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NEPAL RED CROSS SOCIETY

COMMUNITY BASED DISASTER PREPAREDNESS

(CBDP)

HAND BOOK 1996 (2053)

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FOREWORD Although Nepal is a small country, small and big disasters, caused in part due to its harsh

geographical terrain and other natural and manmade reasons, result in a large loss of lives

and property each year. The loss of lives and property caused by the disasters have

increased every year as there are not enough organizations, coordination and resources to

deal with such disasters. Preparedness for such events is also not high in the priority list

of the country's plans. Such conditions have increased the frequency of emergency

situations in the country and hindered its process of development. Coordinated planning

and implementation of a package plan that ties disaster preparedness with development

objectives from the community to the national levels is necessary. Although prior

preparations for disasters at the central and district levels can help in the relief operations,

community level organizations are far more efficient in providing timely and effective

relief following small disasters that affect communities. For this to happen, community

level organizations, coordination between them, and a knowledgeable and trained

manpower are necessary. For such resources to exist, it has been felt that a "Community

Based Disaster Preparedness Program" (CBDP) must be conducted. It is hoped that

this handbook will be of use to such a program. This handbook consists of four parts. It

will provide theoretical and practical knowledge about disasters, clarify the roles of

community level organizations and volunteers and help in the management of relevant

training programs. We hope to continuously revise this handbook based on experience

and therefore ask all concerned people to provide us help and suggestions.

Dev Ratna Dhakhwa

Secretary General

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TABLE OF CONTENTS PART-I

DISATER MANAGEEMNT S.No. Subject Page No. 1. Disaster: Definition, Types and Effects 2. Disaster Mitigation 3. Disaster Preparedness 4. Rescue and Relief Operation 5. Rehabilitation 6. Reconstruction

PART - II

MAIN TYPES OF DISASTER IN NEPAL 7. Fire 8. Flood and Landslide 9. Earthquake 10. Epidemic 11. Other Disaster

PART-III COMMUNITY BASED DISASTER PREPAREDNESS PROGRAM

AND MANAGEEMNT METHODS

12. Model 1 : Community Based Disaster Preparedness Program Lesson 1 : CBDP Program - What, When and Where ? Lesson 2 : For what type of community is this program

suitable ? Lesson 3 : Who can run this program under what type of

coordination ? Lesson 4 : How this program can be managed by the

implementing agency ? 13. Model 2 : You in the Volunteer Community of Disaster Preparedness. Lesson 1 : Volunteer/Workers Lesson 2 : Managing body and your community Lesson 3 : Role of volunteers in the management of CBDP

program Lesson 4 : Role of volunteers in the disaster preparedness

program - Before disaster - During disaster - After disaster.

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14. Model 3 : Your Disaster Preparedness Program for your community Lesson 1 : You in your community Lesson 2 : Probable risk of disaster in your community and

special programs to be safe from effects of disaster.

PART-IV COMMUNITY BASED DISASTER PREPAREDNESS TRAINING

15. Background 16. The need for training 17. Types of training 18. Community based disaster preparedness training.

(a) General objectives (b) Main objectives (c) Training (d) Participation (e) Why the training is necessary ? (f) Curriculum (g) Suggestions to trainers

19. Certificate 20. Refresher training program 21. Placement of trainers 22. Feedback on programs 23. Appendix - study design.

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PART - I

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Disaster: Definition, Types and Effect

Disaster Mitigation

Disaster Preparedness

Response Operation

Rehabilitation

Reconstruction

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Disaster: Definition and Types Disaster: Definition: There are many different definitions of disaster. Most such definitions tend to refer to disaster as disruption of normal patterns of life. Such disruption is usually severe and may also be sudden, unexpected and widespread. Most dictionaries define disasters as a sudden calamitous event, producing great materials damage, loss and distress, such as earthquake, epidemic, fire hurricane etc. Disaster Relief Act, 2039 (including 2049 second amendment) defines disaster in the following manner : "Disaster refers to any natural calamity such as earthquake, fire, hurricane, landslide, flood, excessive rain, famine, epidemic etc. It also refers to any industrial accident, explosion, nuclear accident etc." In the above definition, examples have been used to understand the concept of disaster. Although this definition might be appropriate legally but not good enough for the workers. The International Red Cross movement has been related to disaster since its establishment. Disaster relief work is one of the traditional activities of the Red Cross movement. Therefore Red Cross has attempted to define a disaster in relation to its own programs. The then league of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (now federation) defined disaster in the following way: "Disaster is a sudden event that severely disrupts the normal patterns of life. During disasters people face many hardships. Therefore, it is necessary to provide those people with basic needs such as protection, food, cloth, housing, medicine etc/" Important points mentioned in the above definition are : 1. Disaster is a time of disasters. 2. At the time of disaster, the normal patterns of life suddenly gets disrupted. 3. People face hardships due to the disaster 4. Basic needs must be provided to those people affected by the disaster. 5. Basic needs are : (a) Protection (b) Food (c) Clothing (d) Housing (e) Medicine

and (f) Other social service.

The definition given by the then league (now IFRC/Federation) seems more appropriate because it tells:

a) What to call a disaster b) The role of Red Cross during the disaster.

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Disaster: Classification and types: In general, there are two types of disasters: (1) Natural and (2) Manmade. Natural disaster is one caused by disturbance in natural forces. Volcanic eruption, earthquake, hurricane are the examples of natural disaster. Man-made disaster is one caused by human action or lack of caution. War, fire, road accident, industrial accident and other social tragedy are examples of man-made disasters. Besides this, disasters can be classified in following ways: a) Disasters due to disturbance under land. For example: earthquake, volcanic eruption,

landslides, etc. b) Disasters caused by water. For example: excessive rain, flood, famine, hailstorm,

drought etc. c) Disaster caused by wind. For example: hurricane, typhoon etc. d) Disasters on land surface. For example: road accident, industrial accident, epidemic

drought and famine etc. Once a disaster occurs it might induce another disaster. The latter is called a secondary disaster. A disaster which is long time in the making is called a Creeping Disaster.

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Disaster Mitigation 1. Introduction: "Disaster Mitigation is a long-term measure that aims to reduce the impact of a disaster when it takes place. The measure could be either structural or non-structural." In fact, it is much better if a disaster could be prevented. But usually prevention is not possible and mitigation seems more practical. Hence, the concept of mitigation is more recognised these days. In a broad sense, "The word mitigation could be used to imply all the activities that take place before any disaster happens including disaster preparedness and long-term risk minimizing measures." However, many organisations and writers seem to overlook the preparedness part while discussing the concept of disaster mitigation and use it in a rather narrow sense. Another way, to define disaster mitigation in simple and brief language would be "Measures aimed at reducing the impact of a natural or man-made disaster on a nation or community". Therefore, disaster mitigation program is based upon two main aspects: (a) Prevention (b) Preparedness. Prevention aspect tries to determine the probable scientific cause of the disaster. Such thinking can assist a process of permanent protection of human lives and property. Preparedness aspect tries to determine how people can be protected when a disaster occurs or is imminent. Hence when both of those aspects are presented together, disaster mitigation can be thought about in the following way: Hazard evaluation. Risk assessment Disaster prevention measures Emergency planning Public information & training.

Examples of mitigation measures :

Building and strengthening of buildings so that they can with stand floods or earthquakes.

The incorporation of hazard resistance in structures or procedures to be followed in new development projects.

Planting certain kinds or varieties of crops that are less affected by specific kinds of disasters.

Changing crop cycles so that crops mature and are harvested before the onset of the flood or cyclone season.

The adoption of land-use planning and controls to restrict activities in high-risk areas. Economic diversification to allow losses in one sector to be offset by increased output

in other sectors.

To carry out the above activities and measures, adequate technical knowledge and the help of may sectors is necessary. These include the natural sciences, engineering, planning, public protection, protection of citizens, the benefit of the public and the dissemination of public information.

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2. Types : Disaster mitigation can basically be classified into two types: Non-structural mitigation and structural mitigation. (a) Non-structural mitigation :

1. Legal Framework: The provision of instituting a set of building codes. Also the legal constitution of an organisaiton that would execute and coordinate disaster management.

2. Incentives: By providing insurance service, government grants or subsidies. 3. Training and education: Four target groups are especially important : (a) Public

officials (b) Technical students (c) Small builders and craftment (d) school children.

4. Public Awareness:

a) A good public knowledge and understanding of local hazards and vulnerabilities. b) Public awareness of the kind of mitigation measures which can be applied. c) Public participation in community preparedness programs.

5. Institutionalization : By structuring organisaitons, increasing the number of

coping mechanisms, and through encouraging actions that promote co-operation among different groups.

6. Forecasting and warning system.

7. Hazard mapping

8. Agricultural mitigation

9. Additional cost management

(b) Structural mitigation : Structural mitigation can be divided into two groups: engineered structures and non-engineered structures. 1. Engineered structures : Engineered structures involve those works in which

architecture and planning, designing and construction are done by engineer/professionals.

2. Non-engineering structures: Non-engineered structures are those constructed by their owners themselves or by local carpenters and masons who generally lack formal training.

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3. Ten Guiding Principles of Disaster Mitigation INITIATION 1.

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Disaster offer unique opportunities to introduce mitigation measures. Mitigation can be introduced within the three diverse contexts of : 9a) Reconstruction (b) New investment (c) The existing environment.

MANAGEMENT 3. 4. 5. 6.

Mitigation measures are complex and interdependent, and they involve broad responsibility. Therefore, effective leadership and co-ordination are essential to provide a focal point. Mitigation will be most effective if safety measures are spread through a wide diversity of integrated activities. Active mitigation measures that rely on incentives are more effective than passive measures based on restrictive laws and controls. Mitigation must not be isolated from related elements of disaster planning such as preparedness, relief and reconstruction.

PRIORITIZATION 7. Where resources are limited, priority should be given to the protection of key social groups, critical services and vital economic sectors.

MONITORING & EVALUATION

8. Mitigation measures need to be continually monitored and evaluated so as to respond to changing patterns of hazards, vulnerability and resources.

INSTUTIONALIZATION 9. 10.

Mitigation measures should be sustainable so as to resist public apathy during the long periods between major disaster. Political commitment is vital to the initiation and maintenance of mitigation.

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4. Disaster Mitigation Model:

Engineering Special planning Economic -Is to possible to strengthen the structures that already exists?

-Is there a building code? -There enforcement of building code?

- Is there training program on disaster resistant construction for building constructors ?

- Has there been any effort made to reduce natural risk in the planning process ?

- Has the disaster minimizing policy been followed in landaus plans ?

- Has the natural risk minimizing aspect been incorporated in plans for a rehabilitation area ?

- What sources are necessary for the establishment of a rehabilitation area ?

- Have resources been spent to reduce future economic losses ?

- Have plans been made to assist rehabilitated communities ?

- Have the economic activities been diversified to minimize risks ?

- Are those activities safe in relation to the transportation and economic needs ?

- Do those activities guarantee a permanent labour market ?

Management and organisaiton

Social Resolution of conflicts

- Are the management and organizational plans good enough to reduce long-term risk ?

- Are the educational, training and management development skills being increased and institutionalized so as to mitigate a disaster ?

- Have measures that increase the consciousness and the ability of communities to mitigate the effects of a disaster been implemented ?

- How are the communities involved in the plans related to disaster preparedness ?

- Is help available to communities that want training and education related to disasters ?

- Are efforts being made to identify and mitigate the real sources of conflicts that impact a community ?

- Are there probable source of conflicts between communities and areas ?

Time Political Long term development effort- Have the mitigation efforts been timely so as to take maximum advantage of the available opportunity ?

- Does political help exist at all levels to mitigate a disaster ?

- During the planning and implementation phases of development work, have measures that mitigate disasters been put in proper place ? have donor agencies and the government followed such measures ?

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5. Conclusion It is important to analyse the above mentioned introduction, definition, example, types,

principle and models in order to formulate suitable mitigation programs. It is also

important to identify what works have happened and what are necessary with regard to

the mitigation programs. If a suitable plan can be formulated and implemented and a

system for monitoring the mitigation programs can be introduced and applied, the

mitigation programs can be made effective.

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Disaster Preparedness The chapter covers the following aspects:

Meaning of preparedness in disaster management Importance of preparedness in disaster management Components of disaster preparedness Planning of disaster preparedness

1. Meaning of disaster preparedness : Disaster preparedness, in general, refers to the preparation prior to any disaster. In a broad sense, it refers to ones readiness to cope with any disaster before and after it happens. Thus, disaster preparedness : a) refers to all the activities one does to prepare to cope with any disaster before it

happens. b) refers to the readiness to conduct rescue and relief operation during and after the

disaster. In other words, it refers to the prior arrangement of housing, food, clothing, medicine etc. for the people affected by disaster.

2. Importance of disaster preparedness : The importance of disaster preparedness can be understood form its definition. Furthermore, let's dwell on the definition given by the then league of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies - "Disaster is a sudden event that severely disrupts the normal patterns of life. During such situation, people face many hardships. Therefore, it is necessary to provide those people with basic needs: Protection, food, clothing, housing, medicine etc." The Basic needs - protection, food, clothing, housing, medicine and other services mentioned in the above definition, must be provided as soon as disaster occurs to make response operation more effective. Hence, preparedness is necessary to respond rapidly and effectively to disaster situation. Moreover, the importance of disaster preparedness could be mentioned in the following way: 1. Preparedness can reduce the impact of a disaster. Building dams to control floods,

enforcing building codes etc., are examples of preparedness. 2. Preparedness can rescue those who are living in the vulnerable areas. 3. Preparedness can improve the activities that are necessary after the disaster. In this way, preparedness is very important in disaster management and it should be carried out in national and international levels.

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3. Components of preparedness: The components of preparedness should be carefully reviewed in order to evaluate the disaster preparedness program properly. 3.1. Identification of vulnerability: It is necessary to identify the areas of vulnerability in order to carry out preparedness activities. It is also desirable to figure out the reasons behind their vulnerability. In other words, the areas might be vulnerable due to lack of education, lack of training, lack of research etc. If all these factors are studied, it would be easy to arrange necessary materials and resource. 3.2. Planning : Inadequate policy and outdated plans will tend to have adverse effects on the extent and standard of preparedness. Thus, plans need to be updated, practical and based on available resources. 3.3. Organisational structure: It is necessary to have organisaitonal structure at national and local levels in order to formulate preparedness policies and activities. Good cooperation is desirable between disaster related organisaitons. Areas of responsibility should be properly defined amount officials and organisaitons. National organisaitons should keep horizontal contact with other related national organisaitons for the purpose of policy making and local organisaitons should also do the same for the purpose of carrying out the activities. Similarly, within a single organisation with national and local branches vertical contact and coordination between the branches are necessary. Local level organisaitons can take local level decisions in order to carry out their activities, however they can coordinate with other organisations through their local agents, if necessary. 3.4. Information flow: Information flow system refers to the communication between communities and organisations about data, warning, safe places and other matters related to the disaster. This would help reduce the impact of any disaster. It also helps response operation to be more effective. 3.5. Resource management: It is important to have rescue and relief materials ready prior to any disaster. It is not possible to arrange all the things that are necessary to cope with the disaster situation prior to the disaster, however, the arrangement of basic needs can be done. The rescue and relief materials include medicines, food, utensils, clothes, etc. In addition, the system of communication and transportation should be arranged. Trained manpower is necessary

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It is important to have rescue and relief materials ready prior to any disaster. It is not possible to arrange all the things that are necessary to cope with the disaster situation prior to the disaster, however, the arrangement of basic needs can be done. The rescue and relief materials include medicines, food, utensils, clothes, etc. In addition, the system of communication and transportation should be arranged. Trained manpower is necessary to operate the rescue and relief activities effectively. The quantity of relief materials depend upon the responsibility that the organisation is willing to take. It also depends upon the practicality of the materials. For example, the transportation should be arranged if it is available and necessary. 3.6. Warning : The damages caused by disaster can be reduced if the system of warning is arranged. The means of warning can be: bell, telephone etc. Intended recipients of warning must possess the means of receiving the warning so that the system can work effectively. 3.7. Preparedness Planning: There is need for a clear and comprehensive list of activities for disaster preparedness planning. Effective rescue and relief operation and warning system are the gist of preparedness planning. 3.8. Public education and Training: Training and public education are the most importance components in preparedness. Public education programs can be presented in a variety of forms such as, including preparedness in school curriculum, in seminars etc. Training and refreshment program should be conducted from time to time on disaster rescue and relief operation management. If possible, a permanent training system and program is desirable. It is also important to mobilise available skilled manpower and resources as training to all people is not possible. 3.9. Exercise It is not possible to think about the disaster's effect and its severity before it happens. However, exercises, designed to test the disaster management system or parts of it, provide valuable preparedness checks. It would also help to reduce the weaknesses in the preparedness planning. In addition to the above components of preparedness the following will also help in planing the preparedness programme.

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The following points should be included in community or local level planning : 1. The information on the following situation must be up-to-date: 1.1. Possible danger and disaster that could damaged a community. 1.2. Identification of the most vulnerable areas 1.3. Reasons for vulnerability. 1.4. Selection of trained manpower, arrangement of relief materials, and other things

that might be important during disaster. 2. Organisations and volunteers working for disaster management should work

closely with people in the vulnerable situation. This would reduce the impact of the disaster.

3. Traditional as well as modern ways should be followed to prevent possible dangers.

4. Types of training, its management, and selection of the trainers should be made. 5. Arrangement of necessary rescue and relief materials should be made. Use

available communication system to coordinate with the other related agencies. The following points must be included while planning national level preparedness program: 1. National level planning for preparedness program includes: preparing of country

report on disasters, identifying of vulnerable community, group, area and evaluating the capability of handling response operation.

2. Study of possible disasters that may come from neighboring countries such as epidemic, refugees etc.

3. Role of non government organisations in disaster preparedness. 4. Include disaster management in other activities. 5. Arrange trainings that suit national to local levels. 6. Arrangement of rescue and relief materials such as a storage place for such

materials. 7. Mobilisation of resources, collection and establishment of and emergency fund. 8. Coordination with national and international organisation as and when needed. It is assured that the activities of disaster management will b effective if disaster preparedness planning includes all the components mentioned above.

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Response Operation (Rescue and Relief Service) Generally people believe that a disaster is caused by god's wrath. Disaster is a sudden event that severely disrupts the normal patterns of life and people face many hardships during such situations. Therefore, it is necessary to provide those people with the basic needs: protection, food, clothes, housing, medicine, social services etc. Disasters caused by water, wind, man and movement inside land occur frequently in the world. It is almost impossible to predict a disaster and its impact. But people are still trying to figure out the reasons behind disaster. People can work against disaster and reduce its impact. Response operation in disaster management during and after a disaster consists of such activities as saving lives, properties, reducing the impact of the disaster etc. It is within the human right of the victims to receive relief aid. To provide such help to disaster victims is the human duty of the others. It is clear that the scope of response is usually extensive and that its success must depend vitally on good preparedness. The effectiveness or otherwise of response also has a considerable bearing on subsequent recovery activities such as rehabilitation and reconstruction. Response operations usually have to be carried out under disruptive and sometimes traumatic conditions. Often, they are difficult to implement and they tend to make heavy demands on personnel, equipment and other resources. Thus, without a sound basis of planning, organisation and training response operations are unlikely to achieve optimum success. Proper planning, organisation, leadership, mobilization of resources, and training are the indispensable factors of response operations. The following aspects of response operations should be carefully studied: a) Important characteristic of response operations b) Some problems that might arise during such operations c) Requirements for effective response operations d) Follow-on from response operations e) Human factors in response operations f) Resources relevant to various aspects of response operations.

