined to"et%er at one end to for! a!easurin" %ot 4unction+ %e ot%er end kno*n as t%e reference cold 4unction is connected

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across an electronic !easure!ent device+ $ t%er!ocouple "enerates !easure!ent si"nals inresponse to a difference in te!perature ,et*een t%e !easurin" and reference 4unctions=Electronic te!perature sensors) 2001>+ a,le 1 s%o*in" co!!on !etal te!perature and E!fvalues *%ile fi"ure 2 sc%e!atic dia"ra! of %o* a t%er!ocouple *orks+

0able ") Common Metal 0em$erature and Emf 3alues 4oghossian and rown et al#5.//61

(igure .) Schematic diagram of how the thermocou$le functions 4oghossian andrown et al#5 .//61

ii1 7esistance 0em$erature detector

%is is a varia,le resistor t%at *ill c%an"e its electrical resistance in direct proportion toc%an"es in te!perature in a precise) repeata,le and nearly linear !anner+ C%en a kno*nelectric volta"e passes t%rou"% a conductor) t%e resistance varies ,ased on t%e te!perature oft%e conductor+

%is resistance can ,e !easured and *ill correspond to a specific te!perature+ latinu! is

co!!only used in a ;/ due to its purity) linearity and sta,ility over a *ide ran"e ofte!peratures =Electronic te!perature sensors) 2001>+ a,le 2 ,elo* s%o*s t%e te!perature

8

*lloy 0y$e Emf 3alue at ./ 8C Emf 3alue at 9/ 8C Emf 3alue at "// 8C

latinu!;%odiu! 0+113 !V 0+2


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and resistance ran"es of co!!on !etals used in !akin" ;/s *%ile fi"ure 3 is a sc%e!aticdia"ra! s%o*in" t%e ;/ structure+

Element Metal 0em$erature 7ange ase 7esistance 0C74:;:;8C1

opper 100 F 250 G 10 H at 0 G 0+00(27

-ickel 100 F 250 G 120 H at 0 G 0+00572

latinu! 250 F 800 G 100 H at 0 G 0+003


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%e di"ital t%er!o!eter *ill no* ,e discussed ,ecause it *as used in t%e pro4ect+ %ey are!any *ays to desi"n a di"ital t%er!o!eter ,ut t%e !ost co!!on one is t%e use of ;esistancete!perature resistors =;/> and %er!istors+ $ co!!only used latinu! t%er!istor is a pt100 sensor *%ic% offers ecellent accuracy over a *ide te!perature ran"e+ It %as a resistanceof 100 o%!s at 0 G and 138+( o%!s at 100 G+ %ere are also 1000 sensors t%at %ave a

resistance of 1000 o%!s at 0 G =icotec%+co!) 201(>+%e relations%ip ,et*een te!perature and resistance is approi!ately linear over a s!allte!perature ran"e# for ea!ple) if assu!e t%at it is linear over t%e 0 to 100 G ran"e) t%e errorat 0 G is 0+( G+ &or precision !easure!ent) it is necessary to linearise t%e resistance to "ivean accurate te!perature+

=Svelto and @alAerano et al+) 1arvesting

Lo* po*er e9uip!ent suc% as *ireless sensors %ave a %u"e potential for *orld c%an"in"applications) ,ut one of t%e ,ottlenecks so far %as ,een desi"nin" ,attery po*ered syste!*it% a reasona,le *orkin" life+

Ener"y %arvestin" is t%e a,ility to etract ener"y fro! t%e environ!ent to drive electronicdevices independently fro! t%e ,atteries or !ains po*er+ It is also called ener"y scaven"in"

=ees Links) 200+

11
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?searchWithin=p_Authors:.QT.Skendzic,%20V..QT.&searchWithin=p_Author_Ids:37396879300&newsearch=truehttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?searchWithin=p_Authors:.QT.Beros,%20S..QT.&searchWithin=p_Author_Ids:37271314400&newsearch=truehttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?searchWithin=p_Authors:.QT.Beros,%20S..QT.&searchWithin=p_Author_Ids:37271314400&newsearch=truehttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?searchWithin=p_Authors:.QT.Beros,%20S..QT.&searchWithin=p_Author_Ids:37271314400&newsearch=truehttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?searchWithin=p_Authors:.QT.Skendzic,%20V..QT.&searchWithin=p_Author_Ids:37396879300&newsearch=true


