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qufoG,f&efvdyfpm 1107 S Washington St.
Wheaton, IL 60189 U.S.A.
Ø1-630-682-3616 (Home)
Ø1-630-956-3382 (Cell) [email protected]
Edi tor : Oo Thein Maung
udkrdk&dk (Comoros)
EdkifiHwuma&;&m&uQdKif owif;pOfrSm,lvdkol/yHhydk;vdkolrsm;atmufyg b%feHygwfodk@azom
wdkuf&dkufyD;oGif;Ed_ifuwf ygonf-
Name: Oo Thein Maung
Account No.:4806231914
Bank: PNC
==== (EdkifiHjcm;rSiGDydk@vdkolrsm;twGuf)
Swift Code: PNCCUS33 rmwdum
urÇmhEdkifiHrsm;
rdwfqufu@
wefzdk; 7 a':vm
3 apmif 3v pm 20 a':vm
6 apmif 6v pm 40 a':vm
1 ESpfpm 70 a':vm
&uQdKifhvl@tzJG@tpnf;
t+cDjyKowif;pOf
jzpfygonf?
tar&DuefjynfaxmifpkwGifyHkESdyfxkwf0Donf?
ta=umif;t&m pmrsufESm axmifpkopf &mpkopf q,fpkESpfopfrSm urBmhEdkifiHopf (armifomay:-&rf;+AJ) 1 t,f'Dwmhpum; 2 *sLvdkifv 3 *sLvdkifv&ufpOfurBmhowif;rsm; 4-7 tDpkwfyHkjyifrsm;rdwfquf 8 abmvHk;csefyD,HEdkifiHrsm;tm;*k%fjyKjcif; 9 +rDyHk=unhf,ufyif;owif;zwf/owif;zwfyem+rDyHk=unhf 10-11 e,fvfqdefref'Jvm; 16 t*Fvdyfpum;ajymuwfar 18 tqifhjrifht*Fvdyfa0g[m&rsm; 19 udkrdk&dkEdkifiH 20
udkrdk&dkEdkifiHonftdENd,ork'N &mxJwGifwnf[donf?t"duusGef;}uD; 4usGef;ESifhtjcm;usGef;i,frsm;pGmjzifhzJ G@ pnf;v#uftmz&duwdkufrdkZrfbdEdkifiHESifhruf'uf*gpumEdkifiHrsm;=um;wGifwnf [donhfusGef;EdkifiHi,fjzpfonf?tmz&d u/Oa&myESif htmo#wdkufom;rsm;pGm &d k@onftqdkygusGef;pkodk@&mpkESpfESif hcs D v#ufusL;ausmf0ifa&mufcuwfonf? ,if;&d k @teuf16&mpk0ef;usifwGif0if a&mufvmuwfonhfo#D&mZD(Shirazi)tm&yfrsm;onfudkrd k&d kusGef;om;rsm; tm;tpPvrfbmomESif hrdwfqufyD;c uwfonf?1841rSpIudkrd k&d kEd kifiHonf jyifopfudkvdkeD.tpdwftydkif;wcktjzpf wnf[dc&mrS1975ckESpfwGifvGwfvyf a&;&[donf?1999wGifppfzufrStm%g odrf;r_jzpf+yD;aemuf2001ckESpf'DZdrfbmwGifEdkifiH.zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkt+cDcHOya'opfudkjyefvnf&GD;qJGtwnfjyK+yD;/udkrdk&dk Ed kifiH.usGef;av;usGef;rSwusGef;v#if4 ESpfuspDtvSnfhusorRw&GD;aumufwif ajrSmuf+yD;tkyfcsKyfonhfpHepfudkusifhoHk; edefayonf?
w&m;0iftrnf? ? udkrdk&dkusGef;rsm; jynfaxmifpk (Union of Comoros Is-lands)
EdkifiHwnfaxmifonhfckESpf? ? 1975
+rdK@awmf? ? rdk&dkeD
t"du+rdK@}uD;rsm;? ? rlpmrl'l(Mutsamudu)/z Gr fbd ke D(Fomboni)?vlOD;a&? ? 773407 (*sLvdkif/2010)?vlOD;a&odyfwnf;r_E_ef;? ? 1pwk&ef; rd kifv#if892a,muf(1pwk&ef;cDvdkrD wmv#if 344 a,muf) tus,ft0ef;? ? 838 pwk&ef;rdkif (2170 pwk&ef;uDvdkrDwm)
ajymqdkonhfbmompum;? ? tm a&As/udkrdk&ef/jyifopf?
udk;uG,fonhfbmom? ? qleDrlq vif98 &mE_ef;/&dkrefuufovd 1 &m E_ef;/tjcm; 1 &mE_ef;?
edefxdkifonhfvlrsdK;rsm;? ? udkrdk&ef 97 &mE_ef;/ tjcm; 3 &mE_ef;?
tpdk;&? ? orRwpHepf?
aiGa=u;,led? ? 1 udkrdk&dkz&ef@v#if 100 pdefwDar?
pmwwfajrmufr_E_ef;? ? EdkifiHvlOD; a&. 56 &mE_ef;?
c,fvdk&Dpm;oHk;r_? ? 1735 c,fvdk&D?
