Communicating Science for Conservation - ZOO'S … Science for Conservation Owl drawings (in pen and ink) by Eric Ramanujam Communicating science for conservation Vol. XXXII, No. 3,

Vol. XXXII, No. 3, March 2017ISSN 0971-6378 (Print); 0973-2543 (Online)

Magazine of Zoo Outreach Organizationwww.zoosprint.org

Communicating Science for Conservation

Owl drawings (in pen and ink) by Eric Ramanujam

Communicating science for conservation

Vol. XXXII, No. 3, March 2017 ISSN 0971-6378 (Print); 0973-2543 (Online)

Contents

Fantastic FactsA very, very basic introduction to Zoos for non-scientists - Why do we need Zoos?????-- Sally Walker, Pp. 1-4

It’s a Mad WorldThere is a unicorn in the water, Pp. 5-9

WILDBITS, Pp. 10-11

ActivityABC of Indian Wildlife, Pp. 12-13Dragonfly Mask, P. 14

Fantastic Facts A Lonely Tyto, Pp. 15-18

Reptile RapTicks on a snake - Occurrence of Aponomma sp.-- K. Arunachalam, T. Anna, R. Velusamy & P. Anbarasi, P. 19

Nilgiri Salea - Opportunistic feeding behaviour of Salea horsfieldii-- P. Santhosh Kumar, J. Leona Princy & P. Kannan, Pp. 20-21

Sea-shore Skink - Another inland sighting of Eutropis bibronii (Gray, 1838) in scrub habitat, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India-- Pandi Karthik, Pp. 22-24

Vet BriefSuccessful management of head trauma in a Leopard-- A.G. Dubey, G.D. Pardeshi, N.K. Nighot & A.A. Sanghai, Pp. 25-29

Ex SituCaring for Wildlife - The World Zoo and Aquarium Animal Welfare Strategy, Chapter 9: Engagement and Interaction with visitors, Pp. 30-35

Zoo Keepers Enrichment - The Basic Tool of Zoo Management-- Rakesh Kumar Singh, Asha Singh & Akshay Bajaj, Pp. 36-41

Field ReportsEducation, Pp. 42-48

XX XXXXXXX XXXX xxxxxxx 21 March 2017

Zoo’s Print Vol. 32 | No. 3 1

Fantastic Facts ages 16+

A VERY, VERYBASIC

INTRODUCTION TO

ZOOS

for non-scientists

Written by Sally Walker in 1993 utilizing a variety of written publications, lectures, and personal communications with Tom Foose, Ulie Seal, Colin Tudge and Malcolm Whitehead (They should not be blamed, however).

WHY DO WE NEED ZOOS ?????

We all know zoos are not an ideal place for animals to live their lives in, or even be in for a short pe-riod. There are lots of disadvantages in a zoo.

But animals in captivity have been in existence at least as long as written human history. And, with animals in captivity in zoos, it is difficult to get rid of them. One of the two options -- release them into the wild. But given the lack of space for wild animals from burgeoning human populations, where do we release them? And, since they have forgotten how to live life in the wild, how do we en-sure they survive and breed? And many more complications compel us to not shut down zoos. They have become a necessity today. So, here are a few ways of looking at zoos in a positive light.

Remember, the last part of this series we talked about meta population management and how zoos are important in ensuring adequate numbers and genetic variability of species? Continuing that train of thought ....



WE SAY

ZOOS GIVE WILD ANIMALS

WITH NO CHANCE

A

LAST CHANCE

ZOOS ARE LIKE A

STATE BANK OF ANIMALS

WHERE WE CAN KEEP A SMALL POPULATION SAFE AND

INCREASE IT

IN CAPTIVITY You can :

… move animals more easily to re-adjust sex ratio and age distribution

… keep track of their identity – age, sex, lineage, etc.

…pair them according to genetic and demographic profile and the needs of the meta-population

…protect them from harm

.. .increase numbers faster

…promote them as Ambassadors for their Species

…find out more about them

ALL THIS, WITHOUT DISTURBING THE WILD ONES!

ZOOS ARE NOT A

SUBSTITUTE FOR THE WILD

BUT THEY ARE

( -- OR CAN BE --)

A

SUPPORT FOR THE WILD

SO FOR

INTERACTIVE MANAGEMENT

EX SITU <=> IN SITU ZOO <=> WILD

ZOOS CAPTIVE BREEDING CENTRES

GENOME BANKS

CAN PROVIDE “BACK-UP’ OF

WHOLE LIVE ANIMALS OR THEIR REPRODUCTIVE

MATERIAL

TO STRENGTHEN SMALL, WILD POPULATIONS

...GENETICALLY NUMERICALLY

DEMOGRAPHICALLY

IN SANCTUARIES, NATIONAL PARKS,

RESERVE FORESTS,and other

PROTECTED AREAS

IF REQUIRED

ADVANTAGES TO CAPTIVITY

There is PROTECTION FROM POACHERS and

LESS ENVIRONMENTAL PERTURBATIONS, as well as MORE GENETIC MANAGEMENT, as well as

MORE DEMOGRAPHIC MANAGEMENT, and further HEALTH/DISEASE MANAGEMENT, and otherwise

SECURE EXPANSION OF POPULATION, and moreover, PUBLIC EDUCATION & SUPPORT, and last but not the least

RESEARCH USEFUL FOR CONSERVATION

XX XXXXXXX XXXX xxxxxxx 21 March 2017



ANOTHER METHOD IS INTENSIVE MANAGEMENT OF

THE WILD POPULATION

* Marking/monitoring of individual animals * Enhanced protection measures * Habitat improvement * Disease prevention * Livestock control * Relocation of human settlements * Creating alternative populations in safer areas * Translocation/reintroduction/benign introduction, etc.

OF LIVE ANIMALS OR

REPRODUCTIVE MATERIAL

ACTIVE INTERVENTION can save species & populations

1. Adding animals or their reproductive material to restore a. numbers, b. demographic stability, c. genetic diversity

2. Translocating populations (or parts of populations)

3. Culling sometimes actually helps populations increase

4. Initiating alternative populations using stock from zoos or from other “too small to save” populations in wild

5. Initiation of captive breeding programmes “too small to save”

populations in the wild

WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO SAVE A

small POPULATION

COOPERATION, COORDINATION,

COMMUNICATION e.g., lots of people working

together – ACTION

RESOURCES RESEARCH RECORDS

e.g., lots of money, expertise and INFORMATION

COOPERATION, COORDINATION,

COMMUNICATION from global to grass roots

RESOURCES RESEARCH RECORDS

BY COMBINING INFORMATION

AND ACTION

IT IS POSSIBLE TO

RESCUE A SMALL POPULATION

WITH A RECOVERY PROGRAMME

Some High-tech reproductive techniques that will put captive animals or their reproductive material

BACK TO THE WILD

Artificial insemination Superovulation In vitro fertilizationCloning Genetic selection

Synchronisation of estrusEmbryo transfer Parthanogenesis Chimera formation Gene transfer

Induction of estrus Oocyte maturation in vitro Cryopreservation Sex selection



ONCE A POPULATION

BECOMES A small POPULATION,

it is probably

HISTORY … UNLESS

we intervene

with aRECOVERY

PROGRAMME

WHAT’S SMALL POPULATIONS

GOT TO DO WITH BIODIVERSITY

EVERYTHING !!!

MASS extinctions of

MANY, MINUTE populations in

MULTIPLE areas of HIGH biodiversity

(SOME OF THEM WE DON’T EVEN KNOW EXIST)

= LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY

ZOOS AND ZOO SCIENCES

WORKING WITH FIELD MANAGERS IN AREAS

OF HIGH BIODIVERSITY CAN REVERSE THE

EXTINCTION

VORTEX

FOR MANY SPECIES

GOOD ZOOS CAN HELP CONSERVE BIODIVERISTY

EVOLUTION OF ZOOS

MANAGERIE19th Century

ZOOLOGICALPARK20TH Century

CONSERVATION CENTRE 21st Century

Resource

Centre

Living Natural History Cabinet Apologies to

George Rabb

Living Museum

Environmental Resource Centre

It’s a Mad World ages 6+


Once upon a smogy morning, a conservation biologist was wandering along the river bank that ran parallel to her backyard, when she saw a unicorn fish grazing on phytoplankton. Excited, she ran home, upstairs, to her haphazardly sleeping industrialist brother, in the pitch darkness of his room. “There’s a unicorn fish in the water” she said, waking him up, “grazing on phytoplankton”.

There is a unicorn in the water*

*Dedicated to the genius of James Thurber (1894–1961).



