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– iii –

FOREWORD

This case study is one of a series of publications produced by the Forest Harvesting, Tradeand Marketing Branch of FAO in an effort to promote environmentally sound forest harvesting andengineering practices. The purpose of these studies is to highlight both the promise ofenvironmentally sound forest harvesting technologies as a component of sustainable forestmanagement, and the constraints that must be overcome in order to assure widespread adoption ofthose technologies.

The FAO Forest Products Division wishes to express its appreciation to the ForestHarvesting and Transport Branch of Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique for itscooperation in the publication of this revised and translated version of a report on forest harvesting in the natural forests of Mozambique. The earlier, Portuguese-language version of the report waspublished in November 1999 under the title “Eficiência no Aproveitamento Comercial de Madeira em Toros”.

FAO and the author also wish to acknowledge the kind support given by the managementand field staff of the companies ECOSEMA in the Province of Sofala, ÁLVARO de CASTRO in the Province of Gaza, MITI in the Province of Cabo Delgado, SOMANOL in the Province of Nampula,and ARCA as well as SRZ in the Province of Zambézia, throughout the implementation of this study.

The field studies and analyses described in this report were carried out by Henning Fath,until recently Docent of Forest Harvesting and Transport in the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry at Eduardo Mondlane University under a GTZ/CIM-assignment, who also prepared the written report.FAO Forestry Officer Joachim Lorbach managed the preparation of the report for publication in theFAO Forest Harvesting Case-Study Series. Editing and final layout for publication were done byDennis Dykstra.

– iv –

SUMMARY

Forests that are potentially available for the production of timber in Mozambique cover 25% of the land surface. Low increment and reduced commercial timber stocks in repeatedly exploitedareas restrict sustainable logging potential to 500,000 m3 of commercial timber per year. Since current harvesting practices concentrate on few species covering just 20% of the productive forest area,timber volumes extracted tend to be close to, and in some cases are beyond, their sustainable harvestpotential.

Forest industry in Mozambique, mostly composed of small-scale enterprises with productioncapacities below 2,500 m3 per year, is considered to be a driving force for industrialization in ruralareas. However, specific data verifying its performance are scant.

In order to establish information on the efficiency of commercial forest harvesting, thepresent study analyses five enterprises in northern, central, and southern Mozambique. Efficiency isevaluated by means of operational, organisational, energy, and financial indicators. Operational datawere collected through time studies with continuous timing. Costs per machine-hour were calculatedwith the “Production and Cost Evaluation Programme – PACE” (FAO 1992). Intermediate results onoutput (log volume, travel distance) were then related to those on input (work-cycle time, tree volume, logged area, workforce, equipment, fuel consumption, costs per machine-hour), yielding indicators foroperational efficiency (productivity, recovery rate, extraction intensity), organisational efficiency(labour productivity, utilisation rate, capital intensity), as well as for energy and for financialefficiency (unit costs, break-even point).

Logging operations, although well synchronised and productive within work cycles,occurred in a scattered and unsystematic scheme. Lack of harvest preparation, low recovery rates, and improper working techniques in felling and crosscutting resulted in low extraction intensity. Transport was the main bottleneck in operational efficiency. Poor road conditions and low load capacities ofvehicles used in first (short-distance) transport and second (long-haul) transport prevented a consistentflow of raw materials and consequently held annual production volumes well below technologicalcapacities.

As to organisational efficiency, only one enterprise showed favourable results in utilisationrate as well as in labour productivity and capital intensity. The other enterprises in the study, because of hampered raw-material flows, excessive numbers of personnel, and low timber potential in thelogging areas, scored poor rates between timber output and input of equipment and workforce.

Indicators for energy efficiency in logging and first transport displayed favourable ratiosbetween calorific values of produced timber and those of consumed energy. However, high fuelconsumption and low productivity in second transport and processing precluded efficient energy usefor the operations as a whole.

Financial efficiency varied depending on production volume, the degree of conversion of the final products, and the distance between the logging area and sawmill or sale site. Second transportand processing incurred the largest share of production costs per unit. In most cases low annualproduction volume and low productivity in transport and processing boosted unit costs and createdpronounced deficits. Only one company managed to limit unit costs and create profit by efficientlyemploying machinery and workforce, producing on a comparably high volumetric level andexternalising second-transport and processing costs to the buyer. Break-even points were in mostcases beyond actual production volumes but still within limits of technological capacity. Due tohigher prices obtained for finished products and lower transport costs, enterprises processing timbernear the logging areas would have attained break-even point at a lower production level than thoseselling logs far from their origin.

