Indian Journal of Geo Marine Sciences

Vol. 46 (07), July 2017, pp. 1339-1351

Comparative analysis of digital elevation models: A case study around

Madduleru River

Subbu Lakshmi. E1 & Kiran Yarrakula

2*

Centre for Disaster Mitigation and Management, VIT University, Vellore, Pin 632014, India

*[E-mail: kiranyadavphysik@gmail.com]

Received 14 July 2016 ; revised 28 November 2016

High resolution DEM is generated from Cartosat-1 stereo data. The performance of different DEMs is evaluated based

on error statistics. To identify the hill profiles, the TIN plots have generated and compared for SRTM, Cartosat -1, and SOI

toposheet. The study divulges that, elevation values of Cartosat-1 DEM are better in flat terrain and SRTM images in hilly region

produced better, when compared each other.

[Keywords: Cartosat-1 DEM, SRTM-DEM, Google earth, Survey of India Toposheet, Accuracy Assessment, Digital elevation

model]

Introduction

Cartosat-1 DEM with 2.5m spatial

resolution and vertical resolution 7.5m is intended

to be used for generating DEM. The ground

control points and geometric model are the

essential components required for generating

DEM from stereo data1. DEM in variety of

application such as land use land cover to analyze

the spatio-temporal change on the river2&3

,

cadastral mapping, to assess the vertical

characteristics of topographical variability of

urban built-up landscape4&5

and Hydrological

modeling to obtain information about flow lines,

slope, watershed boundary, elevation,

contour6&7&8

and other GIS applications. Elevation

data generated from the satellite imageries is

evaluated by cross checking the elevation values

obtained from topographic maps9. Assessment

can also be done by checking the elevation values

of the contour generated using satellite images

with elevation data obtained from differential

global positioning system (DGPS) and global

positioning system (GPS) 10&11

. The cost of DGPS

data is very expensive12

, provides very good

accuracy of less than 1m. In the present study, due

to unavailability of DGPS data, the elevation

values are feed using toposheet and the

corresponding image points are identified in the

particular stereo images In general, the accuracy

of Cartosat-1 DEM seems to be fine in the flat

terrain which is helpful to interpret the land

features13

. Past few years many scientists and

researchers have done a series of local and global

assessments of these elevation products. Many

new technologies are giving opportunities for

generating digital elevation models in remote

sensing to determine Earth surface elevation at

increasing resolution for larger areas14

. DEMs are

very useful that reflect the importance of the

availability of global, consistent, and high quality

DEM. In this paper an attempt has been made to

examine the accuracy of DEM derived from

Cartosat-1 DEM, SRTM DEM, Google earth and

SOI toposheet for proper planning. Existing

satellite based DEMs still show large drawbacks

with respect to consistency, availability, cost,

degree of resolution, and coverage. DEMs should

act as a carrier of geoinformation representing

terrain features associated to the earth surface. It

should provide innovative mechanism for

operational applications to carry out more issue

and analysis operations to investigate the complex

interactions among geospatial features and

processes identified at the Earth surface15

. Here

INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 46, NO. 07, JULY 2017

mainly, we are assessing the quality of Cartosat-1

data through comparison with three other data

sets. To assess the accuracy of DEM, a random of

59 control points are selected from the study area

and interpreted the elevation values at each point.

In this study elevation data of Cartosat-1 DEM,

SRTM DEM, Google earth and SOI toposheet

values are compared for the region of Anantapur

and Kadapa districts of Andhra Pradesh, India.

Materials and Methods

The DEM comparison has been performed for the

region of Anantapur and Kadapa districts,

Andhrapradesh, India. Dorigallu and

Gorivikanuma, Kokkarajukonda are the main hill

areas covered by the dense forest extending from

west to east in the study area. The height of this

forest area varies from 372m to 755m. High

resolution Cartosat-1 stereo data is used for DEM

generation and it is compared with SRTM DEM

with vertical resolution of 30m. Google earth and

SOI toposheet with 1:50,000 scales are also used

for DEM comparison. Figure 1 shows geographic

location of the study area. Table 1 shows product

details of the images.

