Comparison Sheets : Carrot Family

Dave Hanson, MnDOTRoadside Vegetation Management Unit

David.L.Hanson@state.mn.us

CarawayCarum carvi

2016-6-16

Wild CarrotDaucus carota

2017-9-13

All Images: Dave HansonExcept giant hogweed.

Across all speciesException in MN : Eryngium yuccifolium - rattlesnake master.

Variations between species

Alternate, compound foliageCompound: 1x, 2x, or 3xHairy: yes or no?Margins: incised, toothy, lobed , . . . , smooth?

Sheaths at the base of foliageSize: large or small? Veins, hairs, color ?Length of petiole covered.

Flowers arranged in compound umbels

(in Minnesota)

Umbels: Flatness or roundness of umbelNumber of rays/umbel and flowers/umbellet.Bracts: presence (maybe lacking), number, form.

Petals:flowers are five-parted.

Color: yellow, white, or greenish ( some pink).Size: is it consistent? 2 or 3 of 5 may be larger.Shape: constricted base, incurved tip, . . ., cleft.Extension: open, closed or curled back?

Bloom periodEarly to late summer,

one month or multiple.

Hollow stems (at maturity)

Color: green, purplish, combination.Veins: subtle, obvious / pronounced.Grooved? Hairs: yes – no, short, long.

Paired seedsPaired seeds (schizocarp) appearing bristly,flattened, rounded, ridged, smooth, beaked ?

Above: Anise root (anise scent) has smooth stems and leaves (no hairs). Umbellets (3-6) and flowers (7-16).

Below: Hairy cicely (no scent) has hairy stems and leaves. Often fewer umbellets (2-6), fewer flowers (4-7).

2018-05-27

2017-05-26

Osmorhiza claytonii

Osmorhiza longistylisCommon Traits in Carrot FamilyApiaceae / Umbelliferae

3

Wild Carrot(Daucus carota) : Nonnative

State Listed - Restricted Noxious Weed.

Burnett Saxifrage, Caraway, Japanese Hedge Parsley

All three are nonnative.

Double compound, finely divided leaflets. Burnett Saxifrage (Pimpinella saxifraga)

About 4 inches long by 2 inches across.Basal leaves larger than upper stem leaves.

Upper stem leaves reduced in size, lobed, narrow.Lower leaves nearly rounded leaflets, toothed.

Petiole (rachis) is hairy, narrowly furrowed,sheath at stem is hairy.

Blooms July to September, flat umbels, 7-20 umbellets, 10-20 flowers per.

Leaves sparingly hairy to lacking hairs. ⅙ inch, white flowers : ⅛ inch smooth seed.

Crushed leaves – odor agreeable. 2-3 feet tall, stems rough with short hairs, ribs.

Flowering height 2-5 feet. Caraway (Carum carvi)

Typically, stems arelight green (tinges of red).

Upper stem leaves reduced in size, dissected into very slender leaflets.

Stems have ribs (vertical veins).Blooms June to August, flat umbels

3-10 umbellets, up to 20 flowers per.

Stems typically hairy, can be smooth.⅟10 - ⅛ inch, white flowers, notched petals.

⅟10 - ⅛ inch ridged seed, fragrant when crushed.

Flowering June to September. 1-4 feet tall, stems smooth (hairless), shiny.

White flowers, outer petal size unequal.Often red flower(s) in center (not always).

Japanese Hedge Parsley (Torilis japonica)

Dome shaped, rather flat umbels.About 20-90 umbellets, 15-60 flowers each.

Upper stem leaves deeply incised, smaller.Lower leaves pinnately compound, incised.

Bracts are finely branched, showy.Present below umbels and umbellets.

Blooms June to August, flat umbels, 5-12 umbellets, 10-20 flowers per.

Seeds with spines along ribs. Seeds about ⅛ inch flattened.

⅙ inch, white (pinkish) flowers: ⅛ inch seed with hooked bristles.

Seed head pulls together (bird nest). 2-6 feet tall, stems rough with minute hairs, ribs.

