COMMUNICATION

20,Oct 201220,Oct 2012 KEJKEJ

COMMUNICATION

What ? What ?

Communication is the process of exchanging ideas, Communication is the process of exchanging ideas, information, facts, opinions, feelings or emotions, information, facts, opinions, feelings or emotions, between persons. between persons.

ART OF CONVEYING WHAT WE WANT MAKING OTHERS UNDERSTAND WHAT WE HAVE IN OUR MIND THROUGH SOUNDS, WORDS, GESTURES OR PICTURES

Why ?Why ?

The purpose of communication is transferring The purpose of communication is transferring

information, creating understanding, and influencing information, creating understanding, and influencing

behaviour. It should result in the expected actions / behaviour. It should result in the expected actions /

performance.performance.

MAN IS A SOCIAL ANIMAL. HE CANNOT LIVE ALONE

INTER DEPENDENCY TO SURVIVE

SELLING YOUR IDEAS AND FORWARDING YOUR REQUESTS

TO GET YOUR JOBS DONE BY OTHERS

SENDERMESSAGE

MEDIACHANNEL

RECEIVERMESSAGE

FEED BACK

IdeasIdeas

InformationInformation

FactsFacts

KnowledgeKnowledge

Speech Speech

WritingWritingSymbols /Symbols /GesturesGestures

GraphicsGraphics

Listening Listening

Reading Reading

ObservingObserving

InterpretingInterpreting

FINISHED FILES ARE THE RESULT FINISHED FILES ARE THE RESULT OF YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY

COMBINED WITH THE EXPERIENCE COMBINED WITH THE EXPERIENCE OF MANY YEARSOF MANY YEARS..

Count the Number of F’s

Count the Number of Squares

What do you see in this picture ?What do you see in this picture ?

What do you see in this picture ?What do you see in this picture ?

We spent 95% of our time in communicating of

which, we spent

50% in listening.

35% in talking,

10% in reading,

5% in writing.

(This percentage may vary from person to person

and occupation to occupation)

We rememberWe remember

10% of what we hear,10% of what we hear,

20% of what we read,20% of what we read,

30% of what we see,30% of what we see,

50% of what we see & hear,50% of what we see & hear,

70% of what we see, hear, & discuss70% of what we see, hear, & discuss

90% of what we see, hear, discuss, & do.90% of what we see, hear, discuss, & do.

((We forget 50% of what we hear immediately We forget 50% of what we hear immediately

after ten minutes. We forget 75% in 48 after ten minutes. We forget 75% in 48

hours. hours. To improve retention levels try a mix )To improve retention levels try a mix )

WHY WE ARE THE WAY WE AREWHY WE ARE THE WAY WE ARE

REASONS FOR OUR REASONS FOR OUR BEHAVIOURAL BEHAVIOURAL PATTERNPATTERN

Fear of Failure / Fear of Fear of Failure / Fear of shame – Reason for poor shame – Reason for poor communication skillscommunication skills

TYPES OF COMMUNICATIONTYPES OF COMMUNICATION

1.1. Verbal CommunicationVerbal Communication

2.2. Written CommunicationWritten Communication

3.3. Body Language Body Language

Visual communication, audio communication, Visual communication, audio communication,

audio-visual communication and mass audio-visual communication and mass

communication, are variations of the above types communication, are variations of the above types

VERBAL COMMUNICATIONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

Verbal communication is communicating by word of Verbal communication is communicating by word of

mouth. We spend most of our time speaking to people and mouth. We spend most of our time speaking to people and

listening to people. listening to people.

Verbal communication requires skills in Verbal communication requires skills in

Vocabulary Vocabulary

PronunciationPronunciation

Grammar Grammar

Listening Listening

Understanding the listeners language abilitiesUnderstanding the listeners language abilities

Language, a tool for Communication

Basically, language is the strongest mode of Basically, language is the strongest mode of

communication. communication.

English being the most accepted language every English being the most accepted language every

where, it is very useful to be good at it.where, it is very useful to be good at it.

Good verbal English is very essential in today’s Good verbal English is very essential in today’s

world. Learning to speak English by it’s original world. Learning to speak English by it’s original

sounds and accent can make a big difference.sounds and accent can make a big difference.

