Communication and the Multicultural Society Joshua M. Phelps PSY2500

Communication and the Communication and the Multicultural SocietyMulticultural Society

Joshua M. PhelpsJoshua M. Phelps

PSY2500PSY2500

OutlineOutline

2 Lectures2 Lectures English LanguageEnglish Language

Lecture 1Lecture 1 Intro to CommunicationIntro to Communication Demonstration of Communication SituationDemonstration of Communication Situation Discussion of Communication SituationDiscussion of Communication Situation Blakar’s Communication TheoryBlakar’s Communication Theory

Lecture 2Lecture 2 Multiculture & CommunicationMulticulture & Communication Class Exercise: Public CommunicationClass Exercise: Public Communication

What is Communication?What is Communication?

Everyday UnderstandingsEveryday Understandings Common and universal activity for all Common and universal activity for all

human beingshuman beings Basic precondition for all social activity Basic precondition for all social activity Individual is embedded in different Individual is embedded in different

communication situations and participates communication situations and participates in communicative actsin communicative acts

Complex interactionComplex interaction ’’Restricted’ to Psychology and LanguageRestricted’ to Psychology and Language

Defining CommunicationDefining Communication

All inclusive: Behaviour and FlowAll inclusive: Behaviour and Flow Internet Definitions Internet Definitions www.dictionary.comwww.dictionary.com

The act or process of communicating The act or process of communicating the imparting or interchange of thoughts, opinions, or the imparting or interchange of thoughts, opinions, or

information by speech, writing, or signs (Flow)information by speech, writing, or signs (Flow) The exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as The exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as

by speech, signals, writing, or behavior (Behaviour and by speech, signals, writing, or behavior (Behaviour and Flow)Flow)

the expression to another of information or thoughts the expression to another of information or thoughts through speech, writing, or gestures through speech, writing, or gestures

Hogg & Vaughan (2005) Social Psychology: Hogg & Vaughan (2005) Social Psychology: transfer of meaningful information from one transfer of meaningful information from one person to anotherperson to another

http://www.dictionary.com/

Blakar’s (1984) DefinitionBlakar’s (1984) Definition

Communication: An intentional act to make Communication: An intentional act to make something known to someone elsesomething known to someone else Kommunikasjon: En intendert handling med sikte på Kommunikasjon: En intendert handling med sikte på

å gjøre noe felles med - eller kjent for - bestemte å gjøre noe felles med - eller kjent for - bestemte andreandre

Emphasizes behavioural (action) and Emphasizes behavioural (action) and directional component of communicationdirectional component of communication

Grounded mainly in face-to-face interactionGrounded mainly in face-to-face interaction Based on ’pragmatic’ aspects of Based on ’pragmatic’ aspects of

communicationcommunication

Communication SituationCommunication Situation

Demonstrate Communication in Demonstrate Communication in Face-to-Face InteractionFace-to-Face Interaction

Need 4 VolunteersNeed 4 Volunteers Leave the Room for a few minutes Leave the Room for a few minutes

while I set up…while I set up…

The Communication Conflict The Communication Conflict Situation (CCS)Situation (CCS)

A ’City’ MapA ’City’ Map Participant A must direct Participant Participant A must direct Participant

B to a particular destinationB to a particular destination 2 Routes—Simple and Complex2 Routes—Simple and Complex

Audience TasksAudience Tasks

How do P’s establish a ”shared How do P’s establish a ”shared reality”—codes, contracts, etc.reality”—codes, contracts, etc.

How do they make attributions for How do they make attributions for successful or unsuccessful successful or unsuccessful communication?communication?

How P’s try to improve How P’s try to improve communication?communication?

Write down examples of language Write down examples of language used and interaction. used and interaction.

DebriefingDebriefing

ExplanationExplanation Thoughts on participation?Thoughts on participation? Thanks!!!Thanks!!! ApplauseApplause


The ’City’ Map(s) The ’City’ Map(s) Participant A must direct Participant Participant A must direct Participant

B to a particular destinationB to a particular destination 2 Routes—Simple and Complex2 Routes—Simple and Complex

Experimental Manipulation of Complex Experimental Manipulation of Complex RouteRoute

Audience Tasks – Round 2Audience Tasks – Round 2

How do P’s establish a ”shared How do P’s establish a ”shared reality”—codes, contracts, etc.reality”—codes, contracts, etc.