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Ener"y scaven"in" is i!portant ,ecause it %as t%e potential to replace t%e use of ,atteries)t%erefore it is environ!entalfriendly) it is !aintenance free and it provides !eans foreploitin" alternative sources of po*er+

.#.#" Categories of energy harvestingEner"y %arvesters can ,e cate"oriAed into t*o na!ely# ricklers and Bursters+ %e !ostlyused ener"y ,urster is t%e dyna!o) a sort of reverse step en"ine) *%ere instead of ener"y ,ein"used to create !otion) !otion is used to create ener"y+ Dnfortunately t%is type of ener"y%arvestin" is 9uite epensive+ $not%er ener"y ,urster is t%e pieAo ele!ent) *%ere ener"y iscreated fro! !ec%anical torsion+ ere t%e a!ounts of ener"y are relatively lar"e) %o*ever F

pieAo ele!ents are 9uite sensitive to *ear and tear and !akin" t%ese pieAo ele!ents relia,leand dura,le !akes t%e! also 9uite epensive+

%e !ost *ell kno*n ener"y trickler is t%e solar cell+ o ,e usa,le for sense and control

net*orks it is i!portant t%at t%e ener"y is stored and controlled+ Solar cells %ave a ,i"advanta"e# t%ey are relatively c%eap) and t%ey %ave a serious dra*,ack# t%ey only *ork *%ent%ere is li"%t+ $not%er trickler ener"y %arvester is a peltier ele!ent t%at taps into t%e ener"ystrea! t%at co!es into eistence *%en t*o sides of one o,4ect %ave a different te!perature)e"+ a *all of a %ouse) *%ere t%e outside te!perature is different co!pared to t%e insidete!perature+ Dsually a te!perature difference of de"rees elsius "ives enou"% usa,leener"y+ Dnfortunately also t%e dependa,ility of peltier ele!ents is li!ited ,ecause of t%e factt%at te!perature differences usually cannot ,e controlled) and contrary to solar cells) peltierele!ents are relatively epensive+=i!entel and Musilek) 2010>

.#.#. Solar Energy

Solar or ot%er li"%t ener"y can ,e converted to electric po*er usin" solar cells+ %e !a"nitudeof ener"y "enerated varies fro! approi!ately 1!CJs9+c! in noonti!e sunli"%t to10KCJs9+c! in indoor incandescent li"%tin"+ %e ener"y output depends on t%e !aterial used+rystalline !aterials suc% as silicon and "alliu! arsenide %ave !oderate a,sorption efficiencyand %i"% conversion efficiency =202> *%ile t%in fil! !aterials suc% as cad!iu! telluride%ave %i"% a,sorption efficiency and lo*er conversion efficiency =10>+ $ sin"le solar celloutput is 0+5V ,ut panels *it% series of suc% cells can "enerate any re9uired volta"e for t%ecircuit =6ansal and Srivastava) 200>+ %e ta,le 3 ,elo* s%o*s t%e efficiency and cost of

various !aterials used for !akin" a solar cell+

Solar cell ty$e;material Efficiency Cost

1> rystalline silicon cell 202 Most epensive2> oly crystalline silicon cell 120 %eaper 3> $!orp%ous silicon cell 812 %eapest0able


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differential+ C%en 2 layers are connected to an eternal load) t%e electrons flo* t%rou"% t%ecircuit creatin" electricity =Solar Ener"y) 2007>+ &i"ure ,elo* s%o*s a solar cell+

