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March,10 2016
Comparison of Timber-House Technologies in Slovenia and in Sweden
Ass.Prof. Manja Kitek Kuzman University of Ljubljana, Department of Wood Science and Technology
SWST International Conference , Curitiba | Forest Resource and Products: Moving Toward a Sustainable Future
Prof. Dick Sandberg
Luleå University of Technology
Different approaches, but similar use of building techniques with wood which is today
described as the “exponent and guarantee (material) of building that looks to the future”.
Wood Architecture in Slovenia and Sweeden
In the building traditions of other countries it may be fine stones and hand-made tiles - in Slovenia and Sweeden, that status is given to wood. The knowledge about this
age-old building material is actively preserved and applied with a contemporary twist.
Consumption of sawn wood and wood based panels
in selected countries per capita 2006-2008
(Forest Products Statistics 2004–2008, 2009)
Slovenia and Swedenmany similarities in terms of the importance of forests for their society
Introduction - Slovenian and Swedish wood
Slovenia Sweden Surface area of productive/total forested land (million hectare)
1.2 total forested land
22.4/28.2
Forested area of country (%) 58.4 57.0
Number of naturally occurring tree species
71
Total standing volume on productive forest land (million m
3 standing volume*)
340 3.016
Annual forest increment in all land use classes (million m
3
standing volume*)
8.4 123
Annual cut (million m
3 standing volume*)
5.75 91.5
Hardwoods (%) 53 21 Softwoods (%) 47 79
The most important wood species
Beech 32%, spruce 32% oak 7%, fir 7%
Scots pine 39%, Norway spruce 42%, birch 12%
*stem volume over bark from stump to tip
Slovenia’s and Sweden's forests in numbers year 2014
Slovenia Pokljuka Sweden Västerbotten in north Sweden
3
Tradition - a proof of the craftsmanship of woodmastersDiferent traditiona typs of wooden houses
Vernicular architecture
Paying attention to the
tradition of construction in
the planning of the new,
improved and modern is
the only path towards
preserving a nation’s
culture and the features
of the cultural landscape.
⌂ Farmstead
in Gorenjska, SI
Stave church
Grandhult church,
Småland, S⌂
Traditional l swedish
house | falun red, S
⌂
⌂ Wooden shipard house, Velika planina, SI
4
Tradition - a proof of the craftsmanship of woodmastersDiferent traditiona typs of wooden houses
Vernicular architecture
Slopping walled barn
in Svensbyn-
room for hay.⌂ The oldest wooden house
in Sweden, about 1230.
⌂ Wooden hayreck, Studor, SI
slovenian landscape
Architecture
belongs to culture,
not to civilization.
Alvar Aalto
5
Frame-Panel constructionBuilding Techniques in Sweden and Slovenia
Dominant methods of timber construction
Mölle by the sea, Mölle, Sweden, 2013
1 2 3
4 5
6 realisation
Nominated for Swedish Timber Prize “Träpriset, 2016
insulation material
inserted between the
studs
vertical stud
faced inside with
gypsum- or wood-
based panel
materials
timber gird
staples
sheating board
SINGEL PANEL CONSTRUCTION
ww
w.a
rch
dai
ly.c
om
/49
86
86
/mo
lle-b
y-th
e-se
a-el
din
g-o
scar
son
6
Solid Timber Construction (SCT)Building Techniques in Sweden and Slovenia
Innovation based on tradition
Source: Prof. G. Schickhofer | Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology| Graz University of Technology: CLT Forum 2013 in Tokyo
http
://cl
ta.jp
/wp-
cont
ent/u
ploa
ds/2
013/
10/2
0131
024_
SC
HIC
KH
OF
ER
7
Global production of CLT
1995-2015:
35 production sites worldwide,
95% of production volume in
Central Europe :
Austria 65%, Germany 26%,
Switzerland 6%
1 Mio. m3 of productiom
potential worldwide can be
expected at latest of 2015
CLT for supporting frameworkBuilding Techniques in Sweden and Slovenia
⌂ Wall unit on its way at Hyttkammaren in Falun ⌂ Assembly of floor structures at Limnologen in Växjö
Solid laminated wood panels are: ‘... the concrete of the 21st century.’ Michael Green Architect (2012)
⌂⌂ The wooden form of Waugh
Thistleton's Murray Grove, London
Gerhard Schickhofer, Institute of Timber Engineering
and Wood Technology, TU Graz
8
Vila Eder- HederusBuilding Techniques in Sweden and Slovenia
Nominated for Swedish Timber price 2016
Nominated for:
12th Swedish Timber Prize, in Sweden entitled
“Träpriset” 2016
Lage | Kummelnas, Nacka
Ansvariga Arkitekter
ww
w.g
ener
alar
chit
ectu
re.s
e/p
roje
cts/
villa
-ed
er-h
eder
us/
A system of columns and beams,
where glulam is used to a large
extent for the load-bearing
structure.
