Chicago Manual of Style Citation Information The Chicago Manual of Style presents two basic documentation systems:

• the author-date system for the physical, natural and social sciences o noted in the text of the body

• the humanities style for literature, history and the arts o identified with footnotes or endnotes within the body of the text

Author-Date System

Book (1 author) Bibliography Baugh, L. Sue. 2005. Essentials of English Grammar. New York: McGraw-Hill. In-text (Baugh 2005) Book ( 2or 3 authors) Bibliography Swan, Michael and Catherine Walter. 2001. The Good Grammar Book. New York: Oxford University Press. In-text (Swan and Walter 2001) Corporate or organization author Bibliography: Oberlin College. Conservatory of Music. Library. Mr. and Mrs. C. W. Best Collection of Autographs, in the Mary M. Vial Music Library of the Oberlin College Conservatory of Music. Oberlin, OH: Oberlin College Library, 1967. In-text: Oberlin College. Mr. and Mrs. C. W. Best Collection of Autographs, in the Mary M. Vial Music Library of the Oberlin College Conservatory of Music (Oberlin, OH: Oberlin College Library, 1967). Journal (1 author) Bibliography

Davis, Michael. 2007. Guitar Strings as standing waves: a demonstration. Journal of Chemical Education 84 (8): 1287-1289. In-text (Davis 2007, 1288) Journal article (2 authors) Bibliography Esposti, C. Degli and L. Bizzocchi. 2007. Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy of a Laser Material: Ruby. Journal of Chemical Education 84 (8): 1316-1318. In-text (Esposti and Bizzocchi 2007, 1317) Newspaper article Bibliography: [Do not include in Bibliography. Citation is made in running text style as shown in the In Text examples below.] In-text: "In an article on rampage killers (New York Times, April 10, 2000), Laurie Goodstein and William Glaberson describe..." Encyclopedia Bibliography: [Do not include in Bibliography. Citation is made in running text style as shown in the In Text examples below.] In-text: "In his article on Nebo in the eleventh edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica, Morris Jastrow noted that..." Electronic journal or newspaper article Bibliography: Thomas, Trevor M. 1956. Wales: Land of Mines and Quarries. Geographical Review 46, no. 1: 59-81. http://www.jstor.org/ (accessed June 30, 2005). In-text: (Thomas 1956) Electronic book Bibliography:

Rollin, Bernard E. 1998. The Unheeded Cry: Animal Consciousness, Animal Pain, and Science. Ames, Iowa. The Iowa State University Press. http://www.netlibrary.com (accessed June 30,2005). In-text: (Rollin 1998) Website Bibliography: Roach, John. 2005. Journal Ranks Top 25 Unanswered Science Questions. http://news.nationalgeographic.com (accessed July 7, 2005). In-text: (National Geographic 2005)

Notes-Bibliography System Book (1 author) Bibliography: Baugh, L. Sue. Essentials of English Grammar. New York: McGraw-Hill: 2005. Footnote: Baugh, L. Sue. Essentials of English Grammar. (New York: McGraw-Hill: 2005). Book (2 or 3 authors) Bibliography Swan, Michael and Catherine Walter. The Good Grammar Book. New York: Oxford University Press: 2001. Footnote: Swan, Michael and Catherine Walter. The Good Grammar Book. (New York: Oxford University Press: 2001). Corporate author Bibliography: Oberlin College. Conservatory of Music. Library. Mr. and Mrs. C. W. Best Collection of Autographs, in the Mary M. Vial Music Library of the Oberlin College Conservatory of Music. Oberlin, OH: Oberlin College Library, 1967.

Footnote: Oberlin College. Mr. and Mrs. C. W. Best Collection of Autographs, in the Mary M. Vial Music Library of the Oberlin College Conservatory of Music (Oberlin, OH: Oberlin College Library, 1967). Journal (1 author) Bibliography: Kemp, Arnold J. “Trueblack.” Art Journal 66 (2007): 59. Footnote: Kemp, Arnold J. “Trueblack.” Art Journal 66 (2007): 59. Journal (2 authors) Bibliography: Allen, Gwen and Cherise Smith. “Publishing art: alternative distribution in print.” Art Journal 66 (2007): 41-45. Footnote: Allen, Gwen and Cherise Smith. “Publishing art: alternative distribution in print.” Art Journal 66 (2007): 41. Newspaper article Bibliography: Do not include in reference list. Citation is made in running text style as shown in the in text example. Footnote: "In an article on rampage killers (New York Times, April 10, 2000), Laurie Goodstein and William Glaberson describe..." Encyclopedia article Bibliography: Do not include in reference list. Citation is made in running text style as shown in the in text example. Footnote: "In his article on Nebo in the eleventh edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica, Morris Jastrow noted that . . ." Electronic journal or newspaper article Bibliography:

Carbado, Devon W. "Black Male Racial Victimhood." Callaloo 21, no. 2 (1998): 337-361. http://www.jstor.org/ (accessed July 8, 2005). Footnote: Devon W. Carbado. "Black Male Racial Victimhood," Callaloo 21, no. 2 (1998), http://www.jstor.org/ (accessed July 8, 2005). Electronic book Bibliography: Nydam, Ronald J. Adoptees Come of Age: Living Within Two Families. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1999. http://www.netlibrary.com (accessed July 8, 2005). Footnote: Ronald J. Nydam. Adoptees Come of Age: Living Within Two Families (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1999), http://www.netlibrary.com (accessed July 8, 2005). Web site Bibliography: Ellison, Jim. "Assessing the accessibility of fifty United States government Web pages: Using Bobby to check on Uncle Sam." First Monday, volume 9, number 7 (July 2004). http://www.firstmonday.org (accessed June 16, 2005). Footnote: Jim Ellison. "Assessing the accessibility of fifty United States government Web pages: Using Bobby to check on Uncle Sam, (First Monday, 2004), http://www.firstmonday.org (accessed June 16, 2005).

Figures and illustrations

Placement and Numbering • In a printed work, an illustration should appear as soon as possible after the first

text reference to it. • An illustration may precede the reference only if it appears on the same page or

same two-page spread as the reference or if the text is too short to permit placing all figures and tables after their references.

• If there are more than a handful of illustrations in a printed work (or any at all in an online work), they normally bear numbers, and all text references to them should be by the numbers: “as figure 1 shows, . . .” “compare figures 4 and 5.”

• In text, the word figure is typically set roman, lowercased, and spelled out except in parenthetical references (“fig. 10”).

• Plate, however, should not be abbreviated to pl. unless saving space is crucial.

• All illustration may be numbered in one continuous sequence throughout a work. • Maps are sometimes numbered separately if that is more convenient for readers. • Arabic numerals should be used for illustrations of all kinds: “figure 12,” “fig.

10.7.” • Where a figure consists of several parts, the parts may carry letters (A, B, C, etc.);

a single caption, keying the letters to the parts, suffices. • Text references may then refer, for example, to “fig. 10.7C”—or, if lowercase

letters are used, “10.7c.” • In some printed works, where illustrations are neither integral to the text nor

specifically referred to, numbers are unnecessary. • When illustrations are gathered in a gallery, they need not be numbered unless

referred to in text o If numbers are required and the work also contains illustrations

interspersed in the text, two number sequences must be adopted. o For example, text illustrations may be referred to as “figure 1” and so on

and gallery illustrations, if halftones, as “plate 1” and so on. • The relations between font size, line weight (thickness, measured in points), and

final printed size should be considered when drawings are created. • As a general guideline, art with an intended final size of 4 × 7 inches should have

a font size of 8 points and a line weight of 0.5 point. • Art with an intended final size of 5 × 7 inches should have a font size of 10 points

and a line weight of 1 point. • Art with an intended final size of 8 × 10 inches should have a font size of 14

points and a line weight of 1.5 points. • Hairline rules and other figure elements must be heavy enough that they will not

disappear when reduced. • For aesthetic purposes, there should be no more than a 20 percent difference

between the smallest and the largest point sizes used for labels within a drawing or chart.

• Visual distinctions may be made with capitals, italics, and boldface. • Variations should be kept to a minimum. • Avoid shading, since it may print out poorly when reduced. • Stripes or spots are preferable in a bar chart to distinguish areas from plain black

or white.

Captions • A caption may consist of a word or two, an incomplete or a complete sentence,

several sentences, or a combination. • If one or more full sentences follow it, each (including the opening phrase) has

closing punctuation. • In a work in which most captions consist of full sentences, even incomplete ones

may be followed by a period for consistency.

• No punctuation is needed after a caption consisting solely of an incomplete sentence.