EdkifiHwuma&;&m&uQdKifowif;pOf
trSwf (7)
*sLvdkifv
2011 ckESpf?
axmifpkopf &mpkopf q,fpkESpfopfrSm
urÇmhEdkifiHopf
2011ckESpf*sefe0g&DrSmjyKvkyfca&jynfol@qENcH,lyJGrSmajrmufydkif;ql'ef.tiftm;oHk;tkyfcsKyfr_ atmufuvGwfvyfpGmcJGxGufyemoD;jcm;EdkifiHtjzpfxlaxmifvdka=umif;jynfom;jynfoltm;vHk;.(99)&mE_ef;ausmfurJyD;ca&twnfjyK&v'fa=umifh*sLvdkifv 9 &ufedutmz&duwdkuf.54EdkifiHajrmuft jzpfEdkifiHopfwckay:aygufvmyga&? 1993ckESpfrSmtD&Dw&D;,m;tedefeef@tDoD,dk;yD;,m;bm;ucJGxGuf+yD; aemufydkif;yxrOD;qHk;rGD;zGg;vma&rdciftmz&du.om;aygufp acsyg?EdkifiH.w&m;0ifemrnfu awmifql 'eforRwEdkifiH ( Republic of South Sudan ) jzpfyga&? pmrsufESm 12 odk@
atedat&ufa&tusGe f& d k @.OD; aESmufeef @E SvH k ;om;rSmxm0& urRnf;r Swfwrf;wifxm;uwf &zdk@ed&ufjzpfyga& ³³³³³³ (pm 12)
&dk;om;yGifhvif;a&jynfol@usGefw a,muftjzpfjynfoludktvkyftausG;jyKzdk@oif&dk@wd.}[darSmufrSm &yfedefpGmjzpfyga&?oif&dk@tm;vHk; .ranmif;r&dwrf; ³³³³³³ (pm 16)
t0dkif;ES Haumif-rif;em;edefedef/ysH vm;vm;ightwGufwckvnf;rxl;/rif;igh+*dKxufrSma&mufedefpGmudkig odawmifrod ³³³³³³ (pm 8)
pmrsufESm 2
t,f'Dwmhpum;
EdkifiHwuma&;&m&uQdKifowif;pOf
“OD;aESmufaumif;wckeef@ ESvHk;om;aumif;wcka&
pGrf;tif}uD;rm;aom aygif;pnf;r_udk
t+rJwrf;jzpfwnfpDyga&”
“ynma&;qdkpGmurBm}uD;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJzdk@twGuf
oiftoHk;csEd_ifa& pGrf;tm;t[dqHk; vufeufwckyg”
“owWdo#ifqdkpGma& ra=umufwwfaw
vlwa,mufr[kwfyg/ ‘ta=umufw&m;’tay: atmifyJGcH tEdkif&a&vlyg”
e,fvfqdefref'Jvm;
&uQdKifjynf. tem*gwfonf &uQdKiftrsdK;aumif;om;/ trsdK;aumif;orD;&dk@. vufxJwGif[donf?
usGef;wGifZrŠL
vlwGif&cdkif
}udKifbdowif;
uif;bdtjypf
cspfonhftrsdK;
}udK;onhfvHk@v
jrwfpm* ESifh
ESpf0ewfvl
cspf=unfjzLonf
edAŠLqkawmif;jynhftHhwnf;?
(o#ifr[moDv0Ho)
urBm}uD;udk&Gmacsw&GmtjzpfowfrSwf+yD;auEdkifiHwckcsif;pDa&tdrfaxmifpkacswdvdk@qdkaua' 2011/*sLvdkifv(9)&ufedutusGef&dk@&GmrSmtdrfaxmifpktopfwckwdk;ygvwfyga&?,if;tdrfaxmifpkopfem rnfuawmhau“awmifql'ef”(South Sudan)jzpfyga&?awmifql'efa&urBm.196 ckajrmuf(xdkif0rftygt 0if)EdkifiHjzpfyga&?rdciftmz&duwdkuftwGufawmhuawmhau(54)ckajrmufwdkif;jynfyg?
