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Commonest in Internal Medicine

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• Commonest cause of cardiac arrest- Ventricular fibrillation

• Commonest symptom of cardiac disease- Breath lessness

• Commonest type of dyspnoea in cardiac disease- Exertional dyspnoea.• Commonest congenital malformation without manifestation –bicuspaid aortic valve

• Commonest CHD in females-ASD

• Commonest cyanotic congenital heart disease –Tetralogy of Fallot (in infancy)

• Commonest congenital disease with cyanosis at birth-Transposition of great vessels

• Commonest type of ASD-Ostium secundum

• Commonest type of VSD –membranous

• Commonest congenital heart disease causing hypertension in neonates –coarctationof aorta

• Commonest heart disease with SBH-VSD (SBE is rare with ASD)

• Commonest heart disease with SBH- rheumatic MR.

• Commonest congenital heart disease with CHF in new born-Hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

• Commonest heart disease in children-Rheumatic heart disease• Commonest heart disease in pregnancy –MS

• Commonest valvular lesion in Rheumatic fever- MR 

• Commonest site of coarctation of aorta-junction of the arch with descending aorta

• Commonest heart disease in which squatting is noted-Tetralogy of Fallot

• Commonest cause of congestive heart failure:

- In the first 72 hrs after birth-pulmonary mitral and aortic atresia

- In infancy –Congenital heart disease

- In children –Rheumatic heart disease

• Commonest causative organism of myocarditis-Caxsackie B virus.

• Commonest causes of peripheral cyanosis- Nervous tension with cold clammy hands and exposure to

cold• Commonest cause of cyanotic congenital heart disease in adults TOF

• Commonest precursor of heart disease in people under 50-Rheumatic fever (under developed

countries)

• Commonest residual effect of rhematic fever- Mitral insufficiency (Aortic insufficiency –is much more

common in children)

• Commonest cause of no rheumatic mitral insufficiany –MVP or rupture of chordae tendinae.

• Commonest variety of AI –Rheumatic.

• Commonest cause of Tricuspid insufficiency- Right ventricular overload

• Commonest angina occurs during walking especially up an incline or a flight of stairs.

• Commonest variant angina- Woman > 50 yrs

• Commonest cause of sudden death during exercise in young athletes –Hypertropic cardiomyopathy(sudden death syndrome).

• Commonest left ventricular failure –Hypertension

• Commonest right ventricular failure –MS with raised pulm. Vascular resistance.

• Commonest cause of chronic constrictive pericarditis-Tuberculosis

• Commonest cause of chronic cor pulmonale –Chronic asthmatic bronchitis.

• Commonest syphilitic heart disease-Aortic valvular insufficiency

• Commonest cause of acute viral myocarditis-coxsackie Bvirus.

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• Commonest primary malignancies of heart –sacrcomas.

• Commonest benign tumour heart –Myxoma (usually left atrial myxoma).

• Commonest cause of cardiogenic shock (circulatory failure)- Acute MI and acute massive pulm.

emobolism

• Commonest causes of death in atheromatous periplueral vascular disease-Myocardial infraction.

• Commonest form of aortic aneurysm- Atheromatous• Most important symptom and sing

- Renal artery aneurysm –pain.

- Tuberculosis kidney- increased frequency (earliest and often the only symptom)

- Renal calculus –Intermittent dull ache in loin.

- Neuroblastoma- mass per abdomen

- Vesical calculus- frequency of micturition (earliest symptom).

- Renal carcinoma –Haematuria (presenting feature)

• Commonest causative organism of perinephric abscess –Staphylococcus

• Commonest organism of pyelonephritis with stones-staphylococcus

• Commonest causative organism of endemic haematuria –Schitosoma haematobium• Commonest proliferative glomerulonephritis- follows infection with Haemolytic streptococci

• Commonest cause of nephrotic syndrome in children –minimal lesion glomerulonephritis

• Commonest cuase of Acute pyelonephritis:

In men –prostatic enlargement\ 

In pregnant woman –uterus and atonia of the ureturs.

In infants and cildren –severe ureterovesical reflex of cong. Malformation.

• Commonest malignant tumour of kidney – Hypernephroma (Wilm’s tumour –second most common)

• Commonest motile infective organism in UTI is E.coli.

• Commonest dental fluorosis- fluoride in the water supply exceeds 2ppm.

• Commonest cause of leukoplakia –epithelial hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis (usually in response toanirritant)

• Commonest cause of xerostomia includes drugs (frequently diureics)

• Commonest sites of oral cancer –lips and tongue.

• Commonest type of oral cancer –squamous cell carcinoma (90%)

• Commonest oesophageal diverticul- pulsion or Zenker’s diverticuluum.

• Commonest symptom of reflux esophagitis-pyrosis (‘heart burn’)

• Commonest site of tear lies in Mallory –Weiss syndrome –just below cardia.

• Commonest disturbance of stomach –Acute gastritis.

• Commonest site of Crohn’s disease-ileum.

• Commonest malignancy of small intestine –Adenocarcinoma (occurs most frequently in duodenum and

 jejunum).• Commonest occurrence of carcinoid tumours-Appendix (90%)

• Commonest disability that result from cholelithiasis- chronic cholecystitis.

• Commonest cause of obstructive jaundice- Common bile duct stone. (next frequency is capancreas).

• Commonest cause of benign transfusion hepatitis-non A, non B hepatitis(90%)

• Commonest causative organism of peritonitis –E.coli.

• Commonest causative organism in bacteremia with entrogenic bacteria in cirrhosis-E.coli.

• Ccommonest causes of pancreatitis

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