Important characteristic of response:

Effective response to the impact of disaster is critical mainly in order to: 1. Limit casualties. 2. Alleviate hardship and suffering 3. Restore essential life support and community systems. 4. Mitigate further damage and loss 5. Provide the foundation for subsequent recovery.

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Disaster response efforts depend on the following factors: (a) The Types of Disaster: Depending on its type, the onset of disaster may provide long warning, short warning, or no warring at all. This will obviously influence the effectiveness of response action , mobilization, and application of response effort. (b) The severity and extent of disaster: This represents the size and shape of the response operation and particularly affects aspects such as the ability of response effort to cope with the problems, the urgency of response action and the priorities which are applied , and requirements for external assistance. (c) The ability to take pre-impact action : If warning time and other conditions permit pre-impact action to be taken (in the form of evacuation shelter and other protective measure) this may have a major effect on the success of response overall. (d) The capability for sustained operations: A frequent requirement of response operation is that they must be sustained over a long enough period to be fully effective. Several factors are involved here, including: (1) resource capacity (2) management (3) community self-reliance (4) international assistance. (e) Identification of likely response requirement: It is important for any community to identify beforehand the kind of response action which is likely to be needed for any particular disaster. (f) Co-operation among organisaitons working against disaster Coordination among organiatons working against disaster is desirable. It is believed that fifty percent of relief activities would be successful if there were coordination among organisations, definite areas of responsibility, information flow , and implementation method. Government organisaitons in central, district, and local levels and Red Cross which is specifically established to carry out this kind of work can take leadership. Other organisations can learn from their work experience.

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Some problems that might arise during such operations: Different kinds of problems may arise before, during and after the response operation. Such problems may reduce the effectiveness of the relief activities. Some of the major problems relevant to response operations are summarized.

(a) Background factors : First of all, planning, organisation, adequate policy direction are required for disaster preparedness and response. Lack of adequate policy direction, poor orgaanistion, and inadequate planning may create confusion among organisations about their areas of responsibility. (b) Inadequate preparedness Adequate preparedness arrangement can reduce disaster impact by 30-50% and reduce cost by 200-300 percent. But preparedness can be inadequate due to plans becoming out-dated, low standards of readiness on the part of resource organisaitons, poor public awareness, and disasters of unexpected magnitude. (c) Lack of warning information The impact of a disaster can be of great magnitude due to inadequate warning lead time, errors in warning information, faults in warning systems usually due to technical reasons, failure of people to respond to warning. (d) Slow activation of the response system: This may be due to warning factors, poor system for activation, lack of functional readiness, and coincidence with some national event e.g. a national holiday. (e) Effects of disaster and crisis pressure The may include disruption loss of communications, destruction of roads and seanse of transportation, loss of key personnel. This effects the response operation adversely. (f) Difficulties in survey of damage and assessment of needs: These may arise from adverse weather conditions following disaster impact, difficulties of ground survey, inadequate planning for survey, loss of necessary resources. (g) Inaccurate and incomplete information from survey This can cause serious response problems through inaccurate figures of people who are homeless, without food and shelter and in need of medical assistance.

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(h) Poor coordination of response operations This can result from problems involved in the collection of information, evaluation of information, dissemination of decisions and information, duplication of response effort, unwillingness of some organisations to work within a coordinating system and inadequate training of personnel. (i) Inadequate relief supplies This may involve essential items such as food, water, shelter materials and medical supple is. Collection of such materials as preparedness is minimally required. Response operations may be adversely affected if expected international assistance is delayed or inadequate. Problems can be caused shortage of air, sea, and land transport for the distribution of relief supplies and other activities. Requirements for effective response Wide international experience has shown that effective response depends fundamentally on two factors: (a) Information (b) Resources Without these two vital components, the best plans, management arrangements, expert staff and so on become virtually useless. Bearing this fundamental premise in mind, the major requirements for effective response are listed below: (a) Background of preparedness The effectiveness of response operations will depend vitally on the general background of preparedness which applies. This includes various aspects of policy direction, planning, organisation and training. (b) Readiness of resource organisations: The readiness of resource organisaeions both government and non-government to respond to disaster situations, is a very important requirement for response operations. they should be able to utilize available limited resources in an optimal manner. They also should coordinate with other organisatons to make the response operation more effective. (c) Warning information An effective system of warning is vitally important for successful response operations. Disaster related agencies should disseminate information during and after a disaster to the public, to the affected areas, to key officials, and should ask them to be careful. Timely warning can reduce the impact of disaster. Dissemination of response decisions and

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broadcast of warning information to the public should be arranged. At the time disaster, Schools, offices and other public places should be closed and arrangement of necessary relief materials such as food and water should be made. (d) Evacuation For effective response operation, it is necessary to evacuate the disaster affected community. In order to stop widespread damage of disaster and to protect people from it, the affected area is evacuated. (e) Activation of the response operation For rapid and effective response, disaster management agencies and organisations should define areas of responsibility for themselves. Depending on the impact of disaster and the relief work necessary, the concerned agencies should agree on the list of organisations and individuals that will be involved in the relief work, that will remain stand-by, and that which will be alerted. In this way, full mobilization or resources can be done. (f) Co-ordination of resource operation : Co-ordination of the action taken in response operations is very important. Good coordination ensures that resources organizations are utilized to best effect, therefore avoiding gaps or duplication in operational tasks. Also appropriate disaster management committees usually at national and local levels are necessary in order to ensure that there is overall allocations of tasks. Major emergency response operations Following the impact of disaster, there are usually varying degrees of damages to, or destruction of the systems which support everyday life. Communities therefore need help in order to survive through the emergency phase and beyond. Key aspects of this assistance include : (a) Rescue Rescue of community and persons is the first task after the disaster. The concerned agency should notify nearby police station, local level Red Cross, VDC for effective rescue operation. Sometimes army and police are also mobilised for the rescue purpose. Besides, a community protection team can be organised in order to carry out rescue operations. (b) Treatment and care of victims It is necessary after disaster to carry out such activities as identification of casualties, disposal of the dead hospitality, medical treatment, first aid etc.

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(c) Evacuation and temporary shelter Accommodation in community buildings such as schools are provided to the evacuated people before of after a disaster. The government and VDC generally arrange the temporary safe places. In such situation, the Red Cross distributes tents, tarpaulins, blanket, clothes to the victims. (d) Food and water Due to a disaster shortage of food and potable water may arise. Water and food can cause another disaster. Therefore, food and water need to be purified. Coordination with the government and the local businesses is important in order to provide enough supplies to the victims. The Red Cross has distributed food supplies when they have the resources. Detail information is written in Disaster Relief Handbook. (e) Protection, communication and coordination Police and disaster level administration maintain law and order, especially to prevent looting and unnecessary damages around disaster area. It is important to broadcast the news about damages caused by disaster and relief activities in order to avoid confusion among people. Public should know what is going on, which organisation is doing what and more. (f) Rehabilitation and reconstruction After disaster, physical structures of a community need to be reconstructed. reconstruction is the responsibility of the government and the community. Sometimes, organisations such as the Red Cross. Lutheran World Service, Oxfam take responsibilities for rehabilitation and reconstruction if external resources are available to them.

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Rehabilitation After any disaster, first-aid, rescue of people who are trapped and distribution of necessary materials are done immediately. Then follows the arrangement of housing for the victims. In such situation, we have seen people living under tents, tarpaulins, in open places and public places like temples, schools etc. This kind of immediate housing arrangement can be called emergency rehabilitation. In other worlds, it can be called Emergency Resettlement or Temporary Resettlement. In this context, one example seems relevant here. Temporary housing arrangement were made in Jhapa district when Bhutanese refugees came into Nepal in great number at first. The arrangement was made in order to provide immediate protection to the refugees. Arrangement of housing, just to provide immediate protection to the victims is known as emergency resettlement. Let's observe the word rehabilitation carefully. It is made up by joining "re" with "habilitation". Dictionaries define habilitation in the following ways: (a) To resettle the victims properly (b) To install in a steady way (c) To install industries or machines in the required places (d) To fix any new work, subject, tradition, value and convert them into new things. From the above it becomes clear that the world "rehabilitation" means the reinstalling of humans, industries, machines, any work, subject, tradition, values in a steady way. The policy of disaster rehabilitation and reconstruction of the Red Cross defines rehabilitation as: Rehabilitation refers to the actions taken in the aftermath of a disaster to enable basic services to resume functioning, to assist victims, self-help efforts to repair physical damage and community facilities, to revive economic activities and provide support for the psychological and social well being of the survivor. Whilst it initially focuses on enabling the affected propulsion to resume more or less normal (pre-disaster) patterns of life it should always strive to reduce vulnerability and create and improvement in living hundreds. It may be compared as a transitional phase between immediate relief and the pursuit of ongoing development. According to the above definition, rehabilitation refers: 1. To the help provided to the victims after a disaster which might assist them to

regain their pre-disaster lifestyle. 2. To the assistance given for the reconstruction of damaged physical structures and

other services of the community. 3. To the help people are given to regain their normal lives both mentally and

physically.

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4. To the effort to improve the living condition and to reduce the vulnerability of the victims.

5. To a transitional phase between immediate relief and the pursuit of an on going development process.

According to the above definition, it is understood that rehabilitation comes after the disaster occurs. Rehabilitation assists the affected communities to return to their normal lives following a disaster. Rehabilitation includes such activities as reconstruction of physical structures and services, counseling, financial aid etc. It can be called a transitional phase between immediate relief and the pursuit of on going development process. During rehabilitation, planning is done and the affected families and communities are helped in a long term basis according to their necessities. In a way, rehabilitation seems like a development work. It is natural to think that way because construction of houses, roads, bridges, wells, tubewells, schools, temples, health posts, and other facilities that are necessary for people are carried out in order to resettle the affected people. But it is rehabilitation not development because such activities are carried out primarily to solve the problems of the people victimized by a disaster. Development comes after rehabilitation as it is thought that the latter restores the pre-disaster lives of the affected people. During rehabilitation the affected people are provided with physical facilities as well as social and mental support. For example, the rehabilitation given to the displaced people after the flood of 2044 B.S.

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Reconstruction Introduction Natural disaster is a condition of crisis. It suddenly affects the normal life of the people severely and causes damages to human lives and property. In such a condition the victims will be in need of basic necessities. The natural disasters cause economic, social and physical damages and these damages have to be minimally reversed to support human life. Reconstruction includes-permanent construction of damaged physical structures, resumption of all necessary services, rebuilding of basic structures, and necessary support activities in the field of agricultural and economic life of the affected people.

Reconstruction is the opportunity for development Reconstruction works are started after the completion of the immediate relief operations. Such works take a long time. The reconstruction works are undertaken keeping in mind the possibility of disasters in the future. This forward thinking is one step ahead of the pre-disaster situation and such an opportunity generally provides room for development.

Methods of Conducting Reconstruction work 1. Identification of damages: There is no doubt that natural disasters cause damages of different ranges. In order to help and support the reconstruction works, it is necessary to evaluate the damages of the areas affected by the disaster. It helps in formulating the reconstruction plan and in the determination of the required resources. The first and important work is to identify the real damages caused by the disaster in the community. It will help in conducting the reconstruction works. While evaluating the damages, the demands of the affected persons, the data and information available with other sources and visits to the affected areas should be undertaken. It will help to find out the real situation. The reconstruction works are undertaken after the completion of the relief operations with the resource available. The data available from the first and middle surveys can be used for the identification of damages. The reconstruction priority can be fixed once the damages are evaluated. Strong community participation not only helps the community to identify their own needs but also improves the local capacity of a community to cope with any future disaster.

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2. Formulation of plan After the completion of the evaluation of damages, a plan should be formulated based on the priority of reconstruction. The plans should be based on the community. A plans is necessary to bring effectiveness in its implementation. For this local people should be involved in order to identify the real needs. This participation will also facilitate the execution of the appropriate programs. while formulating a plan due consideration should be given to the real need rather than to the demanded needs of the community. Because people tend to think of the needs before the occurrence of disaster and demand the same after the disaster. The plan should be formulated by keeping in view the possibilities of a disaster in the future. This may help in reducing the effect of any future disasters. 3. Implementation of plan After the completion of the formulation of a plan, there should be a good arrangement for its appropriate implementation. It will be better to use local means and manpower to implement the plan. Old materials should be used to reduce the cost of reconstruction and to gain maximum achievement. The plan should be implemented in time with proper means. In the cause of a delay in its implementation the cost will increase because of the rise in market prices. Similarly the absence of the necessary manpower might cause delays in reconstruction works. There may be hindrances while implementing the plan. Rules and regulations are needed to overcome these hindrances. There should be a definite person authorized to enforce these rules and regulations. 4. Evaluation of the plan After the completion of the reconstruction work, the different aspects of the plan according to which such work was done should be evaluated. A study should be conducted to find out whether the goals of the plan were achieved or not. The evaluation should include the total investment, manpower, materials, and others involved while implementing the plan. The hindrances, if there are any, should be studied. The study should cover all aspects, negative or positive, related to the implementing of the programs. The mid-term evaluation is also effective to rectify the weakness of the plan during its implementing phase. 5. Improvement: feedback The findings of the evaluation of the plan should be studied with a view to smoothen the implementation of future plans. Improvements should be suggested with a view to avoid the hindrances in implementing a similar plan in the future. Suggestions may be in given in connection with the improvement of rules and regulations, management of manpower, and other related things. For improvement, feedback should be obtained from the persons and organisatons involved in the reconstruction works.

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Areas of Reconstruction 1. Construction of physical structures (road, buildings, communication system, houses,

electricity, bridges etc.). 2. Economic opportunities (agriculture, industry, commerce, employment etc.). 3. Rehabilitation of employment opportunities. 4. Construction of social structures (temples, religious areas, reunification of families,

tracing of lost persons, communication of religious faiths). 5. Removal of psychological effects (inferiority complex, fear, insecurity, weakness,

doubts, suppressed feelings etc.). 6. Others (government service, non-governmental organisations and other social

services). Types of persons to be involved in reconstruction 1. Persons who have become property less due to a disaster 2. Persons working in the same areas before the disaster occurred. 3. Unemployed persons of the disaster areas. Types of families to be involved in reconstruction 1. Families without houses, land and immovable properties 2. Families without employment commensurate with their skills 3. Orphans caused by the disaster. Phases of Reconstruction First phase: Construction / reconstruction of houses. Drinking water Community centres Toilets Roads, bridges Food for work Medical supplies and relief materials

Second phase Social and religious Direct/indirect

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Problem areas in Reconstruction 1. Delays might occur in the formulation of the reconstruction program. 2. Damages and destruction may be so severe and extensive that it might take a long

time to formulate a reconstruction plan and gather the resources necessary for such work.

3. Information is inadequate for the formulation or reconstruction programs. This can necessitate reserves in order to carry out post-disaster construction more property.

4. The additional demands for reconstruction may cause delays in formulating the plan. 5. Occurrence of another major disaster may divert funds and resources from a

reconstruction program. 6. Restrictions on the availability of finance or uncertainty concerning international

assistance and less priority to the community might cause political uncertainty. 7. Political problems can sometimes arise if it appears that certain areas/communities

are not receiving the same priority of attention as others with respect to the reconstruction programs.

8. Inadequate attention given by governments to public information can cause false impressions or perceptions concerning recovery measures.

9. Some major and vital reconstruction programs may take a long time for completion thus causing economic loss.

10. Limitations in materials, equipment, specialist and skilled personnel may occur. 11. Delay in materials supply for reconstruction may occur 12. Specialists may not be available in time which may cause inferiority in the quality of

works and delay reconstruction works in general. 13. Limitation in the proper communication 14. Lack of a person who can provide proper and necessary leadership. 15. There may be a difference of opinion in the use of old materials. This may cause a

rise in the total costs and delay the reconstruction work. 16. If the plan is not according to the need of the community it may be rejected by them. 17. A second disaster in the previously disaster affected areas might delay the start of the

reconstruction work. 18. If regular follow-up is not done in the conduction of reconstruction works it may

cause delay. Factors to be considered in the reconstruction works: 1. Identification of damages Before the start of the reconstruction works, the damages of the areas should be evaluated. It is not possible to start the reconstruction works without knowing the real damages caused by the disaster. Physical and basic structure damages and economic damages should be identified which directly affected the human life. It will be appropriate to involved the persons of the disaster affected areas to evaluate the real damages caused in the community and to determine what reconstruction works are necessary.

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2. Identification of capability: Every community possesses some materials and resources. During disasters such resources are damaged. In such a situation, it is necessary to find out the status of the existing materials and manpower resources. This helps in implementing the reconstruction program. This also helps in arranging the people's participation in reconstruction. Such a process might speed up the work. The use of local materials will reduce the cost. 3. Organizational management In every community, there are different organizations working for the betterment of the community. Different organizations have different aims and objectives. They are organized to conduct welfare activities in the community. Proper coordination between such organizations helps in the implementing of effective programs. In the absence of such coordination there will be duplication of works. It is necessary to have proper information on the governmental and non governmental organizations in order to develop coordination between them for the implementation of the reconstruction works. 4. Income generating activities People undertake different income generating activities for their livelihood. But disasters disturb their daily income generating activities and stop their source of income. It is necessary to study the income generating activities of the people before the disaster and their needs after the disaster and determine the economic assistance necessary for them. It will help them to raise their standard of living directly. 5. Community organization: The people of community live together. They establish a formal or informal organization to help each other during difficult times. Through these organization they help each other. It will be appropriate to use the community itself to fix the priority of the reconstruction works. If the community is not included in the plan of reconstruction, it may reject the plan.

6. Funding situation: After the evaluation of the damages, the plan of reconstruction should be formulated according to the resources available or that can be made available. If the damages are not sever, a little fund will be enough to implement the reconstruction program. But in case the damages are of a huge magnitude a big amount of fund is necessary. In such a situation, it is appropriate to involve the community people in the plans and decision making. In order to take the benefit of the situation it is better to formulate plan and implement it on time.

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7. Plan of activities It is difficult task to formulate a reconstruction plan. The people living in the disaster affected areas want to include their pre-disaster demands into post-disaster plans. The different communities have different problems. In such a situation, it is appropriate to involve the community people in the plans and decision making. In order to take the benefit of the situation it is better to formulate plan and implement it on time. 8. Time The weather and climate also affect the implementation of reconstruction works. It is important to know what kind of weather and climate is suitable for what kind of construction work. For example, rainy season is not suitable for house construction. While conducting re4construction works, it is necessary to undertake the activities that lead the community to be self-reliant. The reconstruction activities should be of a type that the community can look and maintain once they are complete. The community should know that the support and help from other might not be available at all times

9. Emergency management It is necessary to pay attention to the arrangement during the emergency period after the disaster. It is also necessary to see what kinds of arrangements have been made in order to help the affected people to region their normal lives. While implementing the reconstruction works all relevant aspects should be taken into account. Conclusion The local people of the community have to play a vital role in rescue operation, relief services immediately after the disaster and in reconstruction works in post disaster situations whenever disasters of a huge magnitude occur. It is a difficult task to formulate a plan and to fix priority according to the needs of the community. Thus, it is important to have people's participation in formulating the plan, fixing the priority, and implementing them. This kind of participation will reduce the possibility of problems, confusion, differences, and conflicts. The utilization of local resources and means help in providing continuity to the reconstruction works. Once the reconstruction work is completed the community has to take its responsibility in carrying out in future works. It is necessary to avoid the psychology of getting things done by others and the concerned community should learn the lesson of self-help. Natural disasters occur in the most vulnerable areas of the society. While undertaking reconstruction, it is necessary to implement the measures that could reduce the damage that any future disasters may cause. Reconstruction aims to bring the victims regain normal lives. The reconstruction works should be included in the long term development plan of the country keeping in view the possible impacts of future disasters. it is

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necessary to wait for a clam atmosphere to begin the work of reconstruction. Reconstruction provides the opportunity for development of physical and social structures as well as the development of a new concept. Through reconstruction, public awareness can be generated about natural disasters and this will help in disaster preparedness in general. Reconstruction works are conducted for the benefit of the community. Hence, the direct participation of the community people is such works is expected. This well established fact cannot be denied.