tusGef&dk@urBm}uD;rSmvlrsdK;aygif;pkH/EdkifiHaygif;pHk/,Hk=unfr_aygif;pHk/,Ofaus;r_aygif;pHktp[donfjzifh a&mvl;,SufwifedefxdkifedefuwfpGmrSmwcsdK@vnf;tm;vHk;aygif;Asm,f/pD;Asm,fta*gifhvnf;a*gifh'dk;wlabmif zuf&yfwnfedefxdkifeDuwfyga&?wcsdK@vnf;zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_wd/pHepfwusoyfv#dKcJGr_wd/csdK;ESdrfr_wd/+zdKcGif;owf jzwfr_wdatmufrSmtvl;tvJcHyemjzpfawydkif&yfwnfedefuwf&yga&?,if;ao#mif/,if;ao#mifaom'%f&m '%fcsufwdudktvl;tvJcH,ufyif;wckydkifvnf;rwwfEd_ifa&cgxvdk@wdkufAsm,foD;jcm;EdkifiHxlaxmifzdk@/udk,hf pGmeef@udk,f&yfwnfzdk@}udK;pm;vmuwfyga&?at*kawmifql'efa&,if;ydkif}udK;yrf;/tm;xkwf/yD;qyfyem udk,hfwdkif;jynfeef@udk,hfvlrsdK;oD;jcm;jzpfwnfvmr_wdxJuwckyg?,if;tvHudkxlzdk@twGufawmifql'efom;&dk@ESpfaygif;50ausmftcsdef,lcuwf&yga&?vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJGumvwav#mufrSmjynfol2oef;ausmfoD}uD vm;yga&?aemufxyfvlaygif;2oef;ausmfuajrmufydkif;e,f+rDwdxJudkvm;a&mufedefxdkifzd k@udk,fhe,f+rD xJuedeftwif;t"rRarmif;xkwfcHuwf&yga&?,if;ydkifrsdK;}uD;rm;/eufo#dKif;a&yD;qyfr_wd/epfemr_wd.toD; tyGifhtjzpfawmifql'efom;&dk@a&at*kawmhauqm;eef@yifpm;&/&Deef@yifpm;&udk,fhwdkif;jynfeef@udk,fvGwf vyfr_.t&omudktjynfht0cHpm;Ed_ifuwfAsm,fjzpfyga&?
urBmh&GmxJrSmr=umcifujzpfwnfvmuwfawtjcm;tdrfaxmifpktopfacswduawmhau2008 ckESpf/azAsL0g&DrSmqmAD;,m;xJucJGxGufvma&udkqdkAdk/qmAD;,m;tpkxJuAsm,f2006ckESpftwGif;uaemuf xyfcJGxGufca&rGifwDeD*&dk/2002ckESpfrSmtdef'dkeD;o#m;ucJGxGufvma&t&SdwDarm&dk@jzpfuwf+yD;au1990uedef2011ckESpfwmumvtwGif;rSmurBm}uD;rSmEdkifiHopfaygif;29EdkifiHjzpfay:vma&vdk@qdkyga&?,if;&dk@xJrSm qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpka[mif;wckwnf;xJucGJxGufvm;a&EdkifiHaygif;14EdkifiHjzpfyga& vSwf?
a,eef@pum;jzwfvdk@-*sLvdkifvxJrSmurBmhabmvHk;avmu.zvm;}uD;ESpfck.yJGpOfwdudkusif;y vm;uwfyga&?tm*sdefxD;em;rSmvkyfaw2011ckESpf/awmiftar&duzvm;udk2010urBmhzvm;rSmpwkwedef &mudkcsdwfaw,l&la*G(O&ka*G;)toif;u15}udrfajrmuftjzpf&vm;yga&?*smr%DrSmvkyfawurBmhtrsdK;orD; abmvHk;+ydKifyJGrSmawmhautmo#u*syeftrsdK;orD;toif;a&emrnf}uD;tar&DueftrsdK;orD;abmvHk;t oif;udkz,fe,fwDausmufyemtEdkif&vm;pGmrSm,if;csifha&tmo#toif;woif;tedefeef@urBmhzvm;udkyxrOD;qHk;&,lEd_ifa&ordkif;udk*syeforD;ysdK&dk@jyKvm;uwfpGmjzpfyga&?
,if;ao#mif/,if;ao#mifrsdK;tjcm;vlrsdK;/EdkifiHwdtedefeef@urBmhvlr_todkif;t0ef;.tpdwftydkif; w&yftjzpfyg0ifqifEJGedefuwfpGmwd/tEdkif&,ledefuwfpGmwdudk=unhfedef,ufyif;(1995ckESpfuvdk@xifyga&-twdtusrrSwfrdyg)wdkuf*g;zvm;abmvHk;+ydKifyJ GrSm&cdkiftoif;a&oGif;*d k;wvHk;acsvnf;toGif;rcH& yJeef@zvm;&,lvm;pGmudkvm;vdk@twGufay:rdjyefyga&?aemufqHk;rSmawmhau&cdkiftoif;urBmhzvm;+cDppf atmifa&vdk@EGDvacgifacgif/edcif;a=umifawmifrSmtdrfrufrufyvdkufrdyg,ifh?
cifrifr_jzifh
OD;odef;armif
trSwf(7)/ *sLvdkifv/ 2011 ckESpf pmrsufESm 19
attpDtpOfonf&cdkiftrsdK;aumif;om;/trsdK;aumif;orD;rsm;/ &cdkifausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;tedefjzifhEdkifiHwumpme,fZif;rsm;/edpOfxkwf owif;pmrsm;/ausmif;oifc%f;pmtkyfrsm;wGift*Fvdyfpmzwf&mYyd kr d k oazgaygufem;vnfuwfpD&ef&nf&G,fv#uf}udK;pm;bmomjyefqdkwifquf xm;jcif;jzpfyga&?urBmeef@&ifabmifwef;Asm,fynmjynhf0/ ESvHk;vSa& tmC &uQdKiftrsdK;aumif;om;/trsdkK;aumif;orD;wdjzpfvmEdkif uwfygpD? ?
