Communication and Navigation Systems

Christina DeLorenzoJoe Ferrante

Senior DesignTeam 2

September 28, 2006

Navigation

“If you don’t know where you’re going how do you know when you’ve gotten there?”

Yes, this is the most important part of the aircraft!!!

Navigation – The essentials Sec. 25.1303 - Flight and navigation instruments. (a) The following flight and navigation instruments must be installed so that the instrument

is visible from each pilot station: (1) A free air temperature indicator or an air-temperature indicator which provides

indications that are convertible to free-air temperature. (2) A clock displaying hours, minutes, and seconds with a sweep-second pointer or

digital presentation. (3) A direction indicator (nonstabilized magnetic compass). (b) The following flight and navigation instruments must be installed at each pilot station: (1) An airspeed indicator. If airspeed limitations vary with altitude, the indicator must have

a maximum allowable airspeed indicator showing the variation of VMO with altitude. (2) An altimeter (sensitive). (3) A rate-of-climb indicator (vertical speed). (4) A gyroscopic rate-of-turn indicator combined with an integral slip-skid indicator (turn-

and-bank indicator) except that only a slip-skid indicator is required on large airplanes with a third attitude instrument system useable through flight attitudes of 360° of pitch and roll and installed in accordance with §121.305(k) of this title.

(5) A bank and pitch indicator (gyroscopically stabilized). (6) A direction indicator (gyroscopically stabilized, magnetic or nonmagnetic).

NavigationNavigation Aids Frequency's Cost Weight Pro's Con's

VHF Omin-Directional

Beacon (VOR)108-117.95 MHz $3000-$5000* 4 - 6 lbs

accurate to +/- 0.35 deg

multiple ground stations to cover large areas

Instrument Landing System (ILS)

90Hz, 150Hz, 108-111.975 MHz,

328.6-335.4Mhz$50k-$240k** 1-13 lbs

required for instrument

landing

sensitive to obstructions, complex/costly ground setup

Non-Directional Beacon

(NDB/ADF)190-535 kHz $5000-$10k*** .5 - 3 lbs***

small ground footprint required

Susceptible to atmospheric and terrain bounce

Distance Measureing Equipment

(DME)1025-1150 MHz $5000 - $20k 2 - 6 lbs accurate to 185m

Doesn't account for altitude. Replacing with GPS

Global Positioning System (GPS)

1176 - 1841 MHz $5000 - $18k 3 - 6 lbsaccurate to 1m. No

ground support required

None

*Combined Nav/Com system

**Electronic Flight Instrument System

***NDB/ADF units usually combined with other navaids

Radio Communications FAR 25.1307 requires:

Two systems for two-way radio communications, with controls for each accessible from each pilot station, designed and installed so that failure of one system will not preclude operation of the other system. The use of a common antenna system is acceptable if adequate reliability is shown.

Radios operate from 3KHz-3GHz High Frequency (3-30MHz)

For communicating over 1000 miles or more Very High Frequency (30-300 MHz)/Ultra High

Frequency (300MHz-3 GHz) Communicate with things in line of sight Control Towers Other aircraft

AN-ARC(210) commonly used (30-512MHz) C-17, C-130 use LOS or SATCOM Weight about 30 lbs.

http://www.rockwellcollins.com/products/gov/defense_comm/radio-communications/vhf-uhf/page6876.html

http://www.rockwellcollins.com/products/gov/defense_comm/radio-communications/hf/index.html

Software Defined Radio (SDR)

Next Generation Tactical Radios

Joint Tactical Radio Systems (JTRS) Voice, Data, Video Family of radios for all

services Interoperable, affordable

and scaleable Current systems have

insufficient bandwidth Open system architecture

http://www.rockwellcollins.com/products/gov/defense_comm/sdr/jtrs/index.html

Identification Systems

Electronic system that helps identify other aircraft as friend or foe (IFF)

FAA requires all aircraft that fly above 10,000 ft to have IFF

IFF Transponders have multiple modes 1,2,3,A,4,5,C,S Modes 1,2,4,5 are military only Provides altitude, mission codes, ID codes

Raytheon AN/APX-100 Transponder used in many platforms Including C-17, C-130

http://www.raytheon.com/products/apx100_v/

Common IFF System Specs

AN/APX-100 AN/APX-121 AN/APX-109 CIT

Power (Vdc) 18-30 28 28

Voltage (Watts) 30 50 150

Dimensions (in) (H X W XD )

5.375 X 5.375 x 8.375

5.375 X 5.12 x 8.375 6.0 X 8.30 X 15.5

Weight (lbs) 10 10 34

Manufacturer Raytheon Northrop Northrop

•IFF Transponders allow military to identify friendly forces, multiple systems to identify aircraft

•Combined Interrogator/Transponder houses this in one system

http://www.rockwellcollins.com/ecat/gs/Communication_Systems.html?smenu=101 http://www.rockwellcollins.com/products/gov/defense_comm/index.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foe http://www.dean-boys.com/extras/iff/iffqa.html http://www.nsd.es.northropgrumman.com/Automated/products/

AN_APX_121_V_Mode_S_Mark_XII_IFF_Transponder.html http://www.rockwellcollins.com/ecat/gs/AN_ARC-220.html#N17632 http://www.nsd.es.northropgrumman.com/Automated/products/APX-109.html http://www.raytheon.com/products/apx100_v/ http://www.honeywell.com/sites/aero/Communication_Navigation_Systems.htm http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?

c=ecfr;sid=36fd560a49716dba377e730b9a4fedda;rgn=div8;view=text;node=14%3A1.0.1.3.11.6.192.4;idno=14;cc=ecfr

http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Evolution_of_Technology/navigation_tech/Tech33.htm http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Dictionary/Inertial_Nav_System/DI102.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_navigation http://www.nsd.es.northropgrumman.com/Automated/sitemap/index.html http://www.risingup.com/fars/exec/FARsearch.cgi http://www.avionix.com/movmap.html https://www3.bendixking.com/static/catalog/index.jsp http://www.gaservingamerica.org/how_work/work_navigation.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_flight_rules

Sources