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Professor: Liustudent: Ruby
The role of working memory, field dependence, visual search, and
reaction time in the left turn performance of older female drivers
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Objective
•To find the contribution of field dependence. visual search skill. working memory. reaction time.
•Two aspects of left turn performance in a group of female drivers: decision time gap choice
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References
•Old age drivers was 3.8 times accident. (more than 75 years old)Middle age drivers was 1.8 times accident. (44-40 years old)Young age drivers was 3 times accident.(16-19 years old)(Massie et al., 1995)
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References
•Close to 40% of fatalities and 60% for injuries to more than 64 years old driver occur at intersections and most of accidents in the left turns (Hauer, 1988), especially for older female drivers (Bishu et al., 1991).
•Drivers were shown a lack of comprehension of protected left turns (left turn on arrow only). (Knoblauch et al., 1995)
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References
•Misjudgment of the distance or speed of an oncoming vehicle (Scialfa et al, 1987) or misjudgment of gaps (Stamatiadis et al., 1991), which were attributed of the intersections.
•Greater field dependence to be related to slower recognition speeds for traffic signs. (Fleury, 1994; 1996), (Loo, 1978)
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References
•Greater field dependence to be related to drivers’ pedal response errors at intersections. (Grubb, 1992)
•When scanning a visual field, field dependence drivers are more likely to have difficulty distinguish between relevant and irrelevant. field dependence drivers may not take the large
information.
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References
•The dynamic acuity was predictive of driving problem. (Laux and Brelsford, 1990)over curb, near crash due to failure to see another ca
r.•Visual acuity has also been associated with le
ft turn decisions. (Grubb, 1992; Guerrier et al., 1995)
•Older drivers’ slower response rates increased their difficulties in judging time to collision and acceptable gaps. (Staplin and Lyles, 1991)
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References
•Older drivers’ visual information processing ability was bad, which measured by the useful field of views (UFOV). (Owsley, Sloane et al, 1991)
•Older persons on the visual spatial information display showed less accurate at keeping track of a single attribute of different objects. (Detweiler et al., 1996)
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Method
•Participants 26 women, age from 61-84 years old. (M=73.35,
SD=7.4) All subjects have driver license and still driving.
•Material Ten film of oncoming traffic at a four lane
intersection. Speed limit of 30 mile/h. Presented on a TV monitor.
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Independent variables
•Visual acuity Used a Snellen Eye Chart to test subjects.
•Demographic
Question about the participants' age, the number of days they drove … 28 questions about their driving experiences.
•Perceptual style Used the Embedded Figures Test (EFT) to measure p
articipants’ perceptual sytle.
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Independent variables
•Visual search The targets were ],#,and,> which embedded in
any of the locations in the search field.
•Working memory Participants solved the continue additions. The additions consisted of two digit number.
•Reaction time Simple reaction time
10 presentation of a Whit band on a black background.
Choice reaction time 20 random presentations of a circle (press C)
or a square (press S) on the monitor.
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Dependent variables
•Decision time The first frame of the scenario is displayed to
the participant pressing any key on the keyboard (the gap chosen).
•Gap chosen The space the participant selected between two
oncoming cars to do the left turn.
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Equipments
•BCD Video Link Control presentation of the film.
•IMB PC Control the BCD program.
•13’’B/W monitor Connect to the VCR through the BCD interface.
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Results
•Participants have been driven for an average of 46 years old.
•They drove an average of 6 days a week.
•5 reported usually driving at night.
•The reasons reported for not driving at night were related to vision.
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Results
•Relationship of age to other independent variables. Visual search skill was significant.
(r (26) =-0.39, p =0.03)
•Relationship of working memory, visual search, field dependence, and reaction time to left turn performance.
The quicker the driver’s choice reaction time, the larger the gaps chosen.
The greater the working memory, the longer the
driver waited.
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Results
•Decision time
Decision time was significant related to gap sizes (r (26) =0.70, p <0.001)
the longer decision time the larger the gaps chosen.
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Results
•Contribution of working memory, visual search, field dependence, and reaction time to decision time, and gap choice. Decision time
The greater working memory was related to longer decision time and greater field independence was
related to shorter decision time.
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Results
•Contribution of working memory, visual search, field dependence, and reaction time to decision time, and gap choice. Gap choice
Choice reaction time to contribute the most variance to left turn performance
(R (1,24) =0.38, p =0.06)
Decision time is the best predictor of gap choice. (R (1,24) =0.7, p <0.0001)
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Results
•Effects of working memory, field dependence, and choice reaction time and gap choice.
Working memory plays the most important role on gap choice.
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Discussion
•The relationship of working memory to gap choice in this study.greater working memory capacity would allow
the older driver to manage the relevant information more efficiently.
would result in faster decision time and larger gaps.
•The longer decision time by high working memory.because person being capable of managing
larger amounts of information may spend more time gather relevant information.
the recognition of a traffic pattern which resulted in the strategy taken.
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Discussion
•A relevant parallel to driving in the intersections designing which decrease the information processing load of older drivers.
•Focusing on working memory would be idea to help safe driving for older persons.