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Part - 2

Main Types of Disasters in Nepal

• Fire

• Flood and Landslide

• Earthquake

• Epidemics

• Other Disasters

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Fire Introduction : Fire is an essential thing in human life. We cannot imagine a world without fire. Without it humans cannot exist. Fire helps to facilitate a comfortable human life-style if property used. If it is misused and neglected it can cause the end of human existence. Three main factors fuel, heat and air-are necessary for the lighting of any fire. The proper conditions for the existence of a fire are present only when these three components mix in the right proportion. In the absence of these factors fire will not exist. In other words, unless these three factors exist in a proper mixture nothing will burn and there will be no chance of a disaster caused by fire. If fire helps in making the human life happy, its existence is justifiable. If it destroys human life, it is a disaster. Fire damages human life and property. It affects the normal life of mankind. A small negligence and carelessness on the part of a person in the use of fire may cause unthinkable damages. We must keep this thing in our mind. Fire is one of the main natural disasters in Nepal. Every year fire destroys many human lives and property, disturbing normal life of people. Mostly fire disasters happen in the months of April and May. They take place mostly in the Terai region (southern part) of Nepal. The houses in the Terai are thatch roofed and they are grouped closely. This situation enhances the cause of fire in the Terai region. Fire disasters also happen in the hilly region but in comparatively fewer numbers. The Terai region is regarded as a vulnerable region for fire disasters. The people in the Terai need to be made aware of this vulnerability and they need to be cautious about the use of fire. Causes of fire: Negligence after the use of fire Throw away cigarettes and bidi butts without first extinguishing them The tradition of keeping fire in the kitchen after its use Closely built houses Houses with thatched roofs Match boxes and lighters left negligently Carelessness in storing inflammable materials Strong wind, storm and lightning Fire in the jungle for increasing grass cover Fire in the jungle for hunting animals Burning of wood for collecting charcoal Increased enmity and misunderstanding between people Negligence and carelessness Current short circuit in electric lines carelessness after the use of electrical equipment Explosion of stoves and gas cylinders Carelessness in using gas stoves Spilling of inflammable materials in huge quantities explosion of bombs etc.

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Effects: Destruction of human lives Damages of property Shortage of necessary things for life Problem of health services Epidemics Pollution of environment Destruction of forest Soil erosion, heavy rain, drought, and landslides Problem of rescue and relief operation Disruption of normal life Economic crisis Problem of temporary shelter Extra burden to the government Problem of employment Social hindrance

Prevention: Extinguish fire after its use Keep the materials that cause fire far from the reach of children Throw away cigarettes and bidi butts after extinguishing them Keep inflammable materials like petrol, kerosene, grasses far from fire avoid keeping

fire in the kitchen Increase awareness in the community Empty the places of possible danger Map the possible danger area Keep proper wiring system Turn off the electric equipment after its use. For example: detach heater after its use,

remove the plug after ironing Not to build houses closely Not to make roofs with thatch and grass Be careful

Preparedness: Arrange effective communication Develop effective warning system Keep water pond/well near houses Keep telephone number of fire brigade Plant trees near houses Keep water reserve Keep ropes, jute bags, clothes ready Arrange trainings to increase awareness and develop fire extinguishing skills Arrange pre-exercises of fire extinguishing

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Keep warehouses equipped with fire extinguishing equipment Have proper knowledge of communication Prepare list of trained people Keep water reservation in the kitchen Keep empty water pots Keep shovels, digging tools, spade within reach Train people in first aid and arrange first aid materials.

Fire Control: When there is fire, the first job is to extinguish it. To extinguish fire, different methods can be used in different places but the principle is the same. In this connection, if an element necessary for fire burning can be removed, it will help in controlling the fire. These are three methods: 1. Use of chemicals: fire extinguishing powered or gas etc. (for urban areas) 2. Remove the part of the building that is not burning. For example: In the Terai and

hilly regions, one should try to remove the part of the roof that is not burning 3. Use of locally available materials that are helpful in extinguishing fire. Terai/Towns: Inform fire brigade immediately if its service is available. Pass on the pots with necessary water to the people standing in a "U" shape. Remover roofs the houses.

In villages: Much effort is necessary for extinguishing a forest fire. It is a difficult task because

the fire spreads quickly. In the wind is blowing, the effects of a fire disaster are greater. If anyone has to go inside a burning house, he should be a trained person. He should

put on wet clothes, gunny and use ropes etc. He should enter the house by keeping his body as close to the floor as possible to avoid smoke.

Do not allow a person whose clothes or body is in fire to run around. Cover him with other clothes from the head towards this egs.

If fire is caused by electricity turn off the main switch.

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Flood and Landslide We are very aware of the word flood. In Nepal, flood is one of the main natural disaster. Most of the rivers in Nepal Originate from the Himalayas and pass through mountains, hills and the Terai causing floods during the rainy seasons. The floods have caused huge damages to human lives and property in different parts of Nepal in the past. Looking beyond Nepal floods cause severe damages to human lives and property in other countries of the world every year. Floods not only affect the lives of the people, but also imperil the economy of t he country. Flood is caused by the unusual increase of volume and speed of the water in the rivers due to heavy rainfall or massive melting of snow in the Himalayas. There are three types of floods: 1. Ordinary flood

2. Steep hill stream flood

3. Flood in limited areas.

Ordinary flood The ordinary flood is caused by heavy rain or melting of snow in the Himalayas. Sometimes it may continue for a longer period. This type of flood is caused in the perennial rivers. Such floods cause severe damages to human lives and property and the magnitude of the damage it can cause is very large. Steep hill stream flood When there is heavy rain, it causes flood in steep hill streams. It is very dangerous. This type of flood comes suddenly and the fast flowing water can cause damage to human lives. Flood in limited areas: This type of flood generally takes place in the Terai region. This usually happens in densely populated areas or in areas where several industrial factories are located. In such areas, due to bad drainage system, the water from the locality and the factories collects at a spot to form a hugh pond thereby immersing that piece of land. Causes of flood 1. Glacier or melting of snow in the Himalayas. 2. Heavy rain 3. Destruction of forest 4. Landslides etc.

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Effects of flood 1. Loss of lives

2. Loss of property

3. Loss of land

4. Loss of crops

5. Loss of live stocks

6. Damages to the social structure

7. Damages and destruction of roads, bridges etc.

Prevention It is very difficult to stop a flood but there are measures which can reduce the damage it causes: 1. Develop awareness in people

2. Study and analyze the possible danger areas (vulnerable areas)

3. Construct river banks to train its flow

4. Develop technology of warning and forecasting system

5. Regulate the use of land

6. Popularize tree plantation

What to do during a flood ? During a flood or before just before it, do the followings: 1. Disconnect electric lines

2. Close the doors and windows and lock them

3. Carry with you the medicines you need to take regularly and the first aid box.

4. Go to higher land with dry food or tin food

5. Do not move around in the flooded areas in transport vehicles.

6. Do not drink the water of the flooded areas

7. Carry with you your valuables (ornaments etc.) when moving to higher lands.

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Landslide About 83% of the land of Nepal lies in the hilly region. Because of this, every year during the rainy season several landslides occur in Nepal. Generally landslide means movement of land from its original place to a new place. Landslides usually occur in the hilly region. It is caused by the destruction of forests, flood, heavy rain, earthquake and volcanic eruptions. During the rainy season, landslide and flood occur frequently. Landslide brings flood and flood brings landslide. Hence, through they are two different types of disasters, they are inter-related. Hence, though they are two different types of disasters, they are inter-related. Hence, flood and landslide are generally discussed together. Causes of landslide 1. Destruction of forest

2. Heavy rain

3. Flood

4. Earthquake

5. Eruption of volcanoes

Effects 1. Loss of lives

2. Loss of property

3. Loss of crops

4. Loss of land

5. Loss of livestock

6. Damages and destruction of roads and bridges

Means of prevention 1. Planting trees.

2. Crating awareness

3. Study and analysis of possible disaster prone areas

4. Preparation of a map of the disaster areas.

5. Peppering preparedness programms.

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Earthquake

Many of us know about earthquakes. Some may not. The thrust felt on the surface of the earth caused by geological movements inside the earth is known as magma. The outer layer of the earth is cold and hence the existence of life is possible. Because of the pressure the magma inside the earth tends to come out of the earth. Sometimes the magma comes out of earth which is known as eruption of volcanoes causing an earthquake. When the magma comes out causing the sinking of land surface, it may cause an earthquake. In our country there are no volcanoes. But there are may volcanoes in the islands of the sea which cause earthquake in nearby countries.

There is another cause of earthquake beside the eruption of volcanoes. There are several cracks in the land floating in the magma with pressure. Due to several factors, the land floating on magma moves causing thrust in the land surface. The power centre inside the earth is known as hypo-centre. The part of land which moves right on the top of hypocentre is known as the epicenter of the earthquake.

The pressure created at the hypocentre is directly proportional to the intensity of the movement of tectonic planets inside the earth. When the pressure is related, it causes the most movement on the surface of the earth identified as the epicenter of the earthquake.

Scientists believe that previously separate land masses of the Indian subcontinent, Eurasian Tibet and China are now connected in the Himalayan region of Nepal. This connection is characterized by several fault lines and scientists believe that when these land masses move, an earthquake will hit Nepal.

Everyday several earthquakes of various scales take place in different parts of the world. We do not feel many of them and we feel some of them but they pass away without any damages. Such quakes are known as ordinary earthquake. But sometimes earthquakes cause severe damages and loss of lives and property. Such earthquakes are known as big or large scale earthquakes. the quakes last for a few seconds to few minutes and cause severe damages beyond one's imagination. In the history of Nepal the earthquakes of B.S.1990 (1934 A.D.) and B.S.2045 (1988 A.D.) were severe ones.

The strength of an earthquake is masured by the damages and destruction caused by it. Other factors also affect the severity of the damage caused by an earthquake. For example: if the earthquake comes during the day time, there will be less loss of lives because many people will be out of their homes. If the epicenter is near a densely populated areas the loss of lives will be bigger. The scientists use seismograph to measure the strength of the earthquake. It measures the thrust of the earthquake in the rector scale. We don not feel the earthquake of one or two rectors but the seismograph records them. The earthquake of 3 to 4 rector could be felt by the people living around 30-40 km of the epicenter. The earthquake of 5 rector scale can cause damages to weak buildings and sometimes it has caused severe damages. The earthquakes above 6 rector scale cause serious damages.

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An earthquake is a natural disaster. It can not be forecasted. There is no scientific mechanism for doing so. As there is no means of forecasting and controlling it, human society has to face the hardships caused by the earthquake.

Though and earthquake cannot be forecasted or controlled, the damage caused by it can be reduced by creating awareness in the community. It is worth to know more about earthquake, their causes, and effects. Supplementary causes of loss and damages during earthquakes 1. Destruction of houses

2. Fire

3. Electric shocks in the towns with electric facilities

4. Panic among the people

5. Landslides and damages caused by them to houses, land and roads.

6. Accidents caused by the fall of heavy things.

Impacts of big earthquakes 1. Destruction of private and public buildings 2. Men are injured or killed by falling debris 3. Fire caused by the inflammable materials in the kitchen 4. In the towns where electricity is available, electric shocks and fire many cause severe

loss of lives at the time of earthquake. 5. Unnatural behavior of people due to panic may cause other accidents. 6. Earthquake may cause landslides and big cracks in the surface of the earth. It will

damage the agricultural land, roads, bridges, dams, irrigation system etc. and affect the normal life.

7. In the urban areas damages in drinking water, gas supply, electricity supply, telephone services etc. will disturb the normal life pattern. If the gas supply system is damaged it may cause big fire.

8. During earthquake heavy things kept at higher places may fall down and cause injuries and deaths.

Problems that arise due to damages caused by an earthquake 1. People face problems of shelter because of the destruction of private and public

buildings. The problem will be acute during the rainy season. 2. Lack of trained and skilled volunteers. 3. Lack of equipment to dig out the buried persons in the debris of damaged buildings 4. Lack of first aid services 5. Crowd of unnecessary people 6. Food problem due to short supply

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7. Lack of proper medical service to injured persons 8. Lack of daily consumer supplies and the rise of market prices because of the short

supply caused by damages to road system. 9. Lack of timely relief operation 10. Possibility of epidemic caused by the dead animals etc. 11. Problems caused by the damages in the water supply and drainage system. Earthquakes cannot be controlled. But by well informing the general public about the supplementary causes that intensify the damages caused by an earthquake and about its general impact and by adopting personal and community based relief mechanisms, the severity of the impact caused by an earthquake can be lessened. How a person can help in reducing the damage caused by earthquake ? By making family members and community aware. Keeping first aid materials at home Keeping radio and flash light ready Following building codes while constructing houses. Discussing safety measures with the family members and community people. Keeping heavy things in the ground floor. Teaching the family members and community members how to turn off the main

electricity line, gas supply etc. Keeping contacts with the relief organisaitons such as Red Cross and helping them. Participating in the trainings organised by Red Cross and similar organisations and

helping hem in selecting qualified volunteers. How to be safe from earthquake impact ? * Inside house : Be calm and help others to be clam Not to be hasty in going out of house. Remain far from glass windows and heavy

things. If possible keep yourself at the corner of the room or under the table or bed.

Earthquakes stops within a few seconds or minutes so it is dangerous to try to run away. After the main thrust of earthquake, there will be after shock. Such after shock may not be dangerous like the main earthquake but it is advisable to be very careful. * Outside house: If there is open place nearby, try to go there without any haste. Do not return to the room before the stoppage of earthquake. Keep yourself far from weak buildings, building about to fall down, walls,

multistoried buildings, electric poles and pipe lines.

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* While driving car: Stop the engine and remain clam. Try to stay far from the buildings about to fall

down, walls, electric poles. What to do to reduce damage after earthquake ? First few minutes after earthquake: Stay clam and observe the situation.

If your house and family members are safe, take care of your neighbors and

community. If the people are buried in the debris of buildings, get help and consult the members

of the community to start rescuing them. Provide first aid service to the injured persons.

Record the damages and inform the nearest unit of Red Cross, Government agency

and other concerned agencies and if necessary ask for additional help. External help may be needed but mobilise the local resources and try to provide first

aid, medical service, food, clothings, shelter etc. to the victims. If external help comes, make necessary arrangement to distribute the relief materials.

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Epidemic Learning objectives: The trainee will be : Able to recognise that if many people of the community suffer from a similar disease

at the same time, it is known as an epidemic. Able to disseminate information about the causes of an epidemic in the community.

Able to explain as an alert volunteer the methods that need to be adopted to reduce

the effects of an epidemic. Able to explain the responsibilities of a volunteer, before during and after an

epidemic. Epidemic: If many people are affected by a similar disease at the same time it is known as an epidemic. If the disease. If a disease of a person is transmitted or communicated to another person by any means it is known as an infectious disease. Medium of the germs of infectious diseases: The germs of infectious diseases spread by entering the human body and exiting it through specie point. Exit points of body : Stool, urine Spittle, saliva, nose mucus, cough. Puss, blood, wound and other substances coming out of the body (including

secretions from the private parts). Entry point into the body: Digestive system: through food and water Respiration system through inhaling air Skin and membrane: wound, weak skin and membrane and injection.

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Medium of infection of infectious diseases: Food, water Air Straight physical contact, injection and vaccination Mosquito and animal bites.

Chain of infection

(Insert drawing here)

When an epidemic spreads in a community, volunteers have to start the following action: Information members of the community. Keep the healthy persons away from the infected patients. Specially take care of the

children. Use clean drinking water, safe food and advice the proper use of latrines. Inform the local organisations and the health authorities about the epidemic. Help in taking care of the patients Investigate the causes of the epidemic. If the causes are known, help to reduce or prevent them. Make the community aware

of the facts. How a disease is infected through stool:

(Insert drawing here)

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Causes: Natural disaster (flood, landslide, earthquake etc.) High density of population Polluted drinking water and food Lack of sanitation Lack of health education Poverty Weather and climate Pollution of environment Lack of nutrition.

Types of epidemic disaster The epidemic diseases are divided into four categories based on their nature of attack and effect: a) Epidemic When a disease is caused by certain causes and spreads at the same time and affect large groups of people in the community, it is known as an epidemic. The impact of the epidemics may differ from one another due to the difference in the types of germs, their sizes etc. b) Endemic When an infectious disease is spread within a limited geographic areas from time to time, it is known as an endemic disease. For example, malaria and typhoid etc. But if an endemic disease finds the suitable environment it could spread like an epidemic. c) Pandemic If an infectious disease attacks many people of different places and countries at the same time, it is know as pandemic disease. For example, influenza of 1918-19, and choleraeltor of 1961-62. Disease: Disease is a condition caused by the victory of germs over resistance power of the body. It affects the body and its organs and as a result they stop functioning normally. Agent Person Environment

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Nature of epidemic Disaster is widely spread. Affects large groups of people Wounded and dead in large number Bad impact on social and economic aspect Lack of necessary health workers Lack of supply (medications and food) Danger of the transfer of the disease in other countries of the world.

Factors of vulnerability Natural disasters (flood, landslide, earthquake etc.) Poverty Lack of resisting power Malnutrition lack of sanitation and polluted drinking water High density of settlement Lack of health service

Effects: Sickness/death Unstable social and political situation Temporary settlement Economic loss

Preventive measures of infectious diseases: It is well established that the agent, person and the environment together make the conditions for the disease and its spread. It is a duty of every citizen to control the infectious disease and its spread. The agent of a disease is the main source of it and different media function as bridges to bring the agent in contact with humans. So it is necessary to adopt the means to prevent the disease taking into consideration its sources, media and person. The following preventive methods are more effective: 1) Notification : It is necessary to inform the health officer and other staff members, wherever epidemic disease occurs in any locality. It will help to know the number of the patients and arrangement can be made accordingly. For example, arrangement of separate beds in the hospital, vaccination and test food and drinking water.

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2) Isolation : It is necessary to keep the infected patient in isolation with the view to control the speared of the disease. There are two kind of isolation: (a) Private isolation - The patient treated in the separate room in the home to keep him separate from the healthy members of the family. (b) Hospital isolation: The patients with infectious disease are kept in separate rooms of the hospital and treated by specialists. It will help to keep the patients far from healthy persons and stop the disease to spread. (3) Quarantine : Quarantine is a way to prevent infected patients from meeting healthy persons. Under this method, the infected person or the persons coming from the infected areas are not allowed to mix with the community and they are kept in a separate place. This method is uned specially for travelers from one country to another by ship or any other means. The travellers are kept in quarantine for a certain period required according to the nature of disease and then after they are released. (4) Disaffection : There are different method of disinfecting to control and disinfect the germs of disease. Clean air and bright sun Temperature Chemicals.

(5) Sanitation : Germs are the sources of disease and they grow in dirty places. The dirty habit of a person help in spreading the disease from one place to another. Sanitation, careful habit of disposing trash, and good habit help in controlling and prevention of disease. (6) Blocking of Media : Polluted water, food, air and human excrement help in spreading disease. If this media are control, the spread of disease could be prevented. (7) Immunization : To prevent disease, the children and members of the community should get immunization from time to time. It help the persons to be safe from diseases.

