Upload
others
View
1
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Press workshop on sustainable energy solutions laquo Renewables for the transport sector ndash which routes are open raquo AEE ∙ Brussels ∙ 31 March 2015
Comparing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of renewable energy options in the transport sector
Patrick R Schmidt (Dipl-Ing)
LBST ∙ Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
Munich ∙ Germany
2015-03-31 ∙ FINAL
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Content
LBST profile
Greenhouse gas emissions
Example scenarios
2
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
LBST ∙ Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
3
Company profile
Independent expert for sustainable energy and mobility for over 30 years
Bridging technology markets and policy
Renewable energies fuels infrastructure
Technology-based strategy consulting System and technology studies Sustainability assessment
Global and long term perspective
Rigorous system approach ndash thinking outside the box
Serving international clients in industry finance politics and NGOs
Selected studies
German Mobility amp Fuels Strategy (MKS)
EC-JRCEUCARCONCAWE lsquoWell-to-Tank Analysis of Transport Fuelsrsquo
European Parliament ITRE amp ENVI Committee
German Research Association for Combustion Engines (FVV)
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Content
LBST profile
Greenhouse gas emissions
Example scenarios
4
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Significant efforts required to achieve GHG reduction targets
5
--- IPCC
Greenhouse gas emission reduction targets (base year 1990)
Demanding reduction targets for greenhouse gas and selected pollutant emissions sbquowell-to-uselsquo
At the same time rising global energy demands (in absolute terms)
Critical for staying within the reduction corridor System transformation may take significant time
EU regulatory framework is currently in a state of stallmove and blurry post-2020
EU Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) and EU Renewables Energy Directive (RED) under review for years now
National infrastructure plans to be developed for EU Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Directive (AFID)
--- EU Germany
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Transportation fuels from biomass and renewable electricity Many routes lead to Rome and there is no optimal way
6
Legend
BTL Biomass-to-Liquids via gasification amp synthesis
RES-H2 Renewable power-to-hydrogen
FT-Synthesis Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
GTL Gas-to-Liquid
PTL Power-to-Liquids
Fuels
GasolineKerosene
Diesel
Plant oil
Hydro-gen
BEVElectricity
LBST 2015-03-26
Plant oils(rape soy)Fats hellip
Organicwastes
Wood Lignocellul Black liquor
Wind
Solar
Gasification + FT synthesis
Fermentation(Biogas)
Electrolysis(RES-H2)
Hydrotreating
Reforming + FT synthesis
Methanol synthesis
Sust
ain
able
bio
mas
s
Primary energy Conversion
Oil mill + raffination
Ren
ewab
le e
lect
rici
ty
Water Geothermal
Inverse CO-shift + FT synthesis
Olefin synthesis + Oligomerisation+ Hydrotreating
Hyd
rocr
acki
ng
CO2
EE-H2
CO2
CH4
CO2 absorption(eg from the air)
EE-H2
RES-H2
RES-H2
BTL
HVOHEFA
PTL
PTL
Bio-GTL
RES-H2
Renewable electricity
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
GHG emissions of fossil and renewable fuels lsquowell-to-wheellsquo
7
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Be
nzi
n
Die
sel
CN
G
PM
E (B
iod
iese
l) R
aps
Eth
ano
l We
izen
Eth
ano
l Str
oh
CN
G B
ioga
s M
aisg
anzp
flan
zen
CN
G B
ioga
s A
bfa
ll
Ern
euer
bar
er
Stro
m
Stro
mm
ix E
U
EE-C
GH
2 (
Elek
tro
lyse
vo
r O
rt)
EE-C
NG
EE-B
en
zin
EE-D
iese
l
Fossil Biomasse Strom Power-to-Gas Power-to-Liquid
Trei
bh
ausg
ase
mis
sio
nen
(g
CO
2-Auml
qu
ival
ent
km)
Konventionelles Rohoumll
Ref
ere
nzf
ahrz
eug
C-S
egm
ent
(zB
VW
Go
lf)
LBST
14
10
20
14
Rohoumll aus Teersand
Pipeline 2500 km
Pipeline 7000 km
Schlempe =gt BiogasProzessenergie aus Biogas-KWK
getrocknete Schlempe =gt ViehfutterProzessenergie aus Erdgas-KWK
Verbrennungsmotor (VKM) Hybrid Elektromotor VKM Hybrid
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160G
aso
line
Die
sel
CN
G
Pla
nt
oil
(Bio
die
sel)
rap
e
Eth
ano
l wh
eat
Eth
ano
l str
aw
CN
G b
ioga
s m
aize
wh
ole
pla
nt
CN
G b
ioga
s o
rgan
ic w
aste
Re
new
able
ele
ctri
city
Elec
tric
ity
mix
EU
RE
CG
H2
(o
nsi
te e
lect
roly
sis)
RE
CN
G
RE
gaso
line
RE
die
sel
Fossil Biomass Power Power-to-Gas Power-to-Liquid
Gre
enh
ou
se g
as e
mis
sio
ns
(g C
O2-e
qu
iv
km)
Conventional crude-oil
Ref
ere
nce
veh
icle
C s
egm
ent
eg
VW
Go
lf
LBST
26
03
20
15
Crude-oil from tarsand
Pipeline 2500 km
Pipeline 7000 km
Destillers grain =gt BiogasBiogas CHP
Destillers dried grain =gt FodderNatural gas CHP
Internal combustion engine (ICE) hybrid Electric motor ICE hybrid
Sour
ce L
BST
bas
ed o
n da
ta f
rom
RED
JR
CE
UC
AR
CO
NC
AW
E
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Content
LBST profile
Greenhouse gas emissions
Example scenarios
8
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
How much EU land is (ceteris paribus) needed to fulfil the EU-RED 10 renewable fuel target in transport by 2020
With biomass pathways substitution of animal feed taken into account
Electricity and electricity-based fuels have low land area requirements The sbquowell-to-tanklsquo efficiency of PtX is misleading when compared with biofuels
9
Source LBST based on data from RED JRCEUCARCONCAWE
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
RME Ethanol wheat
BTL SRF
FAME algae
EE-PTL EE-CNG CGH2 Electricity EE-PTL EE-CNG CGH2 Electricity
Biomass PV Wind
[]
of
ara
ble
land
in E
U 2
7
Ludw
ig-B
oumllko
w-S
yste
mte
chni
kG
mbH
(LB
ST)
201
4-1
0-17
Land cover ~1Land cover ~30Land cover ~99
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Technical potential for renewable electricity in Germany (conservative approach)
10
Source LBST for the German Mobility and Fuels Strategy (MFS)
EE-Stromerzeugung1990
EE-Stromerzeugung2012
EE-Strompotenzial(technisch)
EE-StrompotenzialVerwendung
EE-Strom fuumlr Kraftstoff 465 TWha
Stromnachfrage 2012 535 TWha
Geothermie 0 TWha 1 TWha 15 TWha
Photovoltaik 0 TWha 26 TWha 284 TWha
Wind Offshore 0 TWha 1 TWha 280 TWha
Wind Onshore 0 TWha 51 TWha 390 TWha
Wasserkraft 20 TWha 22 TWha 25 TWha
0 TWha
200 TWha
400 TWha
600 TWha
800 TWha
1000 TWha
1200 TWhaEE
Str
om
erze
ugu
ng
lt
lt
asymp 1000 TWhaasymp 100 TWhaasymp 20 TWha
MK
S 0
80
52
01
4
4320 PJa
2160 PJa
3600 PJa
2880 PJa
720 PJa
1440 PJa
0 PJa
Potential 465 TWhela (1674 PJela) renewable
electricity for transporation
Electricity consumption
535 TWha (1271 PJa)
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Scen 1 Scen 2 Scen 3
2010 2050
Methane in transport
H2 in transport
Electricity (direct) intransportOther sectors
TWh a
(Industrie Haushalte )
CNG LNG
without PtCH4
CNG LNG with
PtCH4 RE PtCH4 + FCEVs
The scenarios exclusively explored road transport and inland navigation
Fueldrivetrain choices and fuel demand ndash 3 scenarios
Transportation demand in Germany Traffic Prognosis 2030 Technical renewable electricity potential in Germany ~1000 TWha
11
Source MFS PtG study (2014 w VP2030)
Road transport +
inland shipping
Technical RE potential Germany
CNG PtCH4 BEV+ PtH2
Table 1 Energy carrier shares of mileage (passenger cars) or transport
performances (HDVs and inland vessels) in the scenarios
Scenario 1 lsquoCNG LNG
without RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 2 lsquoCNG LNG
with RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 3 lsquoRE PtCH4 +
fuel cell vehicles
2050 2050 2050
Ca
r
Petroldiesel 467 433 274
CNG 288 321 100
H2 in fuel cell 57 57 359
Electricity from grid
189 189 267
HD
V1
Diesel 13 13 5
CNG LNG 78 78 25
H2 in fuel cell 5 5 62
Electricity from grid
5 5 7
Inla
nd
ves
se
l
Diesel 50 50 50
LNG 50 50 50
Table 2 PtG share in the scenarios
Scenario 1
lsquowithout RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 2 + 3
lsquowith RE PtCH4rsquo
2050 2050
Share RE PtCH4 of total H2
100 100
Share RE PtCH4 of total CNGLNG
0 100
1 The proportional transport performances in the HDV segments N1 N2 and N3 were included in the
scenario with separate assumptions these were aggregated in this table for simplification purposes Detailed information on the assumptions may be found in the MFS study lsquoRenewable energies in transportrsquo
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Key messages ndash fuel for thought
Blind spots result from focusing environmental assessments on greenhouse gases only Biodiversity water criteria pollutants social aspects etc
There is no single optimal fuel with regard to technology economics and ecology Diversification of fueldrivetrain portfolio in the midterm downsizing and electrification
Efficiency measures alone will not do for achieving greenhouse gas targets Renewables sufficiency
Societal question Where shall the valuable (but limited) biomass go to Several (cascading) uses
Renewable electricity and fuels derived from renewable electricity eg hydrogen synthetic methane or power-to-liquids provide both large quantity and high emission reduction potentials Accountability towards environmental targets must be given
There is a trade-off between fuels infrastructures and availability
ndash Renewable (drop-in) fuels use already established infrastructures ndash but limited availability (ie rising fuel production costs)
ndash Renewable power-to-gas (hydrogen methane) as well the direct use of renewable electricity both provide very high efficiency and availability potentials ndash but require a switch of infrastructures and drivetrains (ie investments)
12
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Contact
Patrick Schmidt (Dipl-Ing)
LBST Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH Daimlerstr 15 85521 Munich Germany
T +49 (89) 608110-36 E PatrickSchmidtLBSTde W httpwwwlbstde