• Sentence capitalization is recommended in all cases except for the formal titles of works of art.

o Ex. Milton at the Nobel ceremony, 1976 • Titles of most works of art are capitalized headline style and italicized, whether

standing alone or incorporated into a caption. Titles of photographs are an exception.

o Ex. Leonardo da Vinci, Madonna of the Rocks. Oil on canvas (original panel), 78 × 48½ in. Louvre, Paris.

o Ex. The head of Venus—a detail from Botticelli’s Birth of Venus. o Ex. Francis Bedford, “Stratford on Avon Church from the Avon,” 1860s.

Albumen print of collodion negative, 18.8 × 28.0 cm. Rochester, International Museum of Photography at George Eastman House.

• An illustration number may be separated from the caption by a period or, if the number is typographically distinct, by a space.

o Ex. Fig. 7. Idealized random distribution curve o Ex. FIGURE 4.7 A 5.5 day route of the male Wei, based on tracking in

snow. All rest sites, drinking places, and scent-marked trees were tallied. o Ex. Plate 3 Venice in winter

• The word figure or plate is sometimes omitted; the number alone may be sufficient if all the illustrations (maps, photographs, etc.) are numbered in a single series.

o Ex. 96. Aerial photograph of Galena from the south, April 1988 • Bottom, left, right, above, below, left to right, or clockwise from left are frequently

used in captions to identify subjects within a single illustration or parts of a composite. The term, usually italicized, is followed by a comma or, if a list follows, a colon.

o Ex. Fig. 4. Above left, William Livingston; above right, Henry Brockholst Livingston; below left, John Jay; below right, Sarah Livingston Jay

o Ex. Left to right: Madeleine K. Albright, Dennis Ross, Ehud Barak, and Yassir Arafat

Tables

• Whatever style is chosen for titles, column heads and abbreviations for one table must be followed in all other tables in the same work.

• An italic capital N stands for the total group, or “population,” from which data are drawn

• An italic lowercase n stands for a portion of the total group, or a “sample.” • Every table should be given a number (Arabic numerals are used) and should be

cited in the text by the number, either directly or parenthetically. o Ex. The wide-ranging nature of the committee’s discussions can be judged

from the topics listed in table 14.

o Ex. Topics covered by the worker-management committee in three years of deliberations fell into five general categories (table 14).

• The word table is lowercase in text references. • A simple list or other tabular matter that requires only two columns can usually be

left unnumbered and untitled. • Table numbers follow the order in which the tables are to appear in the text, and

first mentions should follow that order as well. • Each table, even in a closely related set, should be given its own number (tables

14, 15, and 16, rather than tables 14A–C). • The title should identify the table as briefly as possible. • It should not furnish background information, repeat the column heads, or

describe the results illustrated by the table • The title should be a noun form. • Use participles rather than relative clauses—for example: “Families subscribing

to weekly news magazines” rather than “Families that subscribe to weekly news magazines”.

• In a printed table, the title usually follows the number on the same line, separated by punctuation or by space and typographic distinction. Less commonly, the number appears on a line by itself, the title starting a new line. The number is always preceded by the word table.

o Ex. Table 2. Description of species pools used in the simulations o Ex. Table 6.4

• Like table titles, column heads should be as brief as possible and, space being at a premium, are best capitalized sentence style

• As long as their meaning is clear to readers, abbreviations may be used as needed. • In a work that includes a number of tables, column heads should be treated

consistently. Abbreviations

• Use periods with abbreviations that appear in lowercase letters; • Use no periods with abbreviations that appear in full capitals or small capitals,

whether two letters or more. • No space is left between the letters of initialisms and acronyms, whether

lowercase or in capitals. • Space is usually left between abbreviated words. • Noun forms are usually uppercase (HIV, VP), adverbial forms lowercase (rpm,

mpg). • Abbreviations are italicized only if they stand for a term that would be italicized if

spelled out—the title of a book or periodical, for example. • Common Latin abbreviations are set in roman. • No space is left on either side of an ampersand used within an initialism.

o Ex. R&D o Ex. Texas A&M

Word Usage

• A parenthetical statement at the end of a sentence is punctuated outside of the closing parenthesis (like this).

• (A parenthetical sentence is punctuated within the parentheses.) • In American English, periods and commas are within quotation marks, like “this

period.” • Other punctuation (!,?) is “outside”! Revised by Gina Bush 12/11/07