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FOREST HARVESTING CASE STUDIES

________________________________________________________________

These publications are available from the FAO Forest Harvesting, Trade and Marketing Branch, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100, Rome, Italy.

Intermediate Technology in Forest Harvesting: Agricultural Tractor with Winch by P. Alhojärvi. FOPH Publication 1988. 45 pp. Country: Tanzania. Language: English.

Intermediate Technology in Forest Harvesting: Agricultural Tractor and Forest Trailer with Mechanical Crane by R. Jakobsson. FOPH Publication 1988. 40 pp. Country: Ethiopia. Language: English.

Plastic Log Chute in Steep Terrain Thinning Operations by K. Leppänen. FOPH Publication 1989. 30 pp. Country: Republic of Korea. Language: English.

Integrated Small-scale Forest Harvesting and Wood Processing Operations by O. Eeronheimo. FOPH Publication 1990. 27 pp. Country: Zimbabwe. Language: English.

Forest Harvesting with Small-scale Mobile Cable System by O. Eeronheimo. FOPH Publication 1991. 16 pp. Country: Republic of Korea. Language: English.

1. Reduction of Wood Waste by Small-scale Log Production and Conversion in Tropical High Forest by Risto Kilkki. FOPH Publication 1992. 33 pp. Country: Papua New Guinea. Language: English.

2. Cosecha de Hongos en la VII Región de Chile by Juan E. Donoso y Risto Kilkki. FOPH Publication 1992. 37 pp. Country: Chile. Language: Spanish.

3. Uso de Bueyes en Operaciones de Aprovechamiento Forestal en Areas Rurales de Costa Rica by William Cordero. FOPH Publication 1994. 44 pp. Country: Costa Rica. Language: Spanish.

4. Use of the Construction Crane for Wood Extraction on Mountainous Terrain by Norbert Winkler. FOPH Publication 1995. 38 pp. Country: Austria. Language: English.

5. Elephants in Logging Operations in Sri Lanka by Palitha Jayasekera and Shelton Atapattu. FOPH Publication 1995. 36 pp. Country: Sri Lanka. Language: English

6. Impacto ambiental de las prácticas de cosecha forestal y construcción de caminos en bosques nativos siempreverdes de la X Region de Chile by Jorge Gayoso Aguilar. FOPH Publication 1995. 169 pp. Country: Chile. Language: Spanish.

7. Forest Harvesting in Natural Forests of the Republic of the Congo by Robert Scharpenberg, FAO, Albert Essereke and Pierre Ekiama, Ministry of Water and Forests, Congo. FOPH Publication 1997. 66 pp. Country: Congo. Languages: English and French

8. Environmentally Sound Forest Harvesting, Testing the Applicability of the FAO Model Code in the Amazon in Brazil by Norbert Winkler. FOPH Publication 1997. 84 pp. Country: Brazil. Languages: English and Spanish.

9. Labor-intensive Harvesting of Tree Plantations in the Southern Philippines by Mike Jurvéllius. RAP Publication 1997. 34 pp. Country: Philippines. Language: English.

10. Environmentally Sound Road Construction in Mountainous Terrain, Applying Advanced Operating Methods and Tools by Norbert Winkler. FOPH Publication 1998. 64 pp. Country: Austria. Language: English.

11. Reduced Impact Timber Harvesting in the Tropical Natural Forest in Indonesia by Elias. FOPH Publication 1998. 40 pp. Country: Indonesia. Language: English.

12. Environmentally Sound Forest Infrastructure Development and Harvesting in Bhutan by Norbert Winkler. FOPH Publication 1999. 75 pp. Country: Bhutan. Language: English.

13. Logging Impacts on the Training and Model Forest (TMF) of the National University of Lao P.D.R. Being printed.

14. Rural Road Infrastructure as Introduced in Nepal: The Green Road Concept Being printed.

15. Forest Harvesting Operations in Papua New Guinea: the PNG Logging Code of Practice by Norbert Winkler. FOPH Publication 2001. 72 pp. Country: Papua New Guinea. Language: English.

16. Forest Harvesting Practice in a Timber Concession in Suriname by Norbert Winkler and Martin Nöbauer. FOPH Publication 2001. 71 pp. Country: Suriname. Language: English.

17. Financial and Economic Assessment of Timber Harvesting Operations in Sarawak, Malaysia by Frank Richter. FOPH Publication 2001. 57 pp. Country: Malaysia. Language: English