Wood – Frame ConstructionBuilding Techniques in Sweden and Slovenia
Vila Emils Backe, Smedstrop, Trosa, Sweden, 2014
Läge: Smedstorp, Trosa
Typ av byggnad: Villa
Byggherre: Ekologiska byggvaruhuset
genom Erik Hedenstedt
Ansvarig arkitekt: Arkitektstudio Widjedal
Racki
Medverkande arkitekter: Håkan Widjedal,
Natasha Racki
Byggnadsentreprenör: Hedenstedt
Konstruktör: Limträteknik i Falun
Byggår: 2014
http://www.emilsbacke.se/ 11
12
13
14
The dominant frame system for single-family timber houses
Building Techniques in Sweden and Slovenia
Sweden
⌂ Several modern timber-house
companies manufacture building elements,
such as roof trusses, joist floors and wall
units, themselves.
⌂ The method of producing
a house or parts of a house in
an industrial production
environment is termed
“prefabrication,” and this is
the dominant method of
building single-family timber
houses in Sweden.
Façade covering:
can be brick, plaster or solid
timber.
timber grid
insulation
vertical studs
gypsum, wood-
based panel mat.
15
The dominant frame system for single-family houses
Building Techniques in Sweden and Slovenia
Sweden
Fickuret, Örby
Byggår: 2012
Beställare: Arcona AB
Fakta: 17 radhus, 2 hustyper på 120 m2
respektive 135 m2.
Leverans: Planelement, stomleverans inkl
montage ovan färdig grund.
Övrigt: Öppen planlösning krävde
avancerad projektering, produktionsteknik
och montage. Färdigt resultat är ett
modernt boende med uttryck.
Sandgrind, Kungsängen
Byggår: 2008
Beställare: Skanska
Fakta: 6 hus.
Leverans: Modul.
Övrigt: Ett projekt med
ekologiska förtecken i ett
enastående vackert landskap
med utsikt över Mälaren.
Single-family timber housing
businesses employ one of two
strategies for the final stage:
1. manufacturing plane
elements in the plant and
transporting them to the site
for final assembly or
2. assembling the plane
elements in the factory and
then shipping them as
complete volumes to the final
building site. 16
Modern timber-house companiesBuilding Techniques in Sweden and Slovenia
⌂ A few manufacturers use CLT systems.
During the manufacture of the unit, the shapes are
trimmed, openings are left for windows, doors, etc.,
and the thickness is levelled if necessary.
Prefabricated CLT panels are delivered directly to the
construction site. The producers of houses with CLT
systems do not have their origins in the tradition and
company culture associated with single-family timber
houses.
⌂ On site assamble: Martinsons’ dwelling house with a frame of CLT can be delivered
including complete electricity and HVAC installations.
The most appealing
reason for using the
CLT system is that
the wall units and
joist floors have a high
load-bearing capacity and
stiffness.
Sweden
17
⌂ A wood framed construction
Construction on siteThe oldest method of construction
Building Techniques in Sweden and Slovenia
The method requires a great deal of
organization and planning on the building site.
Risks associated with damage to materials
and prefabricated structural components,
due to moisture must be overcome .
Linnaeus University is ˝Hus N˝
Location | Växjö
Type of building | building for education
Year of construction | 2011
Architect | Mats White
Main contractor | Videum AB
Construction company | Södra
Construction description |
visible glue-laminate framework
Area | 6.320 m2
Fasad | modified wood fasade
Client | Linnaeus University
! European Green Building
⌂ CLT panels delivered to the construction site
18
Construction on siteThe oldest method of construction
Building Techniques in Sweden and Slovenia
⌂
With the on-site
building technique,
wall components are
generally assembled
resting on joists or the
ground and then
erected manually.