Irritated by the sudden lights, with twitching eyes, he stared at his sister. “There’s nothing in those dirty waters” he said “Now, let me sleep”. Knowing that her brother can hardly see anything past the end of his nose, she turned the lights off and went back to the riv-erside, while her brother went back to sleep. In the backyard she found some worms that she held in the water and the unicorn fish gulped them. Ecstatic, she ran back home, upstairs, and turned on the lights. “Unicorn fish ate worms” she said, “right off my fingers”. The annoyed brother grunted “all you greenies get these crazy hallucinations. The waters are full of mud and debris and mosquito larvae. You teeny-weeny brainy greenie, do you want me to put you in a loony bin”? The sister, who never liked the word greenie, stormed out of the house to look at her find. The unicorn fish was gone. So she sat beneath a tree and went to sleep. The brother, who was now wide awake and fuming, got out of the bed,



© N

eele

sh D

ahan

ukar

Unicorn fish ate worms right off her hand

© Unmesh Katwate



and called the nearest funny farm. “I have a patient for you” he said, before he told them his address. The looney bin van was accompanied by a constable and a doctor. They entered the house with two nurses holding a straightjacket. “My sister thinks she saw a unicorn fish in the water” he said “grazing on phytoplankton”. The doctor looked at the constable and the constable looked back at the doctor. “Unicorn fish gulped worms right off her fingers” he said, and the constable looked at the doctor and the doctor looked back at the constable. By this time the sister woke up. She realized not everybody appreciated the beauty of nature. When she entered the house, the doctor asked her “did you tell your brother there is a unicorn fish in the water”? “No” she said and the doctor looked at the constable and the constable looked back at the doctor. ”That’s all we need to know” said the doctor and the two nurses put the straightjacket on the struggling brother and took him to the loony farm. And the sister lived happily ever after.

Moral: There lies a unicorn beyond the end of one’s nose.

© Unmesh Katwate



Schismatorhynchos nukta (Sykes, 1839)IUCN status: Endangered Justification: Severe population declines with local extirpations from known localities, including its type locality, due to habitat loss caused by deforestation, urbanization, industrialization and pollution.Remarks: The type locality of the fish is an industrial zone where the encroachment has made even the stream, where the species was described from, disappear.

Author InformationNeelesh Dahanukar is an INSPIRE Faculty Fellow at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune.

Dahanukar, N. (2011). Schismatorhynchos nukta. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011:e.T165548A6062907. Downloaded on 13 September 2016; http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T165548A6062907.en

© Unmesh Katwate


pring in the Himalaya is magical! After cold wintery months, spring brings in warmth. FLowering plants bloom and the wildlife thrive on the new

leaves on trees, beginning when snow is stil l on the ground and continuing to early summer.

Langurs are most active during this season and can be easily spotted jumping from one branch to another feeding upon fresh leaf sprouts and floral buds. Two of the three species of Himala-yan Langurs have been photographed feeding on two species of plants in early spring this year.

A group of the biggest and bulkiest of all langurs, the Chamba Sacred Langur or Semno-pithecus ajax is seen feeding on the fresh buds and leafs of Celtis tree at 2200m in the Khajj i-ar-Kalatop Wildlife Sanctuary in Himachal Pradesh.

In another picture with the blue sky background, the much leaner and Terai Sacred Langurs orSemnopithecus hector are seen feeding on the buds and leaves of Bombax ceiba tree in the Shivalik Hills at 1000m.

WILDBITS SAges 6+

Chamba Sacred Langurs in Khaj jiar-Kalatop Wildlife Sanctuary in the Himalaya

Text and photographs by Vishal [email protected]


Terai Sacred Langurs in Shivalik Himalaya

Text and photographs by Vishal [email protected]

Activity ages 3+


Activity ages 3+


Colour these!

Illustrations by Maya Kamathadapted by Sanjay Molur

Activity ages 3+


Cut this mask out and use

Collect these masks for

exciting games



The Lonely Tyto...

Once upon a time in the city of Coimbatore there

lived a girl named Aranya. She was eight years old and lived with her mother and father. Aranya lived in a lovely home close to many trees. She loved playing with her friends in the shade of the trees. One evening Aranya and

her friend were having a picnic dinner under the trees. All of a sudden they heard a screeching sound. They were both confused

and looked around to see what made the unfamiliar sound.

Aranya used her torch and spotted a white bird with black eyes sitting on the tree above. It was making the screeching sound. Aranya’s friend recognised it to be a Owl and got frightened. But Aranya was enamoured by the lovely white bird with a heart-shaped face and beautiful black eyes. As she looked up at the owl, the owl looked back at her. It slowly blinked its eyes. Aranya kept looking at the owl and she spoke, “Hello my dear owl, you have a lovely face and very pretty large eyes. I am Aranya and this is my friend”. Now as Aranya’s frightened friend looked on, something magical happened. The owl spoke! It said, “Hello Aranya, I am Tyto and I am a Barn Owl and this tree is my home. Please don’t be frightened of me. I do not mean any harm”.

Both the little girls were thrilled and excited. Aranya continued, “Your home is beautiful Tyto. I often play with my friends under this tree but I have never seen you before. Why is that?”. Tyto

almost smiled and replied, “I have seen you and your friends at times. But I sleep during the day and wake up only after sunset.” Aranya was full of questions about this strange and pretty bird.



S h e asked, “But I thought birds went to

sleep at night like us. If you sleep during the day and are awake at night, how can you see? It is so dark.”

Tyto explained chuckling to himself, “My dear, let me tell you about us owls. Most birds are asleep at night but we owls sleep during the day and wake up after sunset. We have special eyes so we only need star-light or moon light to see. Even now, I do not need the light to see you.”

The more she spoke to the owl the more Aranya was interested. She started to speak again when Tyto stopped her and looked into the distance. Tyto took off into the darkness. They waited and in a few minutes Tyto came back with a mouse. Aranya spoke again when Tyto looked at her, “How did you catch that in the dark?” Tyto responded placing the mouse between his claws, “I heard its squeaks with my special ears and caught it” Aranya was amazed. This bird has so many super powers. Then she thought for a moment and said, “You fly so silently and you are so white. I bet you scare a lot of people like my friend here!”

Tyto opened his wings and explained, “My feather have rough edges. This makes me a silent flier so I can catch mice. And yes. Many people are afraid of me. But I don’t mean any harm. In fact, I don’t have many friends and I would like to

make some.”

Colour us and bring the story to life



Owl drawings (in pen and ink) by Eric Ramanujam

Article and cartoons by Priyanka [email protected]

Aranya and even her friend felt sad for lonely Tyto and silently thought for a while. Then they whispered to each other and both of them nodded together. They said, “Dear Tyto we would like to be your friends. Would you like that?”

Tyto was very happy. He said, “Thank you! I would like that very much!! Scrreech screeeecchh!!!”

“Thank you for all the time you spent with us Tyto. We learnt a lot today. May be we can have another picnic like this together. Hee hee…” giggled both the girls. “I am happy to hear that. Good bye for now Aranya! Until we meet again. Screeech screech!” Saying so, he gobbled up the mouse whole and flew out into the darkness. Aranya and her friend went home and told their parents all about their adventure and all that they had learnt about owls. Since that night, Aranya looked forward to hear Tyto’s screeches every night as she went to bed.



Indian Eagle Owl Bubo bengalensis, drawing in pen and ink by Eric Ramanujam


REPTILE RAP# 166

21 March 2017

TICKS ON A SNAKEOccurrence of Aponomma sp.

Four snakes (2 Indian Rat Snakes Ptyas mucosa and 2 Spectacled Cobra Naja naja) found in Kolli Hills were caught by a licensed snake catcher and brought to Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal for a routine examination of ecto parasites. Ticks were collected and preserved in 70 per cent ethyl alcohol for further examination and identification by standard techniques (Sen & Fletcher 1962).

Examination of a female rat snake showed higher tick infestation: nymphal stages of ixodid ticks (25 numbers) on the dorsum and no ticks on the head, tail, or ventral body. The other three snakes were negative for ecto parasites. The ticks were longirostrate, ornate, without eyes, rounded body and was identified as Aponomma sp. Tick infestation in such snake was also recorded by Sur et al. (2001) from West Bengal, India and also by Arunachalam et al. (2010) in the same area of the present record. The association of Aponomma sp. of ticks in reptiles was also reported by Stenos et al. (2003) and Pietzsch et al. (2006). The control of ticks is possible only in the case of snakes maintained in the zoo.

K. Arunachalam1, T. Anna2, R. Velusamy3 & P. Anbarasi41-4 Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu 637 002. Email: [email protected] (corresponding author)

Citation: Arunachalam et al. (2017). Ticks on a snake: occurrence of Aponomma sp. Reptile Rap #170, In: Zoo’s Print 32(3): 19

ReferencesArunachalam, K., P. Radha, A. Ramya, K. Senthilvel & T.J. Harikrishnan (2010). A report on endo and ecto parasitism in an Indian Rat Snake (Ptyas mucosa) from Namakkal district of Tamil Nadu. ReptileRap 9: 10.Pietzsch, M., R. Quest, J.M. Hillyard, J.M. Medlock & S. Leach (2006). Importation of exotic ticks into the United King-dom via the international trade in reptiles. Journal of Experimental and Applied Acarology 38(1):59-65Sen, S.K. & T.B. Fletcher (1962). Veterinary Entomology and Acarology for India. 1st Edition, ICAR, New Delhi, 165pp.Stenos, J.S., V.L. Graves & D.H. Walker (2003). Aponomma hydrosauri, the reptile associated tick reservoir of Rickettsia honei on Flinders Island, Australia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 69(3): 314-317Sur, S.K., G.L. Ghosh & D. Chatterjee (2001). Use of Deltamethrin on tick infested snakes. Zoo’s Print Journal 16(1): 410.