2012-09-07

2016-06-16

2012-08-09

20

12

-08

-09

20

16

-06

-16

20

12

-07

-25

2013-08-08

2017-06-30

2017-06-30

Wild Carrot(Daucus carota) : Nonnative

Burnett Saxifrage, Caraway, Japanese Hedge Parsley

2016-07-28

2015-08-07

Upper stem

Japanese hedge parsley 2012-07-25

Lower stem

Lower stem

Upper stem

Burnett saxifrage 2017-07-09

Caraway 2016-06-16

2016-07-28

Lower stemUpper stem

2007-07-27

Upper stem

Lower stem

No bracts

Few bracts

2 or morebracts

2017-06-30

2009-08-02

Wild Parsnip(Pastinaca sativa) : NonnativeState Listed - Prohibited: Control

Golden Alexanders(Zizia aptera and Z. aurea) : Native

Pinnately compound. Leaflet numbers: basal 5-15, stem 2-5.

2 or 3 times compound - 3 leaflets per segment.Exception heart-shaped, simple basal leaves of Z. aptera.

Coarsely toothed edges. Finely toothed edges, pointed tip.

Flowering at 2-5 feet , June into July (or later). Flowering at 1-2+ feet, May into June.

Monocarpic perennial(often classed as a biennial).

Perennial.

Stems strongly grooved, hairless. Minor ribs on stems (vertical veins).

Hairs possible, stems light green. Smooth, light green stem.

Yellow flowers, petals tightly curled. Central floret in umbellet is pedicellate (stalk).

Yellow flowers, petals barely open.Central floret in umbellet is sessile (no stalk).

15-25 umbellets, each has 12-35 flowers.Bracts are absent.

7-15 umbellets, each has 10-20 flowers.Umbel bracts are absent.

Seed is flattened, ¼ inch long, oval, winged. Seeds slightly rounded, ⅛ inch, not winged.

Darkened resin canals. Seed has no hairs or hooks, 5-ribbed.

Plant SAP causes rashes,phytophotodermatitis !

Not implicated in causing dermatitis.

Root is reported as edible.

5

Golden Alexanderscentral seeds / florets may not be on a stalk (sessile).

Wild parsnipall seeds / florets

are stalked.

2013-06-032012-09-13

2016-11-01

2012-09-13

2017-09-08 2017-09-132018-06-17 2013-06-03

Wild Parsnip(Pastinaca sativa) : Nonnative

Golden Alexanders(Zizia aptera and Z. aurea) : Native

2017-09-20

3 pictures lower right:

Z. aurea

3-parted basal foliage.2018-08-30

Z. apterabasal foliage2017-09-13

2016-05-20

2017-09-20

2017-06-19

2017-09-08

Poison Hemlock(Conium maculatum) : Nonnative

State Listed - Prohibited: Eradicate

Wild Carrot(Daucus carota) : Nonnative

State Listed - Restricted Noxious Weed

2 or 3 times compound, triangular. Double compound, finely divided leaflets.

About 18 inches long x 12 inches wide.Basal leaves larger with longer petioles.

4 inches long by 2 inches across.Basal leaves larger than upper stem leaves.

Petiole is hairless, rounded, sheath is smooth.

Petiole (rachis) is hairy, narrowly furrowed,sheath is hairy.

No hairs on leaves. Leaves sparingly hairy to lacking hairs.

Crushed leaves – odor not pleasant. Crushed leaves – odor agreeable.

Flowering height 3-7 feet, June to August.

Flowering height 2-5 feet, June to September.

Minimal ribs (veins) - smooth. Stems with slight ribs (vertical veins).

Stems smooth – no hairs. Stems are typically hairy, can be smooth.

Purple spotting (mottled). Light green (tinges of red).

White flowers, consistent petal size.

White flowers, outer petals larger.Often red flower(s) in center (not always).

Dome shaped, rather flat umbels with about 8-16 umbellets - 12-25 flowers each.

Dome shaped, rather flat umbels.About 20-90 umbellets, 15-60 flowers each.

Umbel and umbellet bracts are triangular. Umbel and umbellet bracts are finely branched.

Seeds approximately ⅛ inch, oval obvious ribs (5) - broken or wavy.

Seed are about ⅛ inch flattened withspiny ribs (ridges covered by bristles).

Seed matures to light brown. Seed head pulls together (bird nest).

Poisonous and deadly if eaten! Root is reported as edible.

7

Basal leaf Upper leaf

Compare to water hemlock, pages 15, 16.