19
Off site prefabricationThe trend toward a higher degree of prefabrication
⌂ Far more common today is the
prefabrication of various components: off-site
building, which is regarded and accepted as a
high-qualitative and less expensive production
method.
Examples of off-site prefabrication:
a building with prefabricated panels or
modules is faster, less weather
dependent and provides better control
over costs.
www.trabyggnadskansliet.se
www.marles.com/hise/en
Building Techniques in Sweden and Slovenia
Prefabricated window is assembled on-site
Prefabricated modules for single family house are
assembled on-site.
20
21
Modular systemPrefabricated components of wood
Vir:“Holzbox” Foto: W. Luttenberger
Camp Wildalpen, Camp Passail
Working with modular systems is
a huge help, since it is difficult to
design traditionally and then
translate the design to an
industrial context.
princip
Modul system
22
Spatial cells Residential appartments SkagersvägenStockholm
Type of building | residential, 33 appartments
Location | Skagersvägen 22-26, Årsta, Stockholm
Building year | december 2013
Architect | OWC Björn Ahrenby, Joan Anguita, Anna Montagut
Construction company | Moelven (Moelven’s modular system)
www.martinsons.se
Construction description | 112 box units built around a
spruce frame - prefabricated modules
Energy performance | energy class: low-energy
Area | 4817 m2
Number of floors | 3 floors
Fasad | untreated ceder wood panel
Owner of the building | Åke Sundvall Projekt AB
Price | The Nominated for the 2016 Swedish Timber Price
Modul system - Sweeden
Long facade in innovative modules
To achieve the unbroken vertical lines that run up the facade, the architect designed the cladding piece by piece.
23
Ekorrn DistrictSkellefteå
Modul system - Sweeden
Residential building
Location | Södra Lasarettsvägen 10, Skellefteå
Construction type | residential block, 54 apartments
Building year | 2009
Architect | Magnus Silfverhielm, architect at AIX Arkitekter
Construction company | Plusshus, www.setragroup.com
Construction | Setra’s Trälyftet building system with
Glulam (modular system)
Energy performance: energy class | low-energy, operational
energy use: 25 kWh/(m2a)
Number of floors | 5 storey
Modified wood used in building | no
Fasad | untreated ceder wood panel
Owner of the building | Brf Ekorren
The advantages of
industrial construction
in wood:
less time on the building
site,
less transport,
less disruption for
neighbours,
good cost control and
no drying time compared
with that for in situ
concrete.
24
Additional stories or extensions to roofTimber - great potential for modernizing older buildings
Sweeden – modul system
Timber offers great potential for changing and modernizing existing, older buildings which are often constructed
from concrete, mainly through additional stories or extensions to roofs.
Effective additional floors of CLT
Martinsons’ construction system in
glulam and CLT offers unique
possibilities for additional floors to
existing buildings. Thanks to the
construction parts’ strength compared
to their low weight, additional floors
can be made without expensive and
time-consuming frame reinforcements
which are often required with the use
of other materials.
Additional floors on existing buildings
I believe that the
material doesn’t need to
be strong to be used to
build a strong structure.
The strength of the
structure has nothing to
do with strength of the
material.
– Shigeru Ban
25
UMEÅ
Additional stories or extensions to roofTimber - great potential for modernizing older buildings
Sweeden – modul system
Timber offers great potential for changing
and modernizing existing, older buildings
which are often constructed from concrete,
mainly through additional stories or extensions
to roofs. The simplest method is to fit the old
building with a new roof designed so that a
number of apartments can be built into the
attic space.
26
27
Fabricated large-scale façade wooden modulsThermal modernisation Residential area Dieselweg 4 _Graz, Austria
Renovation
Key technologies
• Solar façade
• Pre-fabrication of facade modules
• Energy concept based on renewable
energy sources
• New heating- and DHW supply system
installed between the façade and existing
wall
• Decentralized ventilation systems with
heat recovery
• Control and remote maintenance via
internet
28
Fabricated large-scale façade wooden modulsThermal modernisation
Winter Summer
Renovation
29
Fabricated large-scale façade wooden modulsThermal modernisation – concept of prefabrication
Sequence of assembly of the
façade modules [Kulmer Bau].