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Treatment: To prevent diseases, persons with diseases and possible sources of diseases should be given proper treatment. If a person with disease is isolated from healthy person, it would help to controlling the spread of epidemic diseases. (8) Personal care : For the prevention of diseases, personal care is important. The carefulness of a person towards health and their awareness of epidemic diseases will help them and the community in preventing the epidemic disease. (9) Health Education : It is necessary to provide health education to the villages and the member of the community. It is also necessary to include the health education in the school curriculum. Through the radio, newspapers, posters, films and many other means of media, awareness could be created in the people about health. Thus health education can help in preventing the epidemic in the community. Preparedness: Setting up a health post (Emergency health service).

Health education.

Provision of training in the community.

Public awareness.

Provision of training for the emergency service.

(a) Disease transmitted through polluted water and food: Diarrhea

Dysentery

Cholera

Worms Infestation

Typhoid

Jaundice

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(b) Disease transmitted through air : Common cold / Influenza

Pneumonia.

Tuberclosis.

Meningitis.

Measles.

(c) Disease transmitted by direct contact : AIDS

Eczema / ringworm

Tetanus.

Conjunctivitis.

(d) Disease to be transmitted through mosquito and animal bites : Malaria

Encephalitis

Filaria

Kala-azar

Rabies

Diseases caused by malnutrition

Diseases caused by malnutrition

Constant crying Phthisis Eye diseases (night blindness) Skin diseases Weakness of bones and teeth Swelling of body

The above listed diseases could spread as epidemics. Please consult the model of the book "Manual of community based first aid" published by Nepal Red Cross for the epidemic diseases-f ever, pneumonia, diarrheas, malaria, AIDS and sexually transmitted disease (STD), malnutrition, conjunctivitis etc. Cholera has been discussed below as an example:

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Cholera: In the Nepali language cholera is described in different terminologies such as Bishuchika, Mahamari, Jhada-Banta, etc. Every year, in Nepal cholera spreads and causes several deaths. It is a strong epidemic disease which spreads very quickly. The symptoms of cholera are: loose motion, vomiting, stomach pain, body pain, no urine, reduction of body temperature and gradually all these lead the person to death. Causes: Cholera germs can survive from 3 hours to 3 days in the human excreta and vomit. It can survive for 285 days in sea water. Similarly it can survive from 3 to 20 days in green vegetables and for months in the dead bodies. It can not survive in boiled water (50 degree C) and in 0.5% Phenol. The germs grow between 30 to 40 degree C. The cholera bacteria also grow fast in boiled egg, milk, meat, potato, cauliflower and fruits. Mode of transmission 1. Through food: Cholera bacteria reach the stomach (intestine) through food and water and the person becomes sick. The bacteria can survive for a long time in polluted water, milk and rotten food. If a person eats such food he will get cholera. 2. Suitable environment Hot and humid environment helps the spread of the disease. Its bacteria grow in the temperature of 30 to 40 degree C. and survive for a long period in the polluted environment. 3. Through water If the human excreta and vomit are not disposed properly, they will contaminate drinking water and help in spreading cholera. 4. Contact with the cholera patient The carelessness of a person who comes in direct contact with a patient also helps in spreading the disease. The cholera bacteria is in contact with the attendant of the patient. The unhealthy behavior of the attending person will help in spreading the disease. There is every possibility of getting the disease by a person who uses the things (clothes, towels, bed etc.) used by the cholera patient.

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5. Through fish If the excreta and vomit and other things of a cholera patient and the dead bodies are thrown into the water there is a big possibility that the fish will eat them and preserve the cholera germs in them. If such polluted fish is eaten by humans, they get cholera. 6.Fly The cholera bacteria can survive for 10 to 14 days in flies. The flies carry the cholera bacteria from the excreta, vomit and rotten things to the food and water meant for human consumption and pollute them. Besides this, crowd, fair, unhealthy habitation and social & religious behaviours also help in spreading the disease. During disaster, due care should be paid to these factors while setting the victims. Probability of cholera spread is big during flood and due care should be taken while setting the victims in such area. Sign and symptoms of the disease Cholera grows in few hours to six days. But sometimes the sign and symptom of the disease appear within a few hours after getting the bacteria. The sign and symptom of cholera are as follows: 1. Loose motion and vomit.

2. Vomit without any effort and a large quantity of vomit like starch.

3. Thin stool like starch

4. Patients feel very weak

5. No urine (if urine less in quantity).

6. Contraction and pain in the muscles of hand, leg and stomach

7. Patient feels thirsty but vomits immediately after drinking water.

8. Weak pulse and reduction of blood pressure.

9. If no improvement in the patient's condition, there is big possibility of his death.

Preventive measures: The cycle of spreading cholera is man-environment-man. It attacks a man travelling through the environment. For the prevention of cholera following measures could be taken. 1. Do not eat stale, raw and rotten food

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2. Drink boiled milk

3. Do not eat sweets, soft drink and food kept in open place

4. Drink water a after boiling for 20 minutes

5. Do not remain hungry during the epidemic of cholera

6. Store food away from dust and flies.

7. Burn or bury the infected clothes, stool and vomit. While burying the things it should

be at least 200 ft far from the water source.

8. Boil the utensils with bleaching powder, tea power or in plain water.

9. Inform the nearest health centre if cholera spreads or there is doubt of cholera.

10. Take the cholera patient to the hospital or look after him carefully at home

11. Educate the community members about the health care and means to prevent cholera.

12. Arrange latrines and drinking water during fairs and in the heavy population areas.

13. Stop the sale of stale and rotten food in the markets.

First aid treatment 1. Keep the patient in a comfortable bed.

2. Give the patient little water (Jeevanjal) from time to time

3. Consult with skilled health worker immediately.

4. Bury the excreta and vomit in a safe place

5. Pay great attention to sanitation.

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Other Types of Disasters a) Introduction b) Causes c) Effects d) Preparedness e) Rescue, First aid & Relief 1. Transport Accident a) Introduction In Nepal, roads are increasing every year as well as the number of vehicles and travellers. There is also gradual increment in the number of airports and air travelers. With this the accidents of transport means are increasing causing loss of lives. The bus accident of aircrafts belonging to the Thai Airlines International of July 1994 and Pakistan International Airlines of September 1994 are two of the biggest accidents. In the former 113 persons were killed and in the latter 167 were killed. b) Causes Main causes of accidents are : violation of traffic rules and regulations, bas condition, bad weather, weak management and ignorance. c) Effects Loss of lives and properties, bad impact on personal and public life and adverse effect on the development of the country. d) Preparedness It is important to have good knowledge of traffic rules and regulations. Use t he vehicles after a through check up. The roads should be well maintained; keep good knowledge of weather. Good management and control are also equally needed. e) Rescue, first aid and relief Timely rescue operation can save lives of victims and injured persons, otherwise many will die. If the vehicles fall down in the rivers, only expert divers can save lives. First aid services play vital role in such conditions. Similarly, medical services of doctors are also equally important. Distribution of relief materials has little importance in such situations.

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2. Drought and Famine

a) Introduction Drought and famine are interrelated. Famine is the result of long term drought. In Nepal also, sometimes we find a certain part, affected by the drought. But up till now we have not experienced drought all over Nepal causing famine. b) Causes The condition of decreasing dampness of soil is known as drought. It will cause shortage of water for mankind, plants and animals. The main cause of this is drought sometimes heavy rain and isolated rain may also play role. c) Effects Famine is caused by the decrease in the productive capacity of land or decrease in production of food in proportion of the increase in population. Besides this, other types of disasters, communal disturbances etc. also may cause famine in a country. Famine is a condition of decreased production of food caused by high growth of population, adverse weather, climatic conditions, social and economic situation. It is also known as creeping disaster. d) Preparedness The proverb: "save life in a crowd conflict, and save seed during a famine" is aptly applicable here. Preparedness includes: proper maintenance of irrigation, food stock in warehouses, management of insecticides, good environment and effort to maintain greenery. e) Rescue, First aid and Relief In the history of Nepal there are records of famines in the year 1873-4 and 1896-7. Severe drought occurred in 1973 and 1980. The famine comes slowly and there is enough time for relief operation. But the impact of famine is long lasting and needs enough external support in the form of money and materials. It may cause other types of disasters, and hence it is important to take preventive measures. All necessary arrangement should be made on national level by the state. In the beginning the first aid and relief may not be needed. If famine lasts for a longer period, it will create complicated problems. 3. Environmental Pollution a) Introduction Environmental pollution is known as adverse condition of environment. Generally it is found in urban areas. It may create environmental disaster. Air pollution, water pollution,

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soil erosion, deforestation and destruction of ozone are the example of environmental pollution. b) Causes Environmental pollution is caused by industrial, chemical and biological residues. It is also caused by the mismanagement of natural and environmental resources by the people. c) Effects Environmental pollution affects: agricultural products, forest production, animals living in water, physical formation, human health, health to animal and acquit creature, change in climate, increase in temperature, skin cancer, cataract of eyes, etc. It also affects the resistance power of human body adversely. d) Preparedness It is necessary to prepare plan and programs for the protection of environment. It includes educational programs to create public awareness and motivate people towards clean environment. It is also necessary to train governmental and non governmental workers for the development of environment. e) Rescue, first aid and relief The effects of environmental pollution are felt indirectly and sometimes directly. It is not possible to prevent environmental pollution by treating a particular aspect of it. In this regard the emphasis should be on the preparedness rather than rescue, first aid and relief. The effects of environmental pollution are visible in different forms and they should be treated accordingly. 4. Stray Natural Disaster a) Avalanche Avalanche is known as the sudden and fast snow-slides in the Himalayan areas. Every year avalanche causes death of several mountaineers. But ordinary people are not generally affected by avalanche. b) Hailstone Hailstone causes destruction in some parts of Nepal every year. Mostly it affects agricultural products.

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c) Loo In the western parts of Nepal, hot wind blows during summer time. Generally during the month of June, Loo is caused by high temperature. It causes death of several people. But there is not any data available on this matter. d) Storm During the months of April/may, we get storm in Nepal causing damages to houses. e) Sinking of land In the year of 1975, there was sinking of land in Tahamala tole of Bhaktapur and Humata tole of Kathmandu. Such incidents crate big problems of habitation. f) Lightning Every year some deaths are caused by lightning. It also may cause fir. g) Attack of wild animals Sometimes, the wild animals like elephants, rhinos, etc. attack the villages and crops nearby the forest areas. This creates fearless among people. h) Attack of insects The attack of different kinds of insects affects man, animal, agricultural crops and others hindering the process of development. The attack of locusts is worth mentioning. i) Desertification It is said that desertification is taking place in Mustang and Dolpo districts of Nepal. if the desertificaiton caused by nature and man can not be prevented in time it will create a big problem in the future. 5. Some manmade disasters: a) Industrial and chemical accident Gradual industrial growth is taking place in Nepal. There is every possibility of increasing industrial and chemical accident in Nepal in the future. b) Stadium accident In March 1987 about 70 persons died in a stampede in Dasarath Stadium in Kathmanu. It was a unique accident in the history of Nepal. During football game the crowd wanted to

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get out because of heavy rain and storm. It caused stampede and many people died. If there had been a good arrangement of outlet and security, the accident could have been avoided. c) Communal riot : In 1971 in Bara district and in 1990 in Sarlahi district of Nepal, there were Hindu-Muslim communal riots. Such disaster is known as manmade disaster. d) War In the History of Nepal, many people died in wars between Nepal and Tibet and Nepal and British Indial. e) Problem of refugees Nepal has experience the problem of setting Tibetan refugees in the past and Bhutanese refugees at present. f) Fire in forest and bush Forest and bush fires destroy forest, creates imbalance in environment. They also cause economic loss and loss of wild animals and birds. To conclude, Nepal has experienced both natural and manmade disasters.

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PART-3

COMMUNITY BASED DISASTER PROGRAM

AND MANAGEMENT METHODS

Model-1: Community Based Disaster Preparedness Program. Lesson 1 : CBDP Program - What, When and Where ?

Lesson 2 : For what type of community is this program suitable ?

Lesson 3: Who can run this program under what type of co-ordination ?

Lesson 4 : How this program can be managed by the implementing agency ?

Model-2 : You in the volunteer community for disaster preparedness Lesson 1 : Volunteer workers

Lesson 2 : Managing body and your community

Lesson 3 : Role of volunteers in the disaster preparedness program

- Before disaster

- During Disaster

- After Disaster

Model-3 : Your disaster preparedness program for your community. Lesson 1 : You in your community Lesson 2 : Probable risk of disaster in your community and special programs to

be safe from the effects of disasters.

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Model - 1

Manager / Supporting Agency

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Contents

Lesson 1 : Community Based Disaster Preparedness (CBDP) Program -What and

Why ?

(a) What is CBDP program ?

(b) Why is CBDP program ?

(c) What types of activities can be carried out under this program ?

Lesson 2 : For what type of community is this program suitable ?

(a) Community : what and why ?

(b) For what type of community is this program suitable

Lesson 3 : Implementing Agency and its role ?

(a) What types of implementing agencies can run this program ?

(b) Master chart

(c) What roles can the different executive bodies play in the

implementation of the program ?

(d) How can the different bodies be coordinated and for what reasons ? Lesson 4 : How this program can be managed by the CBDP implementing agency ?

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1. Community Based Disaster Preparedness (CBDP) Program - What and Why ? a) What is CBDP Program ? It is rather difficult to forecast when, how, where the disaster will occur. No community is safe from disasters. A community is always directly or indirectly affected by disasters. There is no doubt about it. The disasters will be devastating in the areas where the factors responsible for disasters are strong. We have experienced, seen and heard abut the devastation caused to normal life by natural disasters. Rescue and relief operations play and important role to provide relief to the loss of lives and property and human suffering caused by disasters. It is rather natural to be late in providing relief services to the victims in Nepal with difficult geography. It is also difficult to get external support to the victims because of difficult geographical situation. In such situation, the local based support is compulsory and can provide effective service. Experience has shown that the support and service provided by the members of the local community have helped the victims to receive immediate relief service. This fact shows that if the members of the community jointly put their effort to manage the disaster such effort can reduce the effect and provide the immediate rescue and relief to the victims. Taking into account these factors the leadership should be given to the members of the community. The disaster preparedness, prevention and relief operations should be managed by them with the available local resources and means. The program prepared with a view to develop the capability of the community to mobilise the local resources is known as CBDP program. It is aimed to mobilise the resources and means available in the community in order to avoid external dependency and make the community self reliant during and after the disasters. b) Why CBDP Program ? Every day disasters are increasing because of high population, environmental pollution, ecological destruction etc. These factors have affected human life directly or indirectly. In our country whenever a small disaster occurs the members of the community extend their mutual help spontaneously though they are not organised. Local resources may not be sufficient to meet the needs of the victims. But the governmental and non governmental organisations with resources are located at the district headquarters. Because of geographical difficulties in Nepal, it has been realized that relief support can not reach the victims on time. It is said that the stone near you is better to sharpen your weapon rather than the workshop located far. It is always good to mobilise the means, labour, skill and resource available within the community to mitigate, prevent and control disasters. The preparedness helps in reducing the effect to the disasters and CBDP aims to make the community capable of facing and managing disasters by itself.

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The members of community have an important role to play in disaster preparedness and management of rescue and relief operations. The CBDP program is implemented with helps to mitigate the effect of the disasters and at the same time create an atmosphere of mutual help and benefit. The following facts will help to justify the need of CBDP program. 1. To take precaution in time by identifying the vulnerable spots of probable disaster

prone areas of the community. 2. To increase the capability of the community by studying different aspects needed for

disaster preparedness. 3. To organise suitable organisations in the community which will help in solving the

problems of the community by developing mutual understanding. 4. To help in developing proper means of communication in the community. (for

example: during disaster how, when and whom to inform). 5. To help in determining the priority concerning the works connected with disasters. 6. To help in mitigating the effect or damages of disaster by forecasting the probable

disaster in time. 7. To help inform the community about the disaster preparedness and rescue and relief

operations and prepare trained persons. 8. To increase the people's participation in the programs connected with disaster. 9. To produce trained manpower to provide support during disaster. 10. To discourage the traditional method of distributing relief materials. 11. To expand the services of volunteers in local level. To summarize, this program: provides instant relief service after small disasters. teachers how to save oneself and others and how to reach and stay in a safe place in

case of major disasters. reduces the impact of a disaster. For example, it teachers how to build a house that is

less prone to damage due to a flood or an earthquake. teachers how to do development works by keeping in mind the possible impacts of a

disaster.

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c) What programs or activities can be run under CBDP programs ? CBDP programs are run according to the needs of the community. This is so because disasters that occur in any community impact, directly or indirectly, the members of that community. These programs are run by taking into consideration the dangers present in that community, the potentiality of disasters and the measures that need to be taken to reduce their impacts as seen form the point of view of the members of the community. Such programs, prepared using the opinions, knowledge, experience and needs of the community could generate the followings results:

i. Disaster preparedness plan can be made and successfully implemented. ii. The public can be made aware of disaster preparedness

iii. Strong and weak points of the community can be identified. iv. Potential dangers in the community can be identified. v. The bases for local disaster preparedness can be established.

vi. A community executive committee can be established and be allowed to function. vii. Rescue and relief operations can be organized by deploying local means and

resources. viii. The community can become self-sufficient in disaster preparedness.

ix. The community can be united at times of disaster. x. The community can prepare a list of volunteers and employ their help at the needed

times. xi. Trained personnel can be prepared in the community.

xii. Safe residential planning can be achieved. Box: Activities that can be conducted The identification of vulnerabilities

The making plans

The structuring of organisations

Communication and information system

The management of resources

Preparedness system

The management of rescue and relief works

Public education and training

Rehearsal

To achieve these goals, the executive committee, in consultation with members of the community, should decide the programs or the activities it should conduct in the community. Its main job will be to assist the implementation of the disaster preparedness program prepared by the community itself. Such a plan needs to cover the following subjects.

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2. What kind of communities should have this program ? a) What is a community ? and why is there the need for a community ? A group of people living within a delimited geographical space at any given time with the idea of facilitating mutual benefit and help is called a community. The size of these communities can very. But despite their size the members of the community live together for mutual benefit and at times of disaster, they provide help to each other. Human beings have many necessities. These can not be fulfilled by a single individual. In times of disasters, help becomes necessary. Because mutual help is required to sustain human life, human beings live in communities. Some might wonder why there is the need for communities ? Let us note the reasons: To fulfill ones needs. To actualize mutual benefits and help. For security. To think about new ideas. To overcome the danger resulting from emergencies. For the overall development of the community.

For the above stated reasons communities are needed. As single individuals human beings can not solve all the problems they face. Hence they live in communities. To simplify the process involved in the implementation of this program, one volunteer is selected from about 20 houses and is asked to participate in the disaster preparedness training. A person trained thus can run seminars and meetings in the community and raise its consciousness regarding disaster preparedness. S/he can also prepare a disaster preparedness plan by working with the community and help in its implementation. b) What kind of communities should have this program ?

No community is safe from disasters. Therefore disaster preparedness programs can be implemented in all kinds of communities. But such programs should be run by keeping in mind the disaster that is most likely to happen and those communities that are most vulnerable. To case the burden of running such programs, usually they will not be conducted beyond the level of a single VDC. Such a scale will make it possible for easy monitoring and follow-up of the programs. Such programs should be conducted in those communities that can articulate their needs and show some commitment to running them.

2. Executive body and its role

a) What kinds of executive bodies can run this program ?

