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Chapter 2000 : 5 01/28/2021 COMPENDIUM : Chapter 2000 Foreign Works: Eligibility and GATT Registration 2001 What This Chapter Covers This Chapter explains when authors of foreign works may apply to register their works with the U.S. Copyright Office. This Chapter applies to unpublished works regardless of when they were created, and to publishedpublished works that were first published on or after January 1, 1978. This Chapter also discusses Form GATT, which may be used to register a restored work that is eligible for copyright protection under the Uruguay Round Agreements Act. Restored works comprise a small subset of foreign works, and applicants must use Form GATT to register these types of works with the Office. For a general overview of the registration process, see Chapter 200. For a discussion of copyrightable subject matter, see Chapter 300. For guidance in determining who may file the application and who may be named as the copyright claimant, see Chapter 400. For guidance in identifying the work that will be submitted for registration, see Chapter 500. For instructions on completing the online application or a paper application (other than an application submitted on Form GATT), see Chapter 600. For guidance on the filing fee, see Chapter 1400. For guidance on submitting the deposit copy(ies), see Chapter 1500. For guidance on publication, see Chapter 1900. 2002 Foreign Works 2002.1 What Is a Foreign Work? For purposes of copyright registration, the term “foreign works” generally refers to works created by author(s) who are not U.S. citizens or U.S. nationals and/or works that were first published abroad.published abroad. Generally, the author is the person or persons who actually created the material that the applicant intends to register. There is an exception to this rule if the work is a work made for hire. For a definition and discussion of works made for hire, see Chapter 500, Section 506. This redline compares the Compendium (Third) released September 29, 2017, and the Compendium (Third) released January 28, 2021.

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Page 1: COMPENDIUM Chapter 2000 Foreign Works: Eligibility and ...Chapter 2000 : 6 01/28/2021 U.S. citizens are people who are citizens in accordance with the U.S. Constitution or federal

Chapter2000:5 01/28/2021

C O M P E N D I U M : Chapter2000

ForeignWorks:EligibilityandGATTRegistration

2001 What This Chapter Covers

ThisChapterexplainswhenauthorsofforeignworksmayapplytoregistertheirworkswiththeU.S.CopyrightOffice.ThisChapterappliestounpublishedworksregardlessofwhentheywerecreated,andtopublishedpublishedworksthatwerefirstpublishedonorafterJanuary1,1978.

ThisChapteralsodiscussesFormGATT,whichmaybeusedtoregisterarestoredworkthatiseligibleforcopyrightprotectionundertheUruguayRoundAgreementsAct.Restoredworkscompriseasmallsubsetofforeignworks,andapplicantsmustuseFormGATTtoregisterthesetypesofworkswiththeOffice.

• Forageneraloverviewoftheregistrationprocess,seeChapter200.

• Foradiscussionofcopyrightablesubjectmatter,seeChapter300.

• Forguidanceindeterminingwhomayfiletheapplicationandwhomaybenamedasthecopyrightclaimant,seeChapter400.

• Forguidanceinidentifyingtheworkthatwillbesubmittedforregistration,seeChapter500.

• Forinstructionsoncompletingtheonlineapplicationorapaperapplication(otherthananapplicationsubmittedonFormGATT),seeChapter600.

• Forguidanceonthefilingfee,seeChapter1400.

• Forguidanceonsubmittingthedepositcopy(ies),seeChapter1500.

• Forguidanceonpublication,seeChapter1900.

2002 Foreign Works

2002.1 What Is a Foreign Work?

Forpurposesofcopyrightregistration,theterm“foreignworks”generallyreferstoworkscreatedbyauthor(s)whoarenotU.S.citizensorU.S.nationalsand/orworksthatwerefirstpublishedabroad.publishedabroad.Generally,theauthoristhepersonorpersonswhoactuallycreatedthematerialthattheapplicantintendstoregister.Thereisanexceptiontothisruleiftheworkisaworkmadeforhire.Foradefinitionanddiscussionofworksmadeforhire,seeChapter500,Section506.

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U.S.citizensarepeoplewhoarecitizensinaccordancewiththeU.S.Constitutionorfederalstatutes,including(i)peopleborninGuam,theU.S.VirginIslands,andPuertoRico;and(ii)certainpeoplewhoarebyfederalstatutenationals,butnotcitizensoftheUnitedStates,includingpeoplebornintheoutlyingpossessionsoftheUnitedStates.AllU.S.citizensarealsoU.S.nationals.WorksbyU.S.citizensandnationalsarenotconsideredforeignworks,andgenerallytheyareeligibleforU.S.copyrightprotection.