To be good at a language, one should be a good at To be good at a language, one should be a good at

grammar of the language, should have a rich vocabulary,grammar of the language, should have a rich vocabulary,

diction, good writing skills and good fluency.diction, good writing skills and good fluency.

THE PROBLEMS WITH WORDSTHE PROBLEMS WITH WORDS

Meanings are in persons and not in wordsMeanings are in persons and not in words

Different meanings for the same wordDifferent meanings for the same word

Unfamiliar for receiverUnfamiliar for receiver

Different contexts change the meaningsDifferent contexts change the meanings

Language can itself be a barrier to Language can itself be a barrier to

communication. England and America are two communication. England and America are two

Nations, divided by the same language Nations, divided by the same language

FOUR COMMANDMENTS FOR VERBAL COMMUNICATIONFOUR COMMANDMENTS FOR VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Be briefBe brief

Be originalBe original

Be Specific Be Specific

Change gearsChange gears

PRINCIPLES OF GOOD VERBAL COMMUNICATIONPRINCIPLES OF GOOD VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Principle of clarityPrinciple of clarity

Principle of integrityPrinciple of integrity

Use of grapevineUse of grapevine

Feedback (fail-safe)Feedback (fail-safe)

Use of body languageUse of body language

Principle of empathyPrinciple of empathy

ADVANTAGES OF VERBAL COMMUNICATIONADVANTAGES OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Is informal Is informal

Is quick and saves timeIs quick and saves time

Is more forceful Is more forceful

Coveys shades of meaningCoveys shades of meaning

Direct response and reaction is possible to seeDirect response and reaction is possible to see

Promotes closenessPromotes closeness

Feedback, clarification and correction is immediateFeedback, clarification and correction is immediate

More effective with groupsMore effective with groups

DISADVANTAGES OF VERBAL COMMUNICATIONDISADVANTAGES OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Not possible for distant people

Unsuitable for lengthy messages

Cannot be retained for long

No legal validity

Difficult to fix responsibility

Likely to be vague

Likely to be indefinite

HINTS FOR EFFECTIVE VERBAL COMMUNICATIONHINTS FOR EFFECTIVE VERBAL COMMUNICATION

a) Use voice effectivelya) Use voice effectively

Volume Volume

Pitch & tone Pitch & tone

Pace & rhythm Pace & rhythm

Clear pronunciation & articulationClear pronunciation & articulation

Emphasis on key pointsEmphasis on key points

b) Use non-verbal messagesb) Use non-verbal messages

Eye contactEye contact

PosturePosture

Facial expressionFacial expression

Appropriate shapeAppropriate shape

c) Structure messagec) Structure message

Plan the message

Use appropriate vocabulary

Gear content to listener’s level

Logical, easy to follow

Using visual aids.

d) Eliminate random noised) Eliminate random noise

No humming and hawing No humming and hawing

No interruption in thoughtNo interruption in thought

Stay on topicStay on topic

No mannerismsNo mannerisms

Vocal tone in harmony with messageVocal tone in harmony with message

S.NoS.No Myths Myths RealitiesRealities

1 Communicate consciously / deliberately

Communicate unconsciously all the time

2 Communicate primarily through words

Communicate through verbal as well as non-verbal signs

3 Words mean the same to everyone

Meaning of words lies more in perception of reality

4 Communication is a one-sided process

Communication is a two-way process

5 Message sent and message received are identical

Transmission and reception of message can never identical

Myths and Realities of CommunicationMyths and Realities of Communication

LISTENING SKILLS

(a problem with verbal communication)

We forget 50% of what we hear immediately after We forget 50% of what we hear immediately after

ten minutes. We forget 75% in 48 hoursten minutes. We forget 75% in 48 hours

Good listening improves retention level. Good listening improves retention level.

The biggest block to verbal communication The biggest block to verbal communication

is the difficulty in listening intelligently, is the difficulty in listening intelligently,

understandingly and skillfullyunderstandingly and skillfully

WRITTEN COMMUNICATIONWRITTEN COMMUNICATION

The saying that the pen is mightier than the sword, The saying that the pen is mightier than the sword,

imply the power of written communication.imply the power of written communication.

