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Comparative AnalysisCase Studies of Tunisia, Turkey,Yemen and Egypt
Decentralization and Participatory Irrigation Management
Dr. Bayoumi AttiaConsultant to IDRC
Water Demand Management ForumCairo (Feb. 2-4, 2003)
Presentation Outline
Challenges in Water Management Decentralization Concepts Case Studies Basic Data Water Resources and requirements Best Practices Comparative Analysis General Overview
Lack of awareness of
regional experiences
Lack of necessary information
Lack of Government
Financial Support
Lack of Involvement
Of Private Sector
Misuse of resources
through lack of awareness
Lack of appreciation of
consumer capacity in decision-making
Inappropriate and unapplied planning and policy making
Lack of links to international
expertise
Lack of Investment in Sector
Low Involvement of Consumer level and other stakeholders
Centralized but fragmented planning and
decision-making
Difficulty to apply good management practices
and principles
Ineffective local integrated water resource management
High water wastageFrequent Contamination of water resources by sewage,
fertilizers & pesticides
Water Shortage in some irrigation areas
Stalinization &declining crop yields from rising
water levels
Low access to safe reliable piped water and safe
sanitation
Cau
seE
ffec
tProblem Tree
Lack of necessaryinformation
Decentralization!!!
• Decentralization in the water sector occurs in the form of creating autonomous and financially self-dependent utility type organizations for the provision of water services.
• Urban water sector decentralization have often taken the form of privatization while user participation is linked to decentralization in irrigation sector.
While
WHILE all countries are actively promoting user organization as indispensable necessity for improving their water sector performance…..
only a few countries have developed the incentive structures and the institutional structures and the institutional mechanisms essential for sustaining user participation.
WHILE the paradigmatic change in water sector logically leads to decentralization
the latter opens the door for privatization and user participation.
Case Studies Basic Data
Egypt Tunisia Turkey Yemen
Total area of the country (ha)
100,145,000 16,361,000 77,945,000 52,797,000
Total cultivable area (ha)
4,435,000 8,700,000 28,054,000 3,617,753
Total agricultural area (ha)
3,246,000 4,254,000 20,480,000 1,199,104
Irrigation potential (ha)
1,200,000 4,435,000 4,435,000 659,507
Total Population (inhabitants)
62,931,000 8,896,000 67,800,000 14,501,000
Water Resources
Egypt Tunisia Turkey Yemen
Conventional Resources
Annual rainfall 18.10 35.00 501.00 89.80
Surface runoff 55.50 1.40 95.00 1.50
Deep GW 0.50 1.70 9.40 1.00
Non-conventional Resources
Shallow GW 5.00
Drainage reuse 4.50
Treated wastewater
0.70 0.02 33.5
Desalinated water
0.03 0.008 10.00
Per capita share (m3/yr)
926 460 2967 140
Egypt
Municipal(3.17)(5.7%)
Agriculure(47.4)(86%)
Industrial(4.6)
(8.3%)
Tunisia
Municipal(0.261)(7.5%)
Agriculture(3.17)
(90%)
Industrial(0.086)(2.5%)
Turkey
Municipal(5.8)
(14.8%)
Agriculture (29.3)
(74.6%)
Industrial(4.2)
(14.8%)
Annual Water Annual Water Requirement in BCMRequirement in BCM
Annual Water Annual Water Requirement in BCMRequirement in BCM
Yemen
Municipal(0.21)(6%)
Agriculture(3.15)(93%)
Industrial(0.045)
(1%)
Case Studies Countries Best Practices in Participatory Water Management
Turkey Accelerated Transfer Program
• Before1993, The focus was on transferring only small scale projects• DSI encouraged farmers to form WUGs for minor O&M• In 1993, DSI started the accelerated transfer program• Considerable training in-shore and offshore was made• Stimulate friendly competition among various regions• Total area transferred to WUOs increased from 0.062 M ha in 1992 to 1.67 M ha in 2002• Total number of WUOs increased since 1993 to reach 697 organization in 2002• in 1992 DSI was operated 96% of the irrigation system while in 2002 it only operated 13.4%
Irrigaion Area Operated by WUOs
0200
400600800
100012001400
16001800
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Are
a in
100
0 h
a
Distribution of the Irrigation areas developed between DSI and WUOs
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
%
of
the
area
DSI WUOs
Tunisia Structural Adjustment Program
• Up to 1970, Management of irrigation areas was undertaken by two gov. bodies• In 1986, the Structure Adjustment Program was launched including the Water Sector• In 1989, merger of the two gov. bodies managing irrig. areas in one single body• The idea of CIA/AIC was reactivated and institutional organization was adopted• Law 87-35 and its three supporting decrees issued to officially denomination of CIA/AICs• in 1990, a national strategy for the establishment and follow up of CIA/AICs was laid down and implemented in 8 Governorates with assistance from KFW•By 2006, all irrigated areas should be under community management
Development of Total No. of Irr & DWS CIG
0
500
1000
1500
2000
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
To
tal
Nu
mb
er o
f C
IG
DWS CIG Irrig. CIG
Distribution of Total Area run by CIG by end of 2001
TUW1%
Spreading10%
GIPA45%
PMH27%
Oasis17%
Formalization of User Participation in Egypt
• In 1981, MWRI initiated the IMS project• In 1987, IIP project was added as component to the IMS project• IIP established WUAs on Mesqa Level• Establishment of the Irrigation Improvement Sector (IIS)• Issue Law 12 in 1994 to provide Legal framework for WUAs• In 1995, Establishment the First experimental WB at Branch Canals• Establishment the Water Boards project to develop a viable national policy and Legal framework for WB development• Establishment of Collectors Users Associations (CUAs) for O&M the tile drainage networks.