ThetypesofworksthatmaybeprotectedundertheCopyrightActincludeliteraryworks;musicalworks,includinganyaccompanyingwords;dramaticworks,includinganyaccompanyingmusic;pantomimesandchoreographicworks;pictorial,graphic,andsculpturalworks;motionpicturesandotheraudiovisualworks;soundrecordings;andarchitecturalworks;aswellasderivativeworks,compilations,andcollectiveworks.Foradefinitionanddiscussionofthesetypesofworks,seeChapter500,Sections507(DerivativeWorks),508(Compilations),and509(CollectiveWorks),andChapters700(LiteraryWorks),800(WorksofthePerformingArts),and900(VisualArtWorks).

2002.2 Treatment of Foreign Works

Inthevastmajorityofcases,aforeignworkmayberegisteredwiththeU.S.CopyrightOfficeifitsatisfiestheeligibilityrequirementsdiscussedinSection2003.However,thisdoesnotmeanthatforeignworksaretreatedexactlythesameasdomesticworks.U.S.lawapplieswheneveraUnitedStatesworkoraforeignworkisinvolvedinacopyrightinfringementlawsuitinthiscountry.BeforethecopyrightownercanfilealawsuitinvolvinganinfringementofaU.S.work,theworkmustberegisteredwiththeOfficeortheOfficemustissuearefusaltoregisterthatwork.Inaddition,U.S.worksmustberegisteredinatimelymannertoseekstatutorydamagesandattorney’sfees.Bycontrast,foreignworksdonotneedtoberegistered(orrefusedregistration)inordertofileaninfringementlawsuitintheUnitedStates,thoughtheymustberegisteredinatimelymannertoseekstatutorydamagesandattorney’sfees.

2003 Eligibility Requirements: How to Determine if a Foreign Work Is Eligible for Registration with the U.S. Copyright Office

Section104oftheCopyrightActsetsforththecategoriesofforeignworksthatareeligibleforcopyrightprotectionunderU.S.law.ThisSectiondescribeseachofthesecategories.

2003.1 Unpublished Works

AllunpublishedforeignworksareeligibleforregistrationwiththeU.S.CopyrightOffice.17U.S.C.§104(a).Foradetailedexplanationofwhenaworkisconsideredpublished,published,seeChapter1900.

2003.2 Published Works

WorksfirstpublishedinaforeigncountryareeligibleforregistrationwiththeU.S.CopyrightOfficeiftheysatisfyoneormoreoftheconditionsdescribedinSections2003.2(A)through2003.2(F).

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2003.2(A) Eligibility Based on Nationality or Domicile

Section104(b)(1)oftheCopyrightActprotectsforeignworksif,uponthework’sfirstpublication,oneormoreauthor(s)ofthework(i)isanationalordomiciliaryoftheUnitedStates;(ii)isanational,domiciliary,orsovereignauthorityofatreatyparty;or(iii)isastatelesspersonwhereverthatpersonisdomiciled.

A“sovereignauthority”isagovernmentalagencyorsubdivisionofaforeignnation,suchasaministryofthegovernmentofNorwayoraprovinceofCanada.A“statelessperson”isapersonwhohasnonationality,eitherastheresultofneverhavingacquirednationalityinanynation,orastheresultofhavingeffectivelyrenouncedorhavingbeendeprivedofhisorherformernationalitywithouthaving,asyet,becomeanationalofanothernation.

Chapter1900generallydiscussestheconceptofwhenaworkispublished.published.Theconceptof“firstpublication”isfurtherdefinedinSection104(b)oftheCopyrightAct,whichexplainsthat“aworkthatispublishedintheUnitedStatesoratreatypartywithinthirtydaysafterpublicationinaforeignnationthatisnotatreatypartyshallbeconsideredtobefirstpublishedintheUnitedStatesorsuchtreatyparty,asthecasemaybe.”

Thismeansthataforeignworkmaybeeligibleforcopyrightprotectioninawidevarietyofcases.AsidefromU.S.nationalsanddomiciliaries,authorswhoarenationalsordomiciliariesofanytreatypartyatthetimeoffirstpublicationcanobtainU.S.protectionforaforeignwork.AsdiscussedinSection2004,theUnitedStateshasenteredintotreatyrelationswithallbutahandfulofcountries,meaningthatthemajorityofforeignworkswillbeeligibleforprotectionunderSection104(b)oftheCopyrightAct.