2016-05-11

2017-06-19

2017-06-19

2017-06-19

2012-09-07

2013-08-08

2017-06-30

20

09

-08

-02

20

17

-06

-30

Poison Hemlock(Conium maculatum) : Nonnative

Wild Carrot(Daucus carota) : Nonnative

2017-06-30

2009-08-02

2012-09-07

2017-06-19

2017-06-30

2015-08-07

2017-06-19 2018-06-14

2017-06-30

Poison Hemlock(Conium maculatum) : Nonnative

State Listed - Prohibited: Eradicate

Wild Chervil(Anthriscus sylvestris) : Nonnative

2 or 3 times compound, triangular.2 times compound, triangular foliage

leaflets divided.

About 18 inches long x 12 inches wide.Basal leaves larger with longer petioles.

4 inches long x 2 inches wide.Basal leaves larger with longer petioles.

Rounded petiole, sheathed at stem, sheath is smooth.

Grooved petiole (upper surface), sheathed at stem, sheath is ribbed, ribs hairy.

No hairs on leaves. Leaf margins and underside sparingly hairy.

Crushed leaves – odor not pleasant. Crushed leaves – odor agreeable.

Flowering height 3-7 feet, June to August. Flowering height 2-5 feet, May thru June.

Stems with minimal ribs (veins). Stems with prominent ribs.

Stems are smooth – no hairs.Stems may have a waxy, whitish coating.

Stems with hairs, especially lower plant.Hairs noticeable along ribs and at nodes.

Purple spotting (mottled). Mostly light green.

White flowers White flowers

Dome shaped, rather flat umbels.About 8-16 umbellets, 12-25 flowers each.

Dome shaped, rather flat umbels.About 6-15 umbellets, 10+ flowers each.

Umbel and umbellet bracts are triangular. Umbel bracts lacking, umbellets have bracts.

Seeds approximately ⅛ inch, oval, obvious ribs (5) - broken or wavy.

Seeds are about ⅜ inch elongated, beaked (styles persist), smooth to faint ribs.

Seed matures to light brown. Matures brown to shiny black.

Poisonous and deadly if eaten! Root is reported as edible.

9Compare to water hemlock, pages 15, 16.2016-07-28

2016-05-11

2014-06-06

2017-07-15

2017-07-15

2017-07-15

2017-07-15

2017-06-19

Poison Hemlock(Conium maculatum) : Nonnative

Wild Chervil(Anthriscus sylvestris) : Nonnative

2018-06-01

2017-06-12

2017-07-15

2017-06-12

2017-07-15

2018-06-01

Giant Hogweed(Heracleum mantegazzianum) : Nonnative

State Listed - Prohibited: Eradicate

Singly pinnately compound, 3 leaflets, toothed

Leaflets are deeply incised (cut towards midrib)

Leaves up to 5 feet across.

Leaf stalks, leaf ribs have coarse, white hairs.

Flowering at 10-15 feet tall, June to July.

Stems to 2 inch diameter, potentially to 4 inches at base.

Stems with prominent purple marking.

Stems have stiff, scattered hairs.

White flowers

Petals are cleft much like cow parsnip with some enlarged.

Compound umbels are flat topped and large at up to 2½ feet diameter with 50-150 umbellets.

Umbel bracts mostly lacking, umbellets have narrow linear bracts. Have not seen this stated - comment based on study of web images.

Seeds approximately ⅜ inch, oval, and flattened.

Seed is brown at maturity, darker resin canals obvious.

Phytophotodermatitis! Potential to cause severe rashes!

11

Nonnative : Family ApiaceaeNot known to be in Minnesota

Compare to cow parsnip (pg. 13-14).Compare to great angelica (pg. 17-18).

Images: https://www.kingcounty.gov

Above left: cow parsnip Above right: Giant Hogweed

Giant Hogweed(Heracleum mantegazzianum) : Nonnative

12

Image: Thomas Denholm, New Jersey Dept. of Ag., Bugwood.org

Image: Invasive Species Council of British Columbia, Fraser Valley Regional District.

Image: Invasive Species Council of British Columbia, Coastal Invasive Plant Council..

Image: Leslie Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut,Bugwood.org

Cow Parsnip(Heracleum lanatum) : Native

Stiff Cowbane(Oxypolis rigidior) : Native

Pinnate compound. Pinnate compound.

3-leaflets, coarse teeth, 3-lobed,up to 20 inches across and long.

5-9 leaflets, each ⅛ - 1 inch wide by 2½ - 4½ inches long, sessile, up to 7 spaced teeth.