How do they make attributions for How do they make attributions for unsuccessful communication?unsuccessful communication?

How P’s try to improve communication How P’s try to improve communication and re-establish intersubjectivity?and re-establish intersubjectivity?

Write down examples of language Write down examples of language used and interaction. used and interaction.


Experiment developed by Blakar in the 1970’sExperiment developed by Blakar in the 1970’s Constructed and controlled situation to Constructed and controlled situation to

examine when an essential aspect of examine when an essential aspect of communication is not fulfilledcommunication is not fulfilled

Simple but demandingSimple but demanding To see what happens when a basic To see what happens when a basic

precondition for ’successful communication’ is precondition for ’successful communication’ is not metnot met Everyday misunderstandingsEveryday misunderstandings

3 Goals of CCS3 Goals of CCS

Examine missing precondition of Examine missing precondition of same ’here and now’same ’here and now’

Examine attributions P’s made to Examine attributions P’s made to difficultiesdifficulties

Examine P’s attempts to improve Examine P’s attempts to improve communication effectiveness and re-communication effectiveness and re-establish intersubjectivityestablish intersubjectivity

Analysis of CCS Analysis of CCS

Simple RouteSimple Route Participants’ PerspectiveParticipants’ Perspective Experimenter/Audience PerspectiveExperimenter/Audience Perspective

Complex RouteComplex Route Participants’ PerspectiveParticipants’ Perspective Experimenter/Audience PerspectiveExperimenter/Audience Perspective

Class DiscussionClass Discussion

Questions and ThoughtsQuestions and Thoughts Audience?Audience? Participants?Participants?

Blakar Communication Blakar Communication TheoryTheory

Addressing questions about good or normal Addressing questions about good or normal communicationcommunication

Defining communication Defining communication Intentionality Intentionality

Identifying and understanding preconditions for Identifying and understanding preconditions for successful communicationsuccessful communication

Applying theory to social contexts: family, therapy, etc.Applying theory to social contexts: family, therapy, etc. Using abnormal to understand normalUsing abnormal to understand normal

Addressing conceptual, theoretical, and empirical Addressing conceptual, theoretical, and empirical confusion in communication research in social sciencesconfusion in communication research in social sciences Social-psychological perspectiveSocial-psychological perspective

Blakar Communication Blakar Communication TheoryTheory

Fundamental Question: What are the Fundamental Question: What are the prerequisites for (successful) prerequisites for (successful) communication? Under what conditions will communication? Under what conditions will somebody succeed (to a reasonable degree) somebody succeed (to a reasonable degree) in making something known to someone in making something known to someone else?else?

3 Main aspects3 Main aspects Preconditions for successful communicationPreconditions for successful communication Variables affecting Variables affecting Process of CommunicationProcess of Communication

Interplay of individual, social, and situational Interplay of individual, social, and situational preconditionspreconditions

The PreconditionsThe Preconditions

Most Basic Most Basic Establishment of a Establishment of a shared social realityshared social reality

Individual PreconditionsIndividual Preconditions Relational PreconditionsRelational Preconditions Technical PreconditionsTechnical Preconditions Situational PreconditionsSituational Preconditions Interaction between different Interaction between different

preconditionspreconditions

Individual PreconditionsIndividual Preconditions

Will Will Motivational Component Motivational Component Can Can Ability Component Ability Component

Capacity to decenter and take Capacity to decenter and take perspective of the otherperspective of the other

Individual’s self-esteem or self-Individual’s self-esteem or self-confidenceconfidence

Attunement to the Attunement Attunement to the Attunement of the Otherof the Other

Decentration and Perspective-TakingDecentration and Perspective-Taking Decentration Decentration

SenderSender ReceiverReceiver

EgocentrismEgocentrism Important during problems of Important during problems of

communication process to re-communication process to re-establish intersubjectivityestablish intersubjectivity

Relational PreconditionsRelational Preconditions

Relations between ‘actors’ in Relations between ‘actors’ in communicative actcommunicative act

Confidence in the other, trust/distrust, Confidence in the other, trust/distrust, seriousnessseriousness

Understanding that the other has Understanding that the other has different perspective/positiondifferent perspective/position

Interaction with individual Interaction with individual preconditionspreconditions

