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MDS2/3 TGW
Ancient Greece: The Greek Renaissance
Gillian Shepherd
Lion Gate, Mycenae NB Linear B script (syllabary)
Photo © Gillian Shepherd
Fall of the Mycenaean Civilisation • c. 1200 BC • Palaces at Mycenae, Pylos, Tiryns destroyed by fire, other sites
are abandoned • Only at Tiryns was there later palace construction • Many features of palatial culture lost, including:
– Writing (and administration) – Monumental architecture and stone carving – Wall painting – Trade with eastern Mediterranean
• BUT there is also much continuity, e.g. in pottery styles, settlement occupation
• Enter the Dark Ages…
The 8th century BC: The “Renaissance” of Ancient Greece?
• Burials • Settlement patterns • Technology (monumental art and building
especially from 7th cent. BC) • Sanctuaries and religion • Overseas contacts (settlement and trade) • Literacy
Image source: http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415469920/images.asp (after Snodgrass 1980, fig. 4)
Burials in Athens, Attica and Argos c. 950-700 BC
Image source: http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415469920/images.asp Image source: h8p://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415469920/images.asp
Dark Age sites in Attica occupied prior to 800 BC Sites in Attica occupied in the 8th cent. BC
Image source: http://www.trentu.ca/faculty/rfitzsimons/AHCL2200Y/LE%2006-03.htm
Heraion, Samos, 8th cent. BC “Hekatompedon” ie 100 Greek feet
Sanctuary site/ Dedication type
11th-10th cents BC
9th/early 8th cents BC
Later 8th/7th cents BC
Philia (Thessaly) Bronze fibulae
0 2 1783+
Philia (Thessaly) Bronze pins
1 4 37
Perachora Bronze fibulae
7 1 50+
Perachora Bronze pins
0 15 81
Argive Heraion Bronze fibulae
16 10 88
Argive Heraion Bronze pins
3 c. 250 c. 3070
Lindos (Rhodes) Bronze fibulae
0 52 1540
Lindos (Rhodes) Bronze pins
0 0 42
Dedications of bronze pins and fibulae at Greek sanctuaries (after Snodgrass 1980, p. 53)
Stadium, Olympia Photo © Gillian Shepherd
Bronze tripod-cauldron from Olympia 8th cent. BC Image not available
for copyright reasons
Greek settlement around the Mediterranean Greek settlement around the Mediterranean
Image source: http://www.platos-academy.com/archives/magna_graecia.html
Greek Settlements in Sicily and Italy For mother-cities and foundation dates see esp. Thucydides Book 6 (Sicily)
Image source: http://www.utexas.edu/courses/greeksahoy!/maps.html
Greek settlements in Sicily and Southern Italy
Some major Western Greek sites City Mother-city Date Oikist Source
Naxos Chalcis 734 BC Thukles Thuc. VI.3
Syracuse Corinth 733 BC Archias Thuc. VI.3
Megara Hyblaea
Megara 728 BC Lamis Thuc. VI.4
Taras Sparta 706 BC Phalanthos Strabo 278
Gela Rhodes Crete
688 BC Antiphemos Entimos
Thuc. VI.4
Selinus Megara Hyblaea
628 BC Pammilos Thuc. VI.4
Poseidonia Sybaris Late 7th cent. ? Strabo 252
Akragas Gela 580 BC Aristonous Pystilos
Thuc. VI.4
Theories for colonisation
• Trade (“Trade before the flag”) • Overpopulation • Political dissatisfaction
Pithekoussai (Ischia) Founded c. 750 BC (Euboeans) Cf. Livy 8.22.5-6; Strabo 5.4.9
Bone-and-amber fibula
Photo © Gillian Shepherd
Ischia from Cumae (on the Italian mainland, founded c. 750) Photo © Gillian Shepherd
Agricultural land around Selinus, Sicily
Photo © Gillian Shepherd
Thera (Santorini)
Cyrene (Libya, c. 630 BC))
Image source page: h8p://staKc.travel.usnews.com/images/desKnaKons/73/santorini_main_image_-‐_revamp_cropped_445x280.jpg
Image source page: h8p://www.livius.org/a/libya/cyrene/cyrene_overview.jpg
During the seven years that followed, not a drop of rain and every tree on the island, except one, withered and died. In this difficult situation the Therans sent to Delphi for advice and were reminded about the colony which they had omitted to send to Libya… [the Therans send out a reconnaissance party] … it was thereupon decided to send a party to join the new colony; the party was to represent all the seven villages in Thera, and brothers were to draw lots to determine which should join in. It was to be under the sole authority of Battus. Two fifty-oared galleys then got underway…
Herod. 4.1.152-3
Corinth (Temple of Apollo, mid 6th cent. BC)
Image source page: h8p://www.historvius.com/images/original/Corinth-‐542.jpg
Image source page: h8p://www.gutenberg.org/files/14189/14189-‐h/images/fig2.jpg
Plan of ancient Piraeus
Hippodamos, the son of Euryphon, a Milesian (it was he who invented the dividing up of cities and cut up [ie applied a grid plan to] Piraeus…)… He also divided the area of the town into three parts, one of sacred land, one of public land and another of private land…
Aristotle, Politics 1267 b22
Megara Hyblaea (Megara, 728 BC; local Sikel King Hyblon; destroyed by Syracuse 483 BC)
Image source page: h8p://www.sicilyontour.com/images/MegaraHyblaea.jpg
Image source page: h8p://www.utexas.edu/courses/greeksahoy!/megara_hyblaea_street.JPG
Megara Hyblaea (plan of the archaic city)
Image source page: h8p://archeoporVolio.efrome.it/Megara/PicturesGallery/promenade.jpg
Megara Hyblaea (archaic city - detail)
Image source page: h8p://archeoporVolio.efrome.it/Megara/PicturesGallery/promenade.jpg
Temple G, Megara Hyblaea
Megara Hyblaea South Colonnaded Temple
Photo © Gillian Shepherd
Photo © Gillian Shepherd
South Colonnaded Temple, Megara Hyblaea Image source page: h8p://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/Wrials/verres/syracuse1.jpg
Ortygia, Syracuse Ancient street plan?
Image not available for copyright reasons
A new form of writing… • The Phoenicians had devised a script of 22 phonetic
letters • The Greeks adapted this script to represent their own
language • They made one crucial innovation:
• Reassigned five Phoenician signs for which Greek had no consonantal equivalent (such as ‘aleph’) as vowels (Phoenician was an alphabet of consonants)
• Greek could now be written via an alphabet (rather than a syllabary, as in Linear B)
Image source: http://codex99.com/typography/13.html
“Nestor’s Cup” (Pithekoussai, 750-700 BC)
Image source: http://codex99.com/typography/13.html
“I am Nestor’s cup, good to drink from. Whoever drinks from this cup will straightway be seized with a desire for fair-crowned Aphrodite”