Upper surface coarse, often grayish. Upper surface hairless, shiny green.

Lower surface pale, hairs on veins. Lower surface hairless and pale green.

Petioles hairy, stout, a large loose sheath. Petioles 2-4 inch long, sheath is tight.

Flower at 4-8 (10) feet, May to July. Flower at 2-5 feet tall, July to August.

Stems have ridges, Light green in color. Stems are typically green.

Stems typically covered with white hairs. Stems smooth, lightly veined.

Woodlands, open prairies, moist soils. Wetland species.

White flowers with cleft petals.Outer petal size inconsistent.

⅛ inch, white flowersPetals of consistent size.

Rather flat umbels.About 8-30 umbellets, 8-30 flowers each.

Slight dome shape to umbels.About 12 umbellets, 10-20 flowers per.

Umbels up to 8 inches across. Umbels are 3-5 inches across.

Seed is ⅓ inch long, ¼ inch wide, flattened. Seed is ⅟10 to ¼ inch, smooth.

4 resin veins visible in seeds. Seed is oval, rounded - flat on one side.

Implicated in causing irritations to human skin.

Highly Toxic if eaten.

13

2012-05-30

2012-05-30

2012-05-30

2012-05-14 2017-09-08

2017-07-11

2017-09-08

2017-09-08

Cow Parsnip(Heracleum lanatum) : Native

Stiff Cowbane(Oxypolis rigidior) : Native

2017-09-08

2017-7-11

2016-5-20

2014-7-15

2013-6-27 2016-5-20

2017-7-11

2017-7-11

Water Hemlock(Cicuta maculata) : Native

Singly or doubly compound, 3-7 leaflets, coarsely toothed

Toothed leaflets, sessile or very short petiole.Leaflets ¾-4½ inches long by ½-2½ inches across.

Veins appear to terminate in notches,between teeth not at tooth tip.

Leaves are hairless.

Flowering at 3-6 feet tall, June to August

Stems with prominent veins, yet, fairly smooth.

Stems are covered by a whitish bloom (glaucus).

Whitish flowers, ¼ inch

Petals have incurved tips and constricted bases.

Flat topped compound umbels. 10-20 umbellets, 12-15 flowers per.

Umbels lack bracts, umbellets have narrow linear bracts.

Seeds approximately ⅛ inch, ridged.

Seed is brown at maturity.

Poisonous and deadly if eaten!

15

2014-7-25

Minnesota Native : Family Apiaceae2017-09-20

2017-07-25

2017-07-25

2017-07-072014-10-19

Water Hemlock(Cicuta maculata) : Native

16

2017-07-07

2017-09-20

2017-09-20

Seedlings. 2018-6-21

Great Angelica(Angelica atropurpurea) : Native

A.K.A. Purple-stemmed angelica

Doubly compound, 3-parted, 3-5 leaflets per part.Large at 6 inches to 2 feet across and long

Toothed sub-leaflets, sessile or very short petiole.Sub-leaflets may be cleft to deeply cleft,¾-4½ inches long by ½-2½ inches across.

Petiole of compound leaf covered by large, loose sheath.

Leaves are hairless.

Flowering at 3-8 feet tall, June.

Stems large diameter at 1-1½ inches.

Stems are smooth, covered by whitish bloom (rubs off).

Typically, stems are dark purple in color.

5-parted, ¼ inch greenish flowers, petals have incurved tips .

Ball shaped, rounded compound umbels. 15-40 umbellets, 20-45 flowers per.

Umbels and umbellets lack bracts.

Seeds approximately ⅛ inch, ridged.

Seed is brown at maturity.

17

2015-08-27

2014-7-25

2014-7-25

2012-05-30

Minnesota Native : Family Apiaceae

2017-10-26

Great Angelica (Angelica atropurpurea) : Native

Near the Zumbro River2018-06-14

18

Valerian or Garden Heliotrope(Valeriana officinalis) : Nonnative

Opposite, pinnately compound, 4-9 pairs of leaflets.

Basal leaflet (upper right image), easily confused with wild parsnip (see page 6).

Leaflets are ¾ - 2 inches long and ½ - 1½ inches wide.

Lance-shaped leaflets with toothed edges.

Scattered hairs on the lower leaflet surface.

Stems are often green. May be reddish to purple.