2003.2(B) Eligibility Based on Location of First Publication

Section104(b)(2)oftheCopyrightActaffordsprotectiontoallworksthatarefirstpublishedpublishedin(i)theUnitedStates,or(ii)aforeignnationthat,onthedateofthefirstpublication,publication,isatreatyparty.Inotherwords,regardlessofthenationalityordomicileoftheauthor(s),aworkmaybeeligibleforprotectionundertheCopyrightActifitisfirstpublishedintheUnitedStatesorinanynationthathasarelevanttreatywiththeUnitedStatesatthetimeofthefirstpublication.Formoreinformationonwhichcountriesaretreatypartners,seeSection2004.

NOTE:Thereisanexceptiontothisrule.AworkthatwasfirstpublishedinaforeignnationthathasnotenteredintoatreatywiththeUnitedStatesmaybeeligibleforprotectioninthiscountryiftheworkwaspublishedwithinthirtydaysthereafterintheUnitedStatesorinaforeignnationthatisatreatyparty.ThisexceptionwasaddedtotheCopyrightActeffectiveOctober28,1998,anditappliestoanyworkthatwasfirstpublishedonorafterSeptember28,1998.SeeDigitalMillenniumCopyrightAct,Section102,112Stat.2860,2862(1998)(codifiedat17U.S.C.§104(b)).

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2003.2(C) Eligibility for Sound Recordings

Section104(b)(3)oftheCopyrightActprotectssoundrecordingsthatwerefirst“fixed”inaforeigncountrythatisatreatyparty.Specifically,thelawprotectssoundrecordingsthatareembodiedinphonorecordsthataresufficientlypermanentorstabletopermittheworktobeperceived,reproduced,orotherwisecommunicatedforaperiodofmorethantransitoryduration.17U.S.C.§101(definitionof“fixed”).Formoreinformationonfixation,seeChapter300,Section305andChapter800,Section803.4.

2003.2(D) Eligibility Based on Incorporation into Buildings or Other Structures

Section104(b)(4)oftheCopyrightActprotectspictorial,graphic,orsculpturalworksthatareincorporatedintoabuildingorotherstructure,andarchitecturalworksthatareembodiedinabuilding.TheCopyrightAct,however,onlyprotectspictorial,graphic,sculptural,andarchitecturalworksifthebuildingorstructureinwhichtheyareincorporatedorembodiedislocatedintheUnitedStatesoratreatyparty.

2003.2(E) Eligibility of Works Published by the United Nations or the Organization of American States

Section104(b)(5)oftheCopyrightActstatesthatworksfirstpublishedpublishedbytheUnitedNations(oranyofitsspecializedagencies)orbytheOrganizationofAmericanStatesareeligibleforprotectionundertheCopyrightAct.Thisprovisionisbasedonfirstpublicationpublicationbytheseorganizations,regardlessofthelocationofthepublication.

2003.2(F) Eligibility Based on Presidential Proclamations

Section104(b)(6)oftheCopyrightActprotectsworksthatcomewithinthescopeofPresidentialproclamations.Thismeansthat,inadditiontothecategorieslistedinSections2003.2(A)through2003.2(E),aworkmaybeeligibleforprotectionintheUnitedStatesifthePresidentfindsthataparticularforeignnationextendscopyrightprotectiontoworksbynationalsordomiciliariesoftheUnitedStatesorworksthatarefirstpublishedpublishedintheUnitedStates“onsubstantiallythesamebasisasthatonwhichtheforeignnationextendsprotectiontoworksofitsownnationalsanddomiciliariesandworksfirstpublishedinthatnation.”17U.S.C.§104(b)(6).Insuchcases,thePresidentmayissueaproclamationthatextendscopyrightprotection“toworksofwhichoneormoreoftheauthorsis,onthedateoffirstpublication,anational,domiciliary,orsovereignauthorityofthat[foreign]nation,orwhichwasfirstpublishedinthatnation.”Id.ThePresidentmayrevise,suspend,orrevokeanysuchproclamationorimposeanyconditionsorlimitationsonprotectionunderaproclamation.