(igure 9) Showing the diagram of a solar cell 4Solar Energy5 .//?1

Solar ener"y %as !any applications *%ic% include its use in t%e c%ar"in" of a ,attery+=Liu and Makaran) 200 ea!ines t%e use of solar ener"y to c%ar"e a ,attery+ *o *ays areea!ined one is to connect t%e solar cell directly to t%e ,attery and usin" a diode to preventreverse current fro! t%e ,attery+ %e advanta"es of suc% a syste! are t%e si!plicity and lo*cost+ %e disadvanta"es are# 1> t%e V panel can only provide c%ar"in" current *%en itsoutput volta"e is %i"%er t%an t%e ,attery volta"e 2> t%e c%ar"in" current *ill decrease *%ent%e volta"e difference decreases due to a increasin" ,attery volta"e or a decreasin" V outputvolta"e 3> t%e syste! does not al*ays *ork at t%e opti!al to convert t%e availa,le solar

po*er into electricity+ %e fi"ure 5a ,elo* s%o*s t%e setup of t%is syste!+

(igure 6a) Showing a solar-$owered battery charger using a diode

o i!prove t%e syste! perfor!ance) a controller can ,e added ,et*een t%e V panel and t%e,attery as s%o*n in &i"ure 5, ,elo*+ %e controller is usually a /J/ converter+ It s%ould,e a ,uckJ,oost to take into account conditions *%ere t%e V panel volta"e is %i"%er or lo*er

t%an t%e ,attery volta"e+ In suc% a syste! an opti!al control al"orit%! can ,e i!ple!ented toconvert t%e !ai!u! availa,le solar po*er into electricity and c%ar"e t%e ,attery+

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(igure 6b) Showing a solar-$owered battery charger using a diode

Solar ener"y also %as its application in teleco!!unication+ (Palm and Heden et al., 2001)designed a solar-powered mobile telephony. They tried to bring sustainable development byreplacing older technologies and increasing the use of both renewable energy andtelecommunications. Ericsson is an example of a company offering solar powered solutions intelecommunications. The use of solar power reduces CO2 emissions compared to the traditionalgrid-powered alternative. In some parts of the world where electricity is expensive, unreliable ornot available at all, the benefits of telecommunication cannot reach them but with solar powersuch places can enjoy telecommunications.

$n application of solar ener"y in t%e c%ar"in" of a supercapacitor is ea!ined ,y =Leder andSutor et al+) 200>+ $ solar po*ered lo* po*er sensor !odule *it% a radio co!!unicationand a user interface *as desi"ned+ %is syste! uses t%e dou,le layer capacitor =super

capacitor> to ,uffer ener"y to reac% uninterrupted operation every day and ni"%t period+ %issyste! can operate even *%en t%ere is no sunli"%t ,ecause t%e solar ener"y c%ar"es t%e supercapacitor to full capacity+

.#< Energy storage devicesEner"y stora"e devices are devices t%at store ener"y for future use+ Most rene*a,le ener"ysource suc% as solar and *ind po*er depends on t%e *eat%er+ %e efficiency of po*ersupplied ,y t%ese rene*a,le ener"y sources can ,e !ai!iAed *%en paired *it% t%e ener"ystora"e devices+ %ere are various cate"ories of ener"y stora"e devices+ a,le ( ,elo* s%o*st%e various ener"y stora"e devices =Ener"ystora"e+or"+uk) 2012>+

+ inds of Energy storagedevices

Sources

i> %e!ical ener"y stora"e ydro"en) ,iofuelsJ,io!ass) li9uid nitro"en) oy%ydro"en

ii> Electroc%e!ical ener"ystora"e

Battery and &uel cells

iii> Electrical ener"y stora"e Super capacitor and apacitors

iv> %er!al ener"y stora"e ot *ater stora"e tank) stora"e %eater and stea!

accu!ulator

1(


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v> Mec%anical ener"y stora"e ydraulic accu!ulator) fly*%eel ener"y stora"e

0able =) showing the various +inds of energy storage devices 4Energystorage#org#u+5./".1

.#

Specific po*er =CJk">

ost per C%

Service life =in ve%icle>

%ar"e te!perature

/isc%ar"e te!perature

1F10 seconds

1 !illion or 30)000%

2+3 to 2+7V

=typical>

Dp to 10)000

N20 =typical>

10 to 1 years

F(0 to 5G =F(0 to 1(

F(0 to 5G =F(0 to 1(

10F50 !inutes

00 and %i"%er

3+5 to 3+7V

100F200

1)000 to 3)000

N0+0N1+00 =lar"e syste!>

to 10 years

0 to (G =32Gto 113G&>

F20 to 50G =F( to 1(0G&>

0able 9) Performance com$arison between su$erca$acitor and attery) @i-ion4atteryuniversity5 ./"=1