Stems are hollow, finely hairy or smooth, veins produce slight ridges.

Stems oppositely branched near the top of plant.

Branches terminated by clusters (panicles) of white flowers.

White or light pink flower clusters at 1½-4 feet, July to October.

Tubular flowers with 5 rounded petals.

Dense flat topped panicles (clusters) – terminate branches.

Seeds are ⅛ inch long egg-shaped capsules, topped with feathery hairs.

Can be clonal by rhizome.

Part to full sun, meadows to woodland edges, moist soils.But, tolerates less than ideal conditions.

19

2017-07-20Look-alike plants from other familiesNonnative : Family Valerianaceae

2017-07-20

2012-07-27

2015-07-31

Valerian or garden heliotrope(Valeriana officianalis) : Nonnative

20

2017-07-20

2012-07-27

2017-07-20 2018-08-15

2012-07-27

Purple or Tall Meadow Rue(Thalictrum dasycarpum) : Native

Alternate, ternately compound (leaflets in groupings of 3)

Leaflets are ¾ - 2 inches long and ½ - 1½ inches wide.

Oblong leaflets with smooth edges terminated by 3 lobes.

Stems are often purple – varies : green grading to purple

Stems are mostly smooth, sparingly pubescent to no hairs.

Stems unbranched (except at top of plants).

Greenish-white flowers at 3-7 feet, June to July.

Dioecious – male and female flowers on separate plants.

Dense clusters, open branched –¾ - 2 feet long panicles at top of plant.

Seeds are ¼ inch long egg-shaped capsules.

Clonal by rhizome.

Part sun to shade, meadowsto woodland edges,

moist soils

21 2017-06-30

Minnesota Native : Family Ranunculaceae

FemaleMale2018-6-21

Seed 2018-8-30

American or Black Elderberry(Sambucus canadensis) : Native

Opposite, compound

Leaflets, 5-11 (7 typical), finely serrate edges.

2-5 inches long, 1-2 inches wide.

Hairless upper surface, possibly hairy along lower mid-vein.

Upper surface of leaf stalk is grooved.

4-13 feet tall, woody stems.

Older bark – brownish gray.

Pith is whitish, soft.

Many whitish, ¼ inch flower heads, typically 5 petals,Bloom period early July thru mid August.

Flat to dome shaped, 3-10 inches across.

Fruit – purplish-black, ¼ inch diameter, plentiful, drooping.

Full sun to part shade, moist soils.

Fruit is edible when ripe

22 2017-7-4 2017-8-22

2007-9-17

2007-7-142017-7-2

Minnesota Native : Family Caprifoliaceae

Common Yarrow(Achillea millefolium) :

Considered native, but nonnative introductions occurred.

Alternate, compound, finely divided foliage

Foliage can be up to 6 inches long and 1 inch across - smaller near the top of the stem.

Pale to medium green foliage.

Stems are pale green.

Covered with hairs, (appressed , tight to stem).

Typically unbranched, except flower structure.

Flowering at 1-2 feet tall, Blooms June to September

Many whitish, ¼ inch flower heads, typically 5 ray florets.

Compound corymb (branched, flat).

Florets replaced by single seed (achene).

No tufts of hair on seeds.

Rhizomes produce clonal coloniesFull sun to partial shade : mesic to dry

23

2017-9-13

2017-7-20

2017-9-13

Minnesota Native : Family Asteraceae

2017-9-13

Useful Websites and Resources: CABI, 2018. Invasive Species Compendium.

Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/isc.

Illinois wildflowers (weed species) : http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/weed_index.htm

Invasive Plant Atlas : https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/

Minnesota Dept. of Agriculture : https://www.mda.state.mn.us/plants/pestmanagement/weedcontrol/noxiouslist.aspx

Minnesota wildflowers : https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/

Wisconsin DNR : http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/invasives/

Washington State, King County: Invasive Specieshttps://www.kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/biodiversity/threats/Invasives.aspxhttps://www.kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/giant-hogweed.aspx

Books: MnDOT, Minnesota Noxious Weeds. https://www.dot.state.mn.us/roadsides/vegetation/pdf/noxiousweeds.pdf

Dave Hanson, MnDOTRoadside Vegetation Management UnitDavid.L.Hanson@state.mn.us

All Images: Dave Hanson,except giant hogweed.

Native look-alike common yarrow highlighted on page 23.

2007-6-9