2004 Treaties and Presidential Proclamations

U.S.protectionofforeignworksoftenisbasedontheUnitedStates’treatyrelationshipswithothercountries.TheUnitedStateshastreatyrelationshipswithallbutahandfulofcountries,assetforthinInternationalCopyrightRelationsoftheUnitedStates(Circular38a).InternationalCopyrightRelationsoftheUnitedStates(Circular38a).Someofthesetreatiesaremultilateral,meaningthattherearemorethantwopartiestothetreaty,whileothertreatiesarebilateral,meaningthattheyarebetweenjusttheUnitedStates

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andoneforeigncountry.Itisimportanttonotethedateonwhichaforeigncountrybecameatreatyparty,becauseU.S.lawwillapplyonlytoworkseithercreatedorfirstpublishedpublished(dependingonwhichtypeofeligibilityisused)onorafterthedatethattheforeigncountrybecameatreatyparty.Additionally,foratreatytoconfereligibility,itmustapplytotheworkatissue.Forexample,anauthorofaliteraryworkcouldnotrelyontheexistenceofacopyrighttreatythatprotectsonlysatellitebroadcastsbutnotliteraryworks.

2004.1 Multilateral Treaties

TheUnitedStatesisapartytoanumberofmultilateralcopyrighttreaties,includingthefollowing:

• BuenosAiresConventionof1910:ThiswasanearlytreatythatprovidedcertaincopyrightprotectionsforartisticandliteraryworksandwasdepositedwiththegovernmentofArgentinaonMay1,1911,andproclaimedbyPresidentWoodrowWilsononJuly13,1914.

• BerneConventionfortheProtectionofLiteraryandArtisticWorks(“BerneConvention”):Thistreatyprovidesprotectionforcertainliteraryandartisticworksandhasbeensignedbymostcountries.TheeffectivedateforU.S.adherencetotheBerneConventionisMarch1,1989.

• ConventionfortheProtectionofProducersofPhonogramsAgainstUnauthorizedDuplicationofTheirPhonograms,Geneva,1971:TheeffectivedatefortheUnitedStatesisMarch10,1974.NotethatonlysoundrecordingsareeligibleforU.S.copyrightprotectionbasedonthistreaty.17U.S.C.§104(d).

• UniversalCopyrightConvention,Geneva,1952:Thistreatyprotectedcertainliterary,artistic,andscientificworks.TheeffectivedatefortheUnitedStatesisSeptember16,1955,thedatethetreatyenteredintoforce.Thistreatywasrevised,andtheUnitedStatesisapartytotheversionasrevisedatParisin1971asofJuly10,1974.

• WorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization(“WIPO”)CopyrightTreaty(“WCT”):TheWCTisaspecialagreementundertheBerneConventionthatprotectsBerneConvention-coveredworksandincludesspecificlanguageprotectingcomputerprogramsandcompilationsofdataorothermaterial.TheeffectivedatefortheUnitedStatesisMarch6,2002,thedatethetreatyenteredintoforce.

• WIPOPerformancesandPhonogramsTreaty,Geneva,1996(“WPPT”):TheWPPTcoverscertainrightsforperformersandproducersofphonograms.TheeffectivedatefortheUnitedStatesisMay20,2002,thedatethetreatyenteredintoforce.NotethatonlysoundrecordingsareeligibleforU.S.copyrightprotectionbasedonthistreaty.17U.S.C.§104(d).

• TheAgreementonTrade-RelatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRights(“TRIPS”)wasenteredintoaspartoftheWorldTradeOrganization(“WTO”),establishedpursuanttotheMarrakeshAgreementofApril15,1994,whichimplementedthe

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UruguayRoundAgreements.TRIPSincorporatedtheBerneConventioninmostpart,coveredcopyrightandotherintellectualpropertyrights,andincludedprovisionsrelatingtoenforcementofintellectualpropertyrights.TheeffectivedateofUnitedStatesmembershipintheWTOisJanuary1,1995.

• TheMarrakeshTreatytoFacilitateAccesstoPublishedWorksforPersonsWhoAreBlind,VisuallyImpairedorOtherwisePrintDisabled(“MarrakeshVIPTreaty”)providesanobligationformembernationstoprovidecopyrightlimitationsandexceptionsinordertopermitreproduction,distributionandmakingavailableofpublishedworksinformatsdesignedtobeaccessibletovisuallyimpairedpeople,andtopermitexchangeoftheseworksacrossbordersbyeligibleorganizationsthatservethosebeneficiaries.TheprovisionsofthistreatywereimplementedintoU.S.lawwiththeMarrakeshTreatyImplementationActonOctober10,2018.U.S.membershipinthetreatycameintoforceonMay8,2019.FormoreinformationontheMarrakeshTreatyimplementationinU.S.law,seetheCopyrightOffice’sUnderstandingtheMarrakeshTreatyImplementationAct.