Fig. 1 Geographic location of the study area

Table1 Data resource description

DEM is mainly used for representing the

terrain surface in 3D form and to interpret the

topographic features16

. High resolution Cartosat-1

stereo kit with rational polynomial coefficient

(RPC) file is used to develop digital elevation

model. Cartosat -1 ortho image is a panchromatic

image with spatial resolution of 2.5m17

. For DEM

extraction, a block file is created for the image

identity. The type of geometric model Cartosat-1

RPC is assigned for the created blocks. The

extraction of sensor information from RPC file is

done to carry out the interior and exterior

orientations18

. Rational function is chosen as

category of geometric model19

. Stereo image pair

is loaded which is in TIFF (Tagged image file

format) form. Then RPC coefficients are specified

for the Band A and Band F images using the

Survey of India Toposheet (SOI) 57J/3 by

checking the minimum and maximum elevation

values of the study area. Pyramid layers for the

S.NO Image

used

Resolution Satellite Area Date of procurement

1 PAN 2.5m IRS-1C (Cartosat-1) Anantapur and

Kadapa

March 2010

2 SRTM

DEM

3-ARC

seconds

Shuttle Radar Anantapur and

Kadapa

September 2014

3 Google

Earth

0.15(Highest) Digital globe (Astrium, SPOT) Anantapur and

Kadapa

January 2014

4 SOI 1:50,000

scale

toposheet

Photogrammetric interpretation

of aerial photography, LIDAR and

other remotesensing techniques.

Anantapur and

Kadapa

Procured in

2013.Updated for major

details during 2014-2015

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LAKSHMI & YARRAKULA: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS

image in the block file will get activated

automatically. The pyramid layers are used to

optimize image display during automatic tie point

collection and also in DEM extraction process.

Tie points are automatically generated using LPS

software and it act as a 3D reference point to

compute the quality of digital elevation model. To

establish the relationship between stereo images,

the sensor and ground in the block, the

triangulation process is done by providing ground

control points (GCPs) 20

. GCP are the points on

the earth surface of known location (latitude,

longitude, elevation). Accurate ground control

points in the overlap area would results in uniform

DEM with high accuracy21

. In the present work,

the ground coordinates of GCPs are derived from

satellite image of IRSP6 Resourcesat-II. Tie

points are generated in the overlap area between

the two stereo images. Sometimes the ground

control points are taken as check points for

generating DEM. The points with known ground

positions are check points used for assessing the

accuracy22

. Elevation values are derived from

toposheet for the corresponding well defined GCP

points. The block triangulation is performed after

adding GCP and elevation values. The block

triangulation estimates the position of each image

in a block at the time of image capturing and

establishes the relationship between images within

a block sensor model and the ground23

. The

triangulation process is run to check the accuracy

of GPCs and tie points. Then the block

adjustment is carried out that simultaneously

process all the images within the block which

minimize the error. Finally the DEM is extracted

with DEM cell size of 10m, after checking the

accuracy of GCP and tie points by using DEM

extraction. Reference coordinate system,

projection type, vertical and horizontal datum are

used as Geographic lat/long, UTM, and WGS84

respectively. Once the DEM is generated,

automatically the contour can be extracted from

the DEM. Finally the ortho image is generated

using the DEM derived from Cartosat-1 stereo

image24

it will resample the triangulated images

and create orthoimages which are planimetrically

true images; represent the ground objects in their

real world X and Y position25

. Then the Cartosat-1

contour is draped over Google earth to identify the

study area and by giving corresponding latitude

and longitude values of the chosen 59 points the

elevation values of the particular location. In case

of SRTM DEM, the contour is generated using 3D

analyst option in ARC GIS software. By

providing corresponding latitude and longitude

values of the chosen 59 points, the elevation

values of the particular location is taken from the

SRTM contour, and these values are compared

with contours generated from Cartosat -1 DEM. In

case of toposheet, using latitude and longitude

values of 59 chosen points, the corresponding

elevation values are identified in toposheet and

these values are then compared with Cartosat-1

elevation values. Figure 2 shows the detailed

methodology for generating digital elevation

model using Cartosat-1 stereo data.

Fig. 2 Detailed methodologies for the comparative analysis of

various DEMs

DEM and ortho image generation using Cartosat

1 stereo images

Cartosat-1 satellite is the first high

resolution optical along track stereo imaging

system launched on 5th May 2005, built by ISRO

(Indian space research organization) with base to

height ratio of 0.62 and covers a swath of

30km26&27

with 2.5m spatial resolution in the

Using selected 59 data points for the study area

analyzing the elevation

values

Collection of CARTOSAT-1 stereo

image

Create block project (.blk)

in LPS 9.0 software

Set projection type and

Datum

Set Geometric model as

Cartosat RPC

Load stereo image pair

Tie point generation

Block adjustment and

processing

Generation of contour from

Cartosat 1 DEM

Triangulation

Adding GCP, check point

(for absolute DEM)