REPTILE RAP# 167

21 March 2017

NILGIRI SALEA

Reptilia[Class of Reptiles]

Squamata[Order of Scaled Reptiles]

Agamidae[Family of iguanian lizards ]

Salea horsfieldii[Horsfield’s Spiny Lizard][Nilgiri Salea]

Species described by Gray in 1845

Opportunistic feeding behaviour of Salea horsfieldii

IUCN Red List:

Salea horsfieldiiGlobal — Least Concern (Srinivasulu et al. 2014)

Raorchestes signatusGlobal — Endangered(Biju et al. 2004)

The Nilgiri Salea or Horsfield’s Spiny Lizard Salea horsfieldii and Cross-backed Bush Frog Raorchestes signatus are endemic to the Western Ghats; reported in the Nilgiri Hills, India. Both species inhabit the high altitudes shola and grassland habitats, found on bushes, hedges and in gardens (Smith 1943; Biju & Bossuyt 2009).

While carrying out survey on 24 July 2016 (07:50:05 hr), at Emerald (11°19’30.30”N & 76°37’14.54”E), Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India, we observed a predation event by S. horsfieldii on R. signatus. Both species were sitting on bushes in close proximity to the surveyor 15–20 cm. The Nilgiri Salea approached very close, abruptly seized the R. signatus, swallowing the entire individual within a few minutes. Nixon (2015) had noted that

Predator and preySalea horsfieldii and Raorchestes signatus


REPTILE RAP# 167

21 March 2017

this species largely fed on insects, with a smaller proportion of its food constituted by vegetation; however, the present details the first report by this endemic lizard, indicating that this species may feed opportunistically on small frogs.

ReferencesBiju, S.D., G.D. Bhuddhe, B.A. Daniel, S.K. Dutta & K. Vasudevan (2004). Raorchestes signatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004: e.T58903A11852815. Downloaded on 16 March 2017; http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58903A11852815.en. .Biju, S.D. & F. Bossuyt (2009). Systematic and phylogeny of Philautus Gistel, 1848 (Anura: Rhacophoridae) in the Western Ghats of India with Description of 12 new species. Zoological Journal of Linnean Society 155: 374–444.Nixon, M.A. (2015). Ecology of High Altitude Reptiles. Lap Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, 181pp. Smith, M.A. (1943). The Fauna of Biritish India. Reptiles and Amphibia - Vol. III. Serpentes. Taylor and Francis, London, 583pp.Srinivasulu, C., B. Srinivasulu & S. Molur (Compilers) (2014). The Status and Distribution of Reptiles in the Western Ghats, India. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (CAMP). Wildlife Information Laision Development Society, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 148Pp

P. Santhosh Kumar1, J. Leona Princy2 & P. Kannan31-3 Herpetology and Tribal Medicine, Department of Zoology and Wildlife Biology, Government Arts Collage, Udhagamandalam, The Nilgiris 643 002, Tamil Nadu, India. Email: [email protected] (corresponding author)

Citation: Kumar, P.S., J.L. Princy & P. Kannan (2017). Opportunistic feeding behaviour of an endemic lizard Saleahorsfieldii. Reptile Rap #169, In: Zoo’s Print 32(3): 20-21

Global Distribution:

Nilgiri Salea Endemic to Western Ghats (Kerala & Tamil Nadu).

Cross-backed Bush FrogEndemic to Western Ghats (Kerala & Tamil Nadu).


REPTILE RAP# 168

21 March 2017

SEA-SHORE SKINK

Reptilia[Class of Reptiles]

Squamata[Order of scaled lizards]

Scincidae[Family of smooth skinned skinks]

Eutropis bibronii[Sea-shore Skink]

Species described by Gray in 1838

Another inland sighting of Eutropis bibronii (Gray, 1838) in scrub habitat, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India

The Sea-shore Skink Eutropis bibronii (Gray, 1838) is well known sandy dwelling species and usually seen in coastal area vegetation. The distribution range of this species eastern coastal plains from Puri, Odisha (19°N & 85°E) in the north, through Madras (12°N & 80°E), Rameshwaram, Kilakarai (9°N & 77°E), south to Rajakamangalum in Travancore (8°N & 77°E) southernmost India; and also in Sri Lanka in northeastern parts of Jaffna, Mullaittivu (9°N, 80°E), Chundikulam (8°N & 81°E), and Pollonnaruwa (7°N & 81°E (Smith 1935; Chandramouli et al. 2012).

This species has recently been record in Rasimanal (12°N & 77°E’) in Ottapatu Reserve Forest in Krishnagiri District by Chandramouli et al. (2012), far inland.

IUCN Red List:

Global — NA

National Red List(India) — Least Concern(Srinivasulu et al. 2014)

The physical appearance of Eutropis bibronii live uncollected species from Tirumangalam. Inside images show the diagnostic characters of the species.


REPTILE RAP# 168

21 March 2017

Global Distribution : Endemic to South Asia (India and Sri Lanka)

In this note, we report two adult Eutropis bibronii and three E. carinata individuals observed during our intensive field work on 17 January 2016, foraging on the leaf litter (00:11h), Thirumangalam (9°50’N & 77°58’E, 136m) , Madurai District, Tamil Nadu.

Colouration in lifeDorsum sand-brown with a black edged, bright cream-

yellow vertebral stripe, covering the upper halves of adjacent scales, extending in length from behind the frontal to the tail, conspicuous anteriorly to mid-torso, discontinuous and faint posteriorly; a thick black

lateral stripe from snout to tail on either side, bordered below by a wide white stripe as a continuation of the white labials; an orange stripe below the white lateral stripe; hind limbs

The distribution range of Eutropis bibronii in southern most India and Sri Lanka. The red circles indicating known distribution of the species from earlier studies and yellow circle indicating new locality of Eutropis bibronii


REPTILE RAP# 168

21 March 2017

ReferencesSmith, M.A. (1935). Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Vol. II Sauria. Taylor & Francis, London, 440pp.Chandramouli, S.R., S.R. Ganesh, M. Saravanan & N. Baskaran (2012). Record of the Sea-shore Skink Eutropis bibronii the Eastern Ghats of southern India. Salamandra 48(4).241–242.Srinivasulu, C., B. Srinivasulu & S. Molur (Compilers) (2014). The Status and Distribution of Reptiles in the Western Ghats, India. Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (CAMP). Wildlife Information Laision Development Society, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 148Pp

with creamy white spots above; sub digitals and distal part of sub-caudal reddish brown to ochre; venter un-patterned creamy white; ventral scales with greyish-brown borders as reported elsewhere in Tamil Nadu (Chandramouli et al. 2012).

HabitatUsually present in coastal lines vegetation (Smith 1935); however, recent study

documented distribution of this species inland habitat by Chandramouli et al. (2012). This study further affirms the earlier finding. Unlike Chandramouli et al. (2012) that documented the species from a sandy stretch of a riverine tract, this sighting was from a Prosopis julflora invaded uncultivated land around a human habitation, which consists of mixed black soil with leaf litter. Individuals were found among the roots of Prosopis julifera along with dry leaf litters. This observation will help to improve the spatial distribution of Eutropis bibronii.

Acknowledgements: I thank to Nagarajan Baskaran, Dept. of Zoology and Wildlife Biology, A.V.C College (Autonomous) Mannampandal, Kalaimani and I thank to my mom Pandiammal for their inspiration and support.

Pandi KarthikDepartment of Zoology and Wildlife Biology, A.V. C. College (Autonomous), Mannampandal, Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu 609305, India. Email: [email protected]

Citation: Karthik, P. (2017). On recent sighting of Eutropis bibronii (Gray, 1838) in dry decidous habitat, Ma-durai, Tamil Nadu, Southern India. Reptile Rap #168, In: Zoo’s Print 32(3): 22-24


# 00221 March 2017Vet Brief

Severe head trauma is associated with high mortality in human and animal. The appropriate therapy for head trauma patients remains controversial in veterinary medicine due to lack of objective information on the treatment of dogs and cats with head injuries. Treatment for affected animals must be immediate if the animal is to recover to a level that is both functional and acceptable (Platt 2008).

In big cats common causes of head trauma are automobile accidents and fighting; automobile accidents are most common. Concussion with depressed mentation, facial fractures and ocular injuries were common; other complications include soft tissue damage and proptosis (Opperman 2014).

There are very few clinical data available regarding head trauma that are specific to leopards and cats; however, the guidelines produced for human head trauma patients can be almost directly transposed to veterinary patients for practical use (Sato et al. 2003).

Successful management of head trauma in a Leopard



Case ReportA one year old male leopard was presented to Animal Rescue & Rehabilitation

Centre, Katraj, Pune with a history of automobile accident. Clinical examination revealed semi-comatose condition, dilated pupil, PLR absent, lateral recumbence, injury to left eye, tilting of head towards left side, swelling of frontal bone. To assess the condition of bones radiological examination was carried out which reported hair line fracture at the proximal end of humerus. Neurological examination was carried out as reported by Platt (2015) and documented in Table 1.

Treatment was initiated by administration of fluid therapy Inj. Cefotaxim @ 20 mg/kg b.wt,Inj. Mannitol (20% solution) 0.5 gm/kgb.wt. IV over 15-20 minutes, Inj. Ringer lactate 4-5 ml/kgb.wt. IV, Inj. Voluven (Hetastarch) @ 10 ml/kg bwt IV, (Beal 2008), Inj. Solumedrol (Methylprednisolone acetate) 2 mg/kg b.wt. IM,Inj. Neurokind 2ml IV, Inj. Sodium Bicarbonate 7.5% solution twice a day. To maintain blood oxygen level oxygen therapy was administered @ 3 lit/hr. For treatment of hair line fracture bandaging was carried out with Robert Johns bandage. Ketler eye drop was use thrice a day.