13
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Content
LBST profile
Greenhouse gas emissions
Example scenarios
2
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
LBST ∙ Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
3
Company profile
Independent expert for sustainable energy and mobility for over 30 years
Bridging technology markets and policy
Renewable energies fuels infrastructure
Technology-based strategy consulting System and technology studies Sustainability assessment
Global and long term perspective
Rigorous system approach ndash thinking outside the box
Serving international clients in industry finance politics and NGOs
Selected studies
German Mobility amp Fuels Strategy (MKS)
EC-JRCEUCARCONCAWE lsquoWell-to-Tank Analysis of Transport Fuelsrsquo
European Parliament ITRE amp ENVI Committee
German Research Association for Combustion Engines (FVV)
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Content
LBST profile
Greenhouse gas emissions
Example scenarios
4
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Significant efforts required to achieve GHG reduction targets
5
--- IPCC
Greenhouse gas emission reduction targets (base year 1990)
Demanding reduction targets for greenhouse gas and selected pollutant emissions sbquowell-to-uselsquo
At the same time rising global energy demands (in absolute terms)
Critical for staying within the reduction corridor System transformation may take significant time
EU regulatory framework is currently in a state of stallmove and blurry post-2020
EU Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) and EU Renewables Energy Directive (RED) under review for years now
National infrastructure plans to be developed for EU Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Directive (AFID)
--- EU Germany
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Transportation fuels from biomass and renewable electricity Many routes lead to Rome and there is no optimal way
6
Legend
BTL Biomass-to-Liquids via gasification amp synthesis
RES-H2 Renewable power-to-hydrogen
FT-Synthesis Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
GTL Gas-to-Liquid
PTL Power-to-Liquids
Fuels
GasolineKerosene
Diesel
Plant oil
Hydro-gen
BEVElectricity
LBST 2015-03-26
Plant oils(rape soy)Fats hellip
Organicwastes
Wood Lignocellul Black liquor
Wind
Solar
Gasification + FT synthesis
Fermentation(Biogas)
Electrolysis(RES-H2)
Hydrotreating
Reforming + FT synthesis
Methanol synthesis
Sust
ain
able
bio
mas
s
Primary energy Conversion
Oil mill + raffination
Ren
ewab
le e
lect
rici
ty
Water Geothermal
Inverse CO-shift + FT synthesis
Olefin synthesis + Oligomerisation+ Hydrotreating
Hyd
rocr
acki
ng
CO2
EE-H2
CO2
CH4
CO2 absorption(eg from the air)
EE-H2
RES-H2
RES-H2
BTL
HVOHEFA
PTL
PTL
Bio-GTL
RES-H2
Renewable electricity
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
GHG emissions of fossil and renewable fuels lsquowell-to-wheellsquo
7
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Be
nzi
n
Die
sel
CN
G
PM
E (B
iod
iese
l) R
aps
Eth
ano
l We
izen
Eth
ano
l Str
oh
CN
G B
ioga
s M
aisg
anzp
flan
zen
CN
G B
ioga
s A
bfa
ll
Ern
euer
bar
er
Stro
m
Stro
mm
ix E
U
EE-C
GH
2 (
Elek
tro
lyse
vo
r O
rt)
EE-C
NG
EE-B
en
zin
EE-D
iese
l
Fossil Biomasse Strom Power-to-Gas Power-to-Liquid
Trei
bh
ausg
ase
mis
sio
nen
(g
CO
2-Auml
qu
ival
ent
km)
Konventionelles Rohoumll
Ref
ere
nzf
ahrz
eug
C-S
egm
ent
(zB
VW
Go
lf)
LBST
14
10
20
14
Rohoumll aus Teersand
Pipeline 2500 km
Pipeline 7000 km
Schlempe =gt BiogasProzessenergie aus Biogas-KWK
getrocknete Schlempe =gt ViehfutterProzessenergie aus Erdgas-KWK
Verbrennungsmotor (VKM) Hybrid Elektromotor VKM Hybrid
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160G
aso
line
Die
sel
CN
G
Pla
nt
oil
(Bio
die
sel)
rap
e
Eth
ano
l wh
eat
Eth
ano
l str
aw
CN
G b
ioga
s m
aize
wh
ole
pla
nt
CN
G b
ioga
s o
rgan
ic w
aste
Re
new
able
ele
ctri
city
Elec
tric
ity
mix
EU
RE
CG
H2
(o
nsi
te e
lect
roly
sis)
RE
CN
G
RE
gaso
line
RE
die
sel
Fossil Biomass Power Power-to-Gas Power-to-Liquid
Gre
enh
ou
se g
as e
mis
sio
ns
(g C
O2-e
qu
iv
km)
Conventional crude-oil
Ref
ere
nce
veh
icle
C s
egm
ent
eg
VW
Go
lf
LBST
26
03
20
15
Crude-oil from tarsand
Pipeline 2500 km
Pipeline 7000 km
Destillers grain =gt BiogasBiogas CHP
Destillers dried grain =gt FodderNatural gas CHP
Internal combustion engine (ICE) hybrid Electric motor ICE hybrid
Sour
ce L
BST
bas
ed o
n da
ta f
rom
RED
JR
CE
UC
AR
CO
NC
AW
E
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Content
LBST profile
Greenhouse gas emissions
Example scenarios
8
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
How much EU land is (ceteris paribus) needed to fulfil the EU-RED 10 renewable fuel target in transport by 2020
With biomass pathways substitution of animal feed taken into account
Electricity and electricity-based fuels have low land area requirements The sbquowell-to-tanklsquo efficiency of PtX is misleading when compared with biofuels
9
Source LBST based on data from RED JRCEUCARCONCAWE
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
RME Ethanol wheat
BTL SRF
FAME algae
EE-PTL EE-CNG CGH2 Electricity EE-PTL EE-CNG CGH2 Electricity
Biomass PV Wind
[]
of
ara
ble
land
in E
U 2
7
Ludw
ig-B
oumllko
w-S
yste
mte
chni
kG
mbH
(LB
ST)
201
4-1
0-17
Land cover ~1Land cover ~30Land cover ~99
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Technical potential for renewable electricity in Germany (conservative approach)
10
Source LBST for the German Mobility and Fuels Strategy (MFS)
EE-Stromerzeugung1990
EE-Stromerzeugung2012
EE-Strompotenzial(technisch)
EE-StrompotenzialVerwendung
EE-Strom fuumlr Kraftstoff 465 TWha
Stromnachfrage 2012 535 TWha
Geothermie 0 TWha 1 TWha 15 TWha
Photovoltaik 0 TWha 26 TWha 284 TWha
Wind Offshore 0 TWha 1 TWha 280 TWha
Wind Onshore 0 TWha 51 TWha 390 TWha
Wasserkraft 20 TWha 22 TWha 25 TWha
0 TWha
200 TWha
400 TWha
600 TWha
800 TWha
1000 TWha
1200 TWhaEE
Str
om
erze
ugu
ng
lt
lt
asymp 1000 TWhaasymp 100 TWhaasymp 20 TWha
MK
S 0
80
52
01
4
4320 PJa
2160 PJa
3600 PJa
2880 PJa
720 PJa
1440 PJa
0 PJa
Potential 465 TWhela (1674 PJela) renewable
electricity for transporation
Electricity consumption
535 TWha (1271 PJa)
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Scen 1 Scen 2 Scen 3
2010 2050
Methane in transport
H2 in transport
Electricity (direct) intransportOther sectors
TWh a
(Industrie Haushalte )
CNG LNG
without PtCH4
CNG LNG with
PtCH4 RE PtCH4 + FCEVs
The scenarios exclusively explored road transport and inland navigation
Fueldrivetrain choices and fuel demand ndash 3 scenarios
Transportation demand in Germany Traffic Prognosis 2030 Technical renewable electricity potential in Germany ~1000 TWha
11
Source MFS PtG study (2014 w VP2030)
Road transport +
inland shipping
Technical RE potential Germany
CNG PtCH4 BEV+ PtH2
Table 1 Energy carrier shares of mileage (passenger cars) or transport
performances (HDVs and inland vessels) in the scenarios
Scenario 1 lsquoCNG LNG
without RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 2 lsquoCNG LNG
with RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 3 lsquoRE PtCH4 +
fuel cell vehicles
2050 2050 2050
Ca
r
Petroldiesel 467 433 274
CNG 288 321 100
H2 in fuel cell 57 57 359
Electricity from grid
189 189 267
HD
V1
Diesel 13 13 5
CNG LNG 78 78 25
H2 in fuel cell 5 5 62
Electricity from grid
5 5 7
Inla
nd
ves
se
l
Diesel 50 50 50
LNG 50 50 50
Table 2 PtG share in the scenarios
Scenario 1
lsquowithout RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 2 + 3
lsquowith RE PtCH4rsquo
2050 2050
Share RE PtCH4 of total H2
100 100
Share RE PtCH4 of total CNGLNG
0 100
1 The proportional transport performances in the HDV segments N1 N2 and N3 were included in the
scenario with separate assumptions these were aggregated in this table for simplification purposes Detailed information on the assumptions may be found in the MFS study lsquoRenewable energies in transportrsquo
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Key messages ndash fuel for thought
Blind spots result from focusing environmental assessments on greenhouse gases only Biodiversity water criteria pollutants social aspects etc
There is no single optimal fuel with regard to technology economics and ecology Diversification of fueldrivetrain portfolio in the midterm downsizing and electrification
Efficiency measures alone will not do for achieving greenhouse gas targets Renewables sufficiency
Societal question Where shall the valuable (but limited) biomass go to Several (cascading) uses
Renewable electricity and fuels derived from renewable electricity eg hydrogen synthetic methane or power-to-liquids provide both large quantity and high emission reduction potentials Accountability towards environmental targets must be given
There is a trade-off between fuels infrastructures and availability
ndash Renewable (drop-in) fuels use already established infrastructures ndash but limited availability (ie rising fuel production costs)
ndash Renewable power-to-gas (hydrogen methane) as well the direct use of renewable electricity both provide very high efficiency and availability potentials ndash but require a switch of infrastructures and drivetrains (ie investments)
12
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Contact
Patrick Schmidt (Dipl-Ing)
LBST Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH Daimlerstr 15 85521 Munich Germany
T +49 (89) 608110-36 E PatrickSchmidtLBSTde W httpwwwlbstde
13
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
LBST ∙ Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
3
Company profile
Independent expert for sustainable energy and mobility for over 30 years
Bridging technology markets and policy
Renewable energies fuels infrastructure
Technology-based strategy consulting System and technology studies Sustainability assessment
Global and long term perspective
