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Compassion Fatigue in Animal Care Employees
A. Andrukonis, A. ProtopopovaNational Council on Pet Population Research Symposium15 November, 2017
SHELTER STATISTICS
~6.5 million companion animals enter U.S. shelters yearly
• ~1.5 million are euthanized (23%) (ASPCA, 2017)
COMPASSION FATIGUE
“A state of exhaustion and dysfunction as a result of prolonged exposure to compassion and all that it evokes” (Yu, Jiang & Shen, 2016)
Interchangeable with vicarious traumatization and secondary trauma (Yu, Jiang & Shen, 2016)
“The loss of ability to nurture” (Yu, Jiang & Shen, 2016)
CARING-KILLING PARADOX
Take care of animals then kill them (Reeve, et al., 2005)
• Healthy, friendly, unwanted animals
Contradiction between the perfectoccupational self and reality (Reeve, et al., 2004)
Attachment to animal makes euthanasia more difficult (Reeve, et al., 2004)
WORK RELATED STRESS & TURNOVER
Euthanasia-related stress Public scorn Burnout Turnover
Animal Welfare
Employee Wellbeing
Organizational Health
(Reeve, et al., 2005)
PREVIOUS RESEACH
No physiological measures All interviews/surveys No intervention
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Semi-StructuredInterviews
Survey Group Discussion Open-endedinterviews
Life Grid, Interview
Num
ber
of S
tudi
es
Data Collection Method
4 EXPERIMENT STUDY
1. Is “caring” necessary for the occurrence of compassion fatigue, or is killing sufficient?
2. Is actual killing necessary?
3. What is the impact of live release rates and the importance of choice?
4. Separating out work stress and death stress
• Salivary cortisol
• Blood pressure
• Salivary cortisol
• Blood pressure• IES-R• PROQOL• Additional
Questionnaire Heart rate variability
Pre PostDuring
EXPERIMENT 1: METHODS
0
50
100
150
200
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350
Animal shelter Veterinary Meat Science
Mon
ths o
n th
e Jo
b
Staff Type
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Animal shelter Veterinary Meat Science
Anim
als p
er M
onth
Staff Type
MONTHS ON THE JOB AND ANIMALS PER MONTH
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Animal shelter Veterinary Meat Science
Impa
ct o
f Eve
nt S
cale
-Rev
ised
Sco
re
Staff Type
IMPACT OF EVENT SCALE-REVISED SCORE
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Animal shelter Veterinary Meat Science
Burn
out S
core
Staff Type
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Animal shelter Veterinary Meat Science
Seco
ndar
y Tr
aum
atic
Str
ess S
core
Staff Type
BURNOUT SCORE AND SECONDARY TRAUMATIC STRESS SCORE
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Animal shelter Veterinary Meat Science
Com
pass
ion
Satis
fact
ion
Scor
e
Staff Type
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Animal shelter Veterinary Meat Science
SDAN
N*
Staff Type
COMPASSION SATISFACTION SCORE AND SDANN*
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
IES-
R Sc
ore
Compassion Satisfaction
Compassion Satisfaction on IES-R
CORRELATION: -0.637“MODERATE” CORRELATION
Compassion Fatigue? Maybe…
• Limitations • SDANN* requires similar
time intervals
• Conclusion• Animal shelter employees-
high IES-R, moderate compassion satisfaction score
• Not compassion fatigue!
New concept: MORAL INJURY
Caused by perceived wrongdoing that violates or goes against the individual’s code of conduct and can occur because of one’s own actions of someone else’s actions (Litz et al., 2009)
NEXT STEPS
2. Frequent euthanasia 3. Impact of live release rates and choice
4. Work stress vs. death stress
Questions?
Thank you to my participants and the facilities that allowed me to visit!
Arluke, A. (1991). Coping with euthanasia: A case study of shelter culture. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 198(7), 1176–1180.
Frommer, Stephanie; Arluke, A. (1999). Loving them to death: Blame-displacing strategies of animal workers and surrenderers. Society and Animals, 7, 1–16.
Litz, B. T., Stein, N., Delaney, E., Lebowitz, L., Nash, W. P., Silva, C., & Maguen, S. (2009). Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: A preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(8), 695–706. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.07.003
Hart, L. A., Hart, B. L., & Mader, B. (1990). Humane euthanasia and companion animal death: caring for the animal, the client, and the veterinarian. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 197(10), 1292–9. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2266042
Police, Farmers and Auto Workers Have Higher Workplace Suicide Rates. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.newsweek.com/police-farmers-and-auto-body-workers-have-higher-workplace-suicide-rates-314037
Reeve, C. L., Rogelberg, S. G., Spitzmuller, C., & Digiacomo, N. (2005). The Caring-Killing Paradox: Euthanasia-Related Strain Among Animal-Shelter Workers1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35(1), 119–143. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02096.
Reeve, C. L., Spitzmuller, C., Rogelberg, S. G., Walker, A., Schultz, L., & Clark, O. (2004). Employee reactions and adjustment to euthanasia-related work: identifying turning-point events through retrospective narratives. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science : JAAWS, 7(1), 1–25. http://doi.org/10.1207/s15327604jaws0701_1
Rogelberg, S. G., DiGiacomo, N., Reeve, C. L., Spitzmuller, C., Clark, O. L., Teeter, L., … Starling, P. G. (2007). What shelters can do about euthanasia-related stress: an examination of recommendations from those on the front line. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science : JAAWS, 10(4), 331–47. http://doi.org/10.1080/10888700701353865
Rogelberg, S. G., Reeve, C. L., Spitzmüller, C., DiGiacomo, N., Clark, O. L., Teeter, L., … Carter, N. T. (2007). Impact of euthanasia rates, euthanasia practices, and human resource practices on employee turnover in animal shelters. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 230(5), 713–9. http://doi.org/10.2460/javma.230.5.713
Yu, H., Jiang, A., & Shen, J. (2016). Prevalence and predictors of compassion fatigue, burnout and compassion satisfaction among oncology nurses: A cross-sectional survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 57, 28–38. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.01.012https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS722US722&biw=1440&bih=826&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=dogs+playing+&oq=dogs+playing+&gs_l=psy-ab.3..0l4.5927.7359.0.7525.13.10.0.0.0.0.268.1116.0j4j2.6.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..7.6.1114...0i67k1.4W_-waCDf1c#imgrc=Q5dAWtzqbqOwhM:
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References