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Community Based Tourism in Namibia
Successes and Challenges
Desert Knowledge Symposium – 2006 –
Alice Springs. Australia
By Usiel Ndjavera
Introduction• Namibia covers an area of 823 988 Km2 and
has a total population of 1,826,854 people
• 335 000 Km2 of land (41% of total) – Communal Land
• 362 000 Km2 of land (44 % of total) – Commercial Land
• Protected areas cover 114 000 Km2 of land (14 % of total)
Conservation Policy and Legislative Framework
COMMERCIAL LAND:• 1968 / 1975 – Nature
Conservation Ordinance
• 1992 – Policy on Establishment of Conservancies in Namibia
COMMUNAL LAND:• 1995 – Policy on
Wildlife Management, Utilisation and Tourism in Communal Areas
• 1996 – Nature Conservation Amendment Act
Conservation Policy and Legislative Framework
COMMERCIAL LAND• Ownership over huntable
game in 1975• Booming wildlife industry• Options for mixed farming
included game ranching and tourism
• Farming units (5000 ha) too small for wildlife movements etc., thus formed conservancies
COMMUNAL LAND:• Wildlife remained
state property• Declining wildlife
numbers (internal and external poaching; unsustainable harvesting by colonial state)
Legal Basis of Conservancies
Government gazetteOf the
Republic of NamibiaN$1.20 Windhoek - 17 June 1996 No. 1333
contents
Government Notice Page
No. 151Promulgation of Nature Conservation Amendment Act, 1996 (Act 50f 1996), of the Parliament ………………………………………………. 1
Rights granted:
* Rights of Ownership over huntable game
* Rights to revenues from the Sale of Game or Game Products
* Rights to Tourism.
A registered conservancy, on behalf of the community it represents,
acquires new rights and responsibilities with regard to the
consumptive and non-consumptive use and management of wildlife:
Consumptive uses include: use of game for trophy hunting, consumption, commercial sale for meat or capture for live sale
Non-consumptive uses include: tourism ventures such as community-based tourism enterprises and joint venture agreements with private sector entrepreneurs
Rights of conservancies
Where are conservancies in Namibia?
A further 14 % of Namibia is protected under the state Protected Areas network, and 5 % is within conservancies on freehold land
Over 182,429 rural people live within conservancies
44 Conservancies gazetted to date
Around 105,276 km2, representing 10 % of Namibia, now falls within communal area conservancies
Community Income Generating Approaches
• Lodges• Community Lodges of Namibia• Community Based Tourism
Enterprises• Trophy Hunting• Private Concessions
Marketing of Trophy Hunting
Campsites, crafts, guiding, info
centres, traditional homesteads
Joint Venture Lodges
• NACOBTA founded in 1995 by local communities who wanted to develop tourism enterprises in communal areas.
• 40 Active Member Enterprises- Campsites, rest-camps, traditional villages, craft centres, information centres, museums and local tour guides
• Support services to enterprises: Training, Business Advice, Marketing, Small Grants, Advocacy, Booking and Information office
• Tourism & Business Plans – demand driven
• Quality product design and construction• Project based fund raising – demand driven• Appropriate & effective management
• Broker Partnership deals between Private sector and communities
• Monitoring, evaluation and forward planning.
• Integrate sustainable enterprises into mainstream tourism
EnvironmentalEnvironmentalContributes meaningfully to conservation of the resources it usesContributes meaningfully to conservation of the resources it usesEnvironmentally sound design and operation (EIA and EMP)Environmentally sound design and operation (EIA and EMP)Development fits into planning frameworksDevelopment fits into planning frameworks
SocialSocialEmployment preference to localsEmployment preference to localsEncourages local ownership and managementEncourages local ownership and managementWorks in harmony with local structuresWorks in harmony with local structures
EconomicEconomicBased on sound business principles with proven market demandBased on sound business principles with proven market demandBusiness plans developedBusiness plans developedManagement / ownership based on accepted best practiceManagement / ownership based on accepted best practice
What are the principles of Community Based Tourism?
What are the CBT Products?What are the CBT Products?
Lodges
Tours
Info &bookings
Guides
CraftsCultural
Trophyhunting
Campsites
Approaches/ProcessesApproaches/Processes1. Planning
– Tourism plan
– Business plan
– Design plan
– Construction schedule & budget
– Funding
– Legal requirements
2. Development– Management structures
– Training
– Construction
– Contracts & agreements
3. Operational– Finance & admin
– Marketing
– Monitoring & Mentorship
4. Future– Business review
– New product dev.
SuccessesSuccesses• CBT Profile has been
uplifted• Private Sector awareness
has been raised • 40 SMEs and 13 JVs are
operational generating income of approx N$13.5m in 2005
• Best approaches and Processes in place
• Products have been upgraded to meet market standards
CBNRM Program Benefits 1994 - 2005
02,000,0004,000,0006,000,0008,000,000
10,000,00012,000,00014,000,00016,000,00018,000,00020,000,00022,000,000
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Year
N$
Conservancy Non-Financial Benefits
NR-based Household/Wage Income
Conservancy / Enterprise Committee Income
CBNRM Program 2005 - Source of Benefits
Crafts3%
Ow n Use Game5%
Interest Earned1%
Game Meat Dist.4%
Thatching Grass12%
Live Game Sale1% Campsites/CBTEs
21%
Trophy Hunting13%
Joint Venture Tourism37%
Total CBNRM Benefits = N$20,099,173
Total Conservancy Benefits = N$13,844,429
Total Household Income = N$9,109,779
Failures
Donor dependency- Lack of exit strategy Sustainability of enterprises Community management vs.
Entrepreneurship• Development approach vs. Business
approach• Some products do not meet market standards
Barriers • Separation of CBT from
mainstream• Insufficient business service
providers• NGO’s lack business & tourism
orientation• Unwillingness of Private sector
to use CBTEs• Access to capital• Land insecurity• Lack of incentives for investing
Way forwards
• Development of Mentorship Program as well as assistance from the Private Sector Operators.
• The Introduction of a Fee For Service Concept
• Diversification of funding sources for the support of community based tourism development in Namibia
• Obtain positive input from Private Sector Operators in the Development of tourism SMEs
Thanks !
Tourist informationTourist information
• UisUis
• AusAus
Cultural attractions and craftCultural attractions and craft
• Tsandi HomesteadTsandi Homestead
• King Nehale cultural centreKing Nehale cultural centre