Yemen Irrigation Improvement Project
•Yemen has a long tradition of community managed spate irrigation
• The gov. adopted the concept of Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) in Spat Irrigation
• in Jan 2001, the IIP launched phase 1 and IDA Credit N0. 3412-YEM become active to ensure the sustainability of spate irrigation scheme
• The Regional Development Authorities (RDAs) was established as fully authorized planning and implementing agency
• Two committees were established recently to participate in planning and implementing drinking water supply and irrigation projects
• Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation authorizes some of its responsibilities to its branches
• In Feb. 2000, the Local Authorities Law no 4/2000 has been enacted
• The Water Law has been issued by mid 2002 which is support the establishment of WUAs
Comparative Analysis
Participation ApproachIn Water Management
TechnicalImplication
InstitutionalImplications
LegalAspects
SocialImpacts
EconomicImpactsHealth and
Environment
Implications of User Participation in Irrigation Management
Technical Aspect
Egypt Tunisia Turkey Yemen
Size of area served by WUO
10-100 feddans (mesqa)
1000-12000 feddans (branch
canal)
1000 ha 1,523,395 ha (Total area for
297 WUAs)
10-1500 ha
Efficiency increase
Raised by 30%-40%
Raised by about 48%
Hydraulic works One lifting point
Elevated or piped mesqa
Energy consumption
Pumping hours reduced by 50%-60%
Energy price reduced by 25-
45%
Technical implication of users participation
Technical implications of Users participation
Mostly operation and maintenance activities Improved irrigation systems Small or medium size area Irrigation (water use) efficiency increases significantly Energy consumption decreases
Economic impacts of users participation
Farmers share O&M cost Reduced operational costs mainly energy costs Reduced maintenance costs Farmers are charged for the irrigation service not for
the water except in Tunisia Governments pay costs for O&M of the main irrigation
system and major structures
Social impacts of users participation
Sense of responsibility in all O&M activities Cooperation instead of conflict Task schedule according to chairman’s decision Higher agricultural productivity result in better living
standards
Institutional and administrative implications
WUAs are established for areas with similar characteristics (one canal, one well, etc.)
Members are elected not appointed A chairman is elected to administer WUA and an
accountant to supervise the financial activities of WUA Specific link has to be established with the government
through the chairman to raise questions and inquiries and ask for advice from technical staff (e.g. IAS, Egypt, ADRC/CRDA, Tunisia, DSI, Turkey)
Activity Egypt Tunisia Turkey Yemen
Water policy formulation
Planning
Design
Implementation
Operation
Maintenance
Monitoring and evaluation
Fund raising
Institutional and administrative implications
Typically, monitoring and evaluation is carried out by the government agencies only
Legal aspects of users participation
Laws for establishment of WUAs in Egypt (1994), Tunisia (1999), Yemen (1998)
In Turkey, Municipal Act 1580 for WUAs establishment Regulation of WUAs functions are provided through
other laws, regulations and decrees Penalties are charged for improper system operation
Health and environmental impacts of WUAs
Water savings as a result of higher use efficiency Resource protection and conservation It is expected that higher production leads to higher
farmer income and better health service (not documented)
There are General consensus of the importance of the Participatory Approach in water management.
There are different forms of Decentralizations have been implemented with different level of success
There are economical and social benefits resulted from the participatory approach in water management
General Overview
Issues Need Further Improvement
Lack of proper information
Lack of Legal Framework to organize the establishment and operation of the WUOs
The role and responsibilities of the different stakeholders
Lack of Monitoring and Evaluation Procedures
The relation between the WUOs and the Governmental Authorities
The adaptation of the government authorities to cope with Decentralized water management
Thank you
Dr.Bayoumi Attia