Technical and Situational Technical and Situational PreconditionsPreconditions

TechnicalTechnical Access to a common codeAccess to a common code

SituationalSituational Same contractual dimensions of here & Same contractual dimensions of here &

now now

Variables affectingVariables affecting

Variables that affect and determine Variables that affect and determine process of communicationprocess of communication

Background VariablesBackground Variables Age, Sex, Class, Education, EthnicityAge, Sex, Class, Education, Ethnicity

Personality VariablesPersonality Variables Level of anxiety, self-esteemLevel of anxiety, self-esteem Also affects the ‘Can’Also affects the ‘Can’

Process of CommunicationProcess of Communication

Contracts adoptedContracts adopted What kind?What kind? Adequacy Adequacy Adherence, violation, modificationAdherence, violation, modification Who proposes contracts?Who proposes contracts?

Control & PowerControl & Power Free vs. Bound InformationFree vs. Bound Information Control distribution and exertionControl distribution and exertion Attribution patterns of difficultiesAttribution patterns of difficulties Emotional climateEmotional climate

Complexity within the Complexity within the Preconditions and FrameworkPreconditions and Framework

Situational VariationSituational Variation Interplay between preconditionsInterplay between preconditions Background VariablesBackground Variables

General Theoretical General Theoretical Statements on CommunicationStatements on Communication

Language is most common and important medium Language is most common and important medium for communicationfor communication

Most essential characteristic is that something is Most essential characteristic is that something is being made known to another (Rommetveit, Blakar)being made known to another (Rommetveit, Blakar)

Requires empathy and perspective taking in some Requires empathy and perspective taking in some kind of shared social realitykind of shared social reality Only by the communicants taking the perspective of the Only by the communicants taking the perspective of the

other(s) into account, so that they (sender and reciever(s) other(s) into account, so that they (sender and reciever(s) may establish commonality, is communication rendered may establish commonality, is communication rendered possiblepossible (Blakar, 1984) (Blakar, 1984)

Complex act that requires fulfillment of several Complex act that requires fulfillment of several preconditions preconditions

Some IssuesSome Issues

Communication vs. Interaction Communication vs. Interaction Unintentional/unconscious aspects of Unintentional/unconscious aspects of

communication?communication? Non-verbal vs. verbal communication Non-verbal vs. verbal communication Too much of a situational, face-to-face Too much of a situational, face-to-face

definition? Too narrow?definition? Too narrow? Other aspects of intentionally making Other aspects of intentionally making

something knownsomething known E.g. media E.g. media

Expansion of Expansion of CommunicationCommunication

Rommetveit/Blakar model connected Rommetveit/Blakar model connected to face-to-face interactionto face-to-face interaction

How can we study communication How can we study communication that isn’t face-to-face from a social-that isn’t face-to-face from a social-psychological point of view?psychological point of view? Media communication?Media communication?

Next week: Communication in a Next week: Communication in a multicultural contextmulticultural context

Class DiscussionClass Discussion

Questions and ThoughtsQuestions and Thoughts What is successful or good What is successful or good

communication? communication? Everyday examplesEveryday examples

What about other theories for What about other theories for communication?communication?

Communication vs. Interaction?Communication vs. Interaction?

Last Word...Last Word...

Please keep quiet about the Please keep quiet about the Communication Conflict SituationCommunication Conflict Situation

Communication, Communication, Language, and the Language, and the

Multicultural SocietyMulticultural Society

Joshua M. PhelpsJoshua M. Phelps

November 13, 2006November 13, 2006

OutlineOutline

Class ExerciseClass Exercise Reminder about Language, Reminder about Language,

Communication, and IdeologyCommunication, and Ideology The Norwegian Multicultural ContextThe Norwegian Multicultural Context Communication, Social Relations, Communication, Social Relations,

and Ideology in a Multicultural and Ideology in a Multicultural SocietySociety

ExerciseExercise

12 minutes12 minutes Word AssociationWord Association

Language (Blakar, 1979; Language (Blakar, 1979; 2006)2006)

An important bridge between the society and An important bridge between the society and the individualthe individual

Culturally-mediated tool inherited from Culturally-mediated tool inherited from generation to generationgeneration to generation

Instrument that we use to understand and Instrument that we use to understand and grasp reality grasp reality Dyanmic and FlexibleDyanmic and Flexible Open and Generative SystemOpen and Generative System