CBDP is a program of the concerned community and hence theoretically the main executive body for such programs is the community itself. To properly manage such programs, the community can select a group from within itself which can then be considered its executive wing for CBDP. Those who motivate and help communities or

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their CBDP executive wings in work related to disaster management are called primary supporting entities. Nepal Red Cross has developed three models of primary supporting entities for CBDP programs. First type One that is included in the development plan: When implementing the CBDP in the target community that is vulnerable to disasters, it is made a part of the development plan for the concerned community and implemented in that mode. One member of the development related staff is made responsible for the CBDP and training for that individual is provided from the central level. Second type One that is implemented through the district branch or sub-branch/supporting committee: If the district branch can be provided with the minimum level of staff power by the central office to implement the CBDP then such program can be run by amalgamating it with the Community Based Primary Aid program. The districts can be selected by the central office and the areas within them can be selected by the concerned districted by the central office and the areas within them can be selected by the concerned district branches or the central office. Such selection will be based not only on the vulnerability of the districts or their areas to disasters but also on the organizational and management capacity of the district branches. Third type Once that is run through an executive wing of the community. This program is implemented through a group, club or an organisation that is present within the community. To run the CBDP in this manner within the stipulated process and policies, the required staff power has to be prepared from the local level. Even if the CBDP programs are implemented in this manner, it is important the mutual help and coordination be present between such groups/ organisations and the district branch of the Red Cross of its sub branches. The central office of the Red Cross can provide minimal training to the relevant community based workers or groups through its district branches as a form of help. The staff power that will result from the first two types of models described above will primarily work along with the trained volunteer selected from within the community for CBDP purpose. The duration of such staff power can be at most two years. Even though the Red Cross will be actively involved in all of the three models discussed here, the groups or the organisations thus involved in CBDP programs need not behave as its subsidiaries.

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b) Master Chart

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c) What roles can the different executive bodies play in the implementation of the program ?

In any given community many official or unofficial organisations can be active. These organisations work for the development of the community and provide other types of services to it. The disaster preparedness program is directly related to the community. Hence such a program can be conducted through an organisation present in the community or through the help of many different organisaitons. Therefore when such a program is conducted in a community different organisation bodies can play different roles. For this purpose a list of the roles that different organisations or bodies can play based on their own activities can be drawn up: S.N. Governmental and non-

governmental organisations in the community

Regular activities What could be the roles

1. Police Guard Maintain peace and protection/information flow

2. School Provides education Public awareness and training

3. Club Health service Publicity 4. VDC/city council office Local development Leadership 5. Local agent of Red Cross Disaster preparedness d) How can the different bodies be coordinated and for what reason ? From the above discussion we have found out what kinds of organisations are active in our community. The list above presents their usual activities and their potential roles in disaster preparedness programs. Based on the above list the work of t he different organisations and bodies can be coordinated as necessary for the implementation of the CBDP. For example: Red Cross can be asked to provide a trainer, the school can be asked to provide the space for the running for the program, etc. The work that needs to be done and the help that can be obtained from different bodies can be listed as such: S.N. What for ? With what body

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4. How this program can be managed by the CBDP implementing agency? Disaster is a community problem. No community is immune from disasters. The CBDP program has been highlighted and proposed by keeping this fact in mind. By implementing this program the members of the community can be brought together to deal with the impact of possible disasters. The community has been taken as the leader in this program. Hence the implementing agency can play the role of a supporter. The step-wise process in which this program should be conducted is mentioned here.

Things to do How to do ? a) To make a map of danger areas.

b) To identify vulnerable areas and communities and

to map them.

c) To identify the means, resources and capacity of

the community. (including an analysis of its

strong and weak points).

d) To prepare the plan about the running of the

program.

e) To help in the collection and deployment of the

means and resources.

f) To coordinate

By implementing such programs the weak aspects of a community can be eradicated and it can be helped to become a more strong community.

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MODEL 2

YOU : DISASTER PREPAREDNESS VOLUNTEER WORKER OF YOUR COMMUNITY

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1. Volunteer/worker a) What is the meaning of being a volunteer ?

b) Which are the fields you want to dedicate yourself to ?

2. Supporting agency and your community a) Supporting agency and its activities.

b) Supporting agency and your community together.

3. Roles of volunteers/workers in the disaster preparedness of your community : a) First, your role and plan

b) Role of a volunteer in the disaster preparedness of the community.

1) In the beginning phase of preparedness 2) In the phase of conceptual development of disaster preparedness of the

community.

3) In the planning phase of preparedness

4) In the implementing phase of the preparedness plan. c) Main roles of volunteer/worker of disaster preparedness

1) You as an organiser

2) You as an awareness creator

3) You as a leader

4) You as a coordinator

4. Responsibility of a volunteer :

a) Before disaster occurs

b) During a disaster

c) After a disaster

5. Directives to the volunteer during disaster

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YOU DISASTER PREPAREDNESS VOLUNTEER/WORKER IN

THE COMMUNITY DP volunteer/worker: You You are a skilled volunteer worker selected by the community for the disaster

preparedness program. You are community with a hope that you will be rendering a special type of cooperation of the community.

Insert Drawing

Similarly the organisaiton/agency helping to implement the DP program has put a big

trust on you. The agency may be one which is continuing its work in the community or has completed its work. They have trusted you because you are an able person selected by the community.

You are not only watched by the community and its surroundings but also by the

governmental and non governmental organisaitons with special interest. It is because they have heard and understood your responsibilities and are interested to take your advice and suggestions.

Whatever it may be, you are the centre of faith and trust. On top of that you are a

socially aware and skilled person and you have to play a concrete and proper role. This manual is prepared with a view to help you discharge your duty effectively. It will provide you the information on how you have to project yourself in the community as a community DP volunteer and how you should carry out your responsibilities. It is expected that with the help of this manual you will be able to play a constructive role and extend a worthwhile contribution.

1. VOLUNTEER WORKERS: a) What is the meaning of being a volunteer ? You are a volunteer in the community, so it is necessary to understand the meaning of being a volunteer:

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In general, a volunteer is a person who dedicates himself to social services impartially without accepting any salary, remuneration, profit or prize of satisfaction and for the betterment of the society without external pressure. The above statement clarifies the meaning of a volunteer. In connection with the DP you are supposed to provide support and services to the community, to work for disaster preparedness and work for the protection and benefit of the community during the time of disaster. It is human nature to share sufferings during disasters. The people in the community provide their help to remove or reduce the suffering of the community without any hope for personal reward. For example, we can take the repairmen of roads, building bridges, carrying injured to the hospitals etc. Thus, all people who work for the betterment of the community are community volunteers. Similarly, you are selected as a volunteer by the community because they think of you as a good person who works for their betterment. Moreover, you are a competent volunteer for community disaster preparedness. You will contribute to your community's preparedness by committing yourself to the values and ideal of a volunteer. b) Which are the fields you want to dedicate yourself to ? Once you project yourself as a volunteer you need to dedicate yourself to a certain field of services. it helps in working for the benefit and betterment of the community. For example, the Red Cross volunteer dedicate themselves to the following works: 1. To work according to the principles of Red Cross and disseminate them.

2. To follow the rules and regulations concerning Red Cross symbol and stop its misuse.

3. To put efforts for high quality services.

4. To fulfill the duties without discrimination of nationality, caste, sex, religion, class

and political ideology.

5. To pay equal respect to all.

6. To respect the privacy of the persons who have been helped.

7. To increase mutual understanding.

8. To understand the requirement or need of other people.

In this way, as a DP volunteer you can help all persons. You can write down your roles after discussing with your community and using the roles carried by Red Cross volunteer. For Example:

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1) 6) 2) 7) 3) 8) 4) 9) 5) 10) 2. Supporting agency and your community: Volunteer/workers: The supporting agency or organisation gives special importance to your role. They expect remarkable contribution from you to your community. Similarly, you will also give due importance to such agency as a contributor to the community and you will give your commitment to it. If it is so, you must be clear about the following points: Information on supporting agency and its activities. How can your community and the supporting agency work together for DP? Proper mobilisation of resources and work with the manpower of the supporting

agency with understanding. a) Supporting agency and it activities: In every community the DP program is developed by community itself and implemented. In the beginning, the community may face difficulties in implementing and managing the program and thus the support and help of a supporting agency is needed (as mentioned in no. 3 of model 1) for a certain period. Such agency is regarded as the supporting agency which renders its help for a defined period. Such agencies can be different social organisaitons. Main information on the supporting agency: 1) Name of organisaton/agency: 2) Address of the organisation 3) Objectives of the organisaiton:

a) b) c) d)

4) Programms and activities of the organisation :

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Regular Irregular a) Adult literacy a) Cultural program b) Sports b) c) c) d) d) e) e) f) f) g) g)

5) Contact address:

6) Contact person/staff/workers:

7) Other information

Note: From the above form we can have information on the organisation, its activities, objectives, planning and programs. It helps to determine your relationship with the organisaiton.

b) Supporting agency and your community together: The supporting agency of the DP program will be playing a supporting role after consultation with your community. Such support and participation will be for a short period as the community will have its first responsibility in the DP program. As a community volunteer you have to understand how the agency and the community will be jointly implementing the DP program. For this some basic things are given below: • First of all, these two agencies come together with a common interest and a feeling of

cooperation: - Even if the supporting agency is established for different social works, it may feel necessary to involve itself in work against disaster that pose considerable threat to a community. Thus, it plans to include DP program in its other services. It might organise itself in your community to work for DP program and provide support and service with mutual understanding. - You community may have experienced different disasters or it may face disaster anytime. Thus the community realizes the fact that it could be in danger. - In this context, the supporting agency finds your community vulnerable to disasters. Hence, the agency prepares itself to provide support with interest and at the same time tries to understand the community. In the meantime, the community might be looking for some means to save itself from the probable disasters. In other words, it might be doing something or planning to do something in the community.

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Hence the common interests and cooperative feeling as mentioned above, encourage both agencies to work together in the same place for some time. • After that, for disaster preparedness in your community, the mutual discussion and

agreement will move forward: - After that, for disaster preparedness in your community, the mutual discussion

and agreement will move forward: - The agencies will conduct mutual discussion for DP program.

- They will create understanding regarding mutual capability and cooperation and their use. Such discussions will lead to the following agreement.

AGREEMENT

S.N. Your Community S.N Supporting Agency 1. Special effort will be put by the

community for DP program because in case of disaster, the community is the one to suffer. The community effort will be long lasting and sustainable

1. The agency will support the effort of the community because it is a common problem.

2. The first responsibility of the community is to solve the problem created by the disaster. Thus it has to plan for the DP, resources, manpower and it has to put its effort to implement and sustain its plan.

2. The executing agency may have technical skill, knowledge and manpower. Besides this, it may try to arrange probable resources to help disaster preparedness.

3. Identification of disaster and its affects.

3. Coordination of institutional cooperation

4. Evaluation of capability 4. Exchange of experience and opinions on different activities.

5. Preparedness plan 5. Training and education 6. Planned implementation 6. Technical service 7. Sustainable preparedness

UNITED WORK MOVEMENT

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3. ROLES OF A VOLUNTEER/WORKER IN THE DISASTER PREPAREDNESS

OF YOUR COMMUNITY: You can take your own decisions concerning your role in DP of your community. For this - How do you look at your role ? - How do you prepare your role ? - How do you plan for your role ? You have to understand these aspects very well. a) First of all, your role and its planning : 1) Prepare your own list of roles on the basis of different objectives for your own

convenience :

CONTENTS - - - - -

What are the expectations of the community from you ?

What do you want to contribute

What are your fields of expertise ?

2. Thereafter, you can analyse and plan your role. What to do ? Which, how to do What to do when ? To be done by yourself Contents of roles : To help the community To be done To be done To be done To be done Occasionally regularly Occasionally regularly

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3. Putting necessary skill and knowledge together: You have to extend your support to community once your role is fixed. But before this, you need to have the necessary knowledge and skill thoroughly. For this: • Every role should be well studied

and prepared.

(Insert drawing) study • If there is any confusion or difficulty, (Development of skill)

it should be discussed and solved. • The relevant subject matter can be collected and studied. (Experimental) • One should go for necessary trainings. (Experimental service) • It is better to gain more experience, study and research. (Experience) 4. Effort should be made to play role according to the demand and need of the

community: • To work as support in the activities of the DP of the community. • To arrange discussion in the community on different problems. • To work with dedication, it will help to win the trust and recognition of the

community. • To be able as a helper in the community as and when necessary

(Insert drawing)

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• To work with everybody with understanding. • To project yourself as a supporter to the community. This will help to recognize you

as the leader of the community. • To put effort to develop better understanding and mutual cooperation in the

community. b) Role of a volunteer in the disaster preparedness (DP) of your community: It is already clear how you should prepare for your role as a DP volunteer. You have to play an important role in preparing the DP program, implementing it and getting support for it. You must be clear that you are solely responsible towards the community. you are selected by the community and expected to play a vital role for the community. The community must also keep in view how it should prepare and implement the program. Based on this, you have to prepare yourself and play the role of a support. To play this role in the DP of the community, it is necessary to divide different activities in to different phases and define the role:

(Insert drawing) First of all, 1) In the beginning phase of preparedness : • It is necessary to understand the disaster and its effect and the position of the

community.

Insert Drawing

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Many people of the community may not know anything about disaster and its effect.

Some may know something but not clearly enough.

Some may know a lot about disasters but due to other

reasons they might not be playing enough attention.

Many may lack awareness and not know about probable disasters and their effects.

• Help to identify the danger of probable disasters. Prepare a list of disasters that occurred in the community.

Field study and discussions about the probable disasters can

be carried out. Description of previous disasters

Present situation Disasters that could take place in the future

• Make the community aware of the probable disasters and their effects. Prepare the description of the disasters that occurred in the past.

Direct effects And its impact

Evaluate the effects and impacts of the probable disasters.

Direct effects and damages And its long-term effects

Insert drawing

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- Evaluate or discuss the effects and impacts mentioned above.

- Explain the danger and effects of the disaster.

- Create awareness by asking questions.

• Make the people realize the need of DP.

(Insert drawing) For this : Try to make the people realize the situation

that may develop after a disaster as mentioned above.

Make them realize the need of the DP by putting questions.

• Help raise community movement to face the probable disasters. - Somebody belonging to the community will show his concern to do something in the community. Insert Drawing

Show your cooperative attitude and request others for cooperation.

- Create awareness in the community to boost up the movement.

2) Conceptual Development of Disaster Preparedness in the Community. • At first, understand the existing method of thought of the community. It is realized that there is need of DP in the community,

but we must understand the concept of preparedness clearly.

One may have knowledge of preparedness but he may

lack knowledge about preparedness in the community.

Insert Drawing

Insert drawing

Insert drawing

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Confusion may arise such as what to include in the community preparedness.

One may not know how to plan preparedness activities.

The uncertainty and confusion may create problem in

the community. • Try to clarify what is disaster preparedness.

• Discuss how your community can maintain DP.

• Ask the people to discuss how the community can be a part of the DP.

• Ask the people to discuss about different aspects and need of DP.

3) Your role in disaster preparedness planning: • First, understand the community's working situation: By now the community must

have information on possible disasters and their effects. This will lead them to understand the need for preparedness and for joint work in the community. Once they realize the need of DP, they will start thinking and discussing about it in the community. In this context, many opinions may arise which may result in confusion. Several groups may come up to fulfil their own interest and needs. Therefore :

At this point, your active role is expected.

Effort should be made to bring the community to a consensus by the elimination of

the differences. Based could be established for the betterment of all.

Different thoughts could be channel wised to common goal.

Effort should be made to direct the existing awareness to a well-managed plan.

• In the first phase of DP of the community, help in selecting the vulnerable

areas, houses, families and individuals in the community : Help in arranging the group field visit and studies. Prepare a list of the vulnerable areas, families and individuals of probable disasters. Map the information collected. Highlight the vulnerable areas, families and individuals in the planning.

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• First, examine the weakness and strength of the community to face the disaster

and help in strengthening the weaker section by identifying the means to do so.

Strength weakness

Write down a note on what we have and what we can do in case of disaster.

Prepare a list of what we need to do and we cannot do in case of disaster.

What can be done-take it as strength. For example: school, health post, police, club, road, manpower etc.

Similarly, prepare a list of what cannot be done and take it as weakness of the

community. For example: lack of manpower to provide first aid, no means of communication to inform the government about disaster.

Explain the weaker factors and highlight them in the planning.

• Help in selecting the programs and activities by involving different aspects of

the community. For this : Make clear the basis of selection of the activities. Make notes and discuss what kind of activities can be carried out. At the end, conclusion should be drawn on the activities that could be conducted.

Basis of selection: Disaster Problem To increase Mitigation Mitigation Capability Probable activities: • Different activities are selected according to the needs. It is also necessary to identify

the available resources and means. Prepare a list of activities that could be conducted.

Similarly, prepare a list of resources needed for each activity.

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Activities Resources-how much? How to arrange? Community / Contribution resources

Training Planting trees

• Manpower –2 trainers. • Materials –teaching

materials. • Money –little • Other services –

recommendation from VDC.

• Manpower – from the

community. • Materials –digging

tools, and 500 saplings. • Money –wages • Other services –place

and recommendation.

1 - - x People's participation 100 from the community From the community fund and donation -------

1 from supporting organization Go to public health and agriculture office x x x x 400 from forest office x VDC and forest Office

Figure out how to organize the resources and means required. For this, determine the

separate resources, and means required for each activity. Determine the resources and means required for each activity. After that, figure out

the quantity that is going to come from the community and the resources that cannot be collected.

• After the identification of resources, make arrangement for the management of the

activities on the basis of available resources and means. It is also necessary to fix the priority on the basis of capacity building to meet the effects of the disasters.

Prepare a list of the activities needed to be implementation.

Explain why the activities needed to be implemented.

Prioritize the activities on the basis of problem mitigation, mitigation of disaster effects, and preparation to face the disasters.

Activities to mitigate the danger and effect of the disaster.

Most appropriate activities to increase the capability of the community to face the disaster.

Most appropriate activities to solve the problems that may come up while planning disaster preparedness.

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• All the prioritized activities are very necessary. But all these activities cannot be

implemented at once. Thus, your help is expected in fixing the annual routine to implement the activities on the basis of resources, means, time and capability.

First, evaluate the year because different factors may affect the programs.

Prepare an estimation of the resources expected. In this context, a list of possible

internal resources, external support and help from different individuals could be organized.

Discuss about the capability of implementing the programs. Only fixing the

programs will not help. Fix goal on the basis of resources, means, time and capability to implement the

programs.

• Now, help in fixing the yearly action plan on the basis of yearly goals.

Prepare the yearly action plan on the basis of specific time allotments. For example: activities to be conducted in the month of July, etc.

While preparing action plan give due care to time, weather, climate of the year,

which could affect the programs. Write down the programs on large papers and in big letters and those on the visible

places such as houses, local offices of the community. Yearly action plan should be prepared in such a way that it could inform when, how

and where the activities are going to be implemented. Yearly action plan should be recorded as other activities in the community's yearly

planning book. 4) For the implementation of disaster preparedness: By now, the community has prepared the plan for disaster preparedness. But the plan itself is not enough. The effective implementation of the plan is the important factor. Thus, you have to help in creating suitable atmosphere to implement the programs in the community. For this: Help to put the activities in discussion before they are decided for implementation.

It is necessary to coordinate everything – resources, means, manpower, etc. before

the activities are implemented. It is necessary to arrange skill and technical knowledge either from the community

or from yourself. If both of you do not have the necessary skills, it is suggested that

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coordination with a supporting agency, or person should be done to implement the programs.

You have to come forward with your skill, qualification, and efficiency that are

required in each phase of program implementation. You have to participate and play important role while implementing the main

activity. You must help the community in arranging and implementing the programs. It is

better of you can help in organizing the resources, manpower, money, materials and others required for each activity. In this context, you can arrange the resources from within the community and for those not available in the community, you can arrange from external sources.

You must help the community to evaluate the result of the activities carried out

under the preparedness programs by conducting the discussions in the community. It will help in identifying the problems in implementation of the programs and will help to make a better plan in the future.