After two days of aggressive treatment animal responded to it and showed improvement. Further, six day of treatment leopard showed complete recovery with normal head position, normal PLR, and appetite.

Its left eye showed permanent sub-conjunctival hemorrhage due to which he had partial vision.

The aim of treating traumatic brain injury was to minimize or reverse the secondary changes that occur after the initial impact damage. Blood flow and oxygenation to the brain need to be optimal to prevent ischemia and cell death, while at the same time avoiding sudden increases in intracranial pressure (ICP). Secondary damage occurs in the hours and days following the incident.

In the present study animal was in recumbent position and fluid therapy was initiated with ringers lactate solution to avoid shock and maintain blood volume as per



documented by Platt (2015). Hypertonic saline resuscitation has the advantages of smaller volume resuscitation, rapid restoration of intravascular volume thus improving cerebral perfusion pressure, improved contractility, and its osmotic effect at the level of the brain thus lowering intra cranial pressure (Beal 2008).

The goal of oxygen therapy in the present case was to maintain arterial partial pressures of oxygen (PaO2). As hypercapnea produces cerebral vasodilatation that increases ICP (Adamantos & Garosi 2011).

The serum protein concentration was 5.71gm/dl on day first (Table 2). To avoid hypoproteinemia and withdrawn of fluids from interstitial and intracellular space hypertonic colloids (Hetastarch) was administered in the present study. According to Beal (2008) hypertonic and colloids fluid therapy can rapidly restoration of blood pressure. It has an ability to improve cardiac output, restore normovolemia, and reduce inflammation after trauma. Hypertonic saline maybe preferred in hypovolemin, hypotensive patient with increase intra cranial pressure (ICP) because it improves cerebral perfusion pressure and blood flow by rapidly restoring intravascular blood volume.

Parameter Normal Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8

Neurological examination

Modified Glasgow Coma Scale >15

9 9 11 12 12 15 18 22

Blood pressure Map 80–120 mmHg 75 95 110 125 126 128 120 124

Pulseoxmeter SPO2>95 80 90 95 99 98 100 96 100

Respiratory rate 10–25 /min 11 12 19 22 25 24 26 26

Body temperature 98.6–101.3 0F 96.4 98.0 100.1 100.6 101.4 101.6 101.2 101.5

Table 1. Day wise neurological and other examination values



Hopper (2005) reported that high sodium concentration effectively makes NaHCO3 a form of hypertonic saline and as such it is a potent volume expander. If given undiluted, it will cause movement of water out of cells and into the interstitial and intravascular space. The result is cell shrinkage and vascular volume expansion. Bourdeaux & Brown (2010) study demonstrates that an infusion of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate is effective for the reduction of raised intra cranial pressure.

In the present case Inj. Mannitol was administered to reduce the intra cranial

Test Unit Day one16.iii.2016

Day three 18.iii.2016

Day six 21.iii.2016

Day 10 25.iii.2016

Day 15 30.iii.2016

Hemoglobin gm% 10.5 9.0 9.0 8.9 11

Total WBC Count /cmm 16100 27200 35800 32000 25200

Neutrophil % 80 76 79 77 76

Lymphocyte % 13 15 12 20 15

Eosinophil % 04 04 04 01 04

Monocytes % 03 05 05 02 04

Basophil % 00 00 00 00 01

Haematocrit % 32.3 26.6 27 27.1 33.1

R.B.C Count Mil./cmm 6.58 5.58 5.64 5.64 7.11

MCV fL 49.2 47.8 48 48.2 46.6

MCH pg 15.1 15.4 15.6 15.4 16.3

MCHC gm/dl 30.9 32.3 32.5 32.1 35

RDW-CV % 17.3 16.8 17.7 17.3 16.3

Platelet Count /cmm 46000 86000 64000 70000 254000

Bilirubin- Total mg% 0.78 0.92 0.86 0.78 0.82

Bilirubin- Direct mg% 0.26 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.23

Bilirubin- Indirect mg% 0.52 0.66 0.62 0.54 0.59

SGPT IU/L 32 30 22 18 39

SGOT IU/L 60 34 29 27 47

Alkaline Phosphatase IU/L 209 179 186 164 197

Total Protein gm/dl 5.71 7.1 7.54 5.61 8.2

Albumin gm/dl 2.94 4.5 4.32 2.61 3.8

Globulin gm/dl 2.77 2.6 3.22 03 4.4

A/G ratio 1.06 1.73 1.34 0.87 0.86

Serum Creatinine mg% 0.74 1.08 0.87 1.14 1.1

Blood Urea Nitrogen mg% 13.1 ND ND ND ND

Serum Urea mg% ND 32 33 32 102

Serum C.P.K IU/L ND 1680 95 134 172

Serum Sodium Meq/L ND ND 144 148 152

Serum Potassium Meq/L ND ND 4.3 4.9 5.8

Serum Chlorides Meq/L ND ND 111 115 114

Serum Calcium mg/% ND ND 10.1 9.7 11.2

Serum Phosphorus mg/% ND ND 2.9 3.24 4.2

Table 2. Observation of Haemato-biochemical parameters during the treatment



pressure after traumatic brain injury. Beal (2008) documented that mannitol is a sugar with a strong osmotic effect that has been shown to decrease both ICP and cerebral edema after traumatic brain injury. Mannitol exerts its advantageous effects through intravascular volume expansion, reflex cerebral vasoconstriction (decreased CBV) secondary to decreased blood viscosity, osmotic effects, and possibly through its free-radical scavenging effects.

In the present case methylcobalamin was used to treat the nerve injury as it is an active form of vitamin B12, which was used to treat anemia as well as nerve damage by promoting regeneration to injured nerves (Gupta & Qureshi 2015).

To control the secondary bacterial infection cefotaxime was administered as it is a semisynthetic, third generation Cephalosporin’s which enter the CSF in therapeutic levels (at high dosages) when the patients meninges are inflamed documented by Plumb & Pharm (1999). Further Methylprednisolone was use as anti-inflammatory and manage shock, dose should be tapered while discontinuing (Ramsey 2007).

A.G. Dubey1*, G.D. Pardeshi2, N.K. Nighot3 & A.A. Sanghai41&2 Animal Rescue and Rehabilitation Centre, Katraj, Pune, Maharashtra 411046, India, 3 Rajiv Gandhi Zoological Park and Wild Life Research Center, Katraj, Pune, Maharashtra 411046, India *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Citation: Dubey et al. (2017). Sucessful management of head trauma in a Leopard. Vet Brief #2, In: Zoo’s Print 32(3): 25-29

ReferencesAdamantos, S. & L. Garosi (2011). Head trauma in the cat: 2. assessment and management of traumatic brain injury. Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery 13(11): 815–822.Beal, M.W. (2008). Approach to the head trauma patient. Proceeding of the NAVC North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, 247–251pp.Bourdeaux. C. & J. Brown (2010). Sodium bicarbonate lowers intracranial pressure after traumatic brain injury, Neurocritical Care.Gupta J.K. & S. S. Qureshi (2015). Potential benefits of methylcobalamin: A review. Austin Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics 3(3): 1076.Hooper, K. (2005). Safe administration of sodium bicarbonate. The North American Veterinary Conference - Proceedings, 168pp.Opperman, E. (2014). Head trauma in the feline patient - an update, Veterinary Nursing Journal 29(6): 194–197.Platt, S. (2008). Treatment options for head trauma patients. Proceedings of the 33rd World Small Animal Veterinary Congress - Dublin, Ireland, 498–500pp.Platt, S. (2015). Traumatic head injuries in cats, Veterinary Focus 25(3): 2–9.Plumb, D.C. & D. Pharm (1999). Veterinary Drug Handbook, Blackwell Publication; 132-133Ramsey. I, (2007). British Small Animal Formulary 6th edition British Small Animal Veterinary Association, 214-215Sato, T., Y. Ikebata, H. Koie, H. Shibuya, W. Shirai & S. Nogami (2003). Magnetic resonance imaging and pathological findings in a cat with brain contusions. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series A 50(4): 222–224.


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Caring for Wildlife - The World Zoo and Aquarium Animal Welfare StrategyChapter 9: Engagement and Interaction with visitorsOur commitment is to protect and enhance the welfare of our animals in all of their interactions with visitors while we engage visitors in wildlife

RECOMMENDATIONSTo realise our commitment to high animal welfare standards, the World Zoo and

Aquarium Animal Welfare Strategy calls on member organisations to:

1. Avoid using animals in any interactive experiences when their welfare may be compromised.2. Undertake specific animal welfare evaluations and ongoing monitoring of all individual animals being used in interactive experiences. Withdraw animals from such activities if behavioural and other indices of distress are elevated.3. Ensure that the messaging that accompanies all interactive experiences and the intent of any related presentations is to raise conservation awareness and/or achieve conservation outcomes.4. Do not undertake, contribute or participate in animal shows, displays or interactive experiences where animals perform unnatural behaviours. Species conservation should be the overriding message and/or purpose.5. Set in place processes to ensure that all animals in your zoo or aquarium are treated with respect. This includes how animals are depicted and presented.6. Explain, via talks, signage and/or interpretation, how animal welfare improvements have been made in your organisation.7. Access and use the body of knowledge and expertise that underlies the evaluation of the effectiveness of environmental education when considering developing interactive experiences to ensure that benefits are realised.