Language is NOT neutral, objective, or ”fixed”Language is NOT neutral, objective, or ”fixed” Sender’s choice of expression affects the Sender’s choice of expression affects the

receiver’s understanding (Blakar, 1979)receiver’s understanding (Blakar, 1979)

Language (Blakar, 1979; Language (Blakar, 1979; 2006)2006)

Language is POWER Language is POWER All use of language implies structuring and All use of language implies structuring and

influencing of another’s experienceinfluencing of another’s experience ””Everyday Power”Everyday Power”

Language as a system reflects socio-Language as a system reflects socio-political power structure in a given political power structure in a given societysociety

Language is most common and Language is most common and important medium for communicationimportant medium for communication

Language, Language, CommunicationCommunication, , IdeologyIdeology

Investigating communication requires looking at the positions used Investigating communication requires looking at the positions used in establishment of social reality…mainly through language in establishment of social reality…mainly through language (Rommetveit, 1992)(Rommetveit, 1992)

Influenced by context: culture, historical moment, positioning of actors in Influenced by context: culture, historical moment, positioning of actors in situation, codes for correctness, etc. situation, codes for correctness, etc.

Certain words & expressions are ”reflections” of ideologies Certain words & expressions are ”reflections” of ideologies Linked with Blakar’s understanding of Language as mirroring and Linked with Blakar’s understanding of Language as mirroring and

expressing existing power relationsexpressing existing power relations We use Ideology as a critical concept for understanding how socially-We use Ideology as a critical concept for understanding how socially-

shared, taken-for-granted knowledge in society (by individuals) shared, taken-for-granted knowledge in society (by individuals) upholds or legitimizes power relationsupholds or legitimizes power relations

Changes in language use over time should reflect societal and Changes in language use over time should reflect societal and ideological developmentsideological developments

Media are important (most important?) platforms in which Media are important (most important?) platforms in which individuals negotiate meaning (i.e.attitudes, beliefs, etc.)individuals negotiate meaning (i.e.attitudes, beliefs, etc.)

Becoming increasingly as important as face-to-face interactionBecoming increasingly as important as face-to-face interaction Media language and change in media language can reflect Media language and change in media language can reflect

ideology(ies)ideology(ies)

What is ”Multiculture”?What is ”Multiculture”?

Descriptive: Word “reflecting reality” of Descriptive: Word “reflecting reality” of living in a society with cultural diversityliving in a society with cultural diversity

Analytical/Ideological/Prescriptive: specific Analytical/Ideological/Prescriptive: specific way of dealing with this cultural diversity or way of dealing with this cultural diversity or pluralismpluralism Liberal Ideology stressing equality, identity Liberal Ideology stressing equality, identity

recognition, integration, celebration of cultural recognition, integration, celebration of cultural traditions/diversitytraditions/diversity

Majority/Minority Relations & Majority/Minority Relations & MulticulturalismMulticulturalism

The Norwegian Multicultural The Norwegian Multicultural ContextContext

Steady increase in immigration from Steady increase in immigration from 1951 – present (1951 – present (www.ssb.nowww.ssb.no)) Largest Groups: Pakistanis, Swedes, Iraqis, Largest Groups: Pakistanis, Swedes, Iraqis,

Danes, VietnameseDanes, Vietnamese Increased migration of visible minorities Increased migration of visible minorities

since the 1970ssince the 1970s Pakistanis, Iraqis, Vietnamese, Somalis, Pakistanis, Iraqis, Vietnamese, Somalis,

Turks Turks Always been multicultural?Always been multicultural?

http://www.ssb.no/

Communication in the Communication in the Multicultural SocietyMulticultural Society

What words and expressions do we use to What words and expressions do we use to describe and understand the multicultural describe and understand the multicultural context?context?

How might these words and expressions How might these words and expressions affect & reflect majority/minorities: social affect & reflect majority/minorities: social and power relations, group boundaries, and power relations, group boundaries, identities, etc.identities, etc. Ideology(ies)Ideology(ies)

How might one have ’successful’ How might one have ’successful’ communication in a multicultural context? communication in a multicultural context? Possibilities for perspective-taking?Possibilities for perspective-taking? Fulfilling of preconditions?Fulfilling of preconditions?