Balkanization: vlrsdK;aygif;pHk/e,f+rDaygif;pHkaygif;pkedefuwfaomfvnf; &efzufrsm;jzpfedefuwfonhftcgudk,hftkyfpkESifhudk,fcJGxGufumwdkif;/EdkifiHrsm;tjzpftoD;oD;&yfwnfjcif;?yxrurBmppft+yD;wGift,if uabmfvuefa'otjzpf&yfwnfcaome,f+rDxJrStcsif;csif;rsm; =um;&efzufrsm;jzpfedefuwfr_a=umihftwlwuGedefxdkifIrjzpfEd_ifawmhonhftqHk;,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;/blvfa*;&D;,m;/*&d/t,fvfab;eD;,m;/wl&uD/&dkar;eD;,m;ponfjzifhtkyfpkvdkuf/tydkif;vdkufoD;jcm;wdkif;/EdkifiH rsm;tjzpf&yfwnfvmuwfonfudkwifpm;ac:a0:oHk;E_ef;onhfEdkifiH a&;qdkif&mtoHk;tE_ef;jzpfygonf?1980ausmfESpfrsm;twGif;u vufbEGefwGifppfvdkvm;onhftkyfpkuJGrsm;rsm;pGmay:aygufedefcr_t ay: Balkanization ESifhEd_if;,SOfum Lebanonization [kyifwifpm;ac:a0: cuwfygonf?
Ballistic missiles: wm0D;ypf'Hk;rsm;?atao#miftrsdK;tpm;wm0D;ypf'Hk; rsm;onfypfv$wf+yD;yxrydkif;tuGmt0D;Yomxdrf;csKyfpHepfatmuf wGif[d+yD;xdkaemufwGifurBmh+rDqJGtm;(gravity)tay:rlwnfIOD;wnf usa&mufE_difonhfxdrf;csKyfvGwftajctaew&yfxJYa&muf[dvm;yg onf?,if;'Hk;rsm;onfypfrSwfodk@jrefqef/wduspGma&muf[dEd_if+yD;urBmh wdkuf}uD;wckpmavmuf[donhftus,ft0ef;/tuGmt0D;udkrded(30) twGif;jzwfoef;vm;Ed_if;pGrf;[donf[kqdkygonf?
Ballot: &GD;aumufyJGwckYqENrJyD;olwOD;onfrdrd}udKufESpfouf&m&GD; aumufcHoltay:wGifvnf;aumif;/ygwDtay:wGifvnf;aumif;qEN rJxnfhjcif;udk!$ef;qdkonhfrJxnfhpm&Guf(tpdwftydkif;)?
Barter: =um;cHazomiGD}uD;ryg[dyJoufqdkif&mwefzdk;tvdkufukef ypPnf;rsm;tcsif;csif;zvS,fr_?
Belligerency: tcsif;csif;qef@usifvdkr_/ppfrufvdkvm;r_?(ppfyJGumvxJ odk@a&muf[dedefonhfwdkif;EdkifiHrsm;.tajctaeudkwifpm;ac:a0:yg onf?)
Bias: wpHkw&mtay:(odk@r[kwf)wpHkwOD;tay:(odk@r[kwf)tkyfpk/tzJG@ tpnf;wcktay:(rdrdod[d/vufcHxm;onhftcsuftvuf/cHpm;r_rsm; tay:rlwnfI)}udKwifxifjrif,lqcsuf(odk@r[kwf)qHk;jzwfcsuf?Oy rmtm;jzifhtcsdK@aomtvkyfo#ifrsm;onfvlenf;pk(minorities)rsm;/
trsdK;orD;rsm;tay:wGiftE_wfvuQ%mqefonhfxifjrif,lqcsuf rsm;/rl0g'rsm;csrSwfxm;[dwwfr_?
Bicameral: Oya'jyKv$wfawmfESpf&yfyg0ifr_?
Bicameral government: Oya'jyKv$wfawmfESpf&yfyg0ifzJG@pnf;xm;[d onhftpdk;&?tar&DuefjynfaxmifpkonfOya'jyKv$wfawmfESpf&yfyg 0ifonhfzJG@pnf;yHkjzifhEdkifiHtm;zJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfygonf?tqdkjyKcsufwpHk w&mtm;trdef@'D*&D[donhfOya'w&yfjzpfvmpDa&;twGuftxuf ESif hatmufv$wfawmfESpf&yfvH k;.twnfjyKcsufudk&,l&ygonf?eb&m;pum;(Nebraska)jynfe,frSvJGItar&Duefjynfaxmifpk. jynfe,frsm;tm;vHk;wGifvnf;v$wfawmfESpf&yfzJG@pnf;xm;[dygonf?(eb&m;pum;jynfe,fwGifv$wfawmfESpf&yfyl;aygif;yg0ifonhf!Gef@ aygif;v$wfawmfpHepfudkusifhoHk;ygonf?)