First module is the lowest one;
it is mounted on steel-bearing
angles, which are fixed on the
plinth. All other modules rest
on the previous one.
Therefore all joints are
horizontally designed.
Assembly of the lowest
module
Sequence of prefabrication
procedure in the fabrication
hall [Gap-Solution GmbH]
Module dimension:
12 x 3 m
Dimension of modules
is fixed by the line of
the intermediate floor
and the window lintel.
Renovation
30
Multy-storey Buildings
Present stage of multy-storey buildings
→ 2020 ?? 30 - storey building proposed for Canada
→ 2025 ?? 34 - storey building proposed for Stockholm, Sweden
Extensive research has shown that material-neutral building regulations are preferable and, for over a decade, function-based regulations have been common in many countries.
Wooden Sky Scrapers
34
-sto
rey
Wo
od
en S
kysc
rap
er is
pre
sen
ted
by
arch
itec
t C
F M
ølle
r
→ 1995-2005 3 - 5 storey buildings in several european countries,
i.e. 4 - 5 storey buildings in Sweden (Växjö, Uppfinnar)
→ 2008 8 - storey condominiums in Växjö, Sweden
→ 2009 9 - storey condominiums in London, UK
→ 2011 7 - storey multy-family house in Berlin, Germany
→ 2012 8 - storey condominium in Bad Aibing, Germany
→ 2013 9 - storey apartment building, Milano, Italy
→ 2013 10 - storey building in Melbourne, Australia
31
Växjö - Limnologen in Växjö consists of four 8-storey high residential buildings
Multy-storey Buildings
Residential building
Location | Växjö
Construction type | residential blocks, 134 apartments
Building year | 2008
Architect | Arkitektbolaget Kronoberg
Total area | 10.700 m2
Total building time| Approx 17 months per stage
One storey erection time | 10 days
Construction | Midroc Property Development
with Midroc Projects AB as main contractorr
Structural engineers | Martinons Byggsystem
Energy performance: energy class | low-energy
Number of floors | 4 8-storey buildings
Type of ownership| Tenant-ownership
Multy-storey Buildings: Limnologen
Acoustics and vibrations
Connection between interior
wall and floor (Martinsons)
ww
w.f
oru
m-h
olz
bau
.ch
/pd
f/ih
f09
_Ser
ran
o.p
df
32
Residential building
Location | Skellefteå
Construction type | residential, 3 houses
Year of construction | 2008, 2009, 2010
Architect | White arkitekte
Construction company | Martinsons
www.martinsons.se
Construction description | solid timber construction CLT
Energy performance | energy class: low-energy
Number of floors | 6
Modified wood used in building | no
Fasad | timber panel facades
Owner | Brf Älvsbacka Strand
Multi-residence building, Älvsbacka StrandSkellefteå - 6-storey high residential buildings
Multy-storey Buildings
Factors of increase:
-a lower cost of wood-building
-advantages of using wood
in industrial building,
-growing environmental
awareness,
-a renewable material,
-reduces CO2 emissions,
-timber is harvested in forests
where sustainable forestry,
with replanting and
management plans,
is practiced. 33
Portvakten residential buildingVäxjö - two 8-storey houses with wooden framework and passive house technology
Multy-storey Buildings
⌂ Weather protection. All assembly work takes place under protection against weather.
Residential building
Location | Växjö
Type of building| residential building,
64 apartments
Year of construction | 2009
Architect | BSV Arkitekter
Construction company | Martinsons,
www.martinsons.se
Construction description | glue laminate system,
solid wood frame
Project | project »Energy efficient Växjö«
Area | 64 apartments in 2 buildings
Energy performance: energy class:
passive house,
operational energy use: 15 kWh/(m2a)
Number of floors | 8 floors
www.martinsons.se
⌂ Passive house installations.