Editors’ NoteWAZA’s Animal welfare strategy is a much needed and timely milepost. It provides approach for assessing and managing animal welfare and thus responds to concerns over welfare of zoo and aquarium animals. It also provides approaches for conservation activities of zoos and aquariums. We have the permission from WAZA to serialise Caring for Wildlife: The World Zoo and Aquarium Animal Welfare Strategy. There should be something for everyone to do to make the zoos and the animals in their locality better. Happy reading! - Editor


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INTRODUCTIONZoos and aquariums have seen a rapid growth in interactive experiences in

recent years, taking advantage of a general affinity between humans and animalsto encourage visitors to act to conserve wildlife. The progression from simplyexhibiting zoo and aquarium animals for visitors to observe, which was commonin the past, to present approaches that bring humans and animals into closeproximity, has gained momentum because it engages visitors more effectivelyand thereby provides better opportunities to educate them about animals, andconservation of wildlife.

Interactive experiences vary between organisations. They may be minimal withvisitors having access to a behind-the-scenes area. There are also situationswhere people are brought into the animals’ exhibits and other situations whereanimals and humans may have hands-on contact.

All interactive experiences should be assessed for their impact on the welfare of the animals by: applying ongoing welfare assessment and monitoring; referring to the frequency, duration and timing (time of day) of the interactions; noting whether actual physical contact is necessary and, if so, with how many visitors; noting visitor characteristics; and evaluating how consistently the interactive experience is provided.

As with these animal-focused assessments, the impacts of differences in housing and husbandry need to be carefully evaluated, especially if they differ for animals used interactively compared to others in the zoo or aquarium. The possible impact on other members of a social group or exhibit companions should also be evaluated, if group members are periodically removed for interactive experiences. Any animal used in an interactive experience should have the same opportunities for positive welfare outcomes as other animals held within the zoo or aquarium that are not involved.

Where possible, zoos and aquariums should also explain the animal welfare and management processes to visitors, to build understanding of and respect for animals and the natural world (see case study 9.1). This can be done through talks, an animal welfare charter, signage and/or environmental education programmes.

The increasing use of interactive experiences in zoos and aquariums has largely been informed by the expectation that close proximity between humans and animals, and where possible ‘actual contact’, can increase the likelihood, scope and impact of environmental education and commitment to conservation actions. However, research on this proposition has not yet produced definitive results.

Nevertheless, as more zoos and aquariums adopt the intuitively attractive principle of ‘connect, understand, act’, there will be increasing opportunities to rigorously evaluate


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the effects of different approaches towards environmental education, and also to consider carefully the welfare of animals in these programmes. Importantly, there is evidence that some animals find some interactive experiences unpleasant and stressful. More research is required to directly evaluate the impacts of such experiences, and it is the responsibility of the zoos and aquariums providing these interactions to ensure that this work is undertaken.

Organisations using animals in any interaction or show should always evaluate the impact and risks of such experiences on the welfare states of the individual animals and carefully monitor welfare impacts. Consideration of the animal’s welfare should remain a priority.

Many zoos and aquariums, and the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA), have developed guidelines for the use of animals in interactive or public demonstrations. These are useful guides for individual zoos and aquariums considering or undertaking interactive experiences or shows.

WHAT IMPACT DO VISITORS AND VISITOR INTERACTIONS HAVE ON WELFARE?The nature of interactive experiences varies widely, as do the taxa involved. Our

knowledge of their impacts on the animals is still very limited (see case study 9.2). To date, research has emphasised primates and carnivores and has focused more on the effects

Case study 9.1:Stereotypies and the visitor experience

Recent evidence suggests that visitors are interested in viewing animals that are engaged in species-appropriate behaviour. Specifically, visitors who were shown a short five-second video clip of a tiger (Panthera tigris) pacing reported that they thought the animal received lower levels of animal care than did someone watching the same-length video of a tiger resting. Additionally, the visitors watching the video of the tiger pacing were less likely to support zoos and aquariums through visitation or donations. Given the importance of animal welfare andencouraging visitors to support conservation action, it is important for zoos and aquariums to focus on eliminating or reducing such behaviours. In addition to improving animal welfare, this is to ensure that visitors have a positive experience, which may then translate into pro-conservation behaviour.

- Zoos Victoria, Australia, Tigers


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of human presence rather than the interactive events. Some research indicates that the daily arrival of visitors may be disturbing and can be a source of distress for animals. This may manifest as increases in anxiety-related behaviours and within-group aggression, and decreases in social behaviours towards other group members. Also, the animals may exhibit threatening behaviours towards visitors and the corticosteroid levels in faeces, urine or saliva may be elevated, suggesting that the animals may be stressed.

Alternatively, other animals may show no obvious signs of stress when exposed to visitors. It is likely that individual responses will vary because of past experience and differences in exhibit design, environmental enrichment and relationships with animal keepers. Equally, some species do not naturally show any outward signs of stress, or may have behavioural stress responses that can be commonly misinterpreted by humans. In order to minimise distress, provision should be made for animals to retreat from public view. Alternatively, some kind of physical or psychological barrier, such as screening at windows or solid barriers with small viewing windows, should be provided.

Many zoos use domestic animals such as sheep, goats and pigs for interactive animal experiences, with no ill effects on most of these animals. However, some animals in petting zoos and contact yards may display undesirable behaviours towards visitors, a problem solved by simply withdrawing those animals. As with animals in ‘traditional exhibits’, animals in ‘contact areas’ should be able to remove themselves (retreat) from human contact, but still access, for example, food, water and areas for resting and thermal comfort.

In situations when visitors are taken into exhibits, for example involving relocation of animals within the zoo or aquarium, bird shows, interactive shows with big cats and animal feeding by visitors, it is unclear whether the welfare impacts are good, neutral or poor. Given this uncertainty, it is important that zoos and aquariums carefully monitor such events and withdraw animals if there are indications of welfare being compromised. Also, animals should be carefully selected for their suitability for such events on the basis of their natural history and individual characteristics, as assessed by experienced staff members who are familiar with each animal.

If animal interactions take place, they should be done in an environment where the animal is free to leave the interaction whenever it chooses. An experienced animal keeper who has a clear understanding of the individual animal’s needs should undertake all interactions, and as with all close encounters, both in public and behind the scenes, positive reinforcement training should be used to create a positive and stimulating environment. Close contact between visitors and animals in zoos and aquariums can also


Ex situ Technical

carry health risks for both, including infectious diseases. Reducing these risks, for example with hand hygiene stations and a transition area between animal and non-animal areas, is vital. Risks of injury must also be appropriately managed. It is essential for event-specific health and safety standards to be developed and applied.

MONITORING IMPACTS OF INTERACTIVE EXPERIENCESIt is recognised that zoos and aquariums should base decisions about whether they

should provide interactive experiences on evidence about the individual animals and the need to provide conditions that encourage positive animal welfare states.

There is a difference between public and staff animal interactive experiences. The former should always be carefully evaluated (see below), while the latter, if carried out appropriately, can be part of a stimulating and positively reinforced training programme that contributes towards positive welfare. The two interactions must be reviewed separately when considering the justification for such activities.

Given the risks involved and the dearth of research in this area, it is recommended that an animal ethics and welfare committee, or equivalent entity, evaluates whether

Case study 9.2:Visitor influence on gorillas

Probably the most promising way of interpreting how visitors affect animals is to compare the responses of different individuals within the same species under a range of different housing and husbandry conditions. Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla), for example, have now been studied at a number of zoos. At six of these zoos, gorillas showed what appeared to be a negative response (e.g. more aggression, undesirable behaviours or visual scanning), while at two zoos they showed a mildly positive response (less undesirable behaviours or seeking proximity to the visitors) and at those remaining they showed no apparent effect. How can we interpret this? It is likely that differences in housing, husbandry, previous experience and animal personality are important. And what can be done about visitor influence? Visual barriers at Belfast Zoo, for example, led to less aggression and stereotypies in the gorillas. At one zoo gorillas were less aggressive and interacted

less with visitors when staff members spent more time with them, but at another they showed more aggression. Individual differences in gorillas, and many others species, are likely to be important in understanding these patterns of visitor influence.- Houston Zoo, TX, USA, Western lowland gorilla


Ex situ Technical

interactive experiences are appropriate. In some regions, there is a legal obligation for organisations to establish such committees, the membership of which may include qualified professionals, community members and advocates from other conservation and animal welfare non-governmental organisations.

Monitoring of all interactive experiences is essential to increase our understanding of their impacts and ensure high levels of animal welfare. This requires a good understanding of animal welfare science. Thus, it is strongly recommended that ongoing monitoring of animals be coupled with staff training at all levels of the organisation.

Where practices for managing some zoo and aquarium animals deviate from those applied to other animals, they should be carefully monitored to clarify any untoward long-term impacts on behaviour and welfare. For example, it is well established that imprinting on humans can adversely affect animals. Thus, species prone to imprinting should not be hand-reared for the purpose of interactive experiences.

Finally, interactive experiences should accommodate the animals’ natural history and behavioural repertoire; should not require great effort on the part of zoo or aquarium staff members to engage the animal in taking part; should represent to visitors our respect for the animal; and should have overriding conservation messages consistent with the purpose of modern zoos and aquariums.