Examining Multicultural Examining Multicultural Communication & IdeologyCommunication & Ideology

Language in public discourse Language in public discourse New words and changes in New words and changes in

frequencies of words dealing with frequencies of words dealing with multicultural issuesmulticultural issues Atekst searchesAtekst searches Aftenposten 1984-2005Aftenposten 1984-2005

Longitudinal PerspectiveLongitudinal Perspective

Messages and Word AssociationMessages and Word Association

Word Association DiscussionWord Association Discussion

Semantic Network of..Semantic Network of.. Flerkulturelt SamfunnFlerkulturelt Samfunn FlerkulturelleFlerkulturelle

””Fest i Oslo” Mela FestivalenFest i Oslo” Mela Festivalen

Discussion in pairs Discussion in pairs General discussion of articleGeneral discussion of article Look at use of the words Look at use of the words

”multikultur*” or ”flerkultur*””multikultur*” or ”flerkultur*” From this article, how would you From this article, how would you

describe a multicultural festival or describe a multicultural festival or multicultural society?multicultural society?


””I dag åpner Mela, en multikulturell I dag åpner Mela, en multikulturell festival…”festival…” DescriptiveDescriptive What is a multicultural festival?What is a multicultural festival?

””en av verdens største multikulturelle en av verdens største multikulturelle festivaler”festivaler” DescriptiveDescriptive

Arguing against FrPArguing against FrP


””Den som tar turen til Rådhusplassen Den som tar turen til Rådhusplassen i helga, vil derimot få se hvilket glede i helga, vil derimot få se hvilket glede den flerkulturelle virkeligheten kan den flerkulturelle virkeligheten kan representere.”representere.”

From reading this article, what joys From reading this article, what joys are on show at the multicultural Mela are on show at the multicultural Mela Festival? Festival?

Showcase of Art & CultureShowcase of Art & Culture


””Opprinnelig var Mela et norsk-Opprinnelig var Mela et norsk-pakistansk arrangement, men i år tar pakistansk arrangement, men i år tar festivalen mål av seg til å la så godt festivalen mål av seg til å la så godt som som alle norske minoriteteralle norske minoriteter få få komme til uttrykk” My italicskomme til uttrykk” My italics


Dervisj-dans TyrkiaDervisj-dans Tyrkia Flerkulturelt band Flerkulturelt band

med kvinner fra: med kvinner fra: Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe, Somalia, Tanzania, Somalia, Tanzania, Algerie, Russland, Algerie, Russland, Nigeria, og NorgeNigeria, og Norge

Vietnamesisk Vietnamesisk folkemusikkfolkemusikk

Flamenco og sufi-Flamenco og sufi-musikk fra Sørasiamusikk fra Sørasia

Internasjonal mat fra Internasjonal mat fra 35 boder35 boder

Norsk-vietnamesiske Norsk-vietnamesiske klesdesignerenklesdesigneren

300 internasjonale 300 internasjonale kunstere innen kunstere innen musikk, sang, dans, musikk, sang, dans, teater, teater, kunsthåndverkkunsthåndverk


Associations of ”multicultural” after Associations of ”multicultural” after reading this article?reading this article?

Cultural markers: music, dance, art, Cultural markers: music, dance, art, foodfood

Where is the majority?Where is the majority?

Multicultural Message Multicultural Message StructureStructure

””I et stadig mer flerkulturelt samfunn I et stadig mer flerkulturelt samfunn er det viktig å vite hvor man kommer er det viktig å vite hvor man kommer fra, og kjenne sin historie.”fra, og kjenne sin historie.”

Class Interpretations?Class Interpretations?

Multicultural Message Multicultural Message StructureStructure

””I et stadig mer flerkulturelt samfunn er det I et stadig mer flerkulturelt samfunn er det viktig å vite hvor man kommer fra, og viktig å vite hvor man kommer fra, og kjenne sin historie.” kjenne sin historie.” Opening Mela Festival Opening Mela Festival

””I et stadig mer flerkulturelt samfunn er det I et stadig mer flerkulturelt samfunn er det viktig å vite hvor man kommer fra, og viktig å vite hvor man kommer fra, og kjenne sin historie.” Adressavisen kjenne sin historie.” Adressavisen Carl I Hagen’s Campaign SpeechCarl I Hagen’s Campaign Speech

””I et stadig mer flerkulturelt samfunn er det I et stadig mer flerkulturelt samfunn er det viktig å vite hvor man kommer fra, og viktig å vite hvor man kommer fra, og kjenne sin historie.” kjenne sin historie.” Adressavisen Adressavisen