Draft of installation system.34
Multy-storey car park
Location | Nygatan 24-28, Skellefteå
Construction type | infrastructure, car park
Building year | 2009
Architect | Magnus Silfverhielm, architect at AIX Arkitekter
Construction company | Martinsons, www.martinsons.se
Construction description | Martinsons’ concept is based on a column
and beam frame in glulam combined with a bearing cassette joist
made of CLT
Area | 700 m2
Number of floors | 4 floors
Fasad | ribbed facade panels
Owner of the building | Fastighets AB Polaris
Multy-storey Buildings
Car park, Ekorren DistrictSkellefteå – Sweden's first timber framed multi-storey car park
⌂ The car park has six floors, of which two are underground.
⌂ The glulam and CLT building sections
have created aesthetic opportunities, where
the visible wood elements contribute to a
natural wood feeling.
35
Building properties Sprinkler Sweden1) Slovenia2)
Load-bearing structure YES 5 5Load-bearing structure NO 5 3Wooden façade claddings YES 5 max. 63)
Wooden façade claddings NO ≥ 1 max. 33)
Wall and ceiling linings in flats NO ≥ 1 --4)
(surface linings of ordinary wood)Wall and ceiling linings of NO ≥ 1 --4)
untreated wood in escape routes Wall and ceiling linings of fire- NO ≥ 5 --4)
retardant treated wood in flatsWall and ceiling linings of fire- NO ≥ 5 --4)
retardant treated wood in escape routes
Multy-storey Buildings
Multy-storey BuildingsThe next generation of wood-based construction
The allowable numbers of storeys in Slovenia and Sweden dependingon whether or not a sprinkler system is installed
1) Mahapatra and Gustavsson (2009); 2) RS, Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning (2010); 3) See Table 8 and 4) see Table 5 in reference 2) RS, Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning (2010)
The ideal project does not exist, each time there
is the opportunity to realize an approximation.
Paulo Mendes da Rocha
36
Surprise is key in all art.
Oscar Niemeyer
38
Architecture begins
where engineering
ends.
Walter Gropius
The next generation of wood-based construction
Attitudes towards wood construction
→ different perception,
→ Sweden: wide range of programs to promote multi-storey wooden buildings; Swedish National Wood Construction Strategy and its Continuing Training Programm, Swedish Timber Prize,....
→ Slovenia: Green Public Procurement (GPP): The regulation of GPP aims to reduce the negative environmental impact.
Architecture is invention.
Oscar Niemeyer
Promotion use of wood
39
.
Promotion of Energy-efficient buildings
19th Century 20th Century 21th Century
Low-energy building, Nearly Zero energy building, Passive house, Active house,...
Passive house Passive Houses require less than 15 kWh/(m²yr) for heating or cooling
(relating to the living space). The heating/cooling load is limited to a maximum of 10 W/m2.
Primary energy use may not exceed 120 kWh/(m²a). Passive Houses must be airtight with air change rates being limited to n50 = 0.6/h. In warmer climates and/or during summer months, excessive temperatures may not
occur more than 10 % of the time.
Promotion use of wood
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
AIMS
reduction of
energy demand
and GHG emissions
OPERATION / USE
climate
locattion
ACTIVE SYSTEMS
BUILDING COMPONENTS
PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES
GIVEN CONDITIONS
Basic principles of eenergy-efficient design
40
→ High prefabrication,
→ Partnership and increased responsibilities for planning and construction,
→ Improved and systematic feedback of experiences,
→ Demonstration projects are vital,
→ Team coopertion
We see opportunities for further development and future trends in:
Conclusion
As an architect,
you design for the present,
with an awareness of the past,
for a future which is essentially
unknown.
Norman Foster
Promotion use of wood
Skellefteå, 17.2.2015
Linear time is an invention of the West, time is
not linear - it is marvellous tangle in which, at
any moment, ends can be chosen and solutions
invented, without beginning or end.
Lina Bo Bardi, in Marcelo Carvalho (ed) – Lina Bo Bardi
Bardi Institute, São Paulo, 1993
Substances. The Architecture of Lina Bo Bardi
Ass. Prof. Dr. Manja K.Kuzman, architect
Department of Wood Science and Technology
University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
SWST 2016
„Brazil was, is, and will be in fashion.”Gilberto Gil
Welcome in Slovenia
Thank you!