CONCLUSIONMany zoos and aquariums use interactive experiences to support various

conservation, research and education goals. Ensuring that these interactive experiences are provided in a manner that prioritises good animal welfare requires the adoption of evidence-based animal management practices and should be informed by systematic and objective animal welfare research.

Interactive experiences should be non-invasive, safe and non-stressful for animals.Monitoring of all animals involved in interactions must be ongoing and have professional oversight. Risks to animal welfare should be minimised by carefully considering whether interactive experiences are appropriate, and if they are, by accommodating the animals’ particular needs.

Citation: Mellor, D. J., Hunt, S. & Gusset, M. (eds) (2015) Caring for Wildlife: The World Zoo and Aquarium Animal Welfare Strategy. Gland: WAZA Executive Office, 87 pp.

© 2015 World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA). All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission. (See: http://www.waza.org/en/site/conservation/animal-welfare-1439197763).


Ex situ management

Zoo Keepers Enrichment - The Basic Tool of Zoo Management

The word “ZOO” itself strikes with imagination of a place where wild animals are kept in enclosures and cages. Zoo is an excellent tool for education, conservation and research on wild animals, but zoo objectives are not achieved until all the animals are healthy and reproductively active. In this context, zoo keepers play important role because of their skill and knowledge which makes them to stand in first place in zoo’s success story. During 20th century zoo were only place of entertainment, but today due to deforestation (although in recent years few states have recorded increase in forest cover) and rapid urbanization they are now acting as a place of conservation for flora and fauna, in this situation zoo keepers role is of great importance as they are unit of the all wildlife activities in a zoo. .

Zoo keeper is the only person who spends maximum time near or with animals affecting their daily life activities and also fulfills their physical, mental and natural needs. Hence a zoo keeper must have sentiments, should be hard working, and invariably be aware with characters of the wild animals.

Therefore, there is urgent need to strengthen the keepers with modern equipments, techniques with special emphasis on regular training to keep them acquainted with new developments in the wildlife field. However, before enriching them in different aspects it is necessary to describe the duties of a zoo keeper, as summarised below, which are basis of keeper’s enrichment.

• To inform zoo vets regarding ill health of animals as soon as possible.• To help vets during medication and treatment of animals.• Providing food and water for animal.• He must be well acquainted with nature, food habits, nature of excretion; way of

walking, scent etc. of animals housed in his area, so that in case of any change intheir habit he could inform to zoo vets. He must have thorough knowledge of theirattitudes like, aggression, warning, fear, attacks etc.

• He must have knowledge of quantity of food to be given as decided by zoo vets.• Keeper is responsible for giving timely food and water to the precious animals.

Therefore the keeper should be fully aware with the feeding habit of the animals,type of utensil to be used. He must keep utensils or feeding platform cleanand germ free after every use. He should make efforts that every animal shouldconsume feed or fodder and should prevent wastage of food especially by free


Ex situ management

ranging animals like langur, monkey, rats, peafowl and squirrel etc. A keeper should spread and distribute the feed uniformly so that all animals can eat easily to minimize fighting.

• A keeper wherever possible should call animals by their names. • To help zoo vets in conservation breeding program.• A good keeper must know age, sexual maturity, reproductive and special behavior

of the birds and animals of the area.• He should maintain records of reproductive strategies and success stories of

breeding in register.• To take care of pregnant animals like :

a) He should be aware of pregnancy signs. b) To have conversation with zoo vets regarding diet of a pregnant female.c) To make separation plan of female from males.d) Try keep pregnant female far from visitors.e) To inform date of birth, time to zoo vets.f) To take special care of female so that she does not get any stress.

• To take special care of newly born animals like :a) Time taken by him to stand on his legs.b) When he drinks milk first time. c) When he did first excretion.d) Time interval of food consumption.e) Time taken to open his eyes.f) Changes in dental arrangements.g) Moving with her mother.h) When separated with mother.i) Weaning period.

• Security and safety of all enclosures within his area.• Security and safety of animals is primary duty of a keeper. • In the morning before releasing the animals a keeper should do regular keen

inspection of iron, wooden fittings, wire meshes, shutters, grill, doors, locks, fencing, taps, pipes, fountains etc. and he should inform immediately regarding any repairing work to the zoo authorities. The exercise should be repeated in the evening.

• Early morning, when entering in their area, he must count all animals and should inform to watchman in the evening regarding any special care.


Ex situ management

• To remove objects thrown in the moats like paper, plastic, bottles, left out picnic food which can be eaten by animal, pan-masala, tobacco, cigarette, stones, coins, wires etc. must be cleaned and removed before releasing the animals.

• Periodic oiling of all squeezer, shutters, doors etc. in order to keep them in ready to use conditions.

• To inform zoo authorities regarding repairing of enclosure, night cell etc. • Arrangements in the enclosure according to weather conditions should be done

by keeper immediately. • Deworming and vaccination schedule of animals along with time and method of

administration must be recorded at the time of administering the dewormer for future ease.

• To control and help visitors to understand wildlife and its importance. • Keeper should answer and explain the queries by visitors.• Regular cleaning of enclosure, manger, tanks, utensils etc. should be priority of a

keeper. • He should co-operate with sweeper in the process of removing all garbage,

bones, meat, feed, excreta etc. • To remove all unnecessary things likes grass, weeds etc. or wooden logs that may

attract poisonous snakes.• Keepers should remain in their area during duty. In case of emergency he must

leave place only after informing beat in charge, sweeper or any other responsible zoo employee nearby him.

• This is the keepers responsibility to keep all the official things like spray machine, racks, pipes etc. safely and to keep them always in ready to use condition.

• It is responsibility of a keeper to ensure that all the cages or night cell or doors are locked before allowing any authorized person or sweeper to complete the work in animal area or paddock.

The Kanpur zoo is spread in an area of 76.56 hectare with its peaceful environment and sights. The zoo is currently having 1307 animals of 116 species (Singh Asha et al, 2016). A zoo success story can only be written when there is minimum mortality and maximum natality. To achieve this goal the zoo keeper should be enriched with modern technics. In this context, Kanpur Zoological Park has undertaken many important steps few of them are as under:

• Annual availability of uniforms to all zoo keepers.


Ex situ management

• Sitting arrangements for keepers near animal enclosure.• Stationary for all keepers.• A food trolley for bringing and taking away food items.• Food tray for keeping food items.• Detergent and water for cleaning food tray and utensils.• Sharp knife for cutting fruits, vegetables and meat.• Soap for washing hands.• Each enclosure with tap and manger for providing clean and fresh water to

animals. • Provision of room temperature thermometer so that a keeper can implement

immediate temperature maintaining measures.• Provision of pressure water pumps in each carnivore enclosure for proper

cleaning.• Trolley mounted gas cylinder with flame gun for blow torching the iron bars. • Keepers pathway from one enclosure to another.• Providing pit for disposal of food, meat and bones.• Providing shelf to each keeper for keeping daily use items like tonics, knife,

medicine soap and diary etc.• Frequent training of keepers to keep them familiar with modern zoo practices. • Exposure visits of the keepers to different zoological parks. • Monthly meeting of keepers with zoo officials in order to exchange their

innovative ideas with other keepers.• Provision of reliever keeper in order to ensure weekly rest of the regular keeper.• Well documented animal feeding and cleaning schedule to ensure proper

cleaning and to avoid any confusion.• Every enclosure has been provided foot bath at the entrance to ensure

biosecurity.• All the keepres of Kanpur zoological park are subjected to annual health

checkup and screening against zoonotic diseases in a NABL and ISO certified laboratory. Those found suffering from any ailments are barred from duty and are provided treatment by the Kanpur zoo administration.

• Keepers of Kanpur zoo are equipped with CUG mobile cell phones to ensure immediate communication.

• Since the Kanpur zoo is spread in a vast area of 76.56 hectares hence all the keepers are provided with bicycles for movement.


Ex situ management

• The Kanpur zoo administration provides appreciation certificate to the zoo keepers who perform their duty more sincerely or have helped in breeding of endangered animals or have provided any innovative ideas.

• In order to ensure more exposure all the zoo keepers are given opportunity to accompany the zoo vets during rescue operations and animal transport from other zoos on a rotation basis.

• Provision of all possible animal handling equipments such as rope, ladder, nets, stretcher and snake catchers etc. in each enclosure.

• Separate vehicle for food transport, animal transport and for the disposal of garbage.

• Daily assistance to zoo keepers by zoo vets, administration and vet assistant for implementing animal and enclosure enrichment.

• The keeper‘s gallery of recently made serpentorium is 1.5 meter wide and well ventilated. It also has sufficient space to keep the safety equipments etc. A pair of gumboots, stick, leather jacket and cap for the both keeper and sweeper is also provided by the zoo administration for their safety. Few airy wooden rescued boxes are also available in the keeper gallery for the rescued snakes. A first aid box with all requisites is also available in the keeper’s gallery (Gupta et al, 2016).

Apart from this the Kanpur zoo is home for around 52 types of local and migratory birds. Kanpur zoo administration always keeps close watch on activities of birds so that they can have admittance to their safe nesting locations and since the birds are integral part of aquatic life hence zoo administration also ensures plenty of prey bases for them (Singh Rakesh et al, 2016). For this purpose keeper of aviary of the zoo plays an important role by keeping regular watch on them.