Collection of SRTM

DEM

Generating contour for the

study area using ARCGIS software

Identifying study area from

Google earth

Ortho image generation

Using selected 59 data

points for the study area

analyzing the elevation

values

Generating contour using ARCGIS software

Using selected 59 data points for the study area

analyzing the elevation

values

Accuracy assessment of

different DEM elevation

values

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INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 46, NO. 07, JULY 2017

visible region of electromagnetic spectrum

produce high quality DEMs for any location on

the earth surface virtually28&29

. The study area

covering longitude 78° to 78.34° E and Latitude

14.26° to 14.56° N with path number and

row number are 546 and 329 respectively. The

sensor is PAN (Panchromatic). To generate DEM

from Cartosat-1 stereo data the required data sets

include LPS (Leica photogrammetric suite)

software, Resourcesat II satellite image with

LISS-IV Mx sensor, SOI toposheet number 57 J/3

with 1:50,000 scale. The detailed information of

stereo data is provided in Table 2. BAND-A and

BAND-F are image files, and supporting files

include “.aux, .txt, and .rrd” are procured from

NRSA (National Remote Sensing Agency),

Hyderabad.

Table 2 Detail information of the stereo pair

Rational polynomial coefficient concept

has been introduced by IKONOS30

represent

the relationship between the images and objects

space and are terrain independent31

are specified

for the stereo image files by analyzing the

minimum maximum elevation of the chosen study

area using toposheet. Due to unavailability of

DGPS data, the ground control points and

elevation data are collected manually from

RESOURCESAT II and SOI toposheet 57J/3

respectively. The well defined features like

permanent immovable features, road intersection,

and survey bench mark32

are chosen as GCP’s. To

identify the location accuracy latitude, longitude,

are taken from Resourcesat-II (LISS-IV Mx) and

the ground coordinates of GCP’s are marked in

BAND-A and BAND-F images using point

measurement tool . The elevation data for the

corresponding locations for the BAND-A and

BAND-F images are taken from the SOI

toposheet. Tie point is generated in the overlap

pare between the two stereo images. Here less

number of GCP’s is given as a control points on

four corners and one at the centre of stereo image.

Total of 13 GCPs are marked as control points and

30 points are marked as tie points. Tie points are

generated automatically but that doesn’t seem

accurate. It produces some GCP mismatching

error. Triangulation is carried out after feeding

accurate controls points and elevation data, in the

corresponding stereo images. The distribution of

the control points and tie points are shown in

Figure 3.

Fig. 3 Distribution of control points (triangles), and tie points

(squares) over the stereo pair

Results and Discussion

Figure 5 depicts the DEM and

orthorectified image developed from Cartosat-1

stereo data. From Figure 5 a) it is observed that

maximum and minimum elevation of the ground

is 110 to 900m respectively. Here bluish magenta

colour indicates the hilly area while the rest of the

colour indicates low lying area. Figure 5 b) clearly

shows different features present in the study area

namely water bodies, village roads, national

highways, railway lines, Madduleru River and its

tributaries, reservoir, tanks, settlements, fields and

other landscape features.

Stereo pair

Image 1 Image 2 Format

BANDA BANDF TIFF

BANDA_RPC BANDF_RPC .txt

BANDA BANDF .rrd

BANDA BANDF .aux

BANDA_MET BANDF_MET .txt

BANDA_RPC_ORG BANDF_RPC_ORG .txt

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LAKSHMI & YARRAKULA: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS

Figure 4 illustrate the refinement

summary of triangulation process. From the

refinement summary it is observed that RMSE

error for the stereo image seems to be 7.37 pixels.

After the development of DEM the ortho image is

generated from the Cartosat-1 DEM which

reduces geometric errors inherent within the

imagery. The accuracy of orthorectified image

depends on DEM and quality of the sensor model.

Image matching should be done

accurately while marking the check points, GCP’s

and tie points in the stereo image otherwise the

RMSE error will increase. After triangulation, the

Cartosat-1 DEM is generated with 10m cell size.

The contours are also generated at 10m interval.

The accuracy of DEM generated from Cartosat-1

stereo data could be improved with using good

distribution of GCP's33

. Figure 5 shows the

Cartosat 1 DEM and ortho image covering the

parts of Anantapur and Kadapa districts.

To identify the spatial accuracy of

Cartosat-1 DEM and SRTM DEM, randomly 59

points are identified in the study area with

reference to SOI toposheet.