C) Main roles of the DP volunteers / workers. 1) You as an organizer : You are a community organizer. Community organizations are the sources of power. Through this it is possible to drive the community works. The problems could be solved either a united force. Through the community organization: Work division on the basis of different areas and aspects could be done.

Participation of community people could be achieved.

It is possible to make all people could feel responsible.

Community effort will be put to face or solve the community problem.

It will be possible to get the works done on the basis of skill and efficiency.

Factors to be considered while preparing community sub- group : Before the preparation During the preparation After the task force is

organized Interest and will of the

community. Objectives of the

community task groups.

All people should be informed.

While preparing task group it will be better to include someone

Make clear to the task group or committee its working areas.

Make sure that they know their

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Working areas. Process of

organizations. Works of organization/

group/ committee. If old task group is

existing, will a new one be formed?

How many people should be included?

who is experienced. Listen to the opinions

and wishes of the members of the community.

Task wishes and commitment of different individuals into account.

It is better to choose one according to the skill and efficiency he possess.

Always appreciate the contributions made by different individuals.

Inform people about their working areas and responsibilities.

responsibility. Regular meeting and

discussion. Division of work

among themselves. Regular exchange of

ideas and discussion. Give opportunity to put

their opinions. Solve a problem if

there is one. Put effort to implement

the decisions made by the group.

2) You as an awareness creator. You: You are a carrier of public awareness of your community. While fulfilling your duties you reach to the people and coordinate the actions as a community worker. You are a trained person as you have participated in several training programs, seminars, meeting etc. You are also educated and conscious as you have read various magazines, newspapers and books. Thus, you know very well what to do and what not to do. But your community may not know all things as you do or they may not have an opportunity to know them. Therefore, as a volunteer / worker you have the sole responsibility to make the community understand the danger of disasters and the impacts they could have behind. What is public awareness? Public awareness refers to an activity, which makes people able to understand the good or bad aspects of anything and be especially careful about the effects of the bad aspect. In the context of disaster, public awareness refers to the activity, which will make people aware about the problems that could arise from a disaster and make them understand the need for preventive counter measures.

Public awareness

In absence If the program is conducted

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- The community does not understand the – All people of the community could

dangers from disasters and their Impacts. be made aware of the probable disasters.

- No one would think about how to deal with – Each member of the community can the dangers posed by disasters in the suggest means and measures to deal community. with a disaster. - No one would realize the main needs of -All will be motivated to launch the community. Community movement for disaster

preparedness. - No atmosphere of organized efforts against - Everybody will be helping each disasters and their effects will be there. other to carry out the responsibilities - Even if program for disaster preparedness - It will be possible to draw attention is launched, cooperation and participation of all towards the action of the from the community will not be found. community. How to create public awareness in your community ? 1) Selection of a subject matter to spread public awareness:- Make decision about

which aspect of disaster should be given importance to create public awareness. In this respect, it is necessary to select the subject that is the most important for the community to know about.

2) Fix the goal:- It is necessary to fix the goals that expected to be achieved by the

public awareness programs. 3) Selection of the public awareness programs:- There are several programs for creating

public awareness. For example: - Seminar, assembly, meeting.

- Lecture.

- Publishing articles on the newspapers.

- Play card, poster, and pamphlets.

- Cultural program.

- Street drama and exhibition.

- Training etc.

We can select a program based on its utility, practicability, suitability and importance. 4) People's participation:- The effectiveness of the program depends upon people's

participation. Try to involve the schools and people of nearby.

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5) Try to create awareness by using certain slogan or symbol presentation.

6) Put effort to draw attention of everyone.

7) Disseminate information to make the people aware of the problem / danger of the

disaster.

3) You as a leader.

You,

You are a volunteer of the community disaster preparedness. It is not proper for you to declare yourself as a leader. However, the community may regard you as their leader or you might create an atmosphere where you will be accepted as a leader. In such a situation, you really are a leader. Thus, you have to give your leadership to the community.

Let us first understand about leadership.

What is leadership? Why leadership? Leadership is the quality to lead by taking * To create motivation Everybody into confidence. In other words, * To give concrete decision it is the art of drawing people together to * To give decision after understanding Motivate them to achieve group objectives. group. * To maintain the unity. * To carry out the effective works.

How to develop leadership? How to lead in different aspects?

To development of public awareness

In group work Being a leader of the programme

• Discuss the problem and effect.

• Tell about the present

situation. • Explain more the known

facts.

• Ask everybody to participate.

• Treat everybody

equally. • Give proper attention

to everybody's

• Make a clear what a program is all about.

• Explain why the

program is necessary. • Explain how it should

be conducted.

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• Evaluate the problems. • Make aware about

probable danger in the future.

• Use the past experience.

opinion. • Keep good

relationship to each other.

• Make the people feel

united. • Develop mutual

cooperation.

• Explain each and

everyone's responsibility.

• Evaluate the outcome

of the programme. • Get feedback for the

coming programs.

4) Coordinator : Different activities are conducted in the community. In such activities you have to maintain balance and exchange cooperation with different people and agencies. To achieve the group objectives, you have to bring working unity or manage unified efforts of the community. Otherwise the disaster preparedness of the community will not be successful. Hence, the DP volunteer has to pay the role of a coordinator. Now, What is coordinator ? Coordination is an effort to put join action of community or to liaise different entities to achieve the objectives of the community. Why ? How ? • For the coordination of the aims. * By explaining Objectives

• For total achievement * Consistent programme.

• For the reduction of expenses. * Effective Communication

• For the removal of difference and duplicity * Proper leadership

• For the balancing the works. * Voluntary Cooperation.

• For the division of works * Division of work.

• For the uniformity in work.

• To arrange support

• To provide information.

Direct contact, continuity, Mutual relation, initial coordination, are the principles of coordination.

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How to do ? • Exchange your activities with other agencies.

• Develop personal relations.

• Call meeting regularly.

• Participate in the meeting called by others.

• Visit governmental and non governmental organizations.

• Exchange of information and planning.

• Keep consistent relation with all.

• Observe the work done by other agencies.

• Study the activities done in the past.

• Submit report regularly.

• Write letters etc.

Thus, the DP volunteer is expected to coordinate the DP activities and help in achieving the community goal. 4) Responsibility of a Volunteer : The main responsibility of a DP volunteer / worker is to help the community in preparedness and to save it from the damage and impacts of a disaster. For this, the roles mentioned above can be taken as responsibilities. Besides this volunteer / worker is a skilled person who can play the foremost role in the community. Hence, the volunteer has to take timely and important responsibilities. Such responsibilities are divided in three divisions : i) Before disaster occurs : The important responsibility is to prepare the

community to face the probable disaster. Details have already been discussed above. The remaining responsibilities are given below :

(a) Help to keep the record of the disaster in the community : The effects of the future disasters can be forecasted on the basis of the records of the past disaster. Thus it is necessary to keep the records of the past disasters. It will help to estimate and understand the probable future disasters, their effects and necessary preparedness.

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Record form for the community information : 1) Name of the community :

2) Location : (a) VDC (b) Ward No. (c) District

3) Boundaries : East : West: North : South :

4) Population : (a) Male : (b) Female : (c) Children

(d) Old people (e) Disabled / Handicapped

(f) Total numbers of houses :

5) Social Organizations :

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

6) Social condition : (a) Profession (b) Religion (c) Caste

7) Education : (a) Higher Education (b) Secondary Education

8) Manpower :

9) Contact Address / Telephone :

2) During Disaster: The volunteers have to render their services skillfully according to

the disaster preparedness. It is because preparedness means to be ready to provide

efficient services during disasters. Hence the following responsibilities can be carried

out during disaster.

(a) Provide information concerning disaster to all and not to be panic during disaster. Try

to gather information about the efforts of the disaster. Use radio, telephone and other

means of external contact to gather such information.

(b) Warm the people to be vigilant and careful. Ask them to be calm and arrange safe

shelters and other necessary materials.

(c) Turn off gas, electricity and water lines immediately.

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3) After Disaster :

(a) Provide first aid: Many people are injured due to disaster. At such situation, first aid should be given immediately. The first aid group should have priority to the most injured persons and look after them carefully.

(b) Survey: The DP volunteers / workers are the skilled workers of the community. They

have to conduct survey after the disaster to determine the need for rescue and relief operations. The survey form is given below :

5) Directives to the volunteer during disaster:

The volunteers need some directives to fulfill their responsibilities. In the absence of directives, the volunteers may face difficulties to perform their duties during difficult time of disasters. Thus, the following directives are prescribed for the volunteers :

1) Remove or reduce the crisis of mankind totally.

2) Provide relief impartially on the basis of need.

3) Provide help on the basis of priority.

4) Provide support impartially.

5) Treat everybody equally.

6) Remain neutral during dispute.

7) Work voluntarily and not to expect to get anything to return.

8) Be ready to work during disaster.

9) Keep your self-ready to carryout your responsibilities.

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MODEL – 3 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS FOR OUR COMMUNITY

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Lesson : 1

1. We if our own community.

(a) Our role in the community. (b) Mutual helps and benefit in the community.

2. Probable disaster and their impact on our community.

(a) Profile and reports on the previous disaster. (b) Probable disasters and their impact on our community.

3. Our community preparedness for disaster.

(a) What is our community disaster preparedness? (b) How can the community prepare itself for disaster?

1) Timely arrangement of safe places. 2) Preparedness of logistics and communication. 3) Set up of warning system to provide information in and out prior to a

disaster 4) Preparedness of first aid to provide immediate first aid service after

disaster. 5) Arrangement of relief materials and funds to provide immediate relief and

rescue service after disaster.

4. Our disaster preparedness planning.

5. Our implementation. 6. Sustainable and regular disaster preparedness of the community. 7. Responsibility of the community for its community DP. Brothers and Sisters of the community, Namaste ! This is your community :

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For example:

Insert drawing In this community: - You are born here, grew up playing around here, and are experienced.

No one knows this community better than you do.

You have experience and you know well what to do in what situation, who could do

what kind of work, and how to solve problem if there is one in the community.

For this community: - Your opinion will be fully appreciated if task is to be carried out.

Your experience and little effort are the basis for major progress.

Your active participation and leadership are important not for the society but also for the country.

Thus, you have to: - Identify a way to progress and develop your community.

Face the problems together if there are any.

Because---- The work done by you is reliable and effective. It is also sustainable and long-lasting. At a time of crisis, your own effort is effective, quick and simple. Dear brothers and sisters,

We have prepared this reference book with the help of people like you who are experienced, practical and concerned. We hope this book will help us to develop our community and prepare us to protect ourselves from probable crisis. From this reference book, we will be able to understand some practical measures of disaster preparedness and also be able to carry them out in our community.

For this, we begin by getting to know our own community. Secondly, we will gather information on the previous disasters that took place in the community and evaluate their damages. We will also discuss the probable disasters that could take place in the community. After that, we will go on the discuss the impacts and long term effects

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of the probable disasters so that we could plan necessary preparedness to protect ourselves.

For the effective disaster preparedness of our community, we will carry out the study on vulnerable areas, possible damages and impacts, and the capability of our community to deal with the disaster. From the study, we can figure out the most probable disaster, its impact and the problems that could arise from it. Further, we can fix priority accordingly. Similarly, some problems can only be reduced and we need to protect ourselves from them. Thus, keeping all the things mentioned above in mind, we will plan preparedness project once it is formulated. Lesson 1 : We in our community. a) Our role in the community : • Every person is a member of the community. Every one of us is a member of his/ her

own community. Our community consists of people like us who live together, share similar life styles and feelings. We are a part of the community. Our community cannot be built without us. For example :

We Our community We and our community

Insert drawing:

Similarly, the community is for all of us. We find our identity and existence there. For

instance: If we move away from here to another place, we will be called as the people from the former place. This is because we are known by our place, If we lie to the latter about our origin, they will not accept us easily when they find out the truth. The essence here id that we belong to our community and we are acceptable there.

Our community also ties us into collective feelings and rules. For instance: each of us

has our own work to do. If anyone overlooks the rules order to get done his work, the community will resent him. The community will chase us away if we do something very selfish and do not care about the welfare of the society.

The essence here is, no one can live by himself. He has to be social.

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Therefore: Community gives us, 1. Birth into society and teaches us to walk and grow. 2. It provides us with education, protection and makes us noble and sensitive. Thus the

community demands certain roles and responsibilities from each of us, which in fact we owe to it.

What is our role in the community? Roles could be many. for instance, some important roles are : • Maintenance of mutual help and friendship in the community. Our development and achievement will not be possible if we are fighting with each other. Thus, each of us has to play a vital role in order to avoid such animosity among us. Similarly, we have to develop and advance the community

together because its development and advancement is directly related to our own development also.

Another important role is to solve a problem or crisis, if there is

one in the community, by us immediately. If there is any problem or possibility of one, we must try to remove, reduce or prevent it. Otherwise we who are living in the community, can not feel safe knowing that the community is in danger. For example:

Suppose: We are travelling on a boat. Now if the boat is upside down, we will all drown in the water. Thus, to protect this, we need to keep the boat out of danger. Therefore to protect ourselves and to lead a normal life, we must try to remove the danger such as fire, flood, landslide, epidemic and others from the community.

Insert Drawing

Insert Drawing

Insert drawing

Insert drawing

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b) Mutual help and benefit in the Community : We (c) PART- 4 Community Based Disaster Preparedness Training : • Such collective behaviors and activities is mentioned above are the examples of our

mutual help and benefit. Mutual help and benefit is our strength. We can deal with the major problems and

even remove them if we use the strength. Similarly, we can prevent the possible disaster in the community or at least reduce its

impact if prevention is not possible. We can together make effort to save people from probable disasters and also save

ourselves from them. For example :

We should not go to riverside when there is flood, instead we should try to build a river bank.

We should not live in the areas, which are vulnerable to landslides.

We should encourage tree planting.

We are tied up in the community by the feelings of mutual help and benefit. For example:

Younger ones give respect to their elders and similarly the elder's give incentives and inspiration to the younger ones.

Insert drawing

We gather together to help one another in movement of crisis. We participated in social activities such as building irrigation system, inn, etc. We help each other in work related to the farm and share each other's task. We offer our help if one is building a house or doing some social kind of work.

Insert drawing

Insert drawing

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We should make people aware about the danger of fire. People who have thatched roofs are the most vulnerable to fire and they need to be aware about it.

We should arrange relief materials and fund for the time of crisis.

We should together protect our lives and properties at the time of disaster and we can

contribute ourselves to humanitarian work such as relief and rescue operation.

Insert drawing By discussing with each other and spreading public awareness, we can protect ourselves from the big/ small accidents. We can protect and save many lives and properties. Mutual help and benefit refers to the group work by which a community can be developed as well as made able to face the problems when they arise. Lesson 2 : Probable disaster and its impact on our community. We are going to plan disaster preparedness for our community. For this, we have to identify the probable disasters that could take place in the community and their possible effects. Thus we need information on:

What kind of disasters has taken place in the community in the past?

When and where did the disasters take place?

How did the disasters affect the community?

What kind of disasters might occur in the future?

What kind of impact would a future disaster cause?

Insert drawing

Let's identify the probable disaster and its effects on our community.

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Therefore, firstly, a) Profiles and reports on the previous disasters : Information on the previous disasters and damages can be gathered from various resource persons and records kept by different organizations. We can make such table as below from the gathered information: S. N. Name of a disaster Place where disaster

occurred Year and Month

1. Fire Tilahar village 2001, Feb, March 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

From the above table, information on the previous disasters is gathered. Now, it is also important to know the impacts of such disasters. Therefore, let's keep information on the disasters and their impacts on the community and consider them while planning disaster preparedness. Disasters and their impacts can be listed as below: S.N. Type of

disaster Effects Reason

1. Flood Loss of people and livestock Loss of properties Problems of flood, clothing,

shelter was caused. Epidemic and other health

problems were caused

Settlement in river side Could not run to safe places

Lack of purified water Loss of crops Heavy rainfall

occurred.

The past experience helps in making future plan better. Present situation:

Vulnerable homes No. of houses. Other information 1. From flood 2. From landslide 3. From fire

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b) Probable disasters and their impact on our community. We have acquired information on the previous disasters and their effects. Let's evaluate it and go to field trips to the affected areas. Let's also estimate the possible danger and damage that future disaster might pose. S.N. Probable

Disaster Possible

spot Reason What are the effects?

1. Epidemic Dirty village Lack of pure drinking water No toilets available Sale of stale food

People get sick, they might die, environment is polluted, health problems arise, lack of drinking water, lack of clean food, disruption to normal patterns of life.

2. 3. 4. 5. Lastly, the information and evaluation of the previous disasters and the field trips of disaster prone areas will certainly help in formulating the disaster preparedness program. Lesson 3. Our community preparedness for disaster We have already evaluated the previous disasters and their effects in the community.

We have also discussed and made the field trips to figure out possible disasters that

could take place in the community. We understood the serious facts such as :

Our community may face dangers. Some dangers may fall upon us. Our lives and properties may not be safe. We might face hardships.

Disaster causes:

Loss of life.

A huge number of people get injured at once.

Damage to and destruction of property.

Breakdown of houses.

Damage to infrastructure and communication.

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Damage to and destruction of subsistence and cash crops.

Famine takes ugly shape.

Destruction of water and sewage system.

Epidemic takes place.

Damage to environment.

Disruption of lifestyle.

People face many hardships.

Now, The facts mentioned above have made us think about the problems and encouraged us

to do something about them. Sometimes we are not able to give necessary attention to the problems although we

know that they exist. But from now on, we are determined to give necessary attention to them.

We are making efforts to solve our problems. However we need to make our efforts

more organized and vigorous. We do not want any member of our community to get hurt or face any kinds of crisis.

We will not let our lives to be unprotected.

These are our collective desires and feelings. We must agree on this.

Therefore,

We will now begin our community disaster preparedness. a) What is our community disaster preparedness? Our disaster preparedness refers to the work of prevention before and mitigation after

a disaster by taking into consideration the possible disaster and their impacts in our community. Such preparation will help to provide immediate relief service to the affected people after a disaster takes place.

This preparedness will be for the whole community.

Similarly, we will be running the preparedness program ourselves. Thus, the program

depends upon hoe much we can do. We will formulate and implement the preparedness plan for ourselves and we will

also take responsibility to make it sustainable. We will utilize the help if there is any from other agent or organization.

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b) How can the community prepare itself for disaster ? 1) Timely arrangement of safe places : We often hear about such incidents as:

Loss of lives and properties in large extent due to fire in dry areas, thatched roof areas etc.

Villages situated near by rivers are swept away by floods.

Deforested community swept away by landslides.

Similarly small earthquakes killing thousands of people have destroyed temporary

residential units.

Incidents such as those mentioned above have taken place and caused loss of lives (in the thousands) as well as properties.

Reasons behinds such drastic incidents are:- People of the community where the incident took place where not able to find out

how vulnerable their community was. Some of them might have known about the danger but where not able to carry out preparedness.

Due to several problems and obligations, the people ended up living in the vulnerable

areas. In other words, they could not live in the safe places. As a result, the disaster caused

several losses of lives. Moreover, the whole community lost its existence. We want: Let's Consider following things for our disaster preparedness : 1) Let's think about the danger in our community. Is it possible that we

might be in such risk as mentioned above ? 2) Let's study about possible risks and find our preventive measures. 3) Let's us try to settle in safe places and also arrange the same for

others.

Insert drawing

Disaster of any kind that are mentioned above, should not take place in our community. Let's make safe places to live for ourselves.

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4) Let's us arrange safe places and shelters for our community so that the community can be protected when disaster happens. For example; Community buildings, schools etc.