There is no girth of innovations in modern age but if all above ideas are implemented properly a zoo keeper not will only be helpful in improving health and number of animals but also he will act as an essential tool in day to day management tools. The experiment of Kanpur zoo in this regard is very positive and not only yielded healthy animals with increase in progeny but also helped in achieving one of the lowest mortality rate of around 1.6 percent only. The overall scenario resulted in acquiring three ISO certificates for Kanpur zoological park one of them being given for “to conserve, breed and provide alternate home for fauna of national importance and to create opportunities for education, research and awareness amongst the masses”.


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Rakesh Kumar Singh1, Asha Singh2 & Akshay Bajaj3 1Veterinary Officer, 3Veterinary Assistant, Kanpur Zoological Park, Kanpur. Email: ¹[email protected], ³[email protected] and animal conservationist, Kanpur. Email: ²[email protected]

Acknowledgement Authors pay their sincere gratitude towards Sri Deepak Kumar, IFS; Director, Kanpur Zoological Park, Kanpur, India for providing permission to conduct the study.

ReferencesAsha, S., R.K. Singh & A. Bajaj (2016). Visitors Enrichment - An indispensable perspective in Zoo Management Zoo’s Print 31(11): 19-21.

Singh, R.K., U.C. Srivastava, Mohd. Nasir, K. Prasad, S. Gupta & D. Kumar (2016). Kanpur zoo lake: Revitalization of a self-sustaining ecosystem and urban biodiversity Zoo’s Print 31(6): 10-12.

Gupta, S., R.K. Singh, U.C. Srivastava, Mohd. Nasir, K. Prasad & A. Prasad (2016). New reptile exhibit in Kanpur Zoological Park, Kanpur, India Zoo’s Print 31(12): 11-14.


Field Report education

Naturalists of Sundarvan

Sundarvan team strives to conduct awareness programmes using the zoo as a living outdoor classroom and extends beyond its role as a zoo, popularly known as ‘A Nature Discovery Centre’ situated in the heart of the city. This winter, we introduced an annual membership programme for schools – ‘Naturalists of Sundarvan’, especially for students of 6th to 8th class. Aimed to create connect between the kids raised in an urban environment with their natural surroundings, this initiative banks upon nurturing the innate curiosity within every child. This helps

to generate an interest and awaken the naturalist within through three unique sessions each focussing on three different animal groups, namely – insects, reptiles and birds. Each programme is planned at a different location and is packed with hands-on learning modules, resource materials and immediate help of experts.

Our first batch of 70 young naturalists from St. Kabir School was enrolled for the academic year 2016-17. First of the 3 sessions was ‘Zoo to School with Interesting Insects’ wherein Sundarvan team visited the school and

introduced students to the amazing world of insects. The session began with an interactive presentation about insects during which identification, evolution, adaptation, diversity, communication, social behaviour, etc. was discussed through experience sharing, videos and quick quizzes. ‘Importance of Pollinator’ kits by Zoo Outreach Organisation were given as prizes to encourage maximum participation. With eyes in wonder touch-table artefacts such as insect nests, egg cases, exoskeletons, bee hives etc., were observed and felt.

A young naturalist closely examines a bee hive



The session was concluded with a walk to identify various insects in the campus and students were given take home insect-assignments with art projects, observing regular visitors to campus, collecting facts and more which would be submitted during the next session.

The second session within this initiative was ‘School visit to Zoo’ which would include information on ‘Reptiles’ at Sundarvan. We began this session with a different approach of talking about the reptiles found at home and in the neighbourhood, their

stories, which participants fear them or find them icky. This sparked their interest and as experiences poured out, we even found few students intrigued by these crawling creatures. Being able to observe African slender snouted crocodiles feeding on fish, compare the monitor lizard with a house gecko’s body, look at the gecko’s lamellae up-close with magnifying lenses, and variety of snakes; changed the look of fear to fascination in many students. While ones that felt snakes were slimy, soon rushed forward to feel the slough and also have a close

look at its preserved skeleton. Myth busting, questions about reptiles that had been shown on TV and then understanding their ecological importance gave the students a brighter perspective on reptiles. A quick presentation on birds and the art of birdwatching was also included as a preparation for the next session, which was to be a field trip for birding.

Designed with a ‘Let’s go birdwatching’ theme, the next session was all about understanding our feathered friends. Starting early morning by bus gave us a good opportunity to do a re-cap on

Observing the house gecko up close



previous sessions, talk about dos and don’ts of birding and discuss insect-related assignments from the first session. Pariej was chosen as the bird watching destination as it is a wetland of national importance, which supports many resident and migratory birds. Geared with basic bird identification guides by Nature Conservation Foundation (NCF), the students tried to identify birds on their own. Record keeping was encouraged through the announcement of maximum birds in a list gets a prize – Vulture Awareness Kit by Zoo Outreach Organisation. Observation was enhanced through binoculars and spotting scope received as donation from IdeaWild as students learnt about forest birds, waders, breeding plumage, display, migration etc. As the programme concluded, discussions and feedback sessions followed on the bus ride back.

This holistic initiative was a great help to students as they also had resource material for extra reading, more than one session for questions and take home assignments to maintain a link. The school would also receive the benefit of having a team of advisors if they may want to plan any long-term urban wildlife initiative at their campus. Students were

Submitted by: S. Sivakumar, Park Manager, Jignasa Patel, Associate Programme Officer, Sundarvan & Meena Nareshwar, Senior Programme Co-ordina-tor, CEE. Email: [email protected]

encouraged to observe, keep a field diary and upload data on citizen science platforms. The membership programme proved crucial to augment learning through experience, as students of this fast paced world need to be introduced to nature early on in order to inculcate appreciation, which cannot happen through textbooks alone. With the support from excellent teachers like Savithri Raman, well wisher Ramjee Nagarajan and enthusiastic volunteers, Kunj Joshi, we completed an entire programme for our very first 70 members. By reaching out to more and more students, Sundarvan aims to create a cadre of naturalists who will be able to choose consciously and become responsible decision makers.

Birdwatching for adults: During the winter, Sundarvan conducts many field visits for mixed groups to introduce the recreation activity of bird watching. A trip to Pariej was also organised for delightful mixed group, which included homemakers, naturalists, students, a chartered accountant and a businessman among others. Such groups make sure that our reach is not limited and the impact is on a wider audience. Learning about the importance of wetlands along the way, we reached Pariej early, while

it lay still, covered in fog. As the haze slowly lifted, we spotted mammals in the nearby fields – nilgai being chased by stray dogs. After a discussion on conflict with stray animals, we climbed onto a watchtower to spot birds. Excellent observation of common pochard males, northern pintail, Eurasian spoonbill, purple heron, greater flamingoes, sarus cranes, the beautiful purple moorhen and more was made possible through the spotting scope. The brilliant session raised our hopes of adding more people to the birding community.



Awareness on Biodiversity & Wildlife Conservation by TATA Steel Zoological Park

In order to arouse a general awakening in the young generation in favour of protection of India’s wildlife and by bringing them closer to nature, the Tata Steel Zoological Park initiated a Residential Nature Camp for orienting the school children. The objective of the camp is to promote each girl child’s personal development, to inspire the young women of today to become environmentally responsible and conscientious citizens of tomorrow.

Tata Steel Zoological Society is organizing the Residential Nature Camp for Girl Students on Awareness on Biodiversity & Wildlife Conservation for the

past 9 years since April 2007. It forms part of the educational initiatives planned by Tata Steel Zoological Society’s mission to achieve AICHI Target -1 of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity Conservation 2011-2020 of the Convention on Biological Diversity.

Every year we promote each girl child’s personal development by giving them opportunity to act on their own, be self-reliant and try things for themselves through providing fun, friendship and leadership in a supportive and non-competitive environment away from home. We believe that we have been able to inspire and make a difference in the minds of young women of today,

the inheritors of the earth, in their love for nature and the environment by providing them a self-teaching platform in the form of this Residential Nature Camp for Girl Students on Awareness on Biodiversity & Wildlife Conservation.

The camp was organized from 20 to 22 December 2016 in which 48 girls and four teachers from three schools – DAV Public School, Bistupur, NML Kerela Public School and UMS Hathinada, Chandil participated. Various educative sessions and field visits were conducted during the course of the three day residential camp. The day-wise details of the camp are as follows:

Breakaway session on “Animal Management” being conducted by Sanjay Mahato



The camp began with the registration of participants and the distribution of camp kits at Nature Education Centre, Tata Steel Zoological Park, Jamshedpur on 20 December 2016. The Chief Guest Malathi Pande, MD, Steel City Press, formally inaugurated the camp by lighting of the lamp. Mrs. Pandey addressed the participants and appreciated the initiative taken by Tata Zoo to educate the girls and stated about the needs of conservation of biodiversity. Thereafter, the Camp coordinator Seema Rani - Biologist cum Education Officer, Tata Steel Zoological Park explained the schedule, rules and regulations of the camp to the participants and what they may expect from the camp.

The completion of Inauguration Ceremony marked the beginning of the Educational Sessions which commenced with a presentation on “Tata Steel Zoological Park and its role in conservation of Wildlife- Butterfly as a case history” by Sanjay Kumar Mahato, Curator, Tata Steel Zoological Park. Usha Shukla – Principal, Graduate School College for women, conducted the last interactive session for the day. Her topic “Number in Nature” resonated well with the participants. She requested

to the participants to involve themselves in understanding the nature and its beautiful creation.