Big stick: vlyk*~dKvfwpHkwa,muf(odk@r[kwf)tkyfpk/tzJG@tpnf;wckt wGufqdkv#if big stick [lonfrSmrdrd§rdrd&dk@vdkvm;onfrsm;udk&[d atmifjyKaqmifEd_ifpGrf;[donhf,Hk=unfudk;pm;avmufzG,faemufcH tiftm;wpHkw&mudkqdkvdk+yD;wdkif;EdkifiHw&yftwGufrlppftiftm;uJodk@aomtiftm;yg0gw&yfudkwifpm;ac:a0:ygonf?atpum;&yfudk tar&DueforRwoD,dk'dk&kpAJhrSpwifoHk;E_H;c&mrSurBmhEdkifiHa&;avmuwGiftoHk;wGifvmjcif;jzpfygonf?olu “tread softly but carry a big stick”(udk!Sifom/aysmhaysmif;pGmajymqdkjyKrlyg/odk@aomf'kwft}uD;oef wacsmif;udkvnf;udkifxm;yg) [kqdkcygonf?
Bilateral: ygwDESpf&yf/EdkifiHESpfEdkifiH/zufESpfzufponfjzifhESpfOD;ESpfzuf tjyeftvSefoazgwlyg0ifr_?Oyrmtm;jzifhtar&DuefjynfaxmifpkESifh *syefEd ki fiHrsm;=um;wGifESpfOD;ESpfzuftjyeftvSefoazgwlnDr_[d onhfukefoG,fa&;oazgwlnDcsuf(bilateral trade agreement)udkcs rSwfxm;[dr_rsdK;?
Bilateralism: EdkifiHESpfEdkifiH=um;wGifpD;yGg;a&;t&(odk@r[kwf)ppfa&;/vHk +cHKa&;t&tjyeftvSef/twlwuGyl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&efoazgwlcs rSwfxm;[donhfrl0g'?r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;tcsif;csif;=um;wGifyl;aygif; aqmif&Gufjcif;rsdK;udkvnf;qdkvdkygonf?
Bipartisan: rl0g'w&yf(odk@r[kwf)tqdkjyKcsuftp[donhfudpPtjcif; t&mw&yftay:qef@usifzufygwDESpf&yfvHk;oazgwlnDr_? Oyrmtm; jzifhtar&DuefjynfaxmifpkwGifEdkifiHa&;rl0g'(odk@r[kwf)tqdkjyKcsuf w&yftay:Y&DzgAvDudefESif h'Drd kc&ufxdygwDESpf&yfvHk;rSoazgwl/axmufyHhyg0ifr_?
tqifhjrifht*Fvdyfa0g[m&rsm;
(vpOf rysufruGuf qufvufwifqufvm;rnfjzpfygonf?)
t*Fvdyfpum;ajymuwfar
pmrsufESm 18 EdkifiHwuma&;&m&uQdKifowif;pOf
att*Fvdyfoifc%f;pmwda&t*Fvdy fpum;ajymud kt+cDc Hup vdk@avhvmedefa&&cdkiftacs&dk@/pmzwfol&dk@twGuf&nf!$ef;v#uft +cDcHtusqHk;tqifhwduedefwqifh+yD;wqifhpDpOfwifqufvm;zdk@jzpfyg a&?t*FvdyftoHxGufwdudktar&DuefwdxGufawvDoHtwdkif;tyg; qHk;&atmif}udK;pm;&GD;,lxm;jcif;jzpfyga&? aus;Zl;wifyga&? urBmudk tvkyftausG;jyKE_difa&&cdkifrsm;ay:xGef;vmygpD?
Lesson Seven: Relitives
oifc%f;pm(7)/ qGDrsdK;Omwdtac:ta0:rsm; (t,ifvrStquf)
Niece
eD;pf?
wlr?
Nephew
aezsL?
wl?
Cousin
cgZdef?
0rf;uJGnDtpfudk/armifESr?
Aunt
tifhxf?
t&D;}uD;/t&D;acs?
Uncle
tifcJ,fvf?
0&D;/tcif}uD;?
Wife
0d_ufzf
r,m;/ ZeD;/ tdrfo#ifr?
Husband
[mhpfbef;'f
vif/ cifyGef;/ tdrfo#if?
Bride
b&dwf'f
owdk@orD;/ r,m;v#m?
Groom
*&krf;(rf)
owdk@om;/ vifv#m?