Social Relations in the Social Relations in the Multicultural Society Multicultural Society

(Chryssochoou, 2004)(Chryssochoou, 2004) Moving into New EnvironmentsMoving into New Environments

Non-dominant cultural groups: MinoritiesNon-dominant cultural groups: Minorities Receiving Immigrants: Perceiving the Receiving Immigrants: Perceiving the

OtherOther Dominant cultural group: The MajorityDominant cultural group: The Majority

Living TogetherLiving Together Towards Cultural Diversity: Towards Cultural Diversity:

Representations, Identity, and Social Representations, Identity, and Social InfluenceInfluence

Minorities in the Multicultural Minorities in the Multicultural ContextContext

Choice of words to describe ”the other”Choice of words to describe ”the other” What words do we have to use in What words do we have to use in

describing the people moving into the describing the people moving into the Norwegian society?Norwegian society?

Are there new words reflecting this Are there new words reflecting this reality?reality?

How might these words influence common How might these words influence common sense & power relations (i.e. ideologies)?sense & power relations (i.e. ideologies)?

Innvandr*Innvandr*

Ikke vestlig innvandr*Ikke vestlig innvandr*

Utenlandsk Opprinnelse Utenlandsk Opprinnelse

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1st and 2nd Generation 1st and 2nd Generation ImmigrantImmigrant

Norsk-pakistanskNorsk-pakistansk

The Norwegian MajorityThe Norwegian Majority

Words to describe NorwegianWords to describe Norwegian NorskNorsk NordmannNordmann Etnisk NorskEtnisk Norsk

Norsk og NordmannNorsk og Nordmann

Ethnic NorwegianEthnic Norwegian

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Ny Tid DiscussionNy Tid Discussion

Front page…Front page… How does Ny Tid’s choice of words How does Ny Tid’s choice of words

and signs influence our understandingand signs influence our understanding What is intetionally being made What is intetionally being made

known..i.e. communicated?known..i.e. communicated? What are some other choices/words What are some other choices/words

they could have made to alter the they could have made to alter the message and our understanding?message and our understanding?


Etnisk NorskEtnisk Norsk What is an ’etnisk nordmann’?What is an ’etnisk nordmann’?

Denotation?Denotation? Connotations?Connotations?

Class Semantic Network AssociationsClass Semantic Network Associations Why is it so important to be a Why is it so important to be a

”nordmann”?”nordmann”?

Ethnic Norwegian Ethnic Norwegian AssociationsAssociations

Norw egian culture25 %

Colour23 %

Norw egianness20 %

Otherness13 %

Residual19 %

Discussion of Word AssociationDiscussion of Word Association

EN a recent emerging representation that is EN a recent emerging representation that is incorporated into ideologies of cultural diversityincorporated into ideologies of cultural diversity Emergence of “Ethnic Norwegian” = Norway in Emergence of “Ethnic Norwegian” = Norway in

Transition Transition Multiplicity of meaning…Multiplicity of meaning… However, ’etnisk norsk’ probably denotes white However, ’etnisk norsk’ probably denotes white

NorwegiansNorwegians Descriptive or Hegemonic?Descriptive or Hegemonic?

Probably both depending on contextProbably both depending on context Connotation still open, but could be leading Connotation still open, but could be leading

toward white hegemony and hierarchy of toward white hegemony and hierarchy of Norwegianness Norwegianness


Great Example of Communication in Great Example of Communication in the Multicultural Societythe Multicultural Society

Social Issues?Social Issues?

ConclusionConclusion

Complexity in the Multicultural SocietyComplexity in the Multicultural Society Choice of words and message structure in Choice of words and message structure in

communication reflect ideologies in the communication reflect ideologies in the multicultural societymulticultural society Importance of context: sender/receiver, perceived Importance of context: sender/receiver, perceived

social relations, structuring of a messagesocial relations, structuring of a message Multicultural Communication affects and reflectsMulticultural Communication affects and reflects

Highlights issues involving minorities and the Highlights issues involving minorities and the majority: recognition of identites, inclusion/exclusion, majority: recognition of identites, inclusion/exclusion, racism, prejudices, threatracism, prejudices, threat

Reflects power relationsReflects power relations

Documents

Communication and the Multicultural Society Joshua M. Phelps PSY2500