Good writing is an art.Good writing is an art.

A well written work gives credit and happiness to its A well written work gives credit and happiness to its

writer and a reader enjoys reading it.writer and a reader enjoys reading it.

Written communication is very important; as important Written communication is very important; as important

as verbal communication;as verbal communication; more important in safety

communication

Examples of Written Safety Communication :Examples of Written Safety Communication :

Safety Policy, Acts, Rules, Regulations, Lock Safety Policy, Acts, Rules, Regulations, Lock

out Procedures, Warning Signs, Notices & out Procedures, Warning Signs, Notices &

Posters, Handouts, Safety Manuals, Posters, Handouts, Safety Manuals,

Accident Statistics, Code of Practice, Accident Statistics, Code of Practice,

Articles, Essays, Safety Audit Reports, Articles, Essays, Safety Audit Reports,

Thesis, Technical reports, CVs., Memos, Thesis, Technical reports, CVs., Memos,

Letters, Circulars, Government orders, Letters, Circulars, Government orders,

MoUs, Financial statements etc.MoUs, Financial statements etc.

SKILL REQUIRED FOR GOOD WRITINGSKILL REQUIRED FOR GOOD WRITING

• Rich vocabulary (Word power) Rich vocabulary (Word power)

• Knowledge of language grammar, Knowledge of language grammar, composition, para-phrasingcomposition, para-phrasing

• Choosing right wordsChoosing right words

• Clarity of thinking and ideation Clarity of thinking and ideation

• Command of the languageCommand of the language

TO IMPROVE WRITTEN COMMUNICATION SKILLSTO IMPROVE WRITTEN COMMUNICATION SKILLS

• Read dictionaries Read dictionaries

• Improve grammar and language skills Improve grammar and language skills

• Read accredited news papersRead accredited news papers

• Read books on world wars, quotations, Read books on world wars, quotations, proverbs etc.proverbs etc.

• Read famous literary worksRead famous literary works

• Read editorials and book reviews Read editorials and book reviews

• Write articles, essays etc.Write articles, essays etc.

PRINCIPLES OF GOOD WRITTEN COMMUNICATIONPRINCIPLES OF GOOD WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

Free from grammar mistakesFree from grammar mistakes

Free from spelling mistakesFree from spelling mistakes

Correct punctuationCorrect punctuation

No redundancyNo redundancy

No wordinessNo wordiness

Simple and shortSimple and short

ADVANTAGES OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

More formalMore formal

AccurateAccurate

Permanent record Permanent record

Legal validity Legal validity

Can be consulted repeatedly Can be consulted repeatedly

Easy to fix responsibility Easy to fix responsibility

Definite attentionDefinite attention

Cannot be distortedCannot be distorted

DISADVANTAGES OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATIONDISADVANTAGES OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

Time consuming Time consuming

Expensive Expensive

Quick clarification not possible Quick clarification not possible

Language barriers Language barriers

Cannot be used for communicating with Cannot be used for communicating with

unlettered personsunlettered persons

BODY LANGUAGEBODY LANGUAGE (KINESICS ) (KINESICS )

Body Language is a form of communication, in which Body Language is a form of communication, in which

messages, feelings, opinions, ideas etc. are expressed messages, feelings, opinions, ideas etc. are expressed

through through movements of body limbs.movements of body limbs.

Effective use of body movements helps improving Effective use of body movements helps improving

effectiveness of verbal communicationeffectiveness of verbal communication..

Body Communication Examples :

Eye and facial movements / expressions, smile, hand

shake, touching: (healing, love, intimacy, sex),

gestures, appearance / dress, style, hair dressing

(sumo) / police hair cut, tattoos and marks, don’t point

fingers at me, V for victory;

Body Communication in safety : Particularly useful in

industries which are noisy and where working at

heights are involved;

Signaling, Warnings, Gestures, instructions

ADVANTAGES OF BODY LANGUAGEADVANTAGES OF BODY LANGUAGE

Is universal

Can be used simultaneously with verbal

communication

Is as structured as verbal

Very useful for people with speech & hearing

impairment and deaf.