Forinformationconcerningtheothercountriesthatarepartiestothesetreatiesandthedateuponwhichacountrybecameatreatyparty,seeInternationalCopyrightRelationsoftheUnitedStates(Circular38a).

2004.2 Bilateral Copyright Treaties and Presidential Proclamations

TheUnitedStateshasenteredintobilateraltreatieswithsomeforeigncountries.Thesetreatiesoftenareinadditiontomultilateraltreatiesandtrytoprovideafurtherlayerofprotection.ForalistofspecificU.S.bilateraltreaties,seeInternationalCopyrightRelationsoftheUnitedStates(Circular38a).InternationalCopyrightRelationsoftheUnitedStates(Circular38a).

Additionally,therehavebeennumerousPresidentialproclamationsthroughouttheyearsspecifyingcountriestowhichtheUnitedStateshasextendedcopyrightlawprotection.PresidentialproclamationswereespeciallycommonpriortotheUnitedStates’sadherencetotheBerneConvention,whichallowedtheUnitedStatestoprovideprotectiontoforeignworksmoreeasily.Theseproclamationsareincludedaspartofthe“bilateral”agreementslistedinCircular38(a).

2005 Registration Issues

ThisSectiondiscussesfrequentregistrationissuesthatariseinconnectionwithforeignworks.

2005.1 Multiple Authors of a Foreign Work

Iftheforeignworkwascreatedbymultipleauthorsandifeligibilityisbasedonthedomicileornationalityofthoseauthors,theworkwillbeeligibleforregistrationaslongasanyoneoftheauthors’nationalitiesordomicilesissufficient.Forexample,iftheworkwascreatedbythreeauthors,twoofwhomarefromIran(acountrythathasnocopyrighttreatieswiththeUnitedStates)andoneofwhomisfromFrance(acountrythatdoeshavecopyrightrelationswiththeUnitedStates),theworkwouldbeeligibleforregistration.

This redline compares the Compendium (Third) released September 29, 2017, and the Compendium (Third) released January 28, 2021.

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2005.2 Authors with Multiple Nationalities

Ifawork’seligibilityisbasedontheauthor’snationalityandtheauthorhasmorethanonenationality(forexample,iftheauthorhasdualcitizenship),theworkwillbeeligibleforregistrationifeitheroftheauthor’snationalitiessatisfytheCopyrightAct’seligibilityrequirements.

2005.3 Domicile or First Publication in the Territorial Areas of the United States

DomicileorfirstpublicationinanyoftheterritorialareasunderthejurisdictionoftheU.S.government—otherthantheseveralstates,theDistrictofColumbia,andtheCommonwealthofPuertoRico,andtheorganizedterritories—doesnotconfereligibilityforregistration.Suchareasincludetheunorganizedterritories,thetrustterritories,andotherpossessionsoftheUnitedStates.However,worksbydomiciliariesof,orworksfirstpublishedin,theseareasmaybeeligibleonthebasisofthenationalityoftheauthor.SinceU.S.nationalsincludepersonsbornintheoutlyingpossessionsoftheUnitedStates,eligibilityinsuchcasesmaybeconferredonthatbasis.

2005.4 Stateless Persons

AworkbyastatelessauthoriseligibleforregistrationwiththeU.S.CopyrightOfficeregardlessoftheauthor’sformerorprospectivenationalityordomicile,andregardlessoftheplaceoffirstpublicationofthework.17U.S.C.§104(b)(1).

2005.5 Works Made for Hire

Inthecaseofaworkmadeforhire,itisthenationalityordomicileoftheemployerorotherpersonforwhomtheworkwasprepared,ratherthanthenationalityordomicileoftheemployee,whichservesasthebasisfordeterminingeligibilityforregistration.

2005.5(A) Nationality and Domicile of Corporations and Similar Organizations

Inthecaseofaworkmadeforhire,wheretheemployerorotherpersonforwhomtheworkwaspreparedisnotanaturalperson,butisanartificialpersonorlegalentitysuchasacorporationorsimilarorganization,thenationalityanddomicileofthatorganizationisusuallyconsideredtobethenationunderthelawsofwhichtheorganizationwascreatedforpurposesofcopyrightregistration.Forexample,thenationalityanddomicileofacorporationgenerallyshouldbestatedastheUnitedStatesifitwasincorporatedunderthelawofoneoftheseveralStates,underfederallaw,orunderthelawoftheDistrictofColumbia,theCommonwealthofPuertoRico,orthoseorganizedterritoriesunderthejurisdictionoftheUnitedStatesthathavethepowertocreatecorporations.