=ao and :%an" et al+) 2005> co!pares t%e various advanta"es of usin" t%e super capacitorover t%e ,atteries *%ic% is also seen fro! ta,le a,ove it can ,e seen t%at supercapacitor %asa faster c%ar"e rate t%an t%e ,attery) t%e cycle life is unli!ited) t%e o*er density is lar"er t%an

t%at of t%e ,attery) t%e service life is lon"er t%an t%at of t%e ,attery) and it %as an ecellentlo*te!perature c%ar"e and disc%ar"e perfor!ance+

On t%e ot%er %and t%e ,attery %as a %i"%er specific ener"y t%an t%e supercapacitor) t%e ,atterycost less t%an t%e supercapacitor+

.#


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suc% as usin" !ec%anical actuators di"ital ca!eras or *ireless trans!itters =Dltracapacitor+net)2012>+

ii1 >igh $ower a$$lications) Supercapacitors are also used to provide fast actin" s%ort ter!po*er ,ack up for DS applications+ By co!,inin" a capacitor *it% a ,attery,ased

uninterrupti,le po*er supply syste!) t%e life of t%e ,atteries can ,e etended+ %e ,atteriesprovide po*er only durin" t%e lon"er interruptions) reducin" t%e peak loads on t%e ,attery andper!ittin" t%e use of s!aller ,atteries+ In electric and %y,rid ve%icles to facilitate re"enerative,rakin") can add 1 to 2 to t%e ran"e of t%e ve%icle =Dltracapacitor+net) 2012>+

.#ybrid a$$roach) Solar $ower and Su$erca$acitors%e co!,ination of a rene*a,le po*er source like t%e solar cell and supercapacitor results toin reliable power source. (Thounthong and Sikkabut et al., 2010) in their paper examines how apower plant can be powered by the combination of the fuel cell, solar cell and supercapacitor.The solar cell acts as the main power source; the fuel cell provides power to support the solar

cell. The supercapacitor functions as an auxiliary source for storing energy for later use.

&urt%er *ork on the hybrid approach was done by (Zhang and Wang et al., 2012). Here aphotovoltaic system is used to charge a supercapacitor and its charging efficiency, storageperformance and efficiency examined. When compared to the battery, the supercapacitors cango through a lot of charge and discharge cycles without degrading.

.#= Low power techniques and Zigbee wirelesso*er consu!ption is a key para!eter for consideration in t%e desi"n of electronic devices+%e "eneral ai! of t%e lo*po*er desi"ner is to reduce current consu!ption ,y !ini!iAin"t%e supply volta"e) circuit co!pleity) clockin" fre9uencies) dc current source values) and

capacitance of s*itc%in" nodes+ Many desi"n tec%ni9ues %ave ,een developed to reducepo*er and ,y t%e 4udicious application of t%ese tec%ni9ues) syste!s are tuned for t%e ,estpo*erJperfor!ance tradeoffs+

$n I?s total po*er consu!ption co!prises t*o types) static and dyna!ic+ Static po*ertypically co!es fro! leaka"e current and dc current sources+ /yna!ic current consu!ption)*%ic% is fre9uencydependent) often do!inates total po*er+ It co!es fro! t%e c%ar"in" anddisc%ar"in" of capacitive nodes and t%e cro*,ar action of s*itc%in" transistors connected

,et*een t%e supplies =S%earer) 2012> =aylor) 2012>+

%e operation of a typical !o,ile device can ,e rou"%ly classified into t*o different !odes#

t%e active !ode and t%e sleep !ode+ In t%e active !ode) all t%e co!!unication !odules areturned on to support data ec%an"e at lo* latency+ On t%e ot%er %and) durin" t%e sleep !ode)t%e !o,ile device turns off t%e ;& and ot%er co!!unication !odules until it *akes up a"ainto process data traffic+ %e !o,ile device consu!es po*er supply ener"y at a !uc% %i"%errate in t%e active !ode t%an in t%e sleep !ode+ %e lon"er t%e !o,ile device stays in t%e sleep!ode) t%e !ore po*er it saves+