On the second day (21 Dec), the camp had an early start to the day with a yoga session, within the pristine premises of the Tata Zoo, conducted by Anusha Karmakar from Karmakar Yoga School. The camp participants were taught various ‘Asanas’ and how health and wellbeing while being close to nature was beneficial for the human body and mind.

After breakfast, the camp participants were divided into three groups for breakaway sessions “Animal Management” led by Sanjay Kumar Mahato – Curator and “Education & Research” led by

Seema Rani – Biologist cum Education Officer. For half a day, the teams were attached to these Zoo officers who took them on a field visit within the Zoo and demonstrated to them about their daily activities in the Zoo.

Thereafter, post lunch a workshop on Skill development-“Exercising the creativity and develop valuable life skills” amongst participants by using different arts was organized by Ruchi Bansal. This was followed by yet another skill development workshop by Seema Rani on “Making of Herbarium”, this was also included techniques of collection of plants for Herbarium preparation. In the evening there was a very interesting and interactive session on “Animal Welfare”

Breakaway session on “Research & Education” being conducted by Seema Rani



by the city’s renowned animal activist, Kishore Oza. The day ended with dinner around a campfire where the campers enjoyed themselves singing and dancing around the campfire.

The third and final day (22 Dec) began early with the campers setting off for a birdwatching session within the wild environs of Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary. The participants were taught to identify different kinds of bird species, which they came across with the help of the “Bird Identification Sheet” which had pictorial descriptions. Sanjay Kumar

Mahato along with Amitabh Goswami, passionate birdwatchers, helped the campers identify a variety of passerine and non-passerine birds.

After the bird watching session, the participants were taken on a guided tour to the Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary. The Sanctuary is home to Asian Elephants, Sloth Bears, Barking Deer, Rhesus Macaques, Indian Giant Squirrels, Wild Boar and many other bird, reptile and amphibian species. The campers then enjoyed lunch at the Forest Guest House at

Submitted by: Dr. Seema Rani, Biologist cum Education Officer. Email: [email protected]

Makulakoacha.

The participants were presented with certificates and each of them was also presented with a Zoo memento. The participants, on their part, shared their three days’ experiences with all present and how the camp had made a difference to their perception about wildlife and biodiversity.

Campers during bird watching session at the Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary



Workshop on Wetlands for Disaster Risk ReductionOne-day workshop on World Wetland Day was conducted to 50 Eco club in-charge teachers from Madurai, Melur, Usilampatti educational districts at O.C.P.M.G.H.S.S., Madurai on 2 Feb 2017. G. Angelo Irudayasamy CEO, Madurai supported the programme. The co-ordinator Jessie Jeyakaran welcomed the participants. P. Leela Manohari, Headmistress delivered the introductory talk. She explained about various types of wetlands found in Tamil Nadu and also added the uses of wetland in disaster risk reduction. The co-ordinator gave a detailed report by power point presentation about wetlands and their presence globally, types of wetlands, wetlands in India and Tamil Nadu and the need to conserve them.

The values of wetlands and how the wetlands help the human beings and the need to conserve them were dealt with detailed information. The existing threats like draining and land filling, over exploitation of fish resources, pollution, suffocation by industrial waste etc., were explained and the need to educate the students and the general public in the risk

reduction.

V. Paul Jeyakumar, the retired P.G. teacher of Pasumalai B.H.S.S, Madurai explained about the inland wetlands i.e., ponds and lakes,riverbed and estuaries. The participants actively interacted in this session and planned to actively do the follow up by forming wetland protection team, popularizing the wetland and its conservation among the local community etc.,

The afternoon sessions consisted group of activities on the topic pond life, weather, tsunami and peoples’ rule. The leaders of each group shared the result at the end. With much

Submitted by: Ms. Jessie Jeyakaran, Madurai. Email: [email protected]

concern the Headmistress of O.C.P.M.G.H.S.S., helped by providing a school van to the participants visit river vaigai to have a keen observation of the river. Muniyandi, District Co-ordinator, Eco-Club proposed the vote of thanks and instructed all the participants to do the follow up with the Eco Club students.

Group activity on pond life, weather, tsunami and people’s role

Jessie Jayakaran explains about wetland conservation to eco club teachers

Communicating science for conservation

ZOO’s PRINT Publication Guidelines

We welcome articles from the conservation community of all SAARC countries, including Afghanistan, Bang-ladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and other tropical countries if relevant to SAARC countries’ problems and potential.

Type — Articles of semi-scientific or technical nature. News, notes, announcements of interest to conserva-tion community and personal opinion pieces.

Feature articles — articles of a conjectural nature — opinions, theoretical, subjective.

Case reports: case studies or notes, short factual reports and descriptions.

News and announcements — short items of news or announcements of interest to zoo and wildlife commu-nity

Cartoons, puzzles, crossword and stories

Subject matter: Captive breeding, (wild) animal husbandry and management, wildlife management, field notes, conservation biology, population dynamics, population genetics, conservation education and inter-pretation, wild animal welfare, conservation of flora, natural history and history of zoos. Articles on rare breeds of domestic animals are also considered.

Source: Zoos, breeding facilities, holding facilities, rescue centres, research institutes, wildlife depart-ments, wildlife protected areas, bioparks, conservation centres, botanic gardens, museums, universities, etc. Individuals interested in conservation with information and opinions to share can submit articles ZOOS’ PRINT magazine.

Manuscript requirementsArticles should by typed into a Word format and emailed to [email protected]. Avoid indents, all caps or any other fancy typesetting. You may send photos, illustrations, tables.

Articles which should contain citations should follow this guideline: a bibliography organized alphabeti-cally and containing all details referred in the follow-ing style: surname, initial(s), year, title of the article, name of journal, volume, number, pages.

Editorial detailsArticles will be edited without consultation unless pre-viously requested by the authors in writing. Authors should inform editors if the article has been published or submitted elsewhere for publication.

Publication Information

ZOO’s PRINT, ISSN 0973-2543Published at: CoimbatoreOwner: Zoo Outreach Organisation, 12, Thiruvanna-malai Nagar, Saravanampatti - Kalapatti Road, Sara-vanampatti, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, India.

Editor: Sally R. Walker and Sanjay MolurAssociate Editor: Daniel B. AyyachamyManaging Editor: Latha G. RavikumarEditorial Assistant: R. Marimuthu

Zoo Outreach Organisation Trust Committee and Sr. Staff Managing Trustee: Sally R. WalkerExecutive Director Trustee: R.V. Sanjay MolurFinance Director Trustee: Latha G. RavikumarScientist: B.A. DanielResearcher: R. Marimuthu, Priyanka IyerOther staff: B. Ravichandran, K. Geetha, S. Radhika, Arul Jagadish, K. Raveendran, S. Sarojamma

ZOOs’ PRINT magazine is informal and newsy as op-posed to a scientific publication. ZOOS’ PRINT maga-zine sometimes includes semi-scientific and technical articles which are reviewed only for factual errors, not peer-reviewed.

Address Zoo Outreach Organisation Post Box 5912, 12, Thiruvannamalai Nagar, Saravanampatti - Kalapatti Road, Saravanampatti, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, IndiaPhone: +91 422 6575852, 6575853, 6575854E-mail: [email protected]: www.zoosprint.org, www.zooreach.org

International ZOO Design Conference, Wroclaw, Poland, 5-7 April 2017In the names of Wroclaw Zoo and ZooLex Zoo Design Organization we extend an invitation to participate in the International Zoo Design Conference that will take place in Wroclaw, Poland, from 4th to 7th April 2017.

The theme of the conference is “Animal welfare through built-in enrichment”.

We are suggesting several topics, but appreciate as well other topics relating to the theme of the conference. Speakers are invited to present best practice examples and visions for the future.

The suggested topics are as follows:

Substrates(underground, drainage, access for exchange indoors and outdoors)- deep mulch: case studies of new and renovated exhibits for various species- examples of various substrates in one exhibit

Built-in Enrichment for special needs- nocturnal and crepuscular animals: indoor and outdoor- aquaria- solitary animals: examples- attracting free-range animals: case studies- competing species in mixed species exhibits: best practice examples- walk-through exhibits: getting visitors close without risk, what when it is closed?

Design with plants as built-in enrichment- Plants beyond decoration: examples of food, nesting, screening, shading- Green walls: suitable types for indoors and outdoors- Climbing structures: experiences with life trees and changeable structures- Tree protection aesthetical and functional: examples for hoofstock, monkeys, aviaries- Keeping trees alive during construction, droughts and storms

Designing for fresh browse- Growing browse in and around exhibits- How to present browse species-specifically and attractively for visitors

Facilities for introducing and separating individuals- bachelor groups: best practices for various species- large breeding groups- mixing species: monitoring and capturing- large exhibits, aviaries, aquaria- release to the wild

Working with external experts(local architects, zoo designers, consultants etc.):- success stories from the clients’ view and from the contractors’ viewwrap-up: best practice for small, big, private, public institutions

This conference will be an opportunity to shape the future of zoo design, share expertise and network. For more information and for registration please visit www.zoodesignconference.com

For further information, please send your inquiry to [email protected] or [email protected]

Documents

Communicating Science for Conservation - ZOO'S … Science for Conservation Owl drawings (in pen and ink) by Eric Ramanujam Communicating science for conservation Vol. XXXII, No. 3,