2005.5(B) Members

Acorporationorsimilarorganizationisordinarilyconsideredbylawtobeseparateanddistinctfromthepersonswhoareitsmembersorshareholders.Asaresult,thenationalityordomicileoftheorganizationmaybedifferentfromthatofitsmembersorshareholders.

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2005.5(C) Doing Business

Acorporationmaydobusinessinaparticularnationwithoutbeinganationalordomiciliaryofthatnation.

2005.6 Anonymous and Pseudonymous Works

Whereeligibilitydependsonthenationalityordomicileoftheauthor,theapplicantmustprovidethatinformationintheapplication,eveniftheworkisanonymousorpseudonymous.Theapplicantdoesnot,however,havetoidentifytheauthor’snameinsuchcases.

Foradefinitionandgeneraldiscussionofanonymousandpseudonymousworks,seeChapter600,Sections615.1and615.2.

2005.7 Compilations and Derivative Works

Thenationalityordomicileoftheauthorofacompilationorderivativeworkisusedindeterminingeligibilityforregistration,ratherthanthenationalityordomicileoftheauthor(s)ofthepreexistingmaterialusedinthatwork.

2005.8 When Is Eligibility Determined?

Ifeligibilitymustbebasedontheauthor’snationalityordomicile,theauthor’snationalityordomicileandthestatusoftheauthor’scountrymustbeassessedasofthedateoffirstpublication.

2005.8(A) Works Initially Registered as Unpublished, but Ineligible for Registration as Published Works

Eventhoughaworkmayhavebeenregisteredasunpublished,itmustbeeligibleatthetimeoffirstpublicationpublicationtoberegistrableasapublishedwork.Forexample,iftheauthorisanationalanddomiciliaryofIraq(anationwithwhichtheUnitedStateshasnocopyrightrelations),theU.S.CopyrightOfficewillregistertheworkifitisunpublished.IftheworkislaterpublishedinanothercountrywithwhichtheUnitedStatesdoesnothavecopyrighttreatyrelations,andtheauthor’scitizenshipanddomicileremainunchanged,theOfficewillrefusetoregistertheclaiminthepublishedversion.

2005.8(B) Change in Nationality or Domicile after Publication

Ifaworkwaseligibleforregistrationatthetimeoffirstpublicationpublicationonthebasisoftheauthor’snationalityordomicile,changesinnationalityordomicileoccurringafterthattimewillnotimpactthework’seligibility.

2005.9 Eligibility Unclear

SometimesthestatusofcopyrightrelationsbetweentheUnitedStatesandaparticularnationisunclear.Incaseswhereeligibilitydependsontheexistenceofcopyright

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relationswiththatcountry,buttherelationshipisunclear,theU.S.CopyrightOfficewillrefuseregistration.

2006 Application Tips for Foreign Works

Inmostcases,eligibleforeignworksmayberegisteredjustlikeanyotherwork.Inotherwords,anapplicantgenerallymaysubmitanapplicationusingtheelectronicregistrationsystemandselectingthetypeofworkatissue(e.g.,literarywork,workoftheperformingarts,workofthevisualarts,soundrecording,orsingleserialissue)orbyusingapaperapplication(e.g.,FormTX,PA,VA,SR,SE,etc.).Forspecificguidanceonhowtocompletetheseapplications,seeChapter600(ExaminationPractices).Thereare,however,someforeignworksthatmustberegisteredwithapaperapplicationsubmittedonFormGATT.Theseworkstypicallywerecreatedorpublishedpublishedbefore1996andareknownas“restoredworks,”whicharediscussedinSection2007below.

Inallcases,theapplicantshouldprovidethenameofthenationofwhichtheauthorisanationalordomiciliary,andinthecaseofapublishedwork,thenameofthenationoffirstpublicationpublicationofthework.Forguidanceinidentifyingtheauthor’snationalityordomicile,seeChapter600,Section617.Forguidanceinidentifyingthenationoffirstpublication,seeChapter600,Section612.

Generally,theU.S.CopyrightOfficewillnotacceptanapplicationthatlistsaterritoryorotherpoliticalsubdivision,ratherthanthenameofthenationitself.