Parent
az;&ef@xf
rdz
Parents
az;&ef@xfpf
rdzrsm;
Grandchild
*&ef;'dcsdKif;vf'f
+rD;?
Grandchildren
*&ef;'fcsJvf&ef;
+rD;rsm;?
Grandson
*&ef;qif;ef
+rD;(a,muFsm;)?
Granddaughter
*&ef;a':xm&f
+rD;(r)?
Fiancée
zD;,efap;
vufxyf&efpdpyfxm;onhftrsdK;orD;(owdk@orD;avmif;)?
Twin
xGdef
tr$m?
Friend
z&ef;'f
oli,fcsif;/rdwfqGD?
Boyfriend
bGdKif;z&ef;'f
&nfpm;(a,muFsm;)
Girlfriend
*&m;vfz&ef;'f
&nf;pm;(trsdK;orD;)
Stepchild
pwyf(y)csKdif;vf'f
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*sLvdkif 4/ 1807 - *D,lqufyD*,f&Dbm'D (Giuseppe Garibaldi)tDwmv#Hppfa&;ESifhEdkifiHa&;a*gif;aqmif
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*sLvdkif 11/ 1767 - *sGifuGdefpDt'rfpf (John Quincy Adams)6a,mufajrmuftar&DueforRw
*sLvdkif 11/ 1899 – tD;bD0d_uf (E.B. White)tar&Duefpm&GD;q&m
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trSwf(7)/ *sLvdkifv/ 2011 ckESpf pmrsufESm 5
BPM—Business Process Management
BSA—Business Softward Alliance
BTW—by the way
C2C—consumer-to-consumer
CA—Certificate Authority
CAD—computer-aided design
CAE—computer-aided engineering
CAI—computer-aided instruction
CAM—computer-aided manufacturing
CASE—computer-aided software engineering
CAT—computerized adaptive testing
CATV—cable television
CBT—computer-based training
CCD—charge-coupled device
CCE—Certified Computer Examiner
CCIE—Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert
CCNA—Cisco Certified Network Associate
CCNP—Cisco Certified Network Professional
ccTLD—country code top-level domain
CD—compact disc
(Source: Discovering Computers 2008 / Shelly, Cashman, Vermaat)
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inc. – incorporated; including yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufonf/tygt0if?
intro – introduction ed'gef;?rdwfqufaz:jycsuf?
IOU – I owe you igrif;udktm;usa&?
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IQ – Intelligence quotient Om%f&nfjyudef;? Om%f&nft qifhtwef;?
IRA – individual retirement account yk*~vdut+idrf;pm;qdkif&mb%fpk iGDpm&if;
I.R.A. – Irish Republican Army tdkif,mvef &DzgAvDuef wyfr awmf
IRS – International Revenue Service tjynfjynfqdkif&mb¾ma&;0ef aqmifr_
Jr. – Junior *sLeD,m? vkyfoufEke,fol/ti,f?
Lab – Laboratory ody`HvufwGd"gwfcJGprf;oyfcef;
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15- vdAsm;rSolykefrsm;tm;wdkif;jynf.tm%mydkifrsm;tjzpftar&DuefjynfaxmifpkrStodtrSwfjyK a=umif;EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;[,fvm&DuvdefwefrSajymqdkvdkufonf?
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25- xdkif0rfwGifw&kwfjynftwGufpHkaxmufvkyfolAdkvfcsKyf}uD;wOD;tm;axmifwoufcsrSwfvdkufonf?
trSwf(7)/ *sLvdkifv/ 2011 ckESpf pmrsufESm 15
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todtrSwfjyKvufaqmiftjzpf (tar&DuefjynfaxmifpktwGif;wGif) yD;ydk@vm;rnf jzpfygonf? tar&DuefjynfaxmifpkjyifyrSqdkygu
pmtkyftjynfhtpHkudk E-Mail rSwqifh yD;ydk@vm;rnfjzpfygonf?aus;Zl;wifygonf?
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baZmifyifqdkpD?oHk;ckajrmufaxmifpkESpf.tp/ 21 &mpk ESpf.'kwd,ajrmufq,fpkESpftpOD;ESpfxJrSmzdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_wd/tiftm; oHk;}uD;pdk;r_wdatmufuvGwfajrmufvma&urBmhEdkifiHopfwckudkt usGef&dk@tm;vHk;u+idrf;csrf;pGm/cspfcifpGm/tjyeftvSefav;pm;pGm}udKqdk E_wfqufAsm,ftem*gwfrSmzufaygif;pH kutwdkif;twmwckxdwdk; wufawEdkifiHtjzpfeef@urBmh&Gm.tpdwftydkif;wcktjzpf*k%foduQm[d[dyg0ifvmEd_ifygpDa=umif;qkawmif;qENjyKvm;uwf&zdk@jzpfa=umif; yg? ?