Rigorous system approach ndash thinking outside the box
Serving international clients in industry finance politics and NGOs
Selected studies
German Mobility amp Fuels Strategy (MKS)
EC-JRCEUCARCONCAWE lsquoWell-to-Tank Analysis of Transport Fuelsrsquo
European Parliament ITRE amp ENVI Committee
German Research Association for Combustion Engines (FVV)
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Content
LBST profile
Greenhouse gas emissions
Example scenarios
4
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Significant efforts required to achieve GHG reduction targets
5
--- IPCC
Greenhouse gas emission reduction targets (base year 1990)
Demanding reduction targets for greenhouse gas and selected pollutant emissions sbquowell-to-uselsquo
At the same time rising global energy demands (in absolute terms)
Critical for staying within the reduction corridor System transformation may take significant time
EU regulatory framework is currently in a state of stallmove and blurry post-2020
EU Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) and EU Renewables Energy Directive (RED) under review for years now
National infrastructure plans to be developed for EU Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Directive (AFID)
--- EU Germany
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Transportation fuels from biomass and renewable electricity Many routes lead to Rome and there is no optimal way
6
Legend
BTL Biomass-to-Liquids via gasification amp synthesis
RES-H2 Renewable power-to-hydrogen
FT-Synthesis Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
GTL Gas-to-Liquid
PTL Power-to-Liquids
Fuels
GasolineKerosene
Diesel
Plant oil
Hydro-gen
BEVElectricity
LBST 2015-03-26
Plant oils(rape soy)Fats hellip
Organicwastes
Wood Lignocellul Black liquor
Wind
Solar
Gasification + FT synthesis
Fermentation(Biogas)
Electrolysis(RES-H2)
Hydrotreating
Reforming + FT synthesis
Methanol synthesis
Sust
ain
able
bio
mas
s
Primary energy Conversion
Oil mill + raffination
Ren
ewab
le e
lect
rici
ty
Water Geothermal
Inverse CO-shift + FT synthesis
Olefin synthesis + Oligomerisation+ Hydrotreating
Hyd
rocr
acki
ng
CO2
EE-H2
CO2
CH4
CO2 absorption(eg from the air)
EE-H2
RES-H2
RES-H2
BTL
HVOHEFA
PTL
PTL
Bio-GTL
RES-H2
Renewable electricity
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
GHG emissions of fossil and renewable fuels lsquowell-to-wheellsquo
7
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Be
nzi
n
Die
sel
CN
G
PM
E (B
iod
iese
l) R
aps
Eth
ano
l We
izen
Eth
ano
l Str
oh
CN
G B
ioga
s M
aisg
anzp
flan
zen
CN
G B
ioga
s A
bfa
ll
Ern
euer
bar
er
Stro
m
Stro
mm
ix E
U
EE-C
GH
2 (
Elek
tro
lyse
vo
r O
rt)
EE-C
NG
EE-B
en
zin
EE-D
iese
l
Fossil Biomasse Strom Power-to-Gas Power-to-Liquid
Trei
bh
ausg
ase
mis
sio
nen
(g
CO
2-Auml
qu
ival
ent
km)
Konventionelles Rohoumll
Ref
ere
nzf
ahrz
eug
C-S
egm
ent
(zB
VW
Go
lf)
LBST
14
10
20
14
Rohoumll aus Teersand
Pipeline 2500 km
Pipeline 7000 km
Schlempe =gt BiogasProzessenergie aus Biogas-KWK
getrocknete Schlempe =gt ViehfutterProzessenergie aus Erdgas-KWK
Verbrennungsmotor (VKM) Hybrid Elektromotor VKM Hybrid
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160G
aso
line
Die
sel
CN
G
Pla
nt
oil
(Bio
die
sel)
rap
e
Eth
ano
l wh
eat
Eth
ano
l str
aw
CN
G b
ioga
s m
aize
wh
ole
pla
nt
CN
G b
ioga
s o
rgan
ic w
aste
Re
new
able
ele
ctri
city
Elec
tric
ity
mix
EU
RE
CG
H2
(o
nsi
te e
lect
roly
sis)
RE
CN
G
RE
gaso
line
RE
die
sel
Fossil Biomass Power Power-to-Gas Power-to-Liquid
Gre
enh
ou
se g
as e
mis
sio
ns
(g C
O2-e
qu
iv
km)
Conventional crude-oil
Ref
ere
nce
veh
icle
C s
egm
ent
eg
VW
Go
lf
LBST
26
03
20
15
Crude-oil from tarsand
Pipeline 2500 km
Pipeline 7000 km
Destillers grain =gt BiogasBiogas CHP
Destillers dried grain =gt FodderNatural gas CHP
Internal combustion engine (ICE) hybrid Electric motor ICE hybrid
Sour
ce L
BST
bas
ed o
n da
ta f
rom
RED
JR
CE
UC
AR
CO
NC
AW
E
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Content
LBST profile
Greenhouse gas emissions
Example scenarios
8
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
How much EU land is (ceteris paribus) needed to fulfil the EU-RED 10 renewable fuel target in transport by 2020
With biomass pathways substitution of animal feed taken into account
Electricity and electricity-based fuels have low land area requirements The sbquowell-to-tanklsquo efficiency of PtX is misleading when compared with biofuels
9
Source LBST based on data from RED JRCEUCARCONCAWE
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
RME Ethanol wheat
BTL SRF
FAME algae
EE-PTL EE-CNG CGH2 Electricity EE-PTL EE-CNG CGH2 Electricity
Biomass PV Wind
[]
of
ara
ble
land
in E
U 2
7
Ludw
ig-B
oumllko
w-S
yste
mte
chni
kG
mbH
(LB
ST)
201
4-1
0-17
Land cover ~1Land cover ~30Land cover ~99
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Technical potential for renewable electricity in Germany (conservative approach)
10
Source LBST for the German Mobility and Fuels Strategy (MFS)
EE-Stromerzeugung1990
EE-Stromerzeugung2012
EE-Strompotenzial(technisch)
EE-StrompotenzialVerwendung
EE-Strom fuumlr Kraftstoff 465 TWha
Stromnachfrage 2012 535 TWha
Geothermie 0 TWha 1 TWha 15 TWha
Photovoltaik 0 TWha 26 TWha 284 TWha
Wind Offshore 0 TWha 1 TWha 280 TWha
Wind Onshore 0 TWha 51 TWha 390 TWha
Wasserkraft 20 TWha 22 TWha 25 TWha
0 TWha
200 TWha
400 TWha
600 TWha
800 TWha
1000 TWha
1200 TWhaEE
Str
om
erze
ugu
ng
lt
lt
asymp 1000 TWhaasymp 100 TWhaasymp 20 TWha
MK
S 0
80
52
01
4
4320 PJa
2160 PJa
3600 PJa
2880 PJa
720 PJa
1440 PJa
0 PJa
Potential 465 TWhela (1674 PJela) renewable
electricity for transporation
Electricity consumption
535 TWha (1271 PJa)
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Scen 1 Scen 2 Scen 3
2010 2050
Methane in transport
H2 in transport
Electricity (direct) intransportOther sectors
TWh a
(Industrie Haushalte )
CNG LNG
without PtCH4
CNG LNG with
PtCH4 RE PtCH4 + FCEVs
The scenarios exclusively explored road transport and inland navigation
Fueldrivetrain choices and fuel demand ndash 3 scenarios
Transportation demand in Germany Traffic Prognosis 2030 Technical renewable electricity potential in Germany ~1000 TWha
11
Source MFS PtG study (2014 w VP2030)
Road transport +
inland shipping
Technical RE potential Germany
CNG PtCH4 BEV+ PtH2
Table 1 Energy carrier shares of mileage (passenger cars) or transport
performances (HDVs and inland vessels) in the scenarios
Scenario 1 lsquoCNG LNG
without RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 2 lsquoCNG LNG
with RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 3 lsquoRE PtCH4 +
fuel cell vehicles
2050 2050 2050
Ca
r
Petroldiesel 467 433 274
CNG 288 321 100
H2 in fuel cell 57 57 359
Electricity from grid
189 189 267
HD
V1
Diesel 13 13 5
CNG LNG 78 78 25
H2 in fuel cell 5 5 62
Electricity from grid
5 5 7
Inla
nd
ves
se
l
Diesel 50 50 50
LNG 50 50 50
Table 2 PtG share in the scenarios
Scenario 1
lsquowithout RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 2 + 3
lsquowith RE PtCH4rsquo
2050 2050
Share RE PtCH4 of total H2
100 100
Share RE PtCH4 of total CNGLNG
0 100
1 The proportional transport performances in the HDV segments N1 N2 and N3 were included in the
scenario with separate assumptions these were aggregated in this table for simplification purposes Detailed information on the assumptions may be found in the MFS study lsquoRenewable energies in transportrsquo
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Key messages ndash fuel for thought
Blind spots result from focusing environmental assessments on greenhouse gases only Biodiversity water criteria pollutants social aspects etc
There is no single optimal fuel with regard to technology economics and ecology Diversification of fueldrivetrain portfolio in the midterm downsizing and electrification
Efficiency measures alone will not do for achieving greenhouse gas targets Renewables sufficiency
Societal question Where shall the valuable (but limited) biomass go to Several (cascading) uses
Renewable electricity and fuels derived from renewable electricity eg hydrogen synthetic methane or power-to-liquids provide both large quantity and high emission reduction potentials Accountability towards environmental targets must be given
There is a trade-off between fuels infrastructures and availability
ndash Renewable (drop-in) fuels use already established infrastructures ndash but limited availability (ie rising fuel production costs)
ndash Renewable power-to-gas (hydrogen methane) as well the direct use of renewable electricity both provide very high efficiency and availability potentials ndash but require a switch of infrastructures and drivetrains (ie investments)
12
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Contact
Patrick Schmidt (Dipl-Ing)
LBST Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH Daimlerstr 15 85521 Munich Germany
T +49 (89) 608110-36 E PatrickSchmidtLBSTde W httpwwwlbstde
13
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Content
LBST profile
Greenhouse gas emissions
Example scenarios
4
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Significant efforts required to achieve GHG reduction targets
5
--- IPCC
Greenhouse gas emission reduction targets (base year 1990)
Demanding reduction targets for greenhouse gas and selected pollutant emissions sbquowell-to-uselsquo
At the same time rising global energy demands (in absolute terms)
Critical for staying within the reduction corridor System transformation may take significant time
EU regulatory framework is currently in a state of stallmove and blurry post-2020
EU Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) and EU Renewables Energy Directive (RED) under review for years now
National infrastructure plans to be developed for EU Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Directive (AFID)
--- EU Germany