Examplesofacceptablestatements:

• GreatBritain• England• Wales• France• French• Switzerland• Swiss

Examplesofunacceptablestatements:

• BritishProtectedPerson• CommonwealthCitizen• Worldwide• Internet

2007 Restored Works

2007.1 What Is a Restored Work?

Previously,U.S.federalcopyrightlawdidnotprotectoriginalworksofauthorshipimmediatelyupontheirfixationinatangiblemediumofexpression.Instead,authorsneededtotakecertainsteps,suchaspublishingtheworkwithaspecificcopyright

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copyrightnoticeandrenewingthecopyrightsatparticulartimesinordertoobtainfederalcopyrightprotection.Thesetypesofrequirementsarecalled“formalities”andtheyappliedtobothU.S.andforeignworks.

In1978,thecurrentCopyrightActwentintoeffect,whicheliminatedsomeoftheserequirements.In1989,theUnitedStatesbecameamemberoftheBerneConvention,andenactedtheUruguayRoundAgreementsAct,Pub.L.No.103–465,108Stat.4809(codifiedinscatteredsectionsoftheU.S.C.)(1994)(“URAA”),whichimplementedtheUnitedStates’obligationsundertheAgreementonTrade-RelatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRights.ThisfurtherrelaxedsomeoftheCopyrightAct’smorerestrictiveprovisions.

Specifically,theURAA“restored”thecopyrightinforeignworksthatenteredthepublicdomainbecauseofafailuretocomplywithcertainformalities,andthusprovidedretroactivecopyrightprotectionformanyworksthatwereineligibleforprotectionunderthepriorlaw.In2012,theU.S.SupremeCourtheldthattheURAAdoesnotviolateArticleI,Section8ortheFirstAmendmentoftheConstitution.Golanv.Holder,565U.S.302(2012).

Section104A(h)(6)oftheCopyrightActspecifiestherequirementsthatmustbemetinordertoqualifyasa“restoredwork.”

• Notinthepublicdomaininthesourcecountry:Theworkmustnotbeinthepublicdomaininitssourcecountrythroughtheexpirationofthetermofprotection.17U.S.C.§104A(h)(6)(B).AsdiscussedinChapter100,Section102.2(A),thetermofprotectionisthelengthoftimeduringwhichaworkisprotectedbycopyrightlaw.AsdiscussedinChapter300,Section313.6(D),theterm“publicdomain”meansthattheworkisnotprotectedbycopyrightlaw.Thus,arestoredworkmustbecopyright-protectedandstillwithinitstermofprotectionintheforeigncountry.

• FellintothepublicdomainintheUnitedStates:TheworkmustbeinthepublicdomainintheUnitedStates(i)becausetheworkdidnotcomplywithcertainformalities(suchasfailingtoplaceapropernoticeonthework,failingtorenewthecopyrightinatimelymanner,orfailingtocomplywithmanufacturingrequirementsunderpriorlaw);(ii)becausetheworkisasoundrecordingthatwasfixedbeforeFebruary15,1972,andassuch,wasnotprotectedbyU.S.federalcopyrightlaw;or(iii)becauseofalackofnationaleligibility(asdiscussedabovegenerally).17U.S.C.§104A(h)(6)(C).

• Eligibilityattimeofcreationorpublication:publication:Atleastoneauthororrightholderoftheworkmusthavebeen(i)anationalordomiciliaryofaneligiblecountryatthetimeofthework’screation,and(ii)iftheworkispublished,published,itmusthavebeenfirstpublishedinaneligiblecountryandnotpublishedintheUnitedStateswithinthirtydaysafterthedateoffirstpublication.17U.S.C.§104A(h)(6)(D).

• Soundrecordings:IfthesourcecountryfortheworkisaneligiblecountrysolelybyvirtueofitsadherencetotheWPPT,therestoredworkmustbeasoundrecording.17U.S.C.§104A(h)(6)(E).

This redline compares the Compendium (Third) released September 29, 2017, and the Compendium (Third) released January 28, 2021.

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January1,1996istheeffectivedateofrestorationofcopyrightforforeignworksfromcountriesthatweremembersoftheWTOortheBerneConventiononthatdate.MostrestoredworkswererestoredonJanuary1,1996,becausemanycountriesbecamemembersoftheWTOorBerneConventionpriortothatdate.Inallothercases,theeffectivedateofrestorationisthedateanewlyeligiblecountryaccedestotheWTOortheBerneConventionorthedateofaPresidentialproclamationrestoringU.S.copyrightprotectiontoworksofthatcountry.