DISADVANTAGES OF BODY LANGUAGEDISADVANTAGES OF BODY LANGUAGE

Different meaning (people, place & practice) Different meaning (people, place & practice)

May counter verbal communication (Lips say May counter verbal communication (Lips say

‘Yes’, eyes say ‘no’)‘Yes’, eyes say ‘no’)

Not useful for people with visual impairmentNot useful for people with visual impairment

Feedback is not possibleFeedback is not possible

Cannot be used for complicated ideasCannot be used for complicated ideas

AUDIO - VISUAL COMMUNICATIONAUDIO - VISUAL COMMUNICATION

It is communicating with light & sound, pictures, posters, It is communicating with light & sound, pictures, posters,

slides, film strips etc.slides, film strips etc.

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES

Suitable to communicate elementary and simple ideasSuitable to communicate elementary and simple ideas

Effective use of body languageEffective use of body language

Very effective in teaching Very effective in teaching

Easy recall and good retentionEasy recall and good retention

Suitable for mass education Suitable for mass education

Can be used effectively with other media Can be used effectively with other media

Can be clear to illiterates Can be clear to illiterates

Sure and instantaneous Sure and instantaneous

DISADVANTAGES OF AUDIO VISUAL COMMUNICATIONDISADVANTAGES OF AUDIO VISUAL COMMUNICATION

Cannot be used for complicated ideas Cannot be used for complicated ideas

Effective only when used in combination with Effective only when used in combination with other mediaother media

Physical (external noise, poor lighting, poor Physical (external noise, poor lighting, poor eyesight, colour blindness, etc)eyesight, colour blindness, etc)

Distance and Time (face-to-face, different shifts)Distance and Time (face-to-face, different shifts)

Spatial arrangements (layout, furniture etc)Spatial arrangements (layout, furniture etc)

Organization distance (hierarchy)Organization distance (hierarchy)

Source (integrity, hidden messages)Source (integrity, hidden messages)

Distractions (external).Distractions (external).

Lack of concentration (internal)Lack of concentration (internal) Lack of common knowledge (jargon, shop-talk, Lack of common knowledge (jargon, shop-talk,

buzz-words, coined words, acronyms etc.)buzz-words, coined words, acronyms etc.)

BARRIERS BARRIERS (COMMUNICATION GAP) (COMMUNICATION GAP)

Perceptual difference (perception of receiver ; Perceptual difference (perception of receiver ; Distortions in perception, body language)Distortions in perception, body language)

Semantics (meanings of words keep changing)Semantics (meanings of words keep changing)

Badly expressed messageBadly expressed message

Faulty translation & interpretationFaulty translation & interpretation

Loss in transmission & poor retentionLoss in transmission & poor retention

In-attention and Un-clarified assumptionsIn-attention and Un-clarified assumptions

Insufficient adjustment periodInsufficient adjustment period

Distrust of communicatorDistrust of communicator

FearFear

Failure to communicateFailure to communicate

Barriers to Communication – In a Nutshell

S.No Barriers Causative Factors1 Loss in impact Badly expressed message

2 Ineffective grasp of message Loss in transmission

3 Dichotomy (duality) in reception and comprehension

Poor retention

4 Partial grasp of topic Inattentive listening

5 Distancing from the speaker Tendency to evaluate

6 Lack of interest Difference in interests & attitudes

7 Mental turbulence Conflicting information

8 Misunderstanding Semantic problem (study of the meaning)

9 Groping for the right message Over communication

10 Superior attitude Differing status/ position / self-experience

11 Biased listening Prejudices

12 Lack of collaborative effort ‘ I ‘ attitude

13 Mental block Resistance to change

14 Lack of provision of correct feed back Refutations and arguments

Rules for Overcoming Barriers

S.No Rules Methodology1 Plan and clarify ideas - Test thinking

- Compare ideas or suggestions of others - Support decision making- High level motivation

