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Communication In Our Lives, Fifth EditionCommunication In Our Lives, Fifth Editionby Julia T. Woodsby Julia T. Woods
Chapter 3Chapter 3
Communication andCommunication and
Personal IdentityPersonal IdentityCommunication andCommunication and
Personal IdentityPersonal Identity
What is the Self?What is the Self?
The self arises in communication The self arises in communication with otherswith others
The self is a process The self is a process that involves that involves internalizinginternalizing and and actingacting from from social social perspectivesperspectives that we that we learn in the process learn in the process of communication.of communication.
Direct DefinitionDirect Definition
Communication that explicitly Communication that explicitly labels us and our behaviorslabels us and our behaviors
For example, a parent might sayFor example, a parent might say ““You’re my little girl.”You’re my little girl.” ““You’re so responsible.”You’re so responsible.” ““You’re a troublemaker.”You’re a troublemaker.” ““You’re impossible.”You’re impossible.”
Identity ScriptsIdentity Scripts
Rules for how we are supposed Rules for how we are supposed to live and who we are to live and who we are supposed to besupposed to be
Rules from your family may have Rules from your family may have included:included: ““We are responsible people.”We are responsible people.” ““Save your money for a rainy day.”Save your money for a rainy day.” ““Moderation in all things.”Moderation in all things.”
Social ComparisonSocial Comparison
Comparing ourselves with others Comparing ourselves with others to form judgments of our own to form judgments of our own talents, attractiveness, abilities, talents, attractiveness, abilities, leadership skills, and so forthleadership skills, and so forth
The Self-fulfilling ProphecyThe Self-fulfilling Prophecy We act in ways that bring about We act in ways that bring about
expectations or judgments of expectations or judgments of ourselvesourselves
The Self is MultidimensionalThe Self is Multidimensional Physical selfPhysical self
Cognitive selfCognitive self
Emotional selfEmotional self
Social selfSocial self
Moral selfMoral self
The Self is a ProcessThe Self is a Process
Develops over timeDevelops over time ego boundariesego boundaries
Particular OthersParticular Others
Viewpoints of Viewpoints of specific people specific people who are who are significant to ussignificant to us
mothersmothers fathersfathers siblingssiblings aunts / unclesaunts / uncles
Reflected AppraisalReflected Appraisal
We see We see ourselves in ourselves in terms of the terms of the appraisals appraisals reflected in reflected in others’ eyesothers’ eyes
the “looking-glass the “looking-glass self”self”
The Generalized OtherThe Generalized Other The collection of rules, roles, and The collection of rules, roles, and
attitudes endorsed by the whole attitudes endorsed by the whole social community in which we livesocial community in which we live
The Generalized Other (cont’d)
The Generalized Other (cont’d)
Four dimensions of personal Four dimensions of personal identity emphasized by modern identity emphasized by modern Western cultureWestern culture
gendergender racerace sexual orientationsexual orientation economic classeconomic class
Enhancing the SelfEnhancing the Self
Commit to improving yourselfCommit to improving yourself
Gain knowledge Gain knowledge
Set realistic goalsSet realistic goals
Accept that you are in processAccept that you are in process
Create a supportive context for Create a supportive context for changechange self-sabotageself-sabotage
UppersUppers People who communicate positively about usPeople who communicate positively about us
DownersDowners People who communicate negatively about us People who communicate negatively about us
VulturesVultures An extreme form of downers – they also attack An extreme form of downers – they also attack
our self-conceptsour self-concepts
Source: Simon, S. B. (1977). Vultures: A modern allegory on the part of putting oneself down. Niles, IL: Argus Communications
Uppers, Downers, and VulturesUppers, Downers, and Vultures
WebsitesWebsites
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SERosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES)S)
The Peale Center for Positive ThiThe Peale Center for Positive Thinking nking
George Herbert Mead BiographyGeorge Herbert Mead Biography
The Pygmalion EffectThe Pygmalion Effect
Attachment TheoryAttachment Theory personalityresearch.orgpersonalityresearch.org