NOTE:Restoredworksaresubjecttoavarietyofotherlegalrequirementsregardingenforcementandremedies,whicharenotcoveredinthisCompendium.Formoreinformationonrestoredworks,seeCopyrightRestorationUndertheURAA(Circular38b).

2007.2 Registration Requirements for Restored Works

TheCopyrightActprotectsrestoredworksregardlessofwhethertheyareregisteredwiththeU.S.CopyrightOffice,althoughregistrationdoesprovidevariousbenefits,whicharedescribedinChapter200,Section202.ThisSectionprovidesgeneralinformationforcopyrightownersthatwishtoregistertheirrestoredworkswiththeOffice.

Aregistrationforarestoredwork(whichisknownasa“GATTregistration”)coversanindividualwork,andanapplicantshouldprepareaseparateapplication,filingfee,anddepositforeachworkthatissubmittedtotheOffice.SeeFees,71Fed.Reg.15,368,15,369(Mar.28,2006)SeeFees,71Fed.Reg.15,368,15,369(Mar.28,2006).

2007.2(A) Form GATT

Toregisterarestoredwork,anapplicantmustfileapaperapplicationusingFormGATT.ApplicantscannotusetheOffice’selectronicregistrationsystemtoregisterrestoredworks.FormGATTisdesignedtorequestinformationneededtodeterminewhetheraworkqualifiesasarestoredworkandcomplieswithU.S.legalrequirements.

WhilemanypartsofFormGATTaresimilartotheOffice’sotherapplications,FormGATTrequiresinformationthatmaybedifferentthantheinformationrequiredbyotherformsbecauseofthedifferencesinhowtheCopyrightActtreatsrestoredworks.TheseissuesarediscussedinSections2007.2(A)(1)through2007.2(A)(3).2007.2(A)(4).

2007.2(A)(1) Who May File Form GATT?

FormGATTmaybefiledbyanyofthefollowingparties:

• Anauthorofthework.

• TheownerofallU.S.rightsinthework.

• Adulyauthorizedagentofoneoftheforegoingparties.

SeeRestorationofCertainBerneandWTOWorks,60Fed.Reg.50,414,50,418(Sept.29,1995).

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2007.2(A)(2) Author of a Restored Work

WhenidentifyingtheauthorofarestoredworkonFormGATTapplicantsshouldbeawareofthefollowingissues:

• Timingmatters:Theapplicantmustdeterminewhether,atthetimetheworkwascreated,theauthorwasanationalordomiciliaryofacountrythatisnoweligibleforprotectionintheUnitedStates.See17U.S.C.§104A(h)(6)(D).

• Anonymousworks:Toregisterananonymouswork,theapplicantmayprovidetheauthor’slegalnameortheauthor’spseudonym,aslongasthepseudonymconsistsofaname(ratherthananumberorsymbol).SeeChapter600,Section615.1(B).

2007.2(A)(23) Publication of a Restored Work

ToqualifyforaGATTregistration,apublishedwork(i)musthaveatleastoneauthororrightholderwhowasanationalordomiciliaryofaneligiblecountrywhentheworkwascreated,(ii)itmusthavebeenfirstpublishedpublishedinaneligiblecountry,and(iii)itmustnothavebeenpublishedintheUnitedStateswithinthirtydaysafterfirstpublicationinthatcountry.publicationinthatcountry.See17U.S.C.§104A(h)(6)(D).

2007.2(A)(3) Owners4) Owner of U.S. Copyright in a Restored Work

AclaiminarestoredworkmayberegisteredonlyinthenameofthecurrentownerofallU.S.rightsinthatwork.SeeRestorationofCertainBerneandWTOWorks,60Fed.Reg.50,414,50,418(Sept.29,1995).

2007.2(B) Filing Fees

Theapplicantmustsubmitthecorrectfilingfeetoregisterarestoredwork.See37C.F.R.§202.3(c)(2).ThecurrentfeeissetforthintheU.S.CopyrightOffice’sfeescheduleundertheheading“Registrationofaclaiminarestoredcopyright(FormGATT.”).”

Forinformationconcerningthemethodsforpayingthefilingfee,seeChapter1400,Sections14031412.3through14031412.5.

2007.2(C) Deposit Requirements

Forspecificdepositrequirementsfordifferenttypesofrestoredworks,seeChapter1500,Sections1509.1(J)(LiteraryWorks),1509.2(H)(WorksofthePerformingArts),and1509.3(E)(3)(VisualArtWorks).

This redline compares the Compendium (Third) released September 29, 2017, and the Compendium (Third) released January 28, 2021.