Fig. 4 Refinement summary of triangulation results

Fig. 5 a) Cartosat-1 DEM at 10m resolution b) Ortho image (2.5m) generated from Cartosat-1 DEM

Figure 6 shows distribution of randomly selected

points in the study area. It is observed that spatial

accuracy of SRTM DEM and Cartosat-1 DEM is

extremely high when compared to toposheet

latitude and longitude values. Error statistics is

also performed for Cartosat-1, SRTM, Google

Earth and toposheet. Table 3 shows estimated

error statistics of Cartosat-1, SRTM, and Google

Earth with respect to SOI toposheet. The results

shows that Cartosat-1 DEM provide better

estimation of topographical surface than SRTM

DEM. Figure 7 comparison of elevation values of

Cartosat 1, SRTM and Google Earth with SOI

toposheet. Figure 8 shows scatter plot of Cartosat-

1, SRTM and Google Earth with respect to

toposheet. From both the Figure 7 and Figure 8, it

is confined that elevation estimated from Cartosat-

1 DEM are found more close to toposheet when

compared with SRTM DEM.

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INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 46, NO. 07, JULY 2017

Fig. 6 Distribution of randomly selected points in the study area

Table 3 Error Statistics of Cartosat-1, Google Earth and SRTM

Cartosat-1 Google Earth SRTM

Mean Error -5.28814 -8.84746 -5.88136

Mean Absolute Error 9.338983 11.08475 10.40678

Standard Error 1.620307 2.134273 1.923293

RMSE 40.61894 67.95861 45.17555

R2 0.994 0.993 0.993

Fig. 7 Comparison of elevation values of Cartosat 1, SRTM and Google Earth with toposheet

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LAKSHMI & YARRAKULA: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS

Fig. 8 Scatter plot Cartosat-1, SRTM and Google Earth w.r.to toposheet

It is found that elevation obtained from

Google earth is not accurate when compared with

other DEMs. Google earth facilitate mapping of

earth surface enabling 3D view of whole earth24

.

The Google earth finds good for an indication of

height or slope and aspect of terrain features, but

it is not sufficient for detailed design of any sort.

It is because of the data has some errors in the

actual heights captured; the coarseness of data and

the fact is the missing portions of data are

interpolated. But in flat area the quality of Google

earth elevation values is similar to SRTM DEM

which approximately produces 30m resolution of

data35

. From this study it is clear that due to

unavailability DGPS and RPC’s in the hilly

region, the Cartosat-1 DEM is less accurate in

those regions. Visual comparison reveals that

Cartosat DEM is performing better than the

SRTM DEMs and Google earth.

Digital elevation model gives down-to-

earth information in various application fields36

.

The main advantage of Cartosat-1 mission is

generation of DEM for production of ortho image

and visualization of terrain in 3D form at large

scale. The 2.5m radiometric resolutions of

Cartosat-1 sensors allow discriminating the

objects, which reinforces the cartographic

potential of the sensor. Cartosat-1 images are

appropriate in the following cases where DEM’S

are required as a necessary form of input.

DEM is mainly used for creating contour

maps. Contour maps are derived from DEMs.

Using a series of mass points; contour lines for a

given range in elevation can be automatically

extracted. Figure 9 shows the contour developed

from Cartosat- DEM. Using latitude and longitude

values, difference between the elevation values

are analyzed with respect to toposheet37

. Figure 10

shows the digital elevation model and 10m

contours for SRTM DEM.

190

290

390

490

590

690

790

200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Ele

vat

ion(m

)

Distance (m)

Cartosat Elevation

Google Earth Elevation

SRTM Elevation

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INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 46, NO. 07, JULY 2017