2 Create a climate of trust and confidence

Win trust and confidence

3 Time your message carefully What, where, why, who, when and how.

4 Reinforce words with action Practice what you preach

5 Communicate efficiently Use feed back

6 Clarity in message Use of simple and meaning language

7 Purposeful communication Direct it to a purpose or person

7 Steps to Successful Communication

S.No Steps Purpose

1 Decide upon the objective Make specific ideas

2 Manner of presentation Meet the demands of the audience

3 Mode of presentation Secures the attention of the receivers

4 Preparation of script Confident presentation

5 Preparation of(a) Visual aids(b) Handouts(c) Feedback forms

Generate interestIncreases retentionAssesses competence

6 RehearseBrings perfectionInstills confidence

7 Presentation Sharing ideas, information and knowledge

ATTRIBUTES OF GOOD COMMUNICATIONATTRIBUTES OF GOOD COMMUNICATION

Good communication will,Good communication will,

be fair, open and straight with no distortion.be fair, open and straight with no distortion.

encourage feedbackencourage feedback

lead to effective listeninglead to effective listening

use as many channels as possible.use as many channels as possible.

use words carefully avoiding emotional use words carefully avoiding emotional

overtones, which make the receiver overtones, which make the receiver

misunderstand them.misunderstand them.

repeat important points. (Military people often say: repeat important points. (Military people often say:

"tell them what you are going to tell them, tell them "tell them what you are going to tell them, tell them

and then tell them what you told them.“)and then tell them what you told them.“)

recognize several psychological prerequisites.recognize several psychological prerequisites.

evoke questions & responses.evoke questions & responses.

HINTS FOR GOOD COMMUNICATIONHINTS FOR GOOD COMMUNICATION

Keep it simple, short (KISS)Keep it simple, short (KISS)

Keep it neat and cleanKeep it neat and clean

Listen to others, as you would like them to listen to Listen to others, as you would like them to listen to

youyou

Remember that "feedback" is critical and it should run Remember that "feedback" is critical and it should run

in both directionsin both directions

Try to eliminate surprisesTry to eliminate surprises

Think before you speakThink before you speak

1. Don't present what you can't interpret

2. Give only the amount of information that can be digested

in the time available for digestion

3. Supply only enough information and data to support

your point or accomplish your purpose

4. Get to the "point“, as soon as possible

5. summarise information whenever it is appropriate

6. Present the complete picture

7. Concentrate on important points

8. Do not mix-up ideas. Don’t present accounting 8. Do not mix-up ideas. Don’t present accounting

concepts when presenting financial conceptsconcepts when presenting financial concepts

9.9. Present skillfully Present skillfully

10.10. Time your communicationTime your communication

RememberRemember : ‘Anything that can be misunderstood : ‘Anything that can be misunderstood

will be misunderstood’will be misunderstood’

PROBLEMS IN COMMUNICATIONPROBLEMS IN COMMUNICATION

Failure toFailure to

getting ready to communicategetting ready to communicate

recognition of barriersrecognition of barriers

principles of communication.principles of communication.

choice of techniques / media / channelchoice of techniques / media / channel

Special problems of verbal & written Special problems of verbal & written

communicationcommunication

The Six Behaviour Modes that encourage Communication (Jack Gibb) – Supportive Climate

1.Description1.Description : :

2. 2. EqualityEquality : :

3. 3. OpennessOpenness : :

4. Problem Orientation :4. Problem Orientation :

5. Positive Intent :5. Positive Intent :

6. Empathy : 6. Empathy :

"I see it this way""I see it this way"

"We are in this together""We are in this together"

"Let me hear your ideas""Let me hear your ideas"

'We are going to workout a 'We are going to workout a solution if there is one’solution if there is one’

"Here are my motives in this "Here are my motives in this case". case". Spontaneous & free of Spontaneous & free of Deception.Deception.

"/ "/ appreciate your concern: I get appreciate your concern: I get your point" - feeling of respect.your point" - feeling of respect.

Behaviour that discourages CommunicationBehaviour that discourages Communication

((Jack GibbJack Gibb) )

Judging :Judging :

Superiority :Superiority :

Certainty :Certainty :

Controlling :Controlling :

Manipulating :Manipulating :

Indifference :Indifference :

"You are wrong""You are wrong"

““I know better”I know better”

"Don't confuse me: I have made up "Don't confuse me: I have made up my mind". my mind".