Moreover, we can make a map of our community to make the preparedness more effective. On the map, we could indicate: The vulnerable areas. Safe places and their location With the help of map, we could inform people about the safe places and their

location. Or,

We can run a community campaign in the village to settle people in the safe areas.

2 Preparedness to logistics and communication : We have came across with the following facts from time to time: It took many days to report disaster situation to the government agent and supporting

agent during disaster. Similarly, it took months for rescue organization or agent to reach the affected

people. Relatives of affected people were unaware of how their loved ones had been affected

by the disaster for months. Injured people were not able to reach the hospital on time due to lack of

transportation facilities. Almost all communities have faced the bitter facts as mentioned above at the time of disasters. The main reason behind this is lack of communication logistic preparedness. Thus, if we are plan to our community preparedness, we ought to include preparedness of communication and logistic. It will allow us to:

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Inform immediately to the concerned organization when disaster happens,

Take the injured people to the hospital,

Provide immediately rescue and relief service to the affected areas.

Let's include following things in our preparedness: 1) Information on the roads and outlets should be given to all. 2) Consider the possible disasters, while constructing roads. 3) Information of the alternative, logistic should be known to all. 4) Information on the logistics of one's community should be provided to governmental

and non-governmental organizations, so that they can provide immediate relief and rescue service at a time of disasters.

5) Location of the means of communication should be known to all. 6) Prepare plan for information distribution during emergency. The above information can also be clearly shown on a map. For example: 1) Which roads lead to where can be shown on the map. 2) Location of the telephones that are available in the community can shown. 3) Emergency telephone numbers can be listed. 4) Address of governmental and non governmental organizations can be listed. 5) Alternative means of communication can be considered.

Map of one's own village Look at the map prepared by your community and mind the following things.

Let's be able to have external contact for immediate relief and help through our preparedness at a time of disaster.

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3) Set up of warning system to provide information in and out prior to a disaster. What is a warning system? If timely warning can be given of probable disaster in the community, it will be

possible to reduce the loss of lives and properties. Signals of some disaster can be easily known where as some disaster give no advance

signals. In situations, where there is no advance warning of disaster, it may cause loss of lives and properties in large extent. Thus, many lives and properties could be saved if timely warning can be given of probable disaster.

In this way, the process of disseminating warning signals to all is known as warning system. For example :

It is believed that abnormal behavior of animals and birds is a signal for an

earthquake. In some places, the siren goes off if the water level rises up from the normal level.

How to set up warning system? First, discuss what kind of warning signals can be given for what kind of disasters

Disaster / Signal / Information?

/ - Flag / - Bell / - Gun Insert drawing / - Torch Light / - Siren

Now, the decision has been made regarding what signal is to be used for which

disaster. The next step is to make a decision about where the signals should be set up.

What Signals / Which Places ? /

/ / / /

- Usually the signal should be set up on the place from where they can reach everyone. For example: if the signal is set up on a high place, every one will be able to see and hear it.

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Discussion can be held in the community on how to set up the warning system. Gathering necessary materials and supports from all the members of the community should set up the warning system.

What Signal? Which Place? Necessary Materials Set up

After the set up of the warning system decision should be made regarding its management. For example: Management: Responsibility of warning dissemination should be given to a reliable

person of the community. Warning signals should be different according to the type of disaster.

Warning signal from one place or one person may not reach

everywhere. Thus, warning signals should be set up in different places.

Information of warning signals should be same for all. Knowledge of

warning signals (What various signals mean what ?) must be given to all. For the warning system to work properly, it would be good if different members of

community take up the role of a motivator from time to time. 4. Preparedness of first aid to provide immediate first aid after disaster.

Insert drawing

From our preparedness, let's to able to obtain and disseminate warning signals before disaster take place and protect our community

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What is first aid? First aid is the treatment given to an injured person prior to his being taken to a hospital or doctor by using local resources and means. Why first aid? Many people get injured during a disaster. Some many have fractured hands, some may have injuries, and some may be seriously injured. They might lose their lives if arrangement of first aid in such conditions. Thus it is important to have arrangement of first- aid in disaster preparedness. Moreover, preparedness of first aid can:

Save our lives,

Save the life of injured,

Make recovery of sick people possible

Reduce pain of injured. How to be prepared for first aid? Preparedness of first aid mainly refers to the activity of furnishing necessary skill and training to the people of the community so that they know how to provide first aid to the victims as and when needed. Besides this, it also refers to the mobilization of necessary materials, first aid bag and necessary workers. For this the following arrangement can be made in the community: 1) Make a list of individuals of the community who could provide first aid. S. No. Name Address Training Training / Service

2) New training programme should be conducted each year. Help can be obtained for

conducting such training from various organizations. 3) More training can be given to the already trained individuals. 4) Mobilization of trained individuals can be done.

Insert drawing

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5) Necessary materials and first aid bag can be arranged for effective first aid service. 6) During the preparation phase, first aid group or committee can be established. Note: Efficient workers should be mobilized because the first aid is extensive and

technical. Other problems may arise if there are not efficient and reliable individuals. For more details, please look at the community based first aid manual published by Red Cross.

5. Arrangement of relief materials and funds in order to provide immediate relief

and rescue service after a disaster. Preparedness of relief materials and funds: Why?

If disaster take place, it is important to provide immediate relief and rescue service. In order to mobilize rescue and relief service, materials and fund should be available. Otherwise, the problems of gathering the materials and fund may arise after a disaster.

Thus, arrangement of relief materials and funds is absolutely necessary in our

preparedness. How to arrange the rescue and relief materials? What Materials? How much? How to collect? How to keep them? What materials may be necessary to save ones life in disaster situation? For example : - Treatment - Food - Clothes - Safe shelters

- Depend upon how much the community can keep.

- Decision can be

made depending upon the effects.

- Collection of the materials that are available in the community.

- Buy the materials if there is fund.

- Ask for external helps if necessary.

- Keep materials in the safe places.

- Keep them in the

place where one can look after them

During any disaster, the first task is to save the man's life. Saving one's life is the most important work. Therefore it is important to arrange first aid in our community disaster preparedness, so that we could protect our lives as well as save that of others.

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Important thing to remember while distributing relief materials: 1) Certain rules should be made for the distribution of relief

materials. 2) Immediate relief and rescue service should be provided to the

affected people of the community. 3) Try to help other community in case of disaster. 4) Certain basis should be made for collecting and distributing relief

materials. 5) Help should be provided on the basis of necessity. 6) Cash should not be distributed as relief materials. Arrangement of rescue and relief fund:

It is impossible to collect money and materials in large quantity at once.

It is not considered appropriate to collect money and materials without proper planning.

Funds can be collected for special planning or programme if everybody makes the

efforts. If it can be proved that the funds have been collected for a good purpose and use responsibility the confidence of the community can be won and repeated help of this nature can be expected.

There are many ways to collect funds. For example: Safe investment, collection of

materials, Deusi, Bhailo, etc. We can start collecting funds from neighbors, community and if necessary asks for external help.

Insert drawing

Insert drawing

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Things to remember:

Objectives of the fund-drive must be clear. Support and help from everyone is necessary while collecting funds. Funds should

not collect without proper planning. Group decision is necessary to use the funds. Bank account should be opened to manage the funds. Rules should be made if the fund is to be used for safe investment. Records of income and expenses of the fund should be kept. The community should be informed about the income and expenditure statement of

the fund. In this way, we can make people believe that the fund has been used properly and it

will be possible to get further help from them in the future. Let's be able to provide immediate relief and rescue service from our preparedness in case of a disaster. 4. Our disaster preparedness planning a) Our disaster preparedness planning: We have already discussed above:

What is community disaster preparedness? How can the community prepare itself for disaster?

Now,

Let's understand what the probable disasters are and what their effects could be. Let's think about the crisis that the community may have to go through due to a

disaster. Let's make community planning for the community disaster preparedness

Insert diagram

How to plan our preparedness? Now, Usually, there are many way of planning. But in our context, the following way of planning is suitable because it is practical and simple.

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1) Selection of the probable disaster and vulnerable areas and families in our community.

For our community, disaster preparedness, we need to find out the vulnerable areas, families and individuals in the community. For this: a) Make a list of vulnerable areas, families and individuals of the community. For

example : S. N. Disaster Danger Vulnerable areas, families and individuals b) Above listed and selected vulnerable areas, families and individuals can be

shown on a map clearly. For example :

Insert drawing

From this, it will be clear where our activities is located and who are our target groups 2) Evaluate the capacity of the community :

The community itself is not a power where any kind of capabilities may exist. During our preparedness, we need to figure out the capabilities and weaknesses of the community. For this the following form would be helpful. For example:

Probable Disasters / Dangers Our Capabilities to face them What may be necessary?

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Similarly, the weakness of the community can be listed as follow: For What? What is the weak part?

Note: By discussing the above information, we need to identify the areas where more

effort is necessary to increase the community capability.

3) Selection of the measures to solve the dangers, effects and problems : It is not enough to know only about the disaster and its danger for our preparedness planning. In order to reduce or prevent such a disaster and its efforts, we need to know some preventive measures. We can come up with such measures by our simple meetings. The following table may be helpful for this: First, a) We can select the preventive measures for the disaster that we have already

identified :

Danger Effects Measures Activity to carryout

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After that, b) The activities can be selected to strengthen the weak area that has been

identified to face probable disaster.

The following table will be helpful:

Problem of Preparedness

Lack of capability / Weakness

Measures Activities

4) Identification and Evaluation of Resources :

Every thing can not be done just because we feel it is necessary. Planning which is done without evaluating resources and means would not be successful. Thus, identification and evaluation of resources is necessary while planning preparedness. A list of necessary materials to conduct each activity and how they can be collected could be made:

Activity Necessary resources Available in the community

External resources

Training Manpower : Trainers Materials : Training

materials Funds : Other materials and

services.

Two Trainers Ask for donation

Skill Development Center Contact Red Cross

Tree Planting Manpower: People's participation for planting trees.

Materials: Saplings, digging tools.

Funds : Other materials and

services.

Mobilization from the community. Collect in the community.

Contact district forest office. Contact and request VDC for land.

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5) Fix priority of the programs and activities : We have selected the activities for our community preparedness. The selected activities are prevention or reduction of probable disaster, capacity development to face the disaster, regular conduction of our disaster preparedness. Now, the selected activities need to be managed and put in action gradually. But all the activities cannot be carried out without planning of resources, means etc. For this, We will give priority to these programs and activities. --------------- --------------- --------------- How to fix priority?

By discussing in the group.

Priority can be fixed in different ways. For example :

What kind of activities can be done to solve the problems and effects of disaster?

On the basis of available resources and means, which activities should be given priority?

What kinds of activities are suitable for capacity development for community disaster preparedness?

On the basis of above table, make a list of prioritized activities. List of Prioritized activities

1. 2. 3. 4.

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6. Goal Fixation : After the prioritized activities list is ready, a yearly goal of the activities needs to be determined. Work can be done with this goal in perspective, And an evaluation at the end of the year can also be done with this goal in mind. For this we have to think about the following questions :

How much work can be done this year?

What quantities of resources can be gathered this year?

What is the time schedule?

What is our capacity and the nature of our participation? etc.

7. Design Yearly Plan table : In the yearly plan of our community, we have to determine the specific details of the proposed activities. For example:

S. N.

Activities to conduct

When ? Where ? How much ?

How ?

1. Tree planting

Shrawan to Bhadra

- Dada Kharka - Thalthale - Gairighat

500 500 500

a) First establish sub-committee to conduct program.

b) Collection of saplings from forest office.

c) Inform everyone and select working areas.

d) Plant trees. e) Look after them.

8. Our implementation :

If somebody is to be evaluated, it is generally said-see action, not talk. Similarly,

Insert drawing

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Only planning is not sufficient. The Plan should be timely implemented in a proper manner. If implementation is not good, our goal will not be achieved and the planning will be useless. Good implementation itself is the way to evaluate success. Thus let us be prepared to implement our plan.

Then: How to implement : 1) Prepare groups to work together : We have formed a managing committee to manage the DP of the community and expect it to do all the necessary works. However, it might be difficult for the committee to manage all the things by itself. Thus different groups need to be formed so that different activities can be managed. for example : Managing committee,

Main managing body Source Coordination -------- -------- Working Groups

If we have to work in the community :

First, We get together.

We discuss with each other.

We divide responsibilities.

We collect necessary materials.

If materials are not sufficient, we get cooperation of others.

We work together.

2) Work division : The responsibilities will be divided among the groups formed by us. It is better to give the responsibility to the person who is suitable, able and efficient.

What work? Who will do?

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Insert drawing

3) Management and mobilization of resources and means : According to our plan, different resources are needed to implement the activities. In the plan itself the methods required collecting the resources and their amounts are mentioned. If desired levels of resources can not be collected from the community itself then help will be sought from the supporting agencies, Thus resources will be organized and utilized to their maximum. Resources and means Manpower Materials Fund Other materials/services

How Much ? What ? For What ? Types ? Training -------------- -------- ------------- ---------- -------------- -------- ------------- ---------- Tree planting -------------- --------- ------------- ---------- -------------- --------- ------------- ---------- Management : Collection/System : List : Expenses of Local resources ------ materials Wages --------------- ------ Saving deposit ------------------- ------ Investment Shortage ---------

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4) While preparing the DP we might have thought of taking help from or cooperation of various agencies. Therefore, it is necessary to get their help or support in a proper way as and when necessary and implement the activities.

For whom ? For what ? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Insert drawing

5) Training conduction : If training is necessary for any program or activity, it can be organized. It is necessary to fix the training program according to the need of the community, the supporting agents or other organizations could be contacted. Insert drawing

6) Peoples participation :

Now, we are prepared to work since all the arrangements have completed. But it is necessary to inform all the concerned

Insert drawing It is better to consult with all and get their cooperation and complete the work.

7) Operation of program / activity : At last, we conduct our proposed activities gradually. Insert drawing

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- While implementing, mobilization of

technical workers should be done if necessary.

- While implementing, the areas and

families who are most affected should be included

Insert drawing

- While initiating any work, start off with a small and simple work.

- Everybody should be assembled and

put his/her effort in the work. Everybody should try to work on his own rather than to order someone else.

8) Periodic review :

It is necessary to do periodic report about the DP of the community, as its implementations is the subject of concern to the different organizations. The model of reporting is given below.

9) Report :

It is necessary to give report of the completion of the activities to the concerned organizations and agencies. For the model report please see the Disaster Relief Handbook. For monthly and quarterly reporting the model is given below :

1. Community :

2. Program :

3. Reporting period :

4. Introduction of activity :

5. Objective :

6. Goal and progress :

7. Outstanding achievements :

8. Awareness, reporting of training of relief activities :

9. Problems while implementing programs :

10. Work done to solve the problems :

11. Recommendation / Conclusion :

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10.Sustainable and regular disaster preparedness of the community.

We have to do the followings:

It is sufficient to conduct the DP program for a short period of time in the

community. It must be sustainable and regular. Achievement is possible with our sustained and regular effort. It is not possible to

reduce or prevent the effect and impact of disaster with the effort of few years.

Therefore, it is the responsibility of all of us to sustain the program. Then, How to sustain it and make it regular?

Insert drawing What is our responsibility? Our responsibility towards sustainable and regular DP program in the community

1) Regular yearly plan and its implementation : Every year there should be planning of DP program in the community.

Proper implementation of the plan must be done.

It is not good to work irregularly. It will affect the reliability of our work.

Regular

Planning Implementation Inspection

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2) Maximum mobilization of local resources, means and manpower : Insert drawing – Use the local resources and means as

far as possible. Dependency on other agencies may bring negative effect in its sustainability.

- If we could use local resources,

ability, and efficiency and bring out good result, each member of the community can take pride in it. It will also encourage the neighboring communities.

3) Regular supervision and improvement :

Different types of activities are conducted under the disaster preparedness plan. Such

activities will provide different impacts and effects on the community. It is necessary to conduct regular supervision and evaluation of the activities conducted.

It is necessary to keep records of the movable and immovable properties of the DP

of the community. It is also necessary to look after such properties and maintain them.

4) Make community regulation concerning regular DP and implement it :

While working in the community, it is better to divide the work and responsibility based on certain regulations. the community regulations help in dividing the work and responsibility equally. Such regulations are recognized and respected by all. They will help to sustain and regularize the DP program of the community.

5) Group discussions and meetings : It is necessary to have everyone's help, support and participation in order to sustain and regularize the DP of the community. To obtain such help and support, it is necessary to call regular meeting and discussion. Satisfaction and incentives can be given to all through such program.

Insert drawing

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6) Present report and information of the report of the activities of DP of the community :

It is proper to provide information and report of the activities of DP to the

organizations concerned and government units. It will help the NGOs and GOs to understand our activities and they may want to

share some activities.

Insert drawing

7. Responsibility of the community for its community DP Now, you have enough knowledge of DP of the community and how to develop and implement it. It is hoped that you will be able to make necessary arrangement for DP. Besides this, you may have to discharge other responsibilities for the implementation of DP. In absence of such responsibilities, the DP may be regular and sustainable. 1) Responsibility towards the program : Your community has been implementing the DP program and working very hard for it. A short-term implementation of the program will not be helpful in the sense that such programs will not be very productive. To achieve expected result of the program the community also has some responsibilities to carry out. For example.

Create awareness in the community for disaster preparedness.

Maintain coordination between the NGOs. and GOs in the community.

Institutionalize the DP of the community.

Record the properties of the community and repair maintain them under the

implementation program of the plan.

Make necessary regulations to mobilize the resources, means and manpower.

Supervise and do regular follow-up.

Regularize and sustain DP. (Detailed discussion has already been done in a previous section.)

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2) Responsibility towards volunteers.

To manage the DP in the community the volunteers /workers are expected to provide major contribution. They will be cooperating in the management of DP. The volunteers / workers are selected and mobilized by the community. The community, which wants to prepare DP, has to take responsibility towards the volunteers: First, responsibility of selecting volunteers: The community can learn all the necessary information concerning the methods of selecting a volunteer from relevant training and handbook. Introducing of volunteers / workers as group supporting workers.

Mobilization of volunteers / workers.

Provide help and incentives to the volunteers.

3) Responsibility towards supporting agency : The supporting agency has come to help your community. It will be helping your DP plan or other activities recommended by you. In case of getting help or cooperation from such agency, the community has to bear certain responsibilities. Provide correct information to the supporting agency. Help in implementing the DP. Arrange people's participation for the activities to be implemented by the

supporting agency. Provide report and information periodically.

4) Responsibility towards objectives and goals :

The last objective and goal of implementing DP are to safeguard the community from the probable disasters and in case of a disaster, reduce the impact and provide immediate relief and rescue to the victims. The main responsibility is to provide immediate relief and rescue to the victims of disasters. Besides this, the community has the responsibility to manage the disasters to meet its goal. For example :

Keep records of the disasters of the community.

Keep information of the community. It will help to know the damage or loss

caused by a disaster and provides relief services to the victims and evaluate the result.

Send teams for rescue and relief operations.

Arrange immediate first aid service.

Survey the disaster and its effects.

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Inform the status of a disaster to governmental and non-governmental agencies and appeal for help.

Operate rescue and relief services immediately.

Mobilize help to the GO and NGO agencies who have come to operate rescue

and relief services with materials and manpower.

Operate program concerning health, sanitation and other preventive measures. 5. Responsibility towards local government agency (VDC): In principle, the responsibility lies with the government for the rescue, relief and rehabilitation etc. of the victims of disasters. The government can help in arranging temporary shelters (schools and other community buildings) and provide lands for permanent settlement. It also can provide helicopter and other means of transport during an emergency. The village development committee can be taken as government agency. It has legal authority and can play vital role in mobilizing local resources. It can help in planning and implementing the community based disaster preparedness program. For this, regular cooperation, coordination and understanding between the community organization and the VDC. It is better to prepare a list a of duties to be performed for the development and implementation of the CBDP and to call the meetings.

