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Communication in Small Groups
Chapter 2
Groups Fundamental to Civilization
• Evolutionary downsides– Parasites and disease– “Free riders” exploiting the group
• Evolutionary upsides– Defense against enemies– Team hunting/foraging strategies– Labor specialization
• Indirect results– Development of language, brain– Cultural development
• Responsiveness to moral persuasion• Attunement to group identity
The Concept of a Group Archetype
• Key features– Image or model of a particular group type– Idealized as following routine patterns, having
regularized behavior– Has a common name in the vernacular
• Socially situated– Product of a particular society– Exists in a well-suited institutional/cultural niche
Group Archetypes# Group archetypes Distinctive contextual features Theoretical foci
2 self-managing work teamquasi-independent group in complex organization seeking efficiency
group competence and task effectiveness
3 deliberative juryzero-history groups seeking unanimity on specific legal questions
social influence and decision making
4groupthink (in committee), consensual democracy, and parliamentary council
committees/councils with ongoing decision-making responsibility
effective discussion procedures
5task force, heist team, and X-team
ad hoc groups subject to external forces demanding innovation
diversity, creativity, and information flows
6 athletic teamteams with well-established role conventions pursuing narrow goals
teamwork, leadership, roles, and status
7harmonious/acrimonious family, band, gang
intimate and relationally charged entities with unity pressure
relational communication, cohesion, and interpersonal conflict
8consciousness-raising and activist groups
countercultural sites of identity invention and/or affirmation
norms, socialization, symbolic convergence, and social identity
9support, play, therapeutic, and collaborative learning groups
safe, exploratory spaces promoting personal growth
unconscious behavior, individual learning, and group development
Inventory of Journal Groups
(Optional:TurningPoint Assessment
of Journal Groups)
Empirical Theory vs. Framework• Empirical theory
– Falsifiable hypotheses– Varying degrees of validity
• Theoretical framework– Core claims closer to axioms– Provides solid foundation– Foregrounds key connections– Juxtaposes or integrates theories
Groupinteraction
Cognitive/emotional
processing
Groupdecisions
and records
Subjectivemember
assessments
Tasks and/orpurpose
Groupstructure
Membercharacteristics
and beliefs
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Input-Process-Output Linear Model
PROCESS OUTPUTINPUT
Group outcomes reshape future inputs (e.g., procedural rules)
Group process immediately resets input variables (e.g., attitudes, roles)
Groups As Simple Systems
Beliefs,Motivations,and Goals
Localcontext
Individuals’ actions reinforce or challenge local organizational or group understandings,
power relations, and norms
Individuals’ actions each feed back into the largersocial system, serving to
reproduce or gradually alter it over time.
Socialstructures and
institutions
Individualbehavioral
choices
Structuration Theory (Simplified)
Groupinteraction
Cognitive andemotional
processing
Groupdecisions
and records
Subjectivemember
assessments
Tasks and/orpurpose
Groupstructure
Member goals,beliefs, and
characteristics
Localcontext
Socialsystem
Embedded System Framework
Information transfer
Discussion quality
Group effort
Effectivedelivery ofhealth care
Respect/cohesion
Clarity of group roles
Knowledge,skills, and motivation
Administrativesupport
Consumer pressure
Legal environment
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Application of the Embedded System Framework to Self-Managed Work Teams