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armifomay: (&rf;+AJ)
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Countries of the World and Their Leaders Yearbook 2004 (Elicott, Karen)
The New York Times Almanac 2011 (Wright, John W.)
http://www.goss.org/
www.bbc.co.uk
www.cnn.com
www.google.com
http://www.guardian.co.uk/
http://www.unhcr.org/
http://en.wikipedia.org/
“igonf t&D&musefauvnf; usefygpD?
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(Ak'<a*gwr)
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Bill Gate
“trSefw&m;tay:av;pm;r_r[d(odk@r[kwf)av;pm;r_tm;enf;vm a&tcg t&mtm;vHk;a&oHo,0ifp&ma*s;jzpfedefvdrfhar ”
St. Augustine
pmrsufESm 14 EdkifiHwuma&;&m&uQdKifowif;pOf
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udk OD;odef;armif (tdkiftdk0g)
Ø 515-326-4622
udk ausmfodef; (csDum*dk)
Ø 773-414-2813
udk atmifxGef;pdef (ydpfbmh*f)
Ø 412-403-7822
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Ø 716-308-3566
udk qef;v_dif (rD0ghuD)
Ø 414-484-5738
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Ø 801-512-1036
udk apmodef;armif (csDum*dk
Ø 630-749-8083
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Ø 816-646-0923
(pmrsufESm 17 § e,fvfqdefref'Jvm; rS)
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usrf;udk;
Nelson Mandela: Long walk to freedom by Wyk, Chris Van.
Nelson Mandela: Voice of Freedom by Hughes Libby
Nelson Mandela by Rose, Simon
The New York Times Almanac 2011 (Wright, John W.)
http://nobelprize.org/
http://www.glogster.com/
http://reviews.wikinut.com/
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*sLvdkif9&ufpeDedujyKvkyfca&vGwfvyfa&;edtcrf;tem;udk +idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyfcsKyfqdkt+yD;vtenf;acst=umrSmqHk;yg;vm;ca& awmifql'ef.aemufydkif;vGwfvyfa&;a*gif;aqmif*sGef*&ef;(John Ga-rang).*lAdrRmefudk*k%fjyK,ufyif;usif;yuwfpGmyg?,if;edrdk;x/awmif ql'ef.trsdK;om;oDjcif;udkx&ef;yufwD;0dkif;uwD;r_wfvdkufcsdefrSm ql 'eftvHudkcsvdkuf+yD;auwcsdefwnf;rSmyifawmifql'ef.tvHawmf udkwqwfqwfeef@v$ifhwif,lvdkufyga&?,if;tcdkuftwef@umvwdudkausmfvGeft+yD;rSm,if;edrdk;xrSmyifylylEGD;EGD;usrf;opPmusdefqdkxm; a&awmifql'efEdkifiHopf.orRwtopfpufpufqmvfAmum;&f(Salva Kirr)tedefeef@csxm;a&ql'eftvHudkql'ef(ajrmufydkif;)EdkifiHodk@jyef vnfv$Jajymif;ryD;yJol&dk@wda&ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtwlwuGedefxdkifvm a&txdrf;trSwftjzpf/awmifql'ef.ordkif;0iftrSwfw&ypPnf;t jzpfeef@odrf;qnf;vm;zdk@vdk@qHk;jzwfa=umif;tcrf;tem;r_;ua=umf jimajymqdkvdkufyga&?qufvuf+yD;auorRwum;&fu “tusGef
&[email protected]&Jaumif;wda&udk,hfudkudk,ftom;vGwftxif}uD;yemyD;qyf vm;cuwfpGmr[kwfyg/atedtcsdefudktusGef&dk@a&ESpfaygif;56ESpf=um atmifapmihfcuwf&yga&/atedat&ufa&tusGef&[email protected];aESmufeef@ ESvHk;om;rSmxm0&urRnf; rSwfwrf;wifxm;uwf&zdk@ed&ufjzpfyga&” vdk@ajym=um;vm;yga&?
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awmifql'ef. EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkt+cDcHOya'opfudk trsm;jynfolodk@ udkifjrSifh jyo edefonhforRw um;&f
trSwf(7)/ *sLvdkifv/ 2011 ckESpf pmrsufESm 9
John Quincy Adams
*sGifuGdefpDt'rf
(6a,mufajrmuftar&DueforRw)
rGD;ed? ? *sLvdkif 11/ 1767?
b0oufwrf;? ? 1767 -1848?
rGD;&yf? ? b&def;x&D; (vuf[duGdefpD)/rufqmcsL;qufpfjynfe,f?
trd? ? Abigail Smith Adams
tz? ? John Adams ('kwd,ajrmuftar&DueforRw)
r,m;? ? Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams om;orD;rsm;? ? a*smhcsf/*sGif/csm;vfpf/vl;0dpf?
aumvdyf^wuUodkvf? ? [m;Amh
(Harvard)/ vdkif;'ef (Leiden)
toufrGD;tvkyftudkif? ? }[deD?