Fig. 9 Digital elevation model and 10m contours Cartosat-1

Fig. 10 Digital elevation model and 10m contours SRTM

The efficiency of Cartosat-1, SRTM

DEM, Toposheet TIN are carried out by digitizing

the hilly regions in Cartosat-1 DEM, SRTM

DEM, SOI toposheet by generating TIN plot for

the Dorigallu forest area. The elevation difference

between the Cartosat-1 DEM, SRTM DEM and

toposheet are analyzed from the generating results

and their corresponding hill volume, area are also

estimated. Figure11 (a) shows the TIN plots of

Cartosat-1, Figure11 (b) shows the TIN plots of

SRTM and Figure11 (c) shows the TIN plots of

toposheet. The maximum and minimum

elevations of hill region in Cartosat-1 DEM range

from 420m to 620m and the volume is 119.0 km3

and the area is 1.45 km2. In SRTM DEM the

maximum and minimum elevation of the hill

ranges from 420 m to 600 m, the volume is 104.3

km3

and the area is 1.44 km2. The maximum and

minimum elevation of hill region in toposheet

ranges from 480 m to 620 m, the volume is 101.4

km3

and the area is 1.35 km2. Figure 12 shows the

comparative hill profile of Cartosat-1, SRTM and

toposheet. It can be seen that the volume of hilly

region of SRTM DEM shows maximum elevation

that are closely align with toposheet. From these

results it is clear that due to unavailability of

DGPS, Cartosat-1 elevation values are not

accurate in hilly areas. Table 4 shows hill profile

information Volume and Area comparison

between Cartosat-1, SRTM, and Toposheet.

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LAKSHMI & YARRAKULA: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS

Table 4 Dorigallu hill profile information between Cartosat-1, SRTM, and Toposheet

S.NO Measurements Cartosat-1 SRTM Toposheet

1 Area (km2) 1.45 1.44 1.35

2 Volume(km3) 119.0 104.3 101.4

3 Minimum elevation(m) 420 420 480

4 Maximum elevation(m) 620 600 620

Fig. 11 (a) Extraction of hill profile from TIN plot of Cartosat-1

Fig. 11 (b) Extraction of hill profile from TIN plot of SRTM

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INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 46, NO. 07, JULY 2017

Fig. 11 (c) Extraction of hill profile from TIN plot of Toposheet

Fig. 12 Comparative hill profile of SRTM, Cartosat-1 and Toposheet

To identify the profiles of rivers and tributaries,

Madduleru river located in Anantapur and Kadapa

districts of Andhrapradesh, is selected for the

analysis. Flow accumulation from both SRTM

DEM and Cartosat-1 DEM are generated using

ARCGIS software and the stream order is

generated using flow accumulation for both the

DEMs. To compare the river profiles of Cartosat-

1 DME and SRTM DEM, the reference river

profile is digitized using SOI toposheet. The

stream order is also provided using STRAHLER

method. Figure 13 shows the comparative river

profiles and its tributaries of Madduleru river

generated for Cartosat-1 DEM, SRTM DEM and

Toposheet. Figure 13 shows the overlaid

Madduleru river profiles of SOI toposheet,

Cartosat-1 DEM, and SRTM DEM. Table 5 shows

the stream order for the river profiles of Cartosat-

1 DEM, SRTM and Toposheet. Red colour

indicates Cartosat-1 river profiles and tributaries,

sky blue colour indicates SRTM river profiles and

tributaries, and brown colour indicates Toposheet

river profiles and tributaries of Madduleru river.

From the table it is identified that the total number

of streams are 46111 in Cartosat-1. The total

numbers of 8th order streams are 159 and 43 in

Cartosat-1 and SRTM respectively. Interestingly

the total numbers of streams in SOI toposheet are

identified as 154 only. The reason behind it may

be due to improper updation of toposheets.

450

500

550

600

650

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Elevation

Distance

Hill profile plotSRTM

CARTOSAT-1

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LAKSHMI & YARRAKULA: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS

Table 5 Generated stream order for the river profiles of Cartosat-1, SRTM DEM and Toposheet

S.NO Stream order Cartosat-1 SRTM Toposheet

1 1 26184 12693 74

2 2 10869 4886 45

3 3 4567 2236 25

4 4 2330 966 10

5 5 1074 647 -

6 6 643 325 -

7 7 285 76 -

8 8 159 43 -

Fig. 13 Comparative river profiles and tributaries of Madduleru river for Cartosat-1, SRTM and Toposheet

Conclusion We compared the accuracy of digital

elevation model (DEM) from high resolution

Cartosat-1 stereo data with elevation values from

SRTM (shuttle radar topography) DEM, Survey of

India toposheet (SOI) and Google Earth. It is

observed that, an elevation value of Cartosat-1

DEM is better than SRTM, and Google Earth. The

Cartosat-1 DEM provided good and satisfactory

information on topographic related analyses

especially in flat terrain region. Moreover, SRTM-

DEM provided good elevation in hilly region. For

this study, DGPS elevation values are not used

due to high cost and unavailability. This study is

useful for environmental mapping tasks like

avalanche hazard mapping, 3D perspective terrain

visualization, landform studies and topographic

maps updating.

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INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 46, NO. 07, JULY 2017

Acknowledgements

Authors are thankful to Board of research in

nuclear sciences (BRNS), Mumbai for sponsored

the project and also thankful to VIT University for

providing lab facilities and working environments.

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