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Transportation fuels from biomass and renewable electricity Many routes lead to Rome and there is no optimal way
6
Legend
BTL Biomass-to-Liquids via gasification amp synthesis
RES-H2 Renewable power-to-hydrogen
FT-Synthesis Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
GTL Gas-to-Liquid
PTL Power-to-Liquids
Fuels
GasolineKerosene
Diesel
Plant oil
Hydro-gen
BEVElectricity
LBST 2015-03-26
Plant oils(rape soy)Fats hellip
Organicwastes
Wood Lignocellul Black liquor
Wind
Solar
Gasification + FT synthesis
Fermentation(Biogas)
Electrolysis(RES-H2)
Hydrotreating
Reforming + FT synthesis
Methanol synthesis
Sust
ain
able
bio
mas
s
Primary energy Conversion
Oil mill + raffination
Ren
ewab
le e
lect
rici
ty
Water Geothermal
Inverse CO-shift + FT synthesis
Olefin synthesis + Oligomerisation+ Hydrotreating
Hyd
rocr
acki
ng
CO2
EE-H2
CO2
CH4
CO2 absorption(eg from the air)
EE-H2
RES-H2
RES-H2
BTL
HVOHEFA
PTL
PTL
Bio-GTL
RES-H2
Renewable electricity
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
GHG emissions of fossil and renewable fuels lsquowell-to-wheellsquo
7
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Be
nzi
n
Die
sel
CN
G
PM
E (B
iod
iese
l) R
aps
Eth
ano
l We
izen
Eth
ano
l Str
oh
CN
G B
ioga
s M
aisg
anzp
flan
zen
CN
G B
ioga
s A
bfa
ll
Ern
euer
bar
er
Stro
m
Stro
mm
ix E
U
EE-C
GH
2 (
Elek
tro
lyse
vo
r O
rt)
EE-C
NG
EE-B
en
zin
EE-D
iese
l
Fossil Biomasse Strom Power-to-Gas Power-to-Liquid
Trei
bh
ausg
ase
mis
sio
nen
(g
CO
2-Auml
qu
ival
ent
km)
Konventionelles Rohoumll
Ref
ere
nzf
ahrz
eug
C-S
egm
ent
(zB
VW
Go
lf)
LBST
14
10
20
14
Rohoumll aus Teersand
Pipeline 2500 km
Pipeline 7000 km
Schlempe =gt BiogasProzessenergie aus Biogas-KWK
getrocknete Schlempe =gt ViehfutterProzessenergie aus Erdgas-KWK
Verbrennungsmotor (VKM) Hybrid Elektromotor VKM Hybrid
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160G
aso
line
Die
sel
CN
G
Pla
nt
oil
(Bio
die
sel)
rap
e
Eth
ano
l wh
eat
Eth
ano
l str
aw
CN
G b
ioga
s m
aize
wh
ole
pla
nt
CN
G b
ioga
s o
rgan
ic w
aste
Re
new
able
ele
ctri
city
Elec
tric
ity
mix
EU
RE
CG
H2
(o
nsi
te e
lect
roly
sis)
RE
CN
G
RE
gaso
line
RE
die
sel
Fossil Biomass Power Power-to-Gas Power-to-Liquid
Gre
enh
ou
se g
as e
mis
sio
ns
(g C
O2-e
qu
iv
km)
Conventional crude-oil
Ref
ere
nce
veh
icle
C s
egm
ent
eg
VW
Go
lf
LBST
26
03
20
15
Crude-oil from tarsand
Pipeline 2500 km
Pipeline 7000 km
Destillers grain =gt BiogasBiogas CHP
Destillers dried grain =gt FodderNatural gas CHP
Internal combustion engine (ICE) hybrid Electric motor ICE hybrid
Sour
ce L
BST
bas
ed o
n da
ta f
rom
RED
JR
CE
UC
AR
CO
NC
AW
E
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Content
LBST profile
Greenhouse gas emissions
Example scenarios
8
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
How much EU land is (ceteris paribus) needed to fulfil the EU-RED 10 renewable fuel target in transport by 2020
With biomass pathways substitution of animal feed taken into account
Electricity and electricity-based fuels have low land area requirements The sbquowell-to-tanklsquo efficiency of PtX is misleading when compared with biofuels
9
Source LBST based on data from RED JRCEUCARCONCAWE
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
RME Ethanol wheat
BTL SRF
FAME algae
EE-PTL EE-CNG CGH2 Electricity EE-PTL EE-CNG CGH2 Electricity
Biomass PV Wind
[]
of
ara
ble
land
in E
U 2
7
Ludw
ig-B
oumllko
w-S
yste
mte
chni
kG
mbH
(LB
ST)
201
4-1
0-17
Land cover ~1Land cover ~30Land cover ~99
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Technical potential for renewable electricity in Germany (conservative approach)
10
Source LBST for the German Mobility and Fuels Strategy (MFS)
EE-Stromerzeugung1990
EE-Stromerzeugung2012
EE-Strompotenzial(technisch)
EE-StrompotenzialVerwendung
EE-Strom fuumlr Kraftstoff 465 TWha
Stromnachfrage 2012 535 TWha
Geothermie 0 TWha 1 TWha 15 TWha
Photovoltaik 0 TWha 26 TWha 284 TWha
Wind Offshore 0 TWha 1 TWha 280 TWha
Wind Onshore 0 TWha 51 TWha 390 TWha
Wasserkraft 20 TWha 22 TWha 25 TWha
0 TWha
200 TWha
400 TWha
600 TWha
800 TWha
1000 TWha
1200 TWhaEE
Str
om
erze
ugu
ng
lt
lt
asymp 1000 TWhaasymp 100 TWhaasymp 20 TWha
MK
S 0
80
52
01
4
4320 PJa
2160 PJa
3600 PJa
2880 PJa
720 PJa
1440 PJa
0 PJa
Potential 465 TWhela (1674 PJela) renewable
electricity for transporation
Electricity consumption
535 TWha (1271 PJa)
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Scen 1 Scen 2 Scen 3
2010 2050
Methane in transport
H2 in transport
Electricity (direct) intransportOther sectors
TWh a
(Industrie Haushalte )
CNG LNG
without PtCH4
CNG LNG with
PtCH4 RE PtCH4 + FCEVs
The scenarios exclusively explored road transport and inland navigation
Fueldrivetrain choices and fuel demand ndash 3 scenarios
Transportation demand in Germany Traffic Prognosis 2030 Technical renewable electricity potential in Germany ~1000 TWha
11
Source MFS PtG study (2014 w VP2030)
Road transport +
inland shipping
Technical RE potential Germany
CNG PtCH4 BEV+ PtH2
Table 1 Energy carrier shares of mileage (passenger cars) or transport
performances (HDVs and inland vessels) in the scenarios
Scenario 1 lsquoCNG LNG
without RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 2 lsquoCNG LNG
with RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 3 lsquoRE PtCH4 +
fuel cell vehicles
2050 2050 2050
Ca
r
Petroldiesel 467 433 274
CNG 288 321 100
H2 in fuel cell 57 57 359
Electricity from grid
189 189 267
HD
V1
Diesel 13 13 5
CNG LNG 78 78 25
H2 in fuel cell 5 5 62
Electricity from grid
5 5 7
Inla
nd
ves
se
l
Diesel 50 50 50
LNG 50 50 50
Table 2 PtG share in the scenarios
Scenario 1
lsquowithout RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 2 + 3
lsquowith RE PtCH4rsquo
2050 2050
Share RE PtCH4 of total H2
100 100
Share RE PtCH4 of total CNGLNG
0 100
1 The proportional transport performances in the HDV segments N1 N2 and N3 were included in the
scenario with separate assumptions these were aggregated in this table for simplification purposes Detailed information on the assumptions may be found in the MFS study lsquoRenewable energies in transportrsquo
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Key messages ndash fuel for thought
Blind spots result from focusing environmental assessments on greenhouse gases only Biodiversity water criteria pollutants social aspects etc
There is no single optimal fuel with regard to technology economics and ecology Diversification of fueldrivetrain portfolio in the midterm downsizing and electrification
Efficiency measures alone will not do for achieving greenhouse gas targets Renewables sufficiency
Societal question Where shall the valuable (but limited) biomass go to Several (cascading) uses
Renewable electricity and fuels derived from renewable electricity eg hydrogen synthetic methane or power-to-liquids provide both large quantity and high emission reduction potentials Accountability towards environmental targets must be given
There is a trade-off between fuels infrastructures and availability
ndash Renewable (drop-in) fuels use already established infrastructures ndash but limited availability (ie rising fuel production costs)
ndash Renewable power-to-gas (hydrogen methane) as well the direct use of renewable electricity both provide very high efficiency and availability potentials ndash but require a switch of infrastructures and drivetrains (ie investments)
12
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Contact
Patrick Schmidt (Dipl-Ing)
LBST Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH Daimlerstr 15 85521 Munich Germany
T +49 (89) 608110-36 E PatrickSchmidtLBSTde W httpwwwlbstde
13
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Significant efforts required to achieve GHG reduction targets
5
--- IPCC
Greenhouse gas emission reduction targets (base year 1990)
Demanding reduction targets for greenhouse gas and selected pollutant emissions sbquowell-to-uselsquo
At the same time rising global energy demands (in absolute terms)
Critical for staying within the reduction corridor System transformation may take significant time
EU regulatory framework is currently in a state of stallmove and blurry post-2020
EU Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) and EU Renewables Energy Directive (RED) under review for years now
National infrastructure plans to be developed for EU Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Directive (AFID)
--- EU Germany
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Transportation fuels from biomass and renewable electricity Many routes lead to Rome and there is no optimal way
6
Legend
BTL Biomass-to-Liquids via gasification amp synthesis
RES-H2 Renewable power-to-hydrogen
FT-Synthesis Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
GTL Gas-to-Liquid
PTL Power-to-Liquids
Fuels
GasolineKerosene
Diesel
Plant oil
Hydro-gen
BEVElectricity
LBST 2015-03-26
Plant oils(rape soy)Fats hellip
Organicwastes
Wood Lignocellul Black liquor
Wind
Solar
Gasification + FT synthesis
Fermentation(Biogas)
Electrolysis(RES-H2)
Hydrotreating
Reforming + FT synthesis
Methanol synthesis
Sust
ain
able
bio
mas
s
Primary energy Conversion
Oil mill + raffination
Ren
ewab
le e
lect
rici
ty
Water Geothermal
Inverse CO-shift + FT synthesis
Olefin synthesis + Oligomerisation+ Hydrotreating
Hyd
rocr
acki
ng
CO2
EE-H2
CO2
CH4
CO2 absorption(eg from the air)
EE-H2
RES-H2
RES-H2
BTL
HVOHEFA
PTL
PTL
Bio-GTL
RES-H2
Renewable electricity
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
GHG emissions of fossil and renewable fuels lsquowell-to-wheellsquo
7
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Be
nzi
n
Die
sel
CN
G
PM
E (B
iod
iese
l) R
aps
Eth
ano
l We
izen
Eth
ano
l Str
oh
CN
G B
ioga
s M
aisg
anzp
flan
zen
CN
G B
ioga
s A
bfa
ll
Ern
euer
bar
er
Stro
m
Stro
mm
ix E
U
EE-C
GH
2 (
Elek
tro
lyse
vo
r O
rt)
EE-C
NG
EE-B
en
zin
EE-D
iese
l
Fossil Biomasse Strom Power-to-Gas Power-to-Liquid
Trei