EdkifiHa&;vkyfouf? ? rufqmcsL; qufpfv$wfawmftrwf/txufv$wf awmftrwf/*&dwf+ADwdef/e,fomvef/ay:wl*,f/y&yfo#m;ESifh&mo#m;EdkifiH rsm;qdkif&m0ef}uD;/EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;/orRw/atmufv$wfawmftrwf?
ygwD? ? z,f'&,fvdpf/ 'Drdkc&ufxdcf-&DzgAvDudef? (Federalist / Democractic-Republican) a'ocHjynfe,f? ? rufqmcsL; qufpf?
or Rw& G D ; aumufy J Goufwr f ;w av#muftwdkuftcHrsm;? ? Henry Clay/ Andrew Jackson/ William H. Crawford?
orRwoufwrf;? ? Mar 4, 1825 rS Mar 3, 1829 xd?
'kwd,orRw? ? *sGifpDudkvkef; (John C. Calhoun)?
&cdkifa0g[m&tbd"gefusrf; (to#if0go0)
&cdkifa&S;a[mif;+rdK@awmfrsm; (xGef;a&$cdkif—ppfawG aumvdyf) Time Magazine
Oxford Essential Biographical Dictionary
The New York Times Alamanac (2007)
The New Book of Knowledge (2005)
Student Discovery Encyclopedia (2003)
Countries of the World and Their Leaders
Yearbook (2004)
Chronicle of the 20th Century
The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents
http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/
http://www.cnn.com/
http://www.news24.com/
http://www.topix.com/world/south-america
http://www.smh.com.au/
Sources: (atpmapmifygowif;ESifhtcsuftvufrsm;udk atmufaz:jyygowif;Xgersm;ESifh pmtkyf pmwrf;rsm;rS pkaqmif;&,lygonf?)
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EdkifiHwuma&;&m&ud©Kifowif;pOfrSvSKdufvSJpGm*kPfjyKtyfygonf/
awmiftar&duwdkufzvm;(2011).
csefyD,H ,l&la*G (O&ka*G;)toif;
tm;vnf;aumif;
urBmhzvm;trsdK;orD;(2011).
csefyD,H *syeftoif;
tm;vnf;aumif;
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ouU&mZ f1800 ausmftapmyd ki f; ESpfrsm;twGif;u & G D ;om;conh f +A D wde fpm&G D ;q&mr * s d e f ;atm fpxe f( J a n e A u s -ten).pmrl=urf;wckudkvDvHwifa&mif;cs&mwGif+ADwdefrS0,f,lolrsm;utqdkygpm&GD;q&mr.vuf&GD;pmrl=urf;wckudktar&Duefa':vm 1³6 oef; (woef;ajcmufodef;) ausmfyD;0,fvm;onf[kqdkonf? Jane Austen onf Pride and Prejudice, Emma and Sense and Sensibility pmtkyfrsm;udk&GD;om;coljzpfonf? (bDbDpD§*sLvdkif15)
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reftoif;onf1990ckESpfwGifurBmhzvm;udkvnf;aumif;/ 1996ckESpfwGifOa&myzvm;udkvnf;aumif;tEdkif&c+yD; 2006ckESpfwGiftoif;enf;jytjzpfaqmif&GufpOfurBmhzvm;.wwd,ede f&mud kvnf;aumif;toD;oD;&[datmif pGrf;aqmifE_difcoljzpfygonf?tar&DueftrsKd;orD;ESifhvufxyfxm;onhf*sm*efuvdef;pref;.}uD;=uyfr_atmufwGiftar&DueftrsdK;om;abmvkH;toif;.tajctaeudkpdwf0ifwpm;apmihf=unhfvm;uwf&zdk@jzpfa=umif;yg? (bDbDpD/csDum*dk x&DAsKef;/*sLvdkif30)
abmhpeD;,m;EdkifiH/qm&ma,[email protected]#,fwD;wdk; vrf;wGifyxrOD;qHk;aomtar&Dueftpm;tpmruUa':e,f(McDonald)qdkifudkzGif hvSpfvdkufonf?ruUa':e,ftpm;t pmqdkiftm;zGifhvSpfEd_if&eftwGufabmhpeD;,m;tm%mydkif rsm;ESifhukrR%D&dk@t=um;ajymqdkaqG;aEG;r_udk4ESpf=umcef@jyK vkyfedefc&onf[kqdkonf?qdkifpwifzGif hvSpfcsdefYurBmhem rnf}uD;ruUa':e,f[efbm*gpm;aomuf&eftwGufrsm;pGm aomabmhpeD;,ef;rsm;wef;pDapmihfqdkif;edefuwf+yD;ruUa': e,fonftaemufwdkif;.jy,k*fwckjzpf&m}udK;eDpHepfatmuf wGifwif;usyf/usOf;ajrmif;pGmedefvmuwf&onfhabmpeD; ,ef;rsm;twGuftxl;tqef;ESif htaygif;vuQ%maqmif onhftrSwftom;wckjzpfa=umif;oHk;oyfolrsm;uqdkonf? (befaumufydk@pf/*sLvdkif31)
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