"Let me tell you, how.…”"Let me tell you, how.…”

"I am really counting on you; but if "I am really counting on you; but if you cannot handle it”you cannot handle it”

"What you say is of no matter”"What you say is of no matter”

EXERCISESEXERCISES

CORRECT THE MISPELLED WORDS

(Not all are incorrect !)

absense _________________

accessable _________________

accomotiation _________________

achievment _________________

analyse _________________

argueing _________________

asisstant _________________

benifit _________________

changable _________________

comparative _________________

concensus _________________

consistant _________________

coroborate _________________

criticism _________________

definate _________________

desireable _________________

disipline _________________

disatisfied _________________

embarass _________________

foriegn _________________

fourty _________________

likelihodd _________________

manoeuver _________________

medecine _________________

necessarily _________________

occurence _______________

ommiired _______________

panicularily _______________

permissible _______________

persistent _________________

phenomenan _________________

preceeding _________________

prefered _________________

privilige _________________

questionnaire_________________

recommend _________________

rythym _________________

undoubiably _________________

usage _________________

Not all of the sentences need additional punctuation.1. The executive watched the competition but the competition went

ahead with the takeover.

2. During our meeting she was genial but shrewd.

3. Today more women are becoming executives in corporations

4. The job was difficult therefore he quit.

5. My suitcase included files pencils books and paper. 6. We thought we would have to work late consequently we were

happy to be home before dark.

7. My boss car was in the shop however she borrowed her husbands. 8. In preparation for the meeting Mr. Jones asked us to do three

things set up the equipment dust the chairs and empty the ashtrays.

9. We wanted to go to the partners meeting but we were unable to leave before the weekend.

10. Lois resume arrived yesterday moreover she phoned for an interview next week.

PUNCTUATION EXERCISEPUNCTUATION EXERCISE

A USAGE QUIZ

1. Which is correct ?

a. Affect / effect

b. Effect / effect

c. Effect / affect

d. Affect / affect

The______ of wearing seatbelts can __________the number of people

injured in automobile accidents.

INSTRUCTIONS : Read each item below and circle or fill in the correct answer(s).


a. The party pledges not to raise taxes, which would be harmful to the

economy

b. The party pledges not to raise taxes that would be harmful to the

economy.

3. Which is correct in business writing ? (Circle the correct one in each pair.)

a. 6 or six

b. 14 or fourteen

c. 500 years ago ... or Five-hundred years ago . . .

d. 4.5 million or 4,500,000


a. Was 22 July 19XX the date of ball game?

b. On July 22, 19XX I graduated from business school.

c. On July 22, 19XX, I'm leaving on vacation.


a. An historic choice

b. A historic choice.


a. He implied that we were not to blame.

b. He inferred that we were not to blame.


The boss can _____ all the files _________ the ones we receive today.

a. Except / except

b. Accept / except

c. Accept / accept

d. Except / accept


I would _________ you to follow the ________________ of your supervisor.

a. Advice / advise

b. Advise / advice

c. Advise / advise

d. Advice / advice

9. Which is correct ? We were _______ to leave when Mrs. Smith asked us if we had

_____________ been given a copy of the agenda.a. all ready / alreadyb. Already / alreadyc. all ready / all readyd. Already / all ready

10. Complete each sentence using either capital or capital.a. Austin is the ______________ of Texasb. The company tried to raise enough _______ to buy new equipment.c. Paris is the ________ of France.d. The first word in a sentence should begin with a ______ lettere. If you want to watch state government in action, visit the

____________ Sacramento, California.

APOSTROPHESAPOSTROPHES

1. The birds beak is as dull as the scissors in Freds' desk.

2. Is'nt your car ready for it's new paint job ?3. All the teachers books contain difficult math problems for the students

enjoyment.

4. Haven't you seen his' three cows near the side of the Church Road ?

5. Their book was more interesting than our's.6. It's concern is very important, but Johns solutions' should be ready in a

moment.7. Any ones car would be good enough to drive a short distance from the

bosses house.8. Both doctor's gowns were ruined when the fires' flames were out of control.

9. Havent you seen the flowers which she sent to the house ?

10.All the nurses patients will be ready for release tomorrow.

11.Turn the lights out so the barnyard chickens can go to sleep.