bh
ausg
ase
mis
sio
nen
(g
CO
2-Auml
qu
ival
ent
km)
Konventionelles Rohoumll
Ref
ere
nzf
ahrz
eug
C-S
egm
ent
(zB
VW
Go
lf)
LBST
14
10
20
14
Rohoumll aus Teersand
Pipeline 2500 km
Pipeline 7000 km
Schlempe =gt BiogasProzessenergie aus Biogas-KWK
getrocknete Schlempe =gt ViehfutterProzessenergie aus Erdgas-KWK
Verbrennungsmotor (VKM) Hybrid Elektromotor VKM Hybrid
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160G
aso
line
Die
sel
CN
G
Pla
nt
oil
(Bio
die
sel)
rap
e
Eth
ano
l wh
eat
Eth
ano
l str
aw
CN
G b
ioga
s m
aize
wh
ole
pla
nt
CN
G b
ioga
s o
rgan
ic w
aste
Re
new
able
ele
ctri
city
Elec
tric
ity
mix
EU
RE
CG
H2
(o
nsi
te e
lect
roly
sis)
RE
CN
G
RE
gaso
line
RE
die
sel
Fossil Biomass Power Power-to-Gas Power-to-Liquid
Gre
enh
ou
se g
as e
mis
sio
ns
(g C
O2-e
qu
iv
km)
Conventional crude-oil
Ref
ere
nce
veh
icle
C s
egm
ent
eg
VW
Go
lf
LBST
26
03
20
15
Crude-oil from tarsand
Pipeline 2500 km
Pipeline 7000 km
Destillers grain =gt BiogasBiogas CHP
Destillers dried grain =gt FodderNatural gas CHP
Internal combustion engine (ICE) hybrid Electric motor ICE hybrid
Sour
ce L
BST
bas
ed o
n da
ta f
rom
RED
JR
CE
UC
AR
CO
NC
AW
E
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Content
LBST profile
Greenhouse gas emissions
Example scenarios
8
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
How much EU land is (ceteris paribus) needed to fulfil the EU-RED 10 renewable fuel target in transport by 2020
With biomass pathways substitution of animal feed taken into account
Electricity and electricity-based fuels have low land area requirements The sbquowell-to-tanklsquo efficiency of PtX is misleading when compared with biofuels
9
Source LBST based on data from RED JRCEUCARCONCAWE
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
RME Ethanol wheat
BTL SRF
FAME algae
EE-PTL EE-CNG CGH2 Electricity EE-PTL EE-CNG CGH2 Electricity
Biomass PV Wind
[]
of
ara
ble
land
in E
U 2
7
Ludw
ig-B
oumllko
w-S
yste
mte
chni
kG
mbH
(LB
ST)
201
4-1
0-17
Land cover ~1Land cover ~30Land cover ~99
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Technical potential for renewable electricity in Germany (conservative approach)
10
Source LBST for the German Mobility and Fuels Strategy (MFS)
EE-Stromerzeugung1990
EE-Stromerzeugung2012
EE-Strompotenzial(technisch)
EE-StrompotenzialVerwendung
EE-Strom fuumlr Kraftstoff 465 TWha
Stromnachfrage 2012 535 TWha
Geothermie 0 TWha 1 TWha 15 TWha
Photovoltaik 0 TWha 26 TWha 284 TWha
Wind Offshore 0 TWha 1 TWha 280 TWha
Wind Onshore 0 TWha 51 TWha 390 TWha
Wasserkraft 20 TWha 22 TWha 25 TWha
0 TWha
200 TWha
400 TWha
600 TWha
800 TWha
1000 TWha
1200 TWhaEE
Str
om
erze
ugu
ng
lt
lt
asymp 1000 TWhaasymp 100 TWhaasymp 20 TWha
MK
S 0
80
52
01
4
4320 PJa
2160 PJa
3600 PJa
2880 PJa
720 PJa
1440 PJa
0 PJa
Potential 465 TWhela (1674 PJela) renewable
electricity for transporation
Electricity consumption
535 TWha (1271 PJa)
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Scen 1 Scen 2 Scen 3
2010 2050
Methane in transport
H2 in transport
Electricity (direct) intransportOther sectors
TWh a
(Industrie Haushalte )
CNG LNG
without PtCH4
CNG LNG with
PtCH4 RE PtCH4 + FCEVs
The scenarios exclusively explored road transport and inland navigation
Fueldrivetrain choices and fuel demand ndash 3 scenarios
Transportation demand in Germany Traffic Prognosis 2030 Technical renewable electricity potential in Germany ~1000 TWha
11
Source MFS PtG study (2014 w VP2030)
Road transport +
inland shipping
Technical RE potential Germany
CNG PtCH4 BEV+ PtH2
Table 1 Energy carrier shares of mileage (passenger cars) or transport
performances (HDVs and inland vessels) in the scenarios
Scenario 1 lsquoCNG LNG
without RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 2 lsquoCNG LNG
with RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 3 lsquoRE PtCH4 +
fuel cell vehicles
2050 2050 2050
Ca
r
Petroldiesel 467 433 274
CNG 288 321 100
H2 in fuel cell 57 57 359
Electricity from grid
189 189 267
HD
V1
Diesel 13 13 5
CNG LNG 78 78 25
H2 in fuel cell 5 5 62
Electricity from grid
5 5 7
Inla
nd
ves
se
l
Diesel 50 50 50
LNG 50 50 50
Table 2 PtG share in the scenarios
Scenario 1
lsquowithout RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 2 + 3
lsquowith RE PtCH4rsquo
2050 2050
Share RE PtCH4 of total H2
100 100
Share RE PtCH4 of total CNGLNG
0 100
1 The proportional transport performances in the HDV segments N1 N2 and N3 were included in the
scenario with separate assumptions these were aggregated in this table for simplification purposes Detailed information on the assumptions may be found in the MFS study lsquoRenewable energies in transportrsquo
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Key messages ndash fuel for thought
Blind spots result from focusing environmental assessments on greenhouse gases only Biodiversity water criteria pollutants social aspects etc
There is no single optimal fuel with regard to technology economics and ecology Diversification of fueldrivetrain portfolio in the midterm downsizing and electrification
Efficiency measures alone will not do for achieving greenhouse gas targets Renewables sufficiency
Societal question Where shall the valuable (but limited) biomass go to Several (cascading) uses
Renewable electricity and fuels derived from renewable electricity eg hydrogen synthetic methane or power-to-liquids provide both large quantity and high emission reduction potentials Accountability towards environmental targets must be given
There is a trade-off between fuels infrastructures and availability
ndash Renewable (drop-in) fuels use already established infrastructures ndash but limited availability (ie rising fuel production costs)
ndash Renewable power-to-gas (hydrogen methane) as well the direct use of renewable electricity both provide very high efficiency and availability potentials ndash but require a switch of infrastructures and drivetrains (ie investments)
12
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Contact
Patrick Schmidt (Dipl-Ing)
LBST Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH Daimlerstr 15 85521 Munich Germany
T +49 (89) 608110-36 E PatrickSchmidtLBSTde W httpwwwlbstde
13
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Transportation fuels from biomass and renewable electricity Many routes lead to Rome and there is no optimal way
6
Legend
BTL Biomass-to-Liquids via gasification amp synthesis
RES-H2 Renewable power-to-hydrogen
FT-Synthesis Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
GTL Gas-to-Liquid
PTL Power-to-Liquids
Fuels
GasolineKerosene
Diesel
Plant oil
Hydro-gen
BEVElectricity
LBST 2015-03-26
Plant oils(rape soy)Fats hellip
Organicwastes
Wood Lignocellul Black liquor
Wind
Solar
Gasification + FT synthesis
Fermentation(Biogas)
Electrolysis(RES-H2)
Hydrotreating
Reforming + FT synthesis
Methanol synthesis
Sust
ain
able
bio
mas
s
Primary energy Conversion
Oil mill + raffination
Ren
ewab
le e
lect
rici
ty
Water Geothermal
Inverse CO-shift + FT synthesis
Olefin synthesis + Oligomerisation+ Hydrotreating
Hyd
rocr
acki
ng
CO2
EE-H2
CO2
CH4
CO2 absorption(eg from the air)
EE-H2
RES-H2
RES-H2
BTL
HVOHEFA
PTL
PTL
Bio-GTL
RES-H2
Renewable electricity
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
GHG emissions of fossil and renewable fuels lsquowell-to-wheellsquo
7
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Be
nzi
n
Die
sel
CN
G
PM
E (B
iod
iese
l) R
aps
Eth
ano
l We
izen
Eth
ano
l Str
oh
CN
G B
ioga
s M
aisg
anzp
flan
zen
CN
G B
ioga
s A
bfa
ll
Ern
euer
bar
er
Stro
m
Stro
mm
ix E
U
EE-C
GH
2 (
Elek
tro
lyse
vo
r O
rt)
EE-C
NG
EE-B
en
zin
EE-D
iese
l
Fossil Biomasse Strom Power-to-Gas Power-to-Liquid
Trei
bh
ausg
ase
mis
sio
nen
(g
CO
2-Auml
qu
ival
ent
km)
Konventionelles Rohoumll
Ref
ere
nzf
ahrz
eug
C-S
egm
ent
(zB
VW
Go
lf)
LBST
14
10
20
14
Rohoumll aus Teersand
Pipeline 2500 km
Pipeline 7000 km
Schlempe =gt BiogasProzessenergie aus Biogas-KWK
getrocknete Schlempe =gt ViehfutterProzessenergie aus Erdgas-KWK
Verbrennungsmotor (VKM) Hybrid Elektromotor VKM Hybrid
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160G
aso
line
Die
sel
CN
G
Pla
nt
oil
(Bio
die
sel)
rap
e
Eth
ano
l wh
eat
Eth
ano
l str
aw
CN
G b
ioga
s m
aize
wh
ole
pla
nt
CN
G b
ioga
s o
rgan
ic w
aste
Re
new
able
ele
ctri
city
Elec
tric
ity
mix
EU
RE
CG
H2
(o
nsi
te e
lect
roly
sis)
RE
CN
G
RE
gaso
line
RE
die
sel
Fossil Biomass Power Power-to-Gas Power-to-Liquid
Gre
enh
ou
se g
as e
mis
sio
ns
(g C
O2-e
qu
iv
km)
Conventional crude-oil
Ref
ere
nce
veh
icle
C s
egm
ent
eg
VW
Go
lf
LBST
26
03
20
15
Crude-oil from tarsand
Pipeline 2500 km
Pipeline 7000 km
Destillers grain =gt BiogasBiogas CHP
Destillers dried grain =gt FodderNatural gas CHP
Internal combustion engine (ICE) hybrid Electric motor ICE hybrid
Sour
ce L
BST
bas
ed o
n da
ta f
rom
RED
JR
CE
UC
AR
CO
NC
AW
E
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Content
LBST profile
Greenhouse gas emissions
Example scenarios
8
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
How much EU land is (ceteris paribus) needed to fulfil the EU-RED 10 renewable fuel target in transport by 2020
With biomass pathways substitution of animal feed taken into account
Electricity and electricity-based fuels have low land area requirements The sbquowell-to-tanklsquo efficiency of PtX is misleading when compared with biofuels
9
Source LBST based on data from RED JRCEUCARCONCAWE
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
RME Ethanol wheat
BTL SRF
FAME algae
EE-PTL EE-CNG CGH2 Electricity EE-PTL EE-CNG CGH2 Electricity
Biomass PV Wind
[]
of
ara
ble
land
in E
U 2
7
Ludw
ig-B
oumllko
w-S
yste
mte
chni
kG
mbH
(LB
ST)
201
4-1
0-17
Land cover ~1Land cover ~30Land cover ~99
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Technical potential for renewable electricity in Germany (conservative approach)
10
Source LBST for the German Mobility and Fuels Strategy (MFS)
EE-Stromerzeugung1990