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PART-4 1. Background

2. The Need For Training

3. Type of Training

4. Community Based Disaster Preparedness Training :

General Objectives

Main Objectives

Training

Participation

Why the Training is Necessary?

Curriculum

Suggestion to Training

5. Certificate

6. Refresher Training Programme

7. Placement of Trainers

8. Feedback on Programme

9. Appendix - Study Design.

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Part - 4 Community Based Disaster Preparedness Training :

1. Background :

This training chapter, included as part 4 of this manual, will help to create the skilled manpower necessary to handle the disaster management in the communities. Training alone is not enough and hence other factors should also be considered. It is therefore hoped that the subjects included in these parts – 4 will help fulfill the objectives. 2. The need for Training :

The final objectives of the Community Based Disaster Preparedness Programme are to prepare a community to mitigate and prevent any disaster and to make preparedness and response operation more effective. To achieve this objective, such activities as public awareness in communities, mobilization of local resources, and local management should be carried out. The aim of the training programme is to promote an informed, alert and self reliant community, capable of playing its full parts in all relevant disaster management matters such as public awareness, prevention, preparedness etc. This kind of training not just helps to promote better management for disaster preparedness but also to strengthen the management as a whole.

3. Type of Training :

The main objectives of the training conducted under CBDP programme is to create skilled manpower. Beside the training will also be conducted to teach specific kind of skill. For example, some trainings provide organizational and management skill when other trainings teach specific technique to handle disaster situation. It is important to handle disaster situations (before and after disaster) very carefully. Some activities that are necessary to handle disaster situation may need special training. For example, organizational skill training, management skill and development training, first aid training etc. These kind of trainings are carried out in order to fulfill local needs, local policy etc. Although there could be different kinds of trainings as mentioned above, the CBDP training the basic one.

4. Community Based Disaster Preparedness Training :

(a) General Objective :

• To create the skilled manpower to handle disaster management in the communities.

(b) Main objectives :

To provide basic information on disaster. To identify possible disasters in the community and to implement preventive measure

to reduce their impact. To create skilled manpower to handle CBDP activities in local levels. To inform the communities about the effects of disaster prevention measure that

could be taken and disaster management.

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(c) Training Period: Maximum 5 days. (d) Participants : Number : 20 to 25 people for training. Participants : Local volunteers selected by the programme committee. (e) Why Community Based Disaster Preparedness Training :

To prepare volunteers who could conduct community based training programme in local levels.

To identify possible disasters in the community.

To fix the priority according to the severity of the disasters.

To conduct training on disaster preparedness, mitigation etc.

To learn the process of community organization for disaster preparedness.

To conduct public awareness campaign on the effects and dangers of disasters.

To establish coordination between non-governmental organizations and government

sectors.

To be acquainted with first aid, its importance and methods.

To make community policies for disaster preparedness programme.

To provide general information about the disaster and its types.

To provide basic information on disaster management.

To give incentive to establish emergency fund for the rescue and relief operation at

the time of disasters.

To learn how to keep account.

To learn about leadership.

To establish rescue and relief team.

To evaluate the capacity of the community to cope with the disasters.

To identify local resources and means.

To learn to plan disaster preparedness.

To collect reliable data and to keep records.

To learn, to define roles and responsibilities.

(f) Curriculum : The curriculum of this training programme has been divided into two parts. The training will cover the subjects included in the two parts according to their necessity and

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practicability. The curriculum will be developed and reviewed from time to time by closely observing the effectiveness of the training. The trainer should try to carry out the training that suits the environment, place, time, etc. but also maintains the objectives of the training. Prescribed Curriculum: Section "A" S.N. Lesson / Subject 1. Disaster : definition and types 2. Disaster Management 3. Disaster Mitigation 4. Disaster Preparedness 5. Disaster response (Rescue and Relief) operation 6. Disaster Community survey 7. Environmental destruction and epidemic 8. Fire 9. Flood / Landslide. 10. Earthquakes. 11. Disaster and Development 12. First –aid training Section "B" S.N. Lesson / Subject 1. Community Organization 2. Leadership 3. Group work 4. Meeting in the decision making process 5. Responsibility of the volunteers in disaster preparedness 6. Planning 7. Coordination with other organization 8. Public awareness. 9. Information, education and communication. 10. Establishment of community fund and its conduction. 11. Accounting. 12. Record. 13. Supervision. 14. Report. With respect to the above list, a basic training can be conducted, and other separate training's can be organized as and when needed. By determining the possible impact of a disaster an identifying response operations necessary for any given community based on a field survey, the section A of the prescribed curriculum must be prioritized accordingly

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in a training program. Any subject included in the training programs. Separate trainings can be organized for specific services and work. For example, first aid. (g) Suggestions to trainers : The effectiveness of any training depends upon two factors: planning and

management. Trainer's training handbook might provide basic help to design community based disaster preparedness program. It is necessary to take such things as community policy, need, time, participation, etc. into consideration while planning the training.

For every trainer, a lesson plan is necessary. The trainer can give proper training on

each subject with the help of a lesson plan. Every trainer is expected to prepare a lesson plan by using his own experience and creativity. Thus, the appendix of this handbook only provides some models of study plans. Again, it is so because we believe in the trainer's experience and creativity, and do not want to be impose preconceived plans on him. It is hoped that the training, its method, and materials will suit the local needs and thus be productive.

Feedback: We all know that no human being is complete by herself and no training

package is completely useful or fully well conceived. We are still in the proposed experimental stage of the training program. Nevertheless, in an effort to make our training programs useful, we will continuously try to make them more practicals and objective-oriented. the work that is involved in reforming, developing and getting rid of the present limitations of the training programs is in our hands. At least we should note down our views. We always expect such constructive feedback.

5. Certificate : Those volunteers who have fully participated in the said training programs can be given certificates. It is important to build a system whereby only those who clearly understand the values, standards and rules of the trainings receive such certificates. 6. Refresher Training Program : To conduct the skill and knowledge learned in such training programs, refresher training programs will be conducted a year after the initial training. 7. Placement of Trainers : To conduct community-based disaster preparedness training programs, appropriate trainers will be located. Such trainers will train workers/ volunteers from local agencies and the community to enhance the disaster preparedness of the community. By using some people from among those thus trained, the community will give continuity to such training and development programs.

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8. Feedback on Programs : The effectiveness of community based disaster preparedness programs rely a lot on the training activities conducted under them. The success of such programs is tied to the success of the training programs. Thus it is important to evaluate the training programs to see how effectively they match the overall perspective and objectives of the disaster preparedness program. If regular feedback on the training programs is received, if trainers meet regularly for discussions and the sharing of mutual experiences and if special programs to discuss various related aspects are organized properly, such training programs can be made better and more useful. It is through such a continuous process that we hope that our objectives will become more defined and attainable.

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APPENDIX

Section (A)

Time Subject Teaching Objectives Possible Answers

30 min Disaster: Definition & Types

Participants will be able to define disaster They will be able to tell the types of

disasters. They shall be able to discuss the effects of

disasters.

Disaster is a sudden event that severely disrupts the normal patterns of life.

There are two types of disaster. (Natural and Man-made)

Disaster mainly effects (a) people, (b) Public service.

30 min Disaster Management Participants will be able to define disaster management.

They will be able to describe the steps of disaster management and the corresponding activities.

Activities carried out during the three steps of disasters such as mitigation, effective response operation, planning, organization, coordination etc.

Preparedness before disaster, response operation during disaster and rehabilitation & reconstruction after disaster.

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Time Subject Teaching Objectives Possible Answers

45 min Disaster Mitigation: Introduction, Activities, Importance and Need.

Participants will be able to define disaster mitigation and its importance and need.

They shall be able to discuss the six important measures of disaster mitigation

Introduction : Activities aimed at reducing the impact of a disaster.

Need: It is necessary because it helps two reduce or prevent the possible damages caused by disaster.

Mitigation Measures : Building of structure that are more resistant

against flood and earthquakes. The incorporation of hazard resistance in

structure in new development project. Planning certain kinds of crops that are less

affected by specific kinds of disaster. Changing crop cycles so that crops mature and

are harvested before the flood season. The adoption of land-use planning and

restriction on activities in high risk areas. Economic diversification to allow losses in one

sector to be offset by increased output in other sectors.

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Time Subject Teaching Objectives Possible Answers

45 min Disaster Preparedness Participants will be able to define preparedness

They will understand the importance of

disaster preparedness They will be able to discuss the activities

of disaster preparedness.

Preparedness refers to the physical, mental and economic preparation before any disaster.

If we are prepared before disaster, we could

provide rescue service to the affected people. The activities include; training, managing relief

materials, public awareness etc. 45 min Disaster rescue and

relief (Response) operation

Participants will be able to define rescue and relief (Response) operation by the end of training.

They could discuss at least 4 activities of

response operation. They could understand the importance of

response operation.

"Rescue" refers to the measure taken immediately following disasters such as moving people to safe places. "Relief" refers to the measure taken to alleviate the pain : mental or physical that people are going through due to disaster.

First aid, distribution of clothes, food and

providing temporary housing are the activities of response operation.

Response operation could help people to

alleviate their hardships and suffering by providing them with the basic needs.

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Time Subject Teaching Objectives Possible Answers

5 Hrs. Community Survey Participants will be able to understand the concept of community survey by the end of the training.

They can identify the disasters that could

take place in their community. They can fix priority according to the

severity of the identified disasters. they can map and indicate vulnerable area,

family and population of the community. They can list the local services that could

be provided at the time of disaster. They can list the measures of mitigation,

prevention and preparedness.

The field study of a community to observe the impact of the disaster and to study possible disaster.

Fire (2) Flood, landslide (3) Epidemic (4)

Earthquake For example: flood, landslide, fire, epidemic.

On map-dangerous spots : pond, river, cliff;-

dangerous weather, time ; -area; houses, women, children, old people, disabled

etc. Services: hospitals, health post, police, health

workers, fund, safe places, transportation, volunteer.

Disaster Mitigation/ prevention Preparedness flood public awareness safe places

start plant trees fund warning embankment

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Time Subject Teaching Objectives Possible Answers

1 Hrs. Environmental destruction :

Introduction and effects

Participants will know: What is environment and how it should be? What are the factors of environmental destruction?

They will be able to know the preventive

and necessary measures to maintain the environment and environmental balance.

One's surrounding in which include natural and man made things is called environment. Garbage, industrial waste, air pollution, sound pollution etc. cause environmental destruction.

Stop deforestation (2) Plant trees (3) Keep the

surrounding clean (4) Public awareness on industrial and air pollution (5) Do not contaminate water (6) Proper disposal of chemical and other waste.

Epidemic Participants will be able to define

epidemic, causes and the damages it could do.

they will be able to discuss some simple

measures that could prevent an epidemic.

Epidemics may arise from dirts, and from various animals. For example : Plague is transmitted by rats, Rabies by dogs, monkeys, Cholera by dirty surroundings, Malaria by mosquito, AIDS by unsafe sex.

Preventive measures : Keep the surroundings clean. Arrange ambulance/ Stretcher. Arrange training of primary health care, first

aid. Do not let the growth of bugs in the

surroundings. Arrange medicine and medical facilities.

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Time Subject Teaching Objectives Possible Answers

1 Hrs. Fire Participants will be able to tell at least five causes of fire.

They will be able to describe the three

main factors that are necessary for fire. They will be able to tell at least five

preventive measures from fire. They will be able to play vital role in the

relief work during fire disaster.

Fire may cause from throw away cigarettes without extinguishing them, lightening, spilling of kerosene and petrol etc.

Three main factors are necessary for fire : fuel,

heat and air. In absence of one of these factors there will not be fire.

Preventive measures: to keep inflammable

materials far from fire, to throw away cigarettes after extinguishing, etc.

Should conduct experimental classes.

1 Hrs. Flood & Landslide Participants will be able to define flood and also understand their major effects.

Flood occurs due to excessive rise of water volume in the rivers.

Landslide occurs due to excessive rain.

Results : Loss of lives, loss of crops, loss of livestock,

loss of land, loss of property, etc.

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Time Subject Teaching Objectives Possible Answers

1 Hrs. Earthquakes: Definition, Effects and things to remember.

Participants will be able to define earthquake.

They will be able to tell at least six effects

of earthquake. They will know at least five safety

measures that they could apply during an earthquake.

They shall know four main things that a

volunteer of response operation must be familiar with.

The thrust felt on the surface of the earth is known as earthquake. (1) Loss of people and animals (2) Flood &

landslide (3) Destruction of physical structure (4) Fire (5) Poverty (6) Social unrest.

(1) Stay calm (2) Stay underneath the corner of a

room, table, bed etc. (3) Stop driving ($) Remain inside home (5) Stay away from electric polls.

(1) Checking up on injured people (2) Search for

people (3) Listen to radio for information (4) Wear shoes (5) Check on gas.

(1) First aid (2) How to put out fire (3) How to close down the lines of gas, electricity (4) Organizational skill.

45 min. Disaster and Development

Participants will know the relation between disaster and development.

They will know the facts to consider while

building new structures.

Disaster damages physical structure as well as public services. It is therefore, important to consider preventive measures while planning new development projects.

It is wise to consider preventive measures while building new constructions in the community. For example : Not building homes near river, and building roads where landslide could not harm it.

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Time Subject Teaching Objectives Possible Answers

45 min. First Aid : Introduction, Objective and Importance

Participants shall be able to tell at least four activities of First aid.

They will know the responsibility of a first

aid provider.

Provide aid to the injured by using local resources and try to take the injured to the hospital as soon as possible.

All the activities that take place prior to take the

injured person to the hospital are the responsibilities of a first aid provider.

Objective of First Aid They will know the main three objectives of First aid.

To save life. To help one to improve health. To prevent further deterioration.

Importance of First Aid They will know the importance of first aid. First aid might help to save one's life. First aid could help a lot in the situation where

the hospital is not near by and taken a long time to reach there.

45 min. Community

Organization Participants will be able to define

community organization They will know the importance of

organization in the community They shall know the working process of an

organization.

A group or committee of the people gathered together for the welfare of their own community.

To solve any problem of the community and to

work together at a time of disaster. Working committee should be made of 5 to 7

people from the different areas of the community. In the committee, one will be the president, one secretary, one treasurer and rest will be the members.

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Time Subject Teaching Objectives Possible Answers

45 min. Leadership Participants will know the meaning of leadership.

They will know the need of leadership in the community.

They will know who could handle the

leadership.

Leadership refer to the work done by a person who has the support of the community. He work for the betterment of the community.

He can aware peoples about disasters and

provides suggestions and decision when needed.

By a person selected by the community

members. 45 min. Group Work Participants can understand the concept of

group work. They can define a role of a person in group work. They will know the importance of group work.

People working together for the betterment of the community. Group members can define the area of responsibility for each member by discussing the matter. Group work is more effective and efficient.

1 Hrs. Meeting in decision making process.

Participants will know the meaning of meeting. They will know the importance of the meeting. They will know the process of decision making.

Meeting is one of the ways to reach the decision. Discussion among people to reach the decision. Meeting can help solve the problems and also to reach the decision about future projects. Identification of problem, solution to the problem and decision are done in democratic way. Decisions made should be written down in the copy and should be carried out.

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Time Subject Teaching Objectives Possible Answers

45 min. Responsibility of Volunteers in Disaster Preparedness Program.

Participants will understand the meaning of CBDP volunteer. They can tell the responsibilities of CBDP volunteer.

All the people in the community are volunteers if they provide services without expecting anything in return. CBDP volunteers refer to the people who provide services before disaster, during disaster and after disaster. Main responsibilities of CBDP volunteer are to create public awareness, organise people of the community and involve them in the relief operation at the time of disaster.

1Hrs. Coordination with other organisations.

they can identify the other organisations of the community. They can list the services that can be coordinated with the other organisations. They can establish the general coordination with other organisations.

(1) VDC (2) Local club (3) Police (4) Redcross branch (5) Junior Red Cross (6) School.

School: Safe place at the time of disaster. Police: Protection, rescue. VDC

Regular discussion on issues. Offer to help and participate. Discuss common problem. Promise to help. Get help.

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Time Subject Teaching Objectives Possible Answers

45 min. Planning Participants will know: what is Planning? And for whom ?

They will know the need of planning.

They can tell how to plan in a community.

They can tell the need of planning in

disaster management.

Planning is a draft of the project which tells how to carry out the activities, target group etc. Community can do planning for themselves.

To know what is going on in the project, where

the resources are coming from etc. By discussing among community members to

fulfill their needs. To make disaster preparedness, prevention and

response operation more effective. 1 Hrs. Public awareness. They can tell the need of public awareness.

They can tell the measures of public

awareness. They will know the means of public

awareness. They can tell the objective of public

awareness in disaster program.

A program becomes effective if it has positive support from the community. Public awareness is necessary in order to get full support of the community for the programs that are in fact planned for themselves.

Direct meeting, posters, pamphlets, training,

letters. Newspaper, video, poster, pamphlets,

handbook, exhibition, public meeting. For the management of prevention,

preparedness and response operation.

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Time Subject Teaching Objectives Possible Answers

1 Hrs. Information, Education and Communication

Participants can tell the meaning of information, education and communication (IEC).

They will know the importance of IEC in

disaster preparedness. They will know the ways to communicate

with the community.

Any knowledge given on a subject is information. Practical use of such knowledge is education and to share it with others is called communication.

Information gives the knowledge of activities

that should be done before disaster. Education tells how to carry on such activities and communication spread such knowledge in the community.

Using available means should do

communication. Additional means should be arranged if necessary. For example, announcement through mike should be clearly audible.

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Time Subject Teaching Objectives Possible Answers

1 Hrs. Establishment and management of a community fund

They can tell the meaning of community fund.

They can tell the importance of fund for

disaster preparedness. they will know the process of

establishment and management of fund.

A collection of money by people and organizations to use at the time of disaster and for the betterment of the community.

It will help in providing relief materials immediately.

Fund must be established according to the

community code. It should be used for the betterment of the community. Treasurer will be responsible of the fund and the money will be spent after receiving the permission from the committee.

1 Hrs. Account Participants will know the need of account. They will be able to keep account for

working committee of disaster preparedness.

To win the trust of the donors and to ensure smooth working of day to day economic activities.

They can keep account of the money received

from the various sectors and money spent during disaster preparedness.

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Time Subject Teaching Objectives Possible Answers

1 Hrs. Record They can tell the meaning of record. They can identify the importance of record.

They can keep good record of community's

disaster related document.

A collection of writing of different data gathered by using different means.

Any planning for a community depends upon

reliable record that provides suitable data. An account of a disaster in the community that

took place in the past can be kept. Information of vulnerable area and the capability and weakness of the community can also be kept.

1 Hrs. Supervision Participants will be able to define supervision. they will know four important things about supervision. They can tell the four things to remember during supervision.

Observation of project area to check on activities and to make sure that they are going on the right direction. (1) It checks on daily progress of the work. (2)

Feedback for future project. (3) Solve problems. (4) Provides incentive to the community.

Study of supervision report and feedback. Discussion and ideas should be shared. Try to find out a problem and solution to it. Give incentive to the workers.

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Time Subject Teaching Objectives Possible Answers

1 Hrs. Report Participants can tell the meaning of report. They will know the importance of report. they can write down at least 5 characteristics of good report.

An account of work progress in a definite time period. (1) To make decision (2) To plan (3) To coordinate

(4) To evaluate (5) To keep record. (1) Relevant (2) Informative (3) Easy to understand (4) Evaluation of the definite time period (5) Problem and suggestion.

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