12.Charles errors were'nt very important to anyones success.

Place apostrophes in the correct places. If an apostrophe is incorrect, fix it.

CAPITAL LETTERSCAPITAL LETTERS

1. Last Saturday the teachers went to madurai.2. The month of June is pleasant, if you are staying at a hill station for the

summer.

3. Driving on beach road you can see the pandian building on your left.

4. We are studying french, english and accounting.5. The Cochin polytechnic has remained closed because of the holy day

celebrations.

6. The President said, "we must come to Madurai for a Conference.“7. The approach taken to western ghats reminded me of hannibal crossing

the alps

8. His horse was named fast fred. It ran at the race course in Bangalore.9. Later hi the day, professor rao joined with the other professors who were

also modes scholars.

10.Janhingar Singh was president of Worldwide Shipping inc., and also served as secretary of the Linkway development corporation.

11.Every king, queen and other member of royalty should be respected, as is the case of the prince of gastonia and prince edward of england.

Capitalize where appropriate. Circle incorrect capitals.

FUN WITH ENGLISHFUN WITH ENGLISH An employee applied for leave as follows :An employee applied for leave as follows :

“Since I have to go to my village to sell my “Since I have to go to my village to sell my land along with my wife, please sanction me land along with my wife, please sanction me one-week leave”.one-week leave”.

From an employee who was going to Tirupati with From an employee who was going to Tirupati with his 10 year old son:his 10 year old son:“…“…as I want to shave my son's head, please as I want to shave my son's head, please leave me for two days”.leave me for two days”.

Leave-letter from an employee who was performing Leave-letter from an employee who was performing his daughter's wedding:his daughter's wedding:“…“…as I am marrying my daughter, please as I am marrying my daughter, please grant a week's leave…”grant a week's leave…”

“…“…As my mother-in-law has expired and I As my mother-in-law has expired and I am only one responsible for it, please grant am only one responsible for it, please grant me 10 days leave…”me 10 days leave…”

“…“…Since I've to go to the cremation ground Since I've to go to the cremation ground at 10 o-clock and I may not return, please at 10 o-clock and I may not return, please grant me half day casual leave…”grant me half day casual leave…”

“…“…I am suffering from fever, please declare I am suffering from fever, please declare one-day holiday…”one-day holiday…”

“…“…As I am studying in this school I am As I am studying in this school I am suffering from headache. I request you to suffering from headache. I request you to leave me today…”leave me today…”

“…“…As my headache is paining, please grant As my headache is paining, please grant me leave for the day…”me leave for the day…”

Covering note : Covering note : “…“…I am enclosed herewith...”I am enclosed herewith...”

Another one :Another one :“Dear Sir: with reference to the above, “Dear Sir: with reference to the above, please refer to my below...”please refer to my below...”

““This has reference to your advertisement This has reference to your advertisement calling for a ' Typist and an Accountant - Male calling for a ' Typist and an Accountant - Male or Female‘. As I am both(!! )for the past or Female‘. As I am both(!! )for the past several years and I can handle both with several years and I can handle both with good experience, I am applying for the post”good experience, I am applying for the post”

BEFORE WE CLOSE…. .BEFORE WE CLOSE…. . THE JOURNEY TO 100 MILES BEGINS WITH ONE THE JOURNEY TO 100 MILES BEGINS WITH ONE

SINGLE STEPSINGLE STEP

NOTHING GREAT HAS EVER BEEN ACHIEVED NOTHING GREAT HAS EVER BEEN ACHIEVED WITHOUT ENTHUSIASM / ZEAL TO LEARN & WITHOUT ENTHUSIASM / ZEAL TO LEARN & COMMUNICATECOMMUNICATE

YOU CANNOT CHANGE THE DIRECTION OF THE YOU CANNOT CHANGE THE DIRECTION OF THE WIND, BUT YOU CAN ALWAYS ADJUST YOUR WIND, BUT YOU CAN ALWAYS ADJUST YOUR SAILS.SAILS.

IT IS THE ATTITUDE WHICH MAKES THE IT IS THE ATTITUDE WHICH MAKES THE DIFFERENCEDIFFERENCE

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COMMUNICATION