EE-Stromerzeugung2012
EE-Strompotenzial(technisch)
EE-StrompotenzialVerwendung
EE-Strom fuumlr Kraftstoff 465 TWha
Stromnachfrage 2012 535 TWha
Geothermie 0 TWha 1 TWha 15 TWha
Photovoltaik 0 TWha 26 TWha 284 TWha
Wind Offshore 0 TWha 1 TWha 280 TWha
Wind Onshore 0 TWha 51 TWha 390 TWha
Wasserkraft 20 TWha 22 TWha 25 TWha
0 TWha
200 TWha
400 TWha
600 TWha
800 TWha
1000 TWha
1200 TWhaEE
Str
om
erze
ugu
ng
lt
lt
asymp 1000 TWhaasymp 100 TWhaasymp 20 TWha
MK
S 0
80
52
01
4
4320 PJa
2160 PJa
3600 PJa
2880 PJa
720 PJa
1440 PJa
0 PJa
Potential 465 TWhela (1674 PJela) renewable
electricity for transporation
Electricity consumption
535 TWha (1271 PJa)
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Scen 1 Scen 2 Scen 3
2010 2050
Methane in transport
H2 in transport
Electricity (direct) intransportOther sectors
TWh a
(Industrie Haushalte )
CNG LNG
without PtCH4
CNG LNG with
PtCH4 RE PtCH4 + FCEVs
The scenarios exclusively explored road transport and inland navigation
Fueldrivetrain choices and fuel demand ndash 3 scenarios
Transportation demand in Germany Traffic Prognosis 2030 Technical renewable electricity potential in Germany ~1000 TWha
11
Source MFS PtG study (2014 w VP2030)
Road transport +
inland shipping
Technical RE potential Germany
CNG PtCH4 BEV+ PtH2
Table 1 Energy carrier shares of mileage (passenger cars) or transport
performances (HDVs and inland vessels) in the scenarios
Scenario 1 lsquoCNG LNG
without RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 2 lsquoCNG LNG
with RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 3 lsquoRE PtCH4 +
fuel cell vehicles
2050 2050 2050
Ca
r
Petroldiesel 467 433 274
CNG 288 321 100
H2 in fuel cell 57 57 359
Electricity from grid
189 189 267
HD
V1
Diesel 13 13 5
CNG LNG 78 78 25
H2 in fuel cell 5 5 62
Electricity from grid
5 5 7
Inla
nd
ves
se
l
Diesel 50 50 50
LNG 50 50 50
Table 2 PtG share in the scenarios
Scenario 1
lsquowithout RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 2 + 3
lsquowith RE PtCH4rsquo
2050 2050
Share RE PtCH4 of total H2
100 100
Share RE PtCH4 of total CNGLNG
0 100
1 The proportional transport performances in the HDV segments N1 N2 and N3 were included in the
scenario with separate assumptions these were aggregated in this table for simplification purposes Detailed information on the assumptions may be found in the MFS study lsquoRenewable energies in transportrsquo
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Key messages ndash fuel for thought
Blind spots result from focusing environmental assessments on greenhouse gases only Biodiversity water criteria pollutants social aspects etc
There is no single optimal fuel with regard to technology economics and ecology Diversification of fueldrivetrain portfolio in the midterm downsizing and electrification
Efficiency measures alone will not do for achieving greenhouse gas targets Renewables sufficiency
Societal question Where shall the valuable (but limited) biomass go to Several (cascading) uses
Renewable electricity and fuels derived from renewable electricity eg hydrogen synthetic methane or power-to-liquids provide both large quantity and high emission reduction potentials Accountability towards environmental targets must be given
There is a trade-off between fuels infrastructures and availability
ndash Renewable (drop-in) fuels use already established infrastructures ndash but limited availability (ie rising fuel production costs)
ndash Renewable power-to-gas (hydrogen methane) as well the direct use of renewable electricity both provide very high efficiency and availability potentials ndash but require a switch of infrastructures and drivetrains (ie investments)
12
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Contact
Patrick Schmidt (Dipl-Ing)
LBST Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH Daimlerstr 15 85521 Munich Germany
T +49 (89) 608110-36 E PatrickSchmidtLBSTde W httpwwwlbstde
13
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
GHG emissions of fossil and renewable fuels lsquowell-to-wheellsquo
7
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Be
nzi
n
Die
sel
CN
G
PM
E (B
iod
iese
l) R
aps
Eth
ano
l We
izen
Eth
ano
l Str
oh
CN
G B
ioga
s M
aisg
anzp
flan
zen
CN
G B
ioga
s A
bfa
ll
Ern
euer
bar
er
Stro
m
Stro
mm
ix E
U
EE-C
GH
2 (
Elek
tro
lyse
vo
r O
rt)
EE-C
NG
EE-B
en
zin
EE-D
iese
l
Fossil Biomasse Strom Power-to-Gas Power-to-Liquid
Trei
bh
ausg
ase
mis
sio
nen
(g
CO
2-Auml
qu
ival
ent
km)
Konventionelles Rohoumll
Ref
ere
nzf
ahrz
eug
C-S
egm
ent
(zB
VW
Go
lf)
LBST
14
10
20
14
Rohoumll aus Teersand
Pipeline 2500 km
Pipeline 7000 km
Schlempe =gt BiogasProzessenergie aus Biogas-KWK
getrocknete Schlempe =gt ViehfutterProzessenergie aus Erdgas-KWK
Verbrennungsmotor (VKM) Hybrid Elektromotor VKM Hybrid
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160G
aso
line
Die
sel
CN
G
Pla
nt
oil
(Bio
die
sel)
rap
e
Eth
ano
l wh
eat
Eth
ano
l str
aw
CN
G b
ioga
s m
aize
wh
ole
pla
nt
CN
G b
ioga
s o
rgan
ic w
aste
Re
new
able
ele
ctri
city
Elec
tric
ity
mix
EU
RE
CG
H2
(o
nsi
te e
lect
roly
sis)
RE
CN
G
RE
gaso
line
RE
die
sel
Fossil Biomass Power Power-to-Gas Power-to-Liquid
Gre
enh
ou
se g
as e
mis
sio
ns
(g C
O2-e
qu
iv
km)
Conventional crude-oil
Ref
ere
nce
veh
icle
C s
egm
ent
eg
VW
Go
lf
LBST
26
03
20
15
Crude-oil from tarsand
Pipeline 2500 km
Pipeline 7000 km
Destillers grain =gt BiogasBiogas CHP
Destillers dried grain =gt FodderNatural gas CHP
Internal combustion engine (ICE) hybrid Electric motor ICE hybrid
Sour
ce L
BST
bas
ed o
n da
ta f
rom
RED
JR
CE
UC
AR
CO
NC
AW
E
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Content
LBST profile
Greenhouse gas emissions
Example scenarios
8
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
How much EU land is (ceteris paribus) needed to fulfil the EU-RED 10 renewable fuel target in transport by 2020
With biomass pathways substitution of animal feed taken into account
Electricity and electricity-based fuels have low land area requirements The sbquowell-to-tanklsquo efficiency of PtX is misleading when compared with biofuels
9
Source LBST based on data from RED JRCEUCARCONCAWE
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
RME Ethanol wheat
BTL SRF
FAME algae
EE-PTL EE-CNG CGH2 Electricity EE-PTL EE-CNG CGH2 Electricity
Biomass PV Wind
[]
of
ara
ble
land
in E
U 2
7
Ludw
ig-B
oumllko
w-S
yste
mte
chni
kG
mbH
(LB
ST)
201
4-1
0-17
Land cover ~1Land cover ~30Land cover ~99
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Technical potential for renewable electricity in Germany (conservative approach)
10
Source LBST for the German Mobility and Fuels Strategy (MFS)
EE-Stromerzeugung1990
EE-Stromerzeugung2012
EE-Strompotenzial(technisch)
EE-StrompotenzialVerwendung
EE-Strom fuumlr Kraftstoff 465 TWha
Stromnachfrage 2012 535 TWha
Geothermie 0 TWha 1 TWha 15 TWha
Photovoltaik 0 TWha 26 TWha 284 TWha
Wind Offshore 0 TWha 1 TWha 280 TWha
Wind Onshore 0 TWha 51 TWha 390 TWha
Wasserkraft 20 TWha 22 TWha 25 TWha
0 TWha
200 TWha
400 TWha
600 TWha
800 TWha
1000 TWha
1200 TWhaEE
Str
om
erze
ugu
ng
lt
lt
asymp 1000 TWhaasymp 100 TWhaasymp 20 TWha
MK
S 0
80
52
01
4
4320 PJa
2160 PJa
3600 PJa
2880 PJa
720 PJa
1440 PJa
0 PJa
Potential 465 TWhela (1674 PJela) renewable
electricity for transporation
Electricity consumption
535 TWha (1271 PJa)
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Scen 1 Scen 2 Scen 3
2010 2050
Methane in transport
H2 in transport
Electricity (direct) intransportOther sectors
TWh a
(Industrie Haushalte )
CNG LNG
without PtCH4
CNG LNG with
PtCH4 RE PtCH4 + FCEVs
The scenarios exclusively explored road transport and inland navigation
Fueldrivetrain choices and fuel demand ndash 3 scenarios
Transportation demand in Germany Traffic Prognosis 2030 Technical renewable electricity potential in Germany ~1000 TWha
11
Source MFS PtG study (2014 w VP2030)
Road transport +
inland shipping
Technical RE potential Germany
CNG PtCH4 BEV+ PtH2
Table 1 Energy carrier shares of mileage (passenger cars) or transport
performances (HDVs and inland vessels) in the scenarios
Scenario 1 lsquoCNG LNG
without RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 2 lsquoCNG LNG
with RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 3 lsquoRE PtCH4 +
fuel cell vehicles
2050 2050 2050
Ca
r
Petroldiesel 467 433 274
CNG 288 321 100
H2 in fuel cell 57 57 359
Electricity from grid
189 189 267
HD
V1
Diesel 13 13 5
CNG LNG 78 78 25
H2 in fuel cell 5 5 62
Electricity from grid
5 5 7
Inla
nd
ves
se
l
Diesel 50 50 50
LNG 50 50 50
Table 2 PtG share in the scenarios
Scenario 1
lsquowithout RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 2 + 3
lsquowith RE PtCH4rsquo
2050 2050
Share RE PtCH4 of total H2
100 100
Share RE PtCH4 of total CNGLNG
0 100
1 The proportional transport performances in the HDV segments N1 N2 and N3 were included in the
scenario with separate assumptions these were aggregated in this table for simplification purposes Detailed information on the assumptions may be found in the MFS study lsquoRenewable energies in transportrsquo
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Key messages ndash fuel for thought
Blind spots result from focusing environmental assessments on greenhouse gases only Biodiversity water criteria pollutants social aspects etc
There is no single optimal fuel with regard to technology economics and ecology Diversification of fueldrivetrain portfolio in the midterm downsizing and electrification
Efficiency measures alone will not do for achieving greenhouse gas targets Renewables sufficiency
Societal question Where shall the valuable (but limited) biomass go to Several (cascading) uses
Renewable electricity and fuels derived from renewable electricity eg hydrogen synthetic methane or power-to-liquids provide both large quantity and high emission reduction potentials Accountability towards environmental targets must be given
There is a trade-off between fuels infrastructures and availability
ndash Renewable (drop-in) fuels use already established infrastructures ndash but limited availability (ie rising fuel production costs)
ndash Renewable power-to-gas (hydrogen methane) as well the direct use of renewable electricity both provide very high efficiency and availability potentials ndash but require a switch of infrastructures and drivetrains (ie investments)
12
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Contact
Patrick Schmidt (Dipl-Ing)
LBST Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH Daimlerstr 15 85521 Munich Germany
T +49 (89) 608110-36 E PatrickSchmidtLBSTde W httpwwwlbstde
13
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Content
LBST profile
Greenhouse gas emissions
Example scenarios
8
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
How much EU land is (ceteris paribus) needed to fulfil the EU-RED 10 renewable fuel target in transport by 2020
With biomass pathways substitution of animal feed taken into account
Electricity and electricity-based fuels have low land area requirements The sbquowell-to-tanklsquo efficiency of PtX is misleading when compared with biofuels
9
Source LBST based on data from RED JRCEUCARCONCAWE
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
RME Ethanol wheat
BTL SRF
FAME algae
EE-PTL EE-CNG CGH2 Electricity EE-PTL EE-CNG CGH2 Electricity
Biomass PV Wind
[]
of
ara
ble
land
in E
U 2
7
Ludw
ig-B
oumllko
w-S
yste
mte
chni
kG
mbH
(LB
ST)
201
4-1
0-17
Land cover ~1Land cover ~30Land cover ~99
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Technical potential for renewable electricity in Germany (conservative approach)
10
Source LBST for the German Mobility and Fuels Strategy (MFS)
EE-Stromerzeugung1990
EE-Stromerzeugung2012
EE-Strompotenzial(technisch)
EE-StrompotenzialVerwendung
EE-Strom fuumlr Kraftstoff 465 TWha
Stromnachfrage 2012 535 TWha
Geothermie 0 TWha 1 TWha 15 TWha
Photovoltaik 0 TWha 26 TWha 284 TWha
Wind Offshore 0 TWha 1 TWha 280 TWha
Wind Onshore 0 TWha 51 TWha 390 TWha
Wasserkraft 20 TWha 22 TWha 25 TWha
0 TWha
200 TWha
400 TWha
600 TWha
800 TWha
1000 TWha
1200 TWhaEE
Str
om
erze
ugu
ng
lt
lt
asymp 1000 TWhaasymp 100 TWhaasymp 20 TWha
MK
S 0
80
52
01
4
4320 PJa
2160 PJa
3600 PJa
2880 PJa
720 PJa
1440 PJa
0 PJa
Potential 465 TWhela (1674 PJela) renewable
electricity for transporation
Electricity consumption
535 TWha (1271 PJa)
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Scen 1 Scen 2 Scen 3
2010 2050
Methane in transport
H2 in transport
Electricity (direct) intransportOther sectors
TWh a
(Industrie Haushalte )
CNG LNG
without PtCH4
CNG LNG with
PtCH4 RE PtCH4 + FCEVs
The scenarios exclusively explored road transport and inland navigation
Fueldrivetrain choices and fuel demand ndash 3 scenarios
Transportation demand in Germany Traffic Prognosis 2030 Technical renewable electricity potential in Germany ~1000 TWha
11
Source MFS PtG study (2014 w VP2030)
Road transport +
inland shipping
Technical RE potential Germany
CNG PtCH4 BEV+ PtH2
Table 1 Energy carrier shares of mileage (passenger cars) or transport
performances (HDVs and inland vessels) in the scenarios
Scenario 1 lsquoCNG LNG
without RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 2 lsquoCNG LNG
with RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 3 lsquoRE PtCH4 +
fuel cell vehicles
2050 2050 2050
Ca
r
Petroldiesel 467 433 274
CNG 288 321 100
H2 in fuel cell 57 57 359
Electricity from grid
189 189 267
HD
V1
Diesel 13 13 5
CNG LNG 78 78 25
H2 in fuel cell 5 5 62
Electricity from grid
5 5 7
Inla
nd
ves
se
l
Diesel 50 50 50
LNG 50 50 50
Table 2 PtG share in the scenarios
Scenario 1
lsquowithout RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 2 + 3
lsquowith RE PtCH4rsquo
2050 2050
Share RE PtCH4 of total H2
100 100
Share RE PtCH4 of total CNGLNG
0 100
1 The proportional transport performances in the HDV segments N1 N2 and N3 were included in the
scenario with separate assumptions these were aggregated in this table for simplification purposes Detailed information on the assumptions may be found in the MFS study lsquoRenewable energies in transportrsquo
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Key messages ndash fuel for thought
Blind spots result from focusing environmental assessments on greenhouse gases only Biodiversity water criteria pollutants social aspects etc
There is no single optimal fuel with regard to technology economics and ecology Diversification of fueldrivetrain portfolio in the midterm downsizing and electrification
Efficiency measures alone will not do for achieving greenhouse gas targets Renewables sufficiency
Societal question Where shall the valuable (but limited) biomass go to Several (cascading) uses
Renewable electricity and fuels derived from renewable electricity eg hydrogen synthetic methane or power-to-liquids provide both large quantity and high emission reduction potentials Accountability towards environmental targets must be given
There is a trade-off between fuels infrastructures and availability
ndash Renewable (drop-in) fuels use already established infrastructures ndash but limited availability (ie rising fuel production costs)
ndash Renewable power-to-gas (hydrogen methane) as well the direct use of renewable electricity both provide very high efficiency and availability potentials ndash but require a switch of infrastructures and drivetrains (ie investments)
12
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Contact
Patrick Schmidt (Dipl-Ing)
LBST Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH Daimlerstr 15 85521 Munich Germany
T +49 (89) 608110-36 E PatrickSchmidtLBSTde W httpwwwlbstde
13
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
How much EU land is (ceteris paribus) needed to fulfil the EU-RED 10 renewable fuel target in transport by 2020
With biomass pathways substitution of animal feed taken into account
Electricity and electricity-based fuels have low land area requirements The sbquowell-to-tanklsquo efficiency of PtX is misleading when compared with biofuels
9
Source LBST based on data from RED JRCEUCARCONCAWE
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
RME Ethanol wheat
BTL SRF
FAME algae
EE-PTL EE-CNG CGH2 Electricity EE-PTL EE-CNG CGH2 Electricity
Biomass PV Wind
[]
of
ara
ble
land
in E
U 2
7
Ludw
ig-B
oumllko
w-S
yste
mte
chni
kG
mbH
(LB
ST)
201
4-1
0-17
Land cover ~1Land cover ~30Land cover ~99
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Technical potential for renewable electricity in Germany (conservative approach)
10
Source LBST for the German Mobility and Fuels Strategy (MFS)
EE-Stromerzeugung1990
EE-Stromerzeugung2012
EE-Strompotenzial(technisch)
EE-StrompotenzialVerwendung
EE-Strom fuumlr Kraftstoff 465 TWha
Stromnachfrage 2012 535 TWha
Geothermie 0 TWha 1 TWha 15 TWha
Photovoltaik 0 TWha 26 TWha 284 TWha
Wind Offshore 0 TWha 1 TWha 280 TWha
Wind Onshore 0 TWha 51 TWha 390 TWha
Wasserkraft 20 TWha 22 TWha 25 TWha
0 TWha
200 TWha
400 TWha
600 TWha
800 TWha
1000 TWha
1200 TWhaEE
Str
om
erze
ugu
ng
lt
lt
asymp 1000 TWhaasymp 100 TWhaasymp 20 TWha
MK
S 0
80
52
01
4
4320 PJa
2160 PJa
3600 PJa
2880 PJa
720 PJa
1440 PJa
0 PJa
Potential 465 TWhela (1674 PJela) renewable
electricity for transporation
Electricity consumption
535 TWha (1271 PJa)
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Scen 1 Scen 2 Scen 3
2010 2050
Methane in transport
H2 in transport
Electricity (direct) intransportOther sectors
TWh a
(Industrie Haushalte )
CNG LNG
without PtCH4
CNG LNG with
PtCH4 RE PtCH4 + FCEVs
The scenarios exclusively explored road transport and inland navigation
Fueldrivetrain choices and fuel demand ndash 3 scenarios
Transportation demand in Germany Traffic Prognosis 2030 Technical renewable electricity potential in Germany ~1000 TWha
11
Source MFS PtG study (2014 w VP2030)
Road transport +
inland shipping
Technical RE potential Germany
CNG PtCH4 BEV+ PtH2
Table 1 Energy carrier shares of mileage (passenger cars) or transport
performances (HDVs and inland vessels) in the scenarios
Scenario 1 lsquoCNG LNG
without RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 2 lsquoCNG LNG
with RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 3 lsquoRE PtCH4 +
fuel cell vehicles
2050 2050 2050
Ca
r
Petroldiesel 467 433 274
CNG 288 321 100
H2 in fuel cell 57 57 359
Electricity from grid
189 189 267
HD
V1
Diesel 13 13 5
CNG LNG 78 78 25
H2 in fuel cell 5 5 62
Electricity from grid
5 5 7
Inla
nd
ves
se
l
Diesel 50 50 50
LNG 50 50 50
Table 2 PtG share in the scenarios
Scenario 1
lsquowithout RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 2 + 3
lsquowith RE PtCH4rsquo
2050 2050
Share RE PtCH4 of total H2
100 100
Share RE PtCH4 of total CNGLNG
0 100
1 The proportional transport performances in the HDV segments N1 N2 and N3 were included in the
scenario with separate assumptions these were aggregated in this table for simplification purposes Detailed information on the assumptions may be found in the MFS study lsquoRenewable energies in transportrsquo
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Key messages ndash fuel for thought
Blind spots result from focusing environmental assessments on greenhouse gases only Biodiversity water criteria pollutants social aspects etc
There is no single optimal fuel with regard to technology economics and ecology Diversification of fueldrivetrain portfolio in the midterm downsizing and electrification
Efficiency measures alone will not do for achieving greenhouse gas targets Renewables sufficiency
Societal question Where shall the valuable (but limited) biomass go to Several (cascading) uses
Renewable electricity and fuels derived from renewable electricity eg hydrogen synthetic methane or power-to-liquids provide both large quantity and high emission reduction potentials Accountability towards environmental targets must be given
There is a trade-off between fuels infrastructures and availability
ndash Renewable (drop-in) fuels use already established infrastructures ndash but limited availability (ie rising fuel production costs)
ndash Renewable power-to-gas (hydrogen methane) as well the direct use of renewable electricity both provide very high efficiency and availability potentials ndash but require a switch of infrastructures and drivetrains (ie investments)
12
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Contact
Patrick Schmidt (Dipl-Ing)
LBST Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH Daimlerstr 15 85521 Munich Germany
T +49 (89) 608110-36 E PatrickSchmidtLBSTde W httpwwwlbstde
13
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Technical potential for renewable electricity in Germany (conservative approach)
10
Source LBST for the German Mobility and Fuels Strategy (MFS)
EE-Stromerzeugung1990
EE-Stromerzeugung2012
EE-Strompotenzial(technisch)
EE-StrompotenzialVerwendung
EE-Strom fuumlr Kraftstoff 465 TWha
Stromnachfrage 2012 535 TWha
Geothermie 0 TWha 1 TWha 15 TWha
Photovoltaik 0 TWha 26 TWha 284 TWha
Wind Offshore 0 TWha 1 TWha 280 TWha
Wind Onshore 0 TWha 51 TWha 390 TWha
Wasserkraft 20 TWha 22 TWha 25 TWha
0 TWha
200 TWha
400 TWha
600 TWha
800 TWha
1000 TWha
1200 TWhaEE
Str
om
erze
ugu
ng
lt
lt
asymp 1000 TWhaasymp 100 TWhaasymp 20 TWha
MK
S 0
80
52
01
4
4320 PJa
2160 PJa
3600 PJa
2880 PJa
720 PJa
1440 PJa
0 PJa
Potential 465 TWhela (1674 PJela) renewable
electricity for transporation
Electricity consumption
535 TWha (1271 PJa)
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Scen 1 Scen 2 Scen 3
2010 2050
Methane in transport
H2 in transport
Electricity (direct) intransportOther sectors
TWh a
(Industrie Haushalte )
CNG LNG
without PtCH4
CNG LNG with
PtCH4 RE PtCH4 + FCEVs
The scenarios exclusively explored road transport and inland navigation
Fueldrivetrain choices and fuel demand ndash 3 scenarios
Transportation demand in Germany Traffic Prognosis 2030 Technical renewable electricity potential in Germany ~1000 TWha
11
Source MFS PtG study (2014 w VP2030)
Road transport +
inland shipping
Technical RE potential Germany
CNG PtCH4 BEV+ PtH2
Table 1 Energy carrier shares of mileage (passenger cars) or transport
performances (HDVs and inland vessels) in the scenarios
Scenario 1 lsquoCNG LNG
without RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 2 lsquoCNG LNG
with RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 3 lsquoRE PtCH4 +
fuel cell vehicles
2050 2050 2050
Ca
r
Petroldiesel 467 433 274
CNG 288 321 100
H2 in fuel cell 57 57 359
Electricity from grid
189 189 267
HD
V1
Diesel 13 13 5
CNG LNG 78 78 25
H2 in fuel cell 5 5 62
Electricity from grid
5 5 7
Inla
nd
ves
se
l
Diesel 50 50 50
LNG 50 50 50
Table 2 PtG share in the scenarios
Scenario 1
lsquowithout RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 2 + 3
lsquowith RE PtCH4rsquo
2050 2050
Share RE PtCH4 of total H2
100 100
Share RE PtCH4 of total CNGLNG
0 100
1 The proportional transport performances in the HDV segments N1 N2 and N3 were included in the
scenario with separate assumptions these were aggregated in this table for simplification purposes Detailed information on the assumptions may be found in the MFS study lsquoRenewable energies in transportrsquo
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Key messages ndash fuel for thought
Blind spots result from focusing environmental assessments on greenhouse gases only Biodiversity water criteria pollutants social aspects etc
There is no single optimal fuel with regard to technology economics and ecology Diversification of fueldrivetrain portfolio in the midterm downsizing and electrification
Efficiency measures alone will not do for achieving greenhouse gas targets Renewables sufficiency
Societal question Where shall the valuable (but limited) biomass go to Several (cascading) uses
Renewable electricity and fuels derived from renewable electricity eg hydrogen synthetic methane or power-to-liquids provide both large quantity and high emission reduction potentials Accountability towards environmental targets must be given
There is a trade-off between fuels infrastructures and availability
ndash Renewable (drop-in) fuels use already established infrastructures ndash but limited availability (ie rising fuel production costs)
ndash Renewable power-to-gas (hydrogen methane) as well the direct use of renewable electricity both provide very high efficiency and availability potentials ndash but require a switch of infrastructures and drivetrains (ie investments)
12
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Contact
Patrick Schmidt (Dipl-Ing)
LBST Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH Daimlerstr 15 85521 Munich Germany
T +49 (89) 608110-36 E PatrickSchmidtLBSTde W httpwwwlbstde
13
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Scen 1 Scen 2 Scen 3
2010 2050
Methane in transport
H2 in transport
Electricity (direct) intransportOther sectors
TWh a
(Industrie Haushalte )
CNG LNG
without PtCH4
CNG LNG with
PtCH4 RE PtCH4 + FCEVs
The scenarios exclusively explored road transport and inland navigation
Fueldrivetrain choices and fuel demand ndash 3 scenarios
Transportation demand in Germany Traffic Prognosis 2030 Technical renewable electricity potential in Germany ~1000 TWha
11
Source MFS PtG study (2014 w VP2030)
Road transport +
inland shipping
Technical RE potential Germany
CNG PtCH4 BEV+ PtH2
Table 1 Energy carrier shares of mileage (passenger cars) or transport
performances (HDVs and inland vessels) in the scenarios
Scenario 1 lsquoCNG LNG
without RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 2 lsquoCNG LNG
with RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 3 lsquoRE PtCH4 +
fuel cell vehicles
2050 2050 2050
Ca
r
Petroldiesel 467 433 274
CNG 288 321 100
H2 in fuel cell 57 57 359
Electricity from grid
189 189 267
HD
V1
Diesel 13 13 5
CNG LNG 78 78 25
H2 in fuel cell 5 5 62
Electricity from grid
5 5 7
Inla
nd
ves
se
l
Diesel 50 50 50
LNG 50 50 50
Table 2 PtG share in the scenarios
Scenario 1
lsquowithout RE PtCH4rsquo
Scenario 2 + 3
lsquowith RE PtCH4rsquo
2050 2050
Share RE PtCH4 of total H2
100 100
Share RE PtCH4 of total CNGLNG
0 100
1 The proportional transport performances in the HDV segments N1 N2 and N3 were included in the
scenario with separate assumptions these were aggregated in this table for simplification purposes Detailed information on the assumptions may be found in the MFS study lsquoRenewable energies in transportrsquo
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Key messages ndash fuel for thought
Blind spots result from focusing environmental assessments on greenhouse gases only Biodiversity water criteria pollutants social aspects etc
There is no single optimal fuel with regard to technology economics and ecology Diversification of fueldrivetrain portfolio in the midterm downsizing and electrification
Efficiency measures alone will not do for achieving greenhouse gas targets Renewables sufficiency
Societal question Where shall the valuable (but limited) biomass go to Several (cascading) uses
Renewable electricity and fuels derived from renewable electricity eg hydrogen synthetic methane or power-to-liquids provide both large quantity and high emission reduction potentials Accountability towards environmental targets must be given
There is a trade-off between fuels infrastructures and availability
ndash Renewable (drop-in) fuels use already established infrastructures ndash but limited availability (ie rising fuel production costs)
ndash Renewable power-to-gas (hydrogen methane) as well the direct use of renewable electricity both provide very high efficiency and availability potentials ndash but require a switch of infrastructures and drivetrains (ie investments)
12
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Contact
Patrick Schmidt (Dipl-Ing)
LBST Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH Daimlerstr 15 85521 Munich Germany
T +49 (89) 608110-36 E PatrickSchmidtLBSTde W httpwwwlbstde
13
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Key messages ndash fuel for thought
Blind spots result from focusing environmental assessments on greenhouse gases only Biodiversity water criteria pollutants social aspects etc
There is no single optimal fuel with regard to technology economics and ecology Diversification of fueldrivetrain portfolio in the midterm downsizing and electrification
Efficiency measures alone will not do for achieving greenhouse gas targets Renewables sufficiency
Societal question Where shall the valuable (but limited) biomass go to Several (cascading) uses
Renewable electricity and fuels derived from renewable electricity eg hydrogen synthetic methane or power-to-liquids provide both large quantity and high emission reduction potentials Accountability towards environmental targets must be given
There is a trade-off between fuels infrastructures and availability
ndash Renewable (drop-in) fuels use already established infrastructures ndash but limited availability (ie rising fuel production costs)
ndash Renewable power-to-gas (hydrogen methane) as well the direct use of renewable electricity both provide very high efficiency and availability potentials ndash but require a switch of infrastructures and drivetrains (ie investments)
12
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Contact
Patrick Schmidt (Dipl-Ing)
LBST Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH Daimlerstr 15 85521 Munich Germany
T +49 (89) 608110-36 E PatrickSchmidtLBSTde W httpwwwlbstde
13
LBSTde 31 March 2015 Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH
ludwig boumllkow
systemtechnik
Contact
Patrick Schmidt (Dipl-Ing)
LBST Ludwig-Boumllkow-Systemtechnik GmbH Daimlerstr 15 85521 Munich Germany
T +49 (89) 608110-36 E PatrickSchmidtLBSTde W httpwwwlbstde
13