%e procedures for !o,ile devices to transit fro! t%e active !ode to t%e sleep !ode "enerallydiffer in i!ple!entations+ et) t%ey s%are si!ilar features+ In "eneral) if a !o,ile re!ains idlefor a certain period *it%out seein" any data traffic) it *ill enter t%e sleep !ode+ =Men" andS%iu et al+) 2012> in t%is paper assu!ed t%e !o,ile device s*itc%es fro! t%e active !ode to

t%e sleep !ode *%en a fied a!ount of *aitin" ti!e %as elapsed since t%e last dataec%an"e+ $n illustrative ea!ple is s%o*n in t%e fi"ure 7 ,elo*+

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priority as t%is affects pro4ect success+ &or ea!ple) t%e critical pat% is affected ,y co!pletionor delay in one of t%e predecessors and t%is affect t%e overall ti!in" of t%e pro4ect+

%e vertical ais s%o*s t%e tasks accordin"ly s%o*in" ot%er infor!ation like t%e predecessors)t%e sc%edule !ode includin" start and finis% dates+ %e %oriAontal ais represents t%e sc%edule

of eac% individual task as ,ars like a ,ar c%art+ %e ,ars s%o* t%e len"t% of t%e sc%eduled ti!efor eac% individual task+ %e successor and predecessor connection is also s%o* in t%is part oft%e @antt c%art+%is pro4ect is divided into p%ases the "st$haseis s%o*in" t%e pro4ect selection process+ $tt%is point of t%e pro4ect) a pro4ect topic is c%osen and t%e researc% proposal is filled andsu,!itted+ %e pro4ect proposal for! su,!ission acts as t%e final !ilestone for t%is p%ase+

0he .nd$hases%o*s t%e Literature revie* p%ase+ %is is *%ere data is collected) preli!inaryresearc% is done and t%e ,ody of t%e pro4ect is drafted+ %e ,ody of t%e pro4ect is t%e final!ilestone for t%is p%ase+ %e key delivera,le %ere is t%e analysis of t%e po*er availa,ility andt%e syste! po*er re9uire!ents+

0he suc% as tests *it% di"ital si"naloscilloscopes) co!puteraided desi"ns and si!ulations) p%ysical tests and ot%er o,servations+

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;eferencesBatteryuniversity+ 201(+ Supercapacitor Information Battery University+ PonlineQ $vaila,le

at# %ttp#JJ,atteryuniversity+co!JlearnJarticleJ*%ats.t%e.role.of.t%e.supercapacitor P$ccessed#3 &e, 201(Q+

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Solar Ener"y+ 2007+ &o$ 'hotovoltaic !ells (ork ) Solar Energy+ PonlineQ $vaila,le at#%ttp#JJsolarener"y+netJsolarpo*erresourcesJ%o*p%otovoltaiccells*orkJ P$ccessed# 1 &e,201(Q

SkendAic) V+,Beros, S., Pekic, S.andSekso, I.(1988,! "recision #icro"rocessor $ased %i&ec'anne di)ita t'er#o#eter, Instrumentation and Measurement TechnologyConference, "" 168 * 172, INSP+ !ccession N#$er 3219007

Svelto) +) @alAerano) @+) Suardi) @+ and Bava) E+ =1) ontrol al"orit%! ofrene*a,le ener"y po*er plant supplied ,y fuel cellJsolar cellJ supercapacitor po*er source+Power Electronics Conference (IPEC), 2010 International, pp. 1155 1162, Print ISBN: 978-1-

2-539-8

Dltracapacitor+net+ 2012+ Ultracapacitor+net ) (hat are Ultracapacitors,+ PonlineQ $vaila,leat# %ttp#JJultracapacitor+netJ*%atareultracapacitors+p%p P$ccessed# 3 &e, 201(Q

ao) +) :%an") /+ and Tu) /+ =2005>) $ Study of Supercapacitor ara!eters and %aracteristics+ Power System Technology, pp. 1 4, Print ISBN: 1-2-0110-0

:%an") R+) Can") R+ and Cu) T+ =2012>) ;esearc% on Supercapacitor %ar"in" Efficiency of%otovoltaic Syste!+ Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC), pp. 1 5, ISSN :2157-839

:%an") U+ 2010) /esi"n of